Abana: Water · River · position approximate · 33.55°N 36.22°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ki 5:12 Stony (Heb. marg. “Amanah,” perennial), the chief river of Damascus (2Ki 5:12). Its modern name is Barada, the Chrysorrhoas, or “golden stream,” of the Greeks. It rises in a cleft of the Anti-Lebanon range, about 23 miles north-west of Damascus, and after flowing southward for a little way parts into three smaller streams, the central one flowing through Damascus, and the other two on each side of the city, diffusing beauty and fertility where otherwise there would be barrenness.

Abarim: Region · position approximate · 31.76°N 35.75°E 5 verses · Show on map Num 27:12, Num 33:47-48, Deu 32:49, Jer 22:20 Regions beyond; i.e., on the east of Jordan, a mountain, or rather a mountain-chain, over against Jericho, to the east and south-east of the Dead Sea, in the land of Moab. From “the top of Pisgah”, i.e., Mount Nebo (q.v.), one of its summits, Moses surveyed the Promised Land (Deu 3:27; Deu 32:49), and there he died (34:1, 5). The Israelites had one of their encampments in the mountains of Abarim (Num 33:47-48) after crossing the Arnon.

Abdon: City · position approximate · 33.05°N 35.17°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 21:30, 1Ch 6:74 One of the “sons” of Shashak (1Ch 8:23). This is the name also of a Levitical town of the Gershonites, in the tribe of Asher (Jos 21:30; 1Ch 6:74). The ruins of Abdeh, some 8 miles north-east of Accho, probably mark its site.

Abel: Place · position approximate · 33.27°N 35.58°E 3 verses · Show on map 2Sa 20:14-15, 2Sa 20:18 (Heb. Hebhel), a breath, or vanity, the second son of Adam and Eve. He was put to death by his brother Cain (Gen 4:1). Guided by the instruction of their father, the two brothers were trained in the duty of worshipping God. “And in process of time” (marg. “at the end of days”, i.e., on the Sabbath) each of them offered up to God of the first-fruits of his labours. Cain, as a husbandman, offered the fruits of the field; Abel, as a shepherd, of the firstlings of his flock. “The Lord had respect unto Abel and his offering; but unto Cain and his offering he had not respect” (Gen 4:3). On this account Cain was angry with his brother, and formed the design of putting him to death; a design which he at length found an opportunity of carrying into effect (Gen 4:8-9. Comp. 1Jn 3:12). There are several references to Abel in the New Testament. Our Saviour speaks of him as “righteous” (Mat 23:35). “The blood of sprinkling” is said to speak “better things than that of Abel” (Heb 12:24); i.e., the blood of Jesus is the reality of which the blood of the offering made by Abel was only the type. The comparison here is between the sacrifice offered by Christ and that offered by Abel, and not between the blood of Christ calling for mercy and the blood of the murdered Abel calling for vengeance, as has sometimes been supposed. It is also said (Heb 11:4) that “Abel offered unto God a more excellent sacrifice than Cain.” This sacrifice was made “by faith;” this faith rested in God, not only as the Creator and the God of providence, but especially in God as the great Redeemer, whose sacrifice was typified by the sacrifices which, no doubt by the divine institution, were offered from the days of Adam downward. On account of that “faith” which looked forward to the great atoning sacrifice, Abel’s offering was accepted of God. Cain’s offering had no such reference, and therefore was rejected. Abel was the first martyr, as he was the first of our race to die. Abel (Heb. ‘abhel), lamentation (1Sa 6:18), the name given to the great stone in Joshua’s field whereon the ark was “set down.” The Revised Version, however, following the Targum and the LXX., reads in the Hebrew text ’ebhen (= a stone), and accordingly translates “unto the great stone, whereon they set down the ark.” This reading is to be preferred. Abel (Heb. ‘abhel), a grassy place, a meadow. This word enters into the composition of the following words:

Abel-beth-maacah: City · position approximate · 33.27°N 35.58°E 2 verses · Show on map 1Ki 15:20, 2Ki 15:29 Meadow of the house of Maachah, a city in the north of Palestine, in the neighbourhood of Dan and Ijon, in the tribe of Naphtali. It was a place of considerable strength and importance. It is called a “mother in Israel”, i.e., a metropolis (2Sa 20:19). It was besieged by Joab (2Sa 20:14), by Benhadad (1Ki 15:20), and by Tiglath-pileser (2Ki 15:29) about B.C. 734. It is elsewhere called Abel-maim, meadow of the waters, (2Ch 16:4). Its site is occupied by the modern Abil or Abil-el-kamh, on a rising ground to the east of the brook Derdarah, which flows through the plain of Huleh into the Jordan, about 6 miles to the west-north-west of Dan.

Abel-keramim: City · approximate position · 32.02°N 35.82°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 11:33 Heb. ‘abel (Jdg 11:33), a “grassy plain” or “meadow.” Instead of “plains of the vineyards,” as in the Authorized Version, the Revised Version has “Abel-cheramim” (q.v.), comp. Jdg 11:22; 2Ch 16:4.

Abel-maim: Place · position approximate · 33.27°N 35.58°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 16:4

Abel-meholah: City · position approximate · 32.36°N 35.54°E 3 verses · Show on map Jdg 7:22, 1Ki 4:12, 1Ki 19:16 Meadow of dancing, or the dancing-meadow, the birth-place and residence of the prophet Elisha, not far from Beth-shean (1Ki 4:12), in the tribe of Issachar, near where the Wady el-Maleh emerges into the valley of the Jordan, “the rich meadow-land which extends about 4 miles south of Beth-shean; moist and luxuriant.” Here Elisha was found at his plough by Elijah on his return up the Jordan valley from Horeb (1Ki 19:16). It is now called ‘Ain Helweh.

Abel-shittim: Place · position approximate · 31.86°N 35.64°E 1 verse · Show on map Num 33:49 Meadow of the acacias, frequently called simply “Shittim” (Num 25:1; Jos 2:1; Mic 6:5), a place on the east of Jordan, in the plain of Moab, nearly opposite Jericho. It was the forty-second encampment of the Israelites, their last resting-place before they crossed the Jordan (Num 33:49; Num 22:1; Num 26:3; Num 31:12; comp. 25:1; 31:16).

Abiezer: Place · position approximate · 32.61°N 35.29°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 8:2

Abilene: Region · position approximate · 33.59°N 36.09°E 1 verse · Show on map Luk 3:1 A plain, a district lying on the east slope of the Anti-Lebanon range; so called from its chief town, Abila (Luk 3:1), which stood in the Suk Wady Barada, between Heliopolis (Baalbec) and Damascus, 38 miles from the former and 18 from the latter. Lysanias was governor or tetrarch of this province.

Abronah: Place · approximate position · 29.76°N 35.03°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 33:34-35 R.V., one of Israel’s halting-places in the desert (Num 33:34-35), just before Ezion-gaber. In A.V., “Ebronah.”

Accad: City · position approximate · 33.09°N 44.13°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 10:10 The high land or mountains, a city in the land of Shinar. It has been identified with the mounds of Akker Kuf, some 50 miles to the north of Babylon; but this is doubtful. It was one of the cities of Nimrod’s kingdom (Gen 10:10). It stood close to the Euphrates, opposite Sippara. It is also the name of the country of which this city was the capital, namely, northern or upper Babylonia. The Accadians who came from the “mountains of the east,” where the ark rested, attained to a high degree of civilization. In the Babylonian inscriptions they are called “the black heads” and “the black faces,” in contrast to “the white race” of Semitic descent. They invented the form of writing in pictorial hieroglyphics, and also the cuneiform system, in which they wrote many books partly on papyrus and partly on clay. The Semitic Babylonians (“the white race”), or, as some scholars think, first the Cushites, and afterwards, as a second immigration, the Semites, invaded and conquered this country; and then the Accadian language ceased to be a spoken language, although for the sake of its literary treasures it continued to be studied by the educated classes of Babylonia. A large portion of the Ninevite tablets brought to light by Oriental research consists of interlinear or parallel translations from Accadian into Assyrian; and thus that long-forgotten language has been recovered by scholars. It belongs to the class of languages called agglutinative, common to the Tauranian race; i.e., it consists of words “glued together,” without declension of conjugation. These tablets in a remarkable manner illustrate ancient history. Among other notable records, they contain an account of the Creation which closely resembles that given in the book of Genesis, of the Sabbath as a day of rest, and of the Deluge and its cause.

Acco: City · position approximate · 32.93°N 35.08°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 1:31 Sultry or sandy, a town and harbour of Phoenicia, in the tribe of Asher, but never acquired by them (Jdg 1:31). It was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans by the name of Ptolemais, from Ptolemy the king of Egypt, who rebuilt it about B.C. 100. Here Paul landed on his last journey to Jerusalem (Act 21:7). During the crusades of the Middle Ages it was called Acra; and subsequently, on account of its being occupied by the Knights Hospitallers of Jerusalem, it was called St. Jean d’Acre, or simply Acre.

Achaia: Region · approximate position · 37.98°N 23.73°E 10 verses · Show on map Act 18:12, Act 18:27, Act 19:21, Rom 15:26, 1Co 16:15, 2Co 1:1, 2Co 9:2, 2Co 11:10, 1Th 1:7-8 The name originally of a narrow strip of territory in Greece, on the north-west of the Peloponnesus. Subsequently it was applied by the Romans to the whole Peloponnesus, now called the Morea, and the south of Greece. It was then one of the two provinces (Macedonia being the other) into which they divided the country when it fell under their dominion. It is in this latter enlarged meaning that the name is always used in the New Testament (Act 18:12, Act 18:27; Act 19:21; Rom. 15: 26; 16:5, etc.). It was at the time when Luke wrote the Acts of the Apostles under the proconsular form of government; hence the appropriate title given to Gallio as the “deputy,” i.e., proconsul, of Achaia (Act 18:12).

Achshaph: City · position approximate · 32.95°N 35.17°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 11:1, Jos 12:20, Jos 19:25 Fascination, a royal city of the Canaanites, in the north of Palestine (Jos 11:1; Jos 12:20; Jos 19:25). It was in the eastern boundary of the tribe of Asher, and is identified with the modern ruined village of Kesaf or Yasif, N.E. of Accho.

Achzib: City · position approximate · 31.70°N 35.00°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:44, Mic 1:14 A town in the Shephelah, or plain country of Judah (Jos 15:44); probably the same as Chezib of Gen 38:5 = Ain Kezbeh.

Achzib: City · position approximate · 33.05°N 35.10°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 19:29, Jdg 1:31 A Phoenician city (the Gr. Ecdippa), always retained in their possession though assigned to the tribe of Asher (Jos 19:29; Jdg 1:31). It is identified with the modern es-Zib, on the Mediterranean, about 8 miles north of Accho.

Adadah: Place · approximate position · 31.19°N 34.97°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:22

Adam: City · position approximate · 32.10°N 35.56°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 3:16 Is referred to in Jos 3:16. It stood “beside Zarethan,” on the west bank of Jordan (1Ki 4:12). At this city the flow of the water was arrested and rose up “upon an heap” at the time of the Israelites’ passing over (Jos 3:16).

Adamah: City · approximate position · 32.73°N 35.44°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:36 Red earth, a fortified city of Naphtali, probably the modern Damieh, on the west side of the sea of Tiberias (Jos 19:33, Jos 19:36).

Adami-nekeb: City · position approximate · 32.61°N 35.54°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:33 Cavern, a town on the boundary of Naphtali (Jos 19:33). It has with probability, been identified with Seiyadeh, nearly 2 miles east of Bessum, a ruin half way between Tiberias and Mount Tabor.

Addar: Place · approximate position · 30.95°N 34.72°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:3 Large, the sixth month of the civil and the twelfth of the ecclesiastical year of the Jews (Est 3:7, Est 3:13; 8:12; 9:1, 15, 17, 19, 21). It included the days extending from the new moon of our March to the new moon of April. The name was first used after the Captivity. When the season was backward, and the lambs not yet of a paschal size, or the barley not forward enough for abib, then a month called Veadar, i.e., a second Adar, was intercalated.

Adithaim: Place · approximate position · 31.70°N 34.90°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:36

Admah: City · position approximate · 31.12°N 35.41°E 5 verses · Show on map Gen 10:19, Gen 14:2, Gen 14:8, Deu 29:23, Hos 11:8 Earth, one of the five cities of the vale of Siddim (Gen 10:19). It was destroyed along with Sodom and Gomorrah (19:24; Deu 29:23). It is supposed by some to be the same as the Adam of Jos 3:16, the name of which still lingers in Damieh, the ford of Jordan.

Adoraim: Place · position approximate · 31.52°N 34.98°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 11:9

Adramyttium: City · position approximate · 39.57°N 26.94°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 27:2 A city of Asia Minor on the coast of Mysia, which in early times was called AEolis. The ship in which Paul embarked at Caesarea belonged to this city (Act 27:2). He was conveyed in it only to Myra, in Lycia, whence he sailed in an Alexandrian ship to Italy. It was a rare thing for a ship to sail from any port of Palestine direct for Italy. It still bears the name Adramyti, and is a place of some traffic.

Adria: Water · position approximate · 42.41°N 16.37°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 27:27 (Act 27:27; R.V., “the sea of Adria”), the Adriatic Sea, including in Paul’s time the whole of the Mediterranean lying between Crete and Sicily. It is the modern Gulf of Venice, the Mare Superum_ of the Romans, as distinguished from the Mare Inferum_ or Tyrrhenian Sea.

Adullam: City · position approximate · 31.65°N 35.00°E 8 verses · Show on map Jos 12:15, Jos 15:35, 1Sa 22:1, 2Sa 23:13, 1Ch 11:15, 2Ch 11:7, Neh 11:30, Mic 1:15 One of the royal cities of the Canaanites, now ‘Aid-el-ma (Jos 12:15; Jos 15:35). It stood on the old Roman road in the valley of Elah (q.v.), which was the scene of David’s memorable victory over Goliath (1Sa 17:2), and not far from Gath. It was one of the towns which Rehoboam fortified against Egypt (2Ch 11:7). It was called “the glory of Israel” (Mic 1:15). The Cave of Adullam has been discovered about 2 miles south of the scene of David’s triumph, and about 13 miles west from Bethlehem. At this place is a hill some 500 feet high pierced with numerous caverns, in one of which David gathered together “every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented” (1Sa 22:2). Some of these caverns are large enough to hold 200 or 300 men. According to tradition this cave was at Wady Khureitun, between Bethlehem and the Dead Sea, but this view cannot be well maintained.

Adummim: Place · position approximate · 31.82°N 35.36°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:7, Jos 18:17 The red ones, a place apparently on the road between Jericho and Jerusalem, “on the south side of the torrent” Wady Kelt, looking toward Gilgal, mentioned Jos 15:7; Jos 18:17. It was nearly half-way between Jerusalem and Jericho, and now bears the name of Tal-at-ed-Dumm. It is supposed to have been the place referred to in the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luk 10:30). Recently a new carriage-road has been completed, and carriages for the first time have come along this road from Jerusalem.

Aenon: Place · position approximate · 32.40°N 35.54°E 1 verse · Show on map Jhn 3:23 Springs, a place near Salim where John baptized (Jhn 3:23). It was probably near the upper source of the Wady Far’ah, an open valley extending from Mount Ebal to the Jordan. It is full of springs. A place has been found called ‘Ainun, four miles north of the springs.

Ahava: Water · River · position approximate · 33.63°N 42.79°E 3 verses · Show on map Ezr 8:15, Ezr 8:21, Ezr 8:31 Water, the river (Ezr 8:21) by the banks of which the Jewish exiles assembled under Ezra when about to return to Jerusalem from Babylon. In all probability this was one of the streams of Mesopotamia which flowed into the Euphrates somewhere in the north-west of Babylonia. It has, however, been supposed to be the name of a place (Ezr 8:15) now called Hit, on the Euphrates, east of Damascus.

Ahlab: Place · position approximate · 33.02°N 35.45°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 1:31 Fatness, a town of Asher lying within the unconquered Phoenician border (Jdg 1:31), north-west of the Sea of Galilee; commonly identified with Giscala, now el-Jish.

Ai: City · position approximate · 31.92°N 35.26°E 31 verses · Show on map Gen 12:8, Gen 13:3, Jos 7:2-5, Jos 8:1-3, Jos 8:9-12, Jos 8:14, Jos 8:16-18, Jos 8:20-21, Jos 8:23-26, Jos 8:28-29, Jos 9:3, Jos 10:1-2, Jos 12:9, Ezr 2:28, Neh 7:32 One of the royal cities of the Canaanites (Jos 10:1; Gen 12:8; Gen 13:3). It was the scene of Joshua’s defeat, and afterwards of his victory. It was the second Canaanite city taken by Israel (Jos 7:2; Jos 8:1). It lay rebuilt and inhibited by the Benjamites (Ezr 2:28; Neh 7:32; Neh 11:31). It lay to the east of Bethel, “beside Beth-aven.” The spot which is most probably the site of this ancient city is Haiyan, 2 miles east from Bethel. It lay up the Wady Suweinit, a steep, rugged valley, extending from the Jordan valley to Bethel.

Ai: City · approximate position · 31.80°N 35.81°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 49:3 A city in the Ammonite territory (Jer 49:3). Some have thought that the proper reading of the word is Ar (Isa 15:1).

Aiath: Place · position approximate · 31.92°N 35.26°E 1 verse · Show on map Isa 10:28

Aija: Place · position approximate · 31.92°N 35.26°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 11:31

Aijalon: City · position approximate · 31.84°N 35.03°E 9 verses · Show on map Jos 19:42, Jos 21:24, Jdg 1:35, Jdg 12:12, 1Sa 14:31, 1Ch 6:69, 1Ch 8:13, 2Ch 11:10, 2Ch 28:18 A city in the tribe of Zebulun (Jdg 12:12), the modern Jalun, three miles north of Cabul.

Ain: Place · position approximate · 34.35°N 36.39°E 1 verse · Show on map Num 34:11

Ain: Place · position approximate · 31.37°N 34.86°E 4 verses · Show on map Jos 15:32, Jos 19:7, Jos 21:16, 1Ch 4:32

Akeldama: Landmark · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 2 verses · Show on map Act 1:19, Mat 27:8 The name which the Jews gave in their proper tongue, i.e., in Aramaic, to the field which was purchased with the money which had been given to the betrayer of our Lord. The word means “field of blood.” It was previously called “the potter’s field” (Mat 27:7-8; Act 1:19), and was appropriated as the burial-place for strangers. It lies on a narrow level terrace on the south face of the valley of Hinnom. Its modern name is Hak ed-damm.

Akrabbim: Region · position approximate · 30.69°N 35.26°E 3 verses · Show on map Num 34:4, Jos 15:3, Jdg 1:36 Scorpions, probably the general name given to the ridge containing the pass between the south of the Dead Sea and Zin, es-Sufah, by which there is an ascent to the level of the land of Palestine. Scorpions are said to abound in this whole district, and hence the name (Num 34:4). It is called “Maaleh-acrabbim” in Jos 15:3, and “the ascent of Akrabbim” in Num 34:4.

Alemeth: City · position approximate · 31.83°N 35.29°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 6:60 A sacerdotal city of Benjamin (1Ch 6:60), called also Almon (Jos 21:18), now Almit, a mile north-east of the ancient Anathoth.

Alexandria: City · position approximate · 31.23°N 29.96°E 3 verses · Show on map Act 18:24, Act 27:6, Act 28:11 The ancient metropolis of Lower Egypt, so called from its founder, Alexander the Great (about B.C. 333). It was for a long period the greatest of existing cities, for both Nineveh and Babylon had been destroyed, and Rome had not yet risen to greatness. It was the residence of the kings of Egypt for 200 years. It is not mentioned in the Old Testament, and only incidentally in the New. Apollos, eloquent and mighty in the Scriptures, was a native of this city (Act 18:24). Many Jews from Alexandria were in Jerusalem, where they had a synagogue (Act 6:9), at the time of Stephen’s martyrdom. At one time it is said that as many as 10,000 Jews resided in this city. It possessed a famous library of 700,000 volumes, which was burned by the Saracens (A.D. 642). It was here that the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek. This is called the Septuagint version, from the tradition that seventy learned men were engaged in executing it. It was, however, not all translated at one time. It was begun B.C. 280, and finished about B.C. 200 or 150.

Allammelech: Place · approximate position · 32.98°N 35.18°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:26

Allon-bacuth: Landmark · approximate position · 31.93°N 35.22°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 35:8 Oak of weeping, a tree near Bethel, at the spot where Deborah, Rebekah’s nurse, was buried (Gen 35:8). Large trees, from their rarity in the plains of Palestine, were frequently designated as landmarks. This particular tree was probably the same as the “palm tree of Deborah” (Jdg 4:5).

Almon: City · position approximate · 31.83°N 35.29°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 21:18 Hidden, one of the sacerdotal cities of Benjamin (Jos 21:18), called also Alemeth (1Ch 6:60).

Almon-diblathaim: City · position approximate · 31.50°N 35.78°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 33:46-47 Two cakes, a city of Moab, on the east of the Dead Sea (Num 33:46; Jer 48:22).

Alush: Place · approximate position · 28.77°N 33.40°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 33:13-14 One of the places, the last before Rephidim, at which the Hebrews rested on their way to Sinai (Num 33:13-14). It was probably situated on the shore of the Red Sea.

Amad: Place · position approximate · 33.02°N 35.17°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:26

Amalek: Region · approximate position · 30.66°N 34.84°E 18 verses · Show on map Exo 17:8-11, Exo 17:13-14, Exo 17:16, Num 24:20, Deu 25:17, Deu 25:19, 1Sa 15:2-3, 1Sa 15:5, 1Sa 15:8, 1Sa 15:20, 1Sa 28:18, 2Sa 8:12, 1Ch 18:11 A tribe that dwelt in Arabia Petraea, between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea. They were not the descendants of Amalek, the son of Eliphaz, for they existed in the days of Abraham (Gen 14:7). They were probably a tribe that migrated from the shores of the Persian Gulf and settled in Arabia. “They dwelt in the land of the south...from Havilah until thou comest to Shur” (Num 13:29; 1Sa 15:7). They were a pastoral, and hence a nomadic race. Their kings bore the hereditary name of Agag (Num 24:7; 1Sa 15:8). They attempted to stop the Israelites when they marched through their territory (Deu 25:18), attacking them at Rephidim (Exo 17:8; comp. Deu 25:17; 1Sa 15:2). They afterwards attacked the Israelites at Hormah (Num 14:45). We read of them subsequently as in league with the Moabites (Jdg 3:13) and the Midianites (Jdg 6:3). Saul finally desolated their territory and destroyed their power (1Sa 14:48; 1Sa 15:3), and David recovered booty from them (1Sa 30:18). In the Babylonian inscriptions they are called Sute, in those of Egypt Sittiu, and the Amarna tablets include them under the general name of Khabbati, or “plunderers.”

Amam: Place · approximate position · 31.16°N 35.06°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:26

Amana: Mountain · position approximate · 33.68°N 36.06°E 1 verse · Show on map Sos 4:8 A mountain (Sos 4:8), probably the southern summit of Anti-Libanus, at the base of which are the sources of the Abana.

Amaw: Place · approximate position · 36.65°N 38.07°E 1 verse · Show on map Num 22:5

Ammah: Mountain · approximate position · 31.87°N 35.34°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Sa 2:24 A cubit, the name of a hill which Joab and Abishai reached as the sun went down, when they were in pursuit of Abner (2Sa 2:24). It lay to the east of Gibeon.

Ammon: Place · position approximate · 31.95°N 35.92°E 12 verses · Show on map Deu 2:19, Deu 2:37, Jdg 11:27, Jdg 11:33, 2Ch 20:10, 2Ch 20:22-23, Neh 13:23, Jer 9:26, Jer 25:21, Jer 27:3, Ezk 25:5 The usual name of the descendants of Ammon, the son of Lot (Gen 19:38). From the very beginning (Deu 2:16) of their history till they are lost sight of (Jdg 5:2), this tribe is closely associated with the Moabites (Jdg 10:11; 2Ch 20:1; Zep 2:8). Both of these tribes hired Balaam to curse Israel (Deu 23:4). The Ammonites were probably more of a predatory tribe, moving from place to place, while the Moabites were more settled. They inhabited the country east of the Jordan and north of Moab and the Dead Sea, from which they had expelled the Zamzummims or Zuzims (Deu 2:20; Gen 14:5). They are known as the Beni-ammi (Gen 19:38), Ammi or Ammon being worshipped as their chief god. They were of Semitic origin, and closely related to the Hebrews in blood and language. They showed no kindness to the Israelites when passing through their territory, and therefore they were prohibited from “entering the congregation of the Lord to the tenth generation” (Deu 23:3). They afterwards became hostile to Israel (Jdg 3:13). Jephthah waged war against them, and “took twenty cities with a very great slaughter” (Jdg 11:33). They were again signally defeated by Saul (1Sa 11:11). David also defeated them and their allies the Syrians (2Sa 10:6), and took their chief city, Rabbah, with much spoil (2Sa 10:14; 2Sa 12:26). The subsequent events of their history are noted in 2Ch 20:25; 2Ch 26:8; Jer 49:1; Ezk 25:3, Ezk 25:6. One of Solomon’s wives was Naamah, an Ammonite. She was the mother of Rehoboam (1Ki 14:31; 2Ch 12:13). The prophets predicted fearful judgments against the Ammonites because of their hostility to Israel (Zep 2:8; Jer 49:1; Ezk 25:1, Ezk 25:10; Amo 1:13). The national idol worshipped by this people was Molech or Milcom, at whose altar they offered human sacrifices (1Ki 11:5, 1Ki 11:7). The high places built for this idol by Solomon, at the instigation of his Ammonitish wives, were not destroyed till the time of Josiah (2Ki 23:13).

Amphipolis: City · position approximate · 40.82°N 23.84°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 17:1 City on both sides, a Macedonian city, a great Roman military station, through which Paul and Silas passed on their way from Philippi to Thessalonica, a distance of 33 Roman miles from Philippi (Act 17:1).

Anab: City · position approximate · 31.40°N 34.94°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 11:21, Jos 15:50 Grape-town, one of the cities in the mountains of Judah, from which Joshua expelled the Anakim (Jos 11:21; Jos 15:50). It still retains its ancient name. It lies among the hills, 10 miles south-south-west of Hebron.

Anaharath: Place · position approximate · 32.61°N 35.40°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:19

Ananiah: City · approximate position · 31.83°N 35.22°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 11:32 Protected by Jehovah, the name of a town in the tribe of Benjamin between Nob and Hazor (Neh 11:32). It is probably the modern Beit Hanina, a small village 3 miles north of Jerusalem.

Anathoth: City · position approximate · 31.81°N 35.26°E 15 verses · Show on map Jos 21:18, 1Ki 2:26, 1Ch 6:60, 1Ch 27:12, Ezr 2:23, Neh 7:27, Neh 11:32, Isa 10:30, Jer 1:1, Jer 11:21, Jer 11:23, Jer 29:27, Jer 32:7-9 The name of one of the cities of refuge, in the tribe of Benjamin (Jos 21:18). The Jews, as a rule, did not change the names of the towns they found in Palestine; hence this town may be regarded as deriving its name from the goddess Anat. It was the native place of Abiezer, one of David’s “thirty” (2Sa 23:27), and of Jehu, another of his mighty men (1Ch 12:3). It is chiefly notable, however, as the birth-place and usual residence of Jeremiah (Jer 1:1; Jer 11:21; Jer 29:27; Jer 32:7). It suffered greatly from the army of Sennacherib, and only 128 men returned to it from the Exile (Neh 7:27; Ezr 2:23). It lay about 3 miles north of Jerusalem. It has been identified with the small and poor village of ‘Anata, containing about 100 inhabitants.

Anem: City · position approximate · 32.46°N 35.30°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 6:73 Two fountains, a Levitical city in the tribe of Issachar (1Ch 6:73). It is also called En-gannim (q.v.) in Jos 19:21; the modern Jenin.

Aner: City · position approximate · 32.52°N 35.22°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 6:70 A city of Manasseh given to the Levites of Kohath’s family (1Ch 6:70).

Angle: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 26:9

Anim: City · position approximate · 31.37°N 35.07°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:50 Fountains, a city in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:50), now el-Ghuwein, near Eshtemoh, about 10 miles south-west of Hebron.

Antioch (Syria): City · position approximate · 36.20°N 36.16°E 14 verses · Show on map Act 6:5, Act 11:19-20, Act 11:22, Act 11:26-27, Act 13:1, Act 14:26, Act 15:22-23, Act 15:30, Act 15:35, Act 18:22, Gal 2:11 In Syria, on the river Orontes, about 16 miles from the Mediterranean, and some 300 miles north of Jerusalem. It was the metropolis of Syria, and afterwards became the capital of the Roman province in Asia. It ranked third, after Rome and Alexandria, in point of importance, of the cities of the Roman empire. It was called the “first city of the East.” Christianity was early introduced into it (Act 11:19, Act 11:21, Act 11:24), and the name “Christian” was first applied here to its professors (Act 11:26). It is intimately connected with the early history of the gospel (Act 6:5; Act 11:19, Act 11:27-28, Act 11:30; Act 12:25; Act 15:22; Gal 2:11-12). It was the great central point whence missionaries to the Gentiles were sent forth. It was the birth-place of the famous Christian father Chrysostom, who died A.D. 407. It bears the modern name of Antakia, and is now a miserable, decaying Turkish town. Like Philippi, it was raised to the rank of a Roman colony. Such colonies were ruled by “praetors” (R.V. marg., Act 16:20-21).

Antioch (Pisidia): City · position approximate · 38.32°N 31.18°E 4 verses · Show on map Act 13:14, Act 14:19, Act 14:21, 2Ti 3:11 In the extreme north of Pisidia; was visited by Paul and Barnabas on the first missionary journey (Act 13:14). Here they found a synagogue and many proselytes. They met with great success in preaching the gospel, but the Jews stirred up a violent opposition against them, and they were obliged to leave the place. On his return, Paul again visited Antioch for the purpose of confirming the disciples (Act 14:21). It has been identified with the modern Yalobatch, lying to the east of Ephesus.

Antipatris: City · position approximate · 32.10°N 34.95°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 23:31 A city built by Herod the Great, and called by this name in honour of his father, Antipater. It lay between Caesarea and Lydda, two miles inland, on the great Roman road from Caesarea to Jerusalem. To this place Paul was brought by night (Act 23:31) on his way to Caesarea, from which it was distant 28 miles. It is identified with the modern, Ras-el-Ain, where rise the springs of Aujeh, the largest springs in Palestine.

Aphek: City · position approximate · 34.07°N 35.87°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 13:4, Jos 19:30 A city of the tribe of Asher. It was the scene of the licentious worship of the Syrian Aphrodite. The ruins of the temple, “magnificent ruins” in a “spot of strange wildness and beauty”, are still seen at Afka, on the north-west slopes of Lebanon, near the source of the river Adonis (now Nahr Ibrahim), 12 miles east of Gebal.

Aphek: City · position approximate · 32.10°N 34.93°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 12:18, 1Sa 4:1, 1Sa 29:1 A city of the tribe of Issachar, near to Jezreel (1Sa 4:1; 1Sa 29:1; comp. 28:4).

Aphek: City · position approximate · 32.78°N 35.70°E 3 verses · Show on map 1Ki 20:26, 1Ki 20:30, 2Ki 13:17 A town on the road from Damascus to Palestine, in the level plain east of Jordan, near which Benhadad was defeated by the Israelites (1Ki 20:26, 1Ki 20:30; 2Ki 13:17). It has been identified with the modern Fik, 6 miles east of the Sea of Galilee, opposite Tiberias.

Aphekah: Place · position approximate · 32.10°N 34.93°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:53

Aphik: Place · position approximate · 34.07°N 35.87°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 1:31 (Jdg 1:31); Aphek (Jos 13:4; Jos 19:30), stronghold.

Apollonia: City · position approximate · 40.59°N 23.35°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 17:1 A city of Macedonia between Amphipolis and Thessalonica, from which it was distant about 36 miles. Paul and Silas passed through it on their way to Thessalonica (Act 17:1).

Appii Forum: Landmark · position approximate · 41.47°N 12.99°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 28:15 I.e., “the market of Appius” (Act 28:15, R.V.), a town on the road, the “Appian Way,” from Rome to Brundusium. It was 43 miles from Rome. Here Paul was met by some Roman Christians on his way to the capital. It was natural that they should halt here and wait for him, because from this place there were two ways by which travellers might journey to Rome.

Ar: Place · position approximate · 31.45°N 35.59°E 6 verses · Show on map Num 21:15, Num 21:28, Deu 2:9, Deu 2:18, Deu 2:29, Isa 15:1

Arab: City · approximate position · 31.45°N 35.05°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:52 Ambush, a city in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:52), now Er-Rabiyeh.

Arabah: Place · position approximate · 32.03°N 35.52°E 15 verses · Show on map Deu 1:7, Deu 2:8, Deu 3:17, Deu 4:49, Jos 8:14, Jos 11:16, Jos 12:1, Jos 12:3, Jos 18:18, 1Sa 23:24, 2Sa 2:29, 2Sa 4:7, 2Ki 25:4, Jer 39:4, Jer 52:7 Plain, in the Revised Version of 2Ki 14:25; Jos 3:16; Jos 8:14; 2Sa 2:29; 2Sa 4:7 (in all these passages the A.V. has “plain”); Amo 6:14 (A.V. “wilderness”). This word is found in the Authorized Version only in Jos 18:18. It denotes the hollow depression through which the Jordan flows from the Lake of Galilee to the Dead Sea. It is now called by the Arabs el-Ghor. But the Ghor is sometimes spoken of as extending 10 miles south of the Dead Sea, and thence to the Gulf of Akabah on the Red Sea is called the Wady el-Arabah.

Arabah: Place · approximate position · 35.14°N 36.75°E 1 verse · Show on map Amo 6:14 Plain, in the Revised Version of 2Ki 14:25; Jos 3:16; Jos 8:14; 2Sa 2:29; 2Sa 4:7 (in all these passages the A.V. has “plain”); Amo 6:14 (A.V. “wilderness”). This word is found in the Authorized Version only in Jos 18:18. It denotes the hollow depression through which the Jordan flows from the Lake of Galilee to the Dead Sea. It is now called by the Arabs el-Ghor. But the Ghor is sometimes spoken of as extending 10 miles south of the Dead Sea, and thence to the Gulf of Akabah on the Red Sea is called the Wady el-Arabah.

Arabia: Region · approximate position · 27.40°N 37.70°E 6 verses · Show on map 2Ch 9:14, Isa 21:13, Jer 25:24, Ezk 27:21, Gal 1:17, Gal 4:25 Arabia Petraea, i.e., the Rocky Arabia, so called from its rocky mountains and stony plains. It comprehended all the north-west portion of the country, and is much better known to travellers than any other portion. This country is, however, divided by modern geographers into (1) Arabia Proper, or the Arabian Peninsula; (2) Northern Arabia, or the Arabian Desert; and (3) Western Arabia, which includes the peninsula of Sinai and the Desert of Petra, originally inhabited by the Horites (Gen 14:6, etc.), but in later times by the descendants of Esau, and known as the Land of Edom or Idumea, also as the Desert of Seir or Mount Seir. The whole land appears (Gen. 10) to have been inhabited by a variety of tribes of different lineage, Ishmaelites, Arabians, Idumeans, Horites, and Edomites; but at length becoming amalgamated, they came to be known by the general designation of Arabs. The modern nation of Arabs is predominantly Ishmaelite. Their language is the most developed and the richest of all the Semitic languages, and is of great value to the student of Hebrew. The Israelites wandered for forty years in Arabia. In the days of Solomon, and subsequently, commercial intercourse was to a considerable extent kept up with this country (1Ki 10:15; 2Ch 9:14; 2Ch 17:11). Arabians were present in Jerusalem at Pentecost (Act 2:11). Paul retired for a season into Arabia after his conversion (Gal 1:17). This country is frequently referred to by the prophets (Isa 21:11; Isa 42:11; Jer 25:24, etc.)

Arad: City · position approximate · 31.28°N 35.13°E 4 verses · Show on map Num 21:1, Num 33:40, Jos 12:14, Jdg 1:16 Now Tell Arad, a Canaanite city, about 20 miles south of Hebron. The king of Arad “fought against Israel and took of them prisoners” when they were retreating from the confines of Edom (Num 21:1; Num 33:40; Jdg 1:16). It was finally subdued by Joshua (12:14).

Aram: Place · approximate position · 34.85°N 39.12°E 5 verses · Show on map Num 23:7, 2Sa 8:6, 2Sa 15:8, 1Ch 2:23, Hos 12:12 The son of Shem (Gen 10:22); according to Gen 22:21, a grandson of Nahor. In Mat 1:3-4, and Luk 3:33, this word is the Greek form of Ram, the father of Amminadab (1Ch 2:10). The word means high, or highlands, and as the name of a country denotes that elevated region extending from the northeast of Palestine to the Euphrates. It corresponded generally with the Syria and Mesopotamia of the Greeks and Romans. In Gen 25:20; Gen 31:20, Gen 31:24; Deu 26:5, the word “Syrian” is properly “Aramean” (R.V., marg.). Damascus became at length the capital of the several smaller kingdoms comprehended under the designation “Aram” or “Syria.”

Aram-maacah: Place · approximate position · 33.20°N 36.50°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 19:6

Aram-naharaim: Region · approximate position · 35.10°N 42.00°E 0 verses · Show on map Aram of the two rivers, is Mesopotamia (as it is rendered in Gen 24:10), the country enclosed between the Tigris on the east and the Euphrates on the west (Ps. 60, title); called also the “field of Aram” (Hos 12:12, R.V.) i.e., the open country of Aram; in the Authorized Version, “country of Syria.” Padan-aram (q.v.) was a portion of this country.

Aram-zobah: Region · approximate position · 33.52°N 36.31°E 0 verses · Show on map (Ps. 60, title), probably the region between the Euphrates and the Orontes.

Ararat: Region · position approximate · 39.70°N 44.30°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 8:4, Jer 51:27 Sacred land or high land, the name of a country on one of the mountains of which the ark rested after the Flood subsided (Gen 8:4). The “mountains” mentioned were probably the Kurdish range of South Armenia. In 2Ki 19:37, Isa 37:38, the word is rendered “Armenia” in the Authorized Version, but in the Revised Version, “Land of Ararat.” In Jer 51:27, the name denotes the central or southern portion of Armenia. It is, however, generally applied to a high and almost inaccessible mountain which rises majestically from the plain of the Araxes. It has two conical peaks, about 7 miles apart, the one 14,300 feet and the other 10,300 feet above the level of the plain. Three thousand feet of the summit of the higher of these peaks is covered with perpetual snow. It is called Kuh-i-nuh, i.e., “Noah’s mountain”, by the Persians. This part of Armenia was inhabited by a people who spoke a language unlike any other now known, though it may have been related to the modern Georgian. About B.C. 900 they borrowed the cuneiform characters of Nineveh, and from this time we have inscriptions of a line of kings who at times contended with Assyria. At the close of the seventh century B.C. the kingdom of Ararat came to an end, and the country was occupied by a people who are ancestors of the Armenians of the present day.

Areopagus: Landmark · approximate position · 37.98°N 23.73°E 3 verses · Show on map Act 17:19, Act 17:22, Act 17:34 The Areopagus or rocky hill in Athens, north-west of the Acropolis, where the Athenian supreme tribunal and court of morals was held. From some part of this hill Paul delivered the address recorded in Act 17:22.

Argob: Region · approximate position · 33.14°N 36.14°E 4 verses · Show on map Deu 3:4, Deu 3:13-14, 1Ki 4:13 Stony heap, an “island,” as it has been called, of rock about 30 miles by 20, rising 20 or 30 feet above the table-land of Bashan; a region of crags and chasms wild and rugged in the extreme. On this “island” stood sixty walled cities, ruled over by Og. It is called Trachonitis (“the rugged region”) in the New Testament (Luk 3:1). These cities were conquered by the Israelites (Deu 3:4; 1Ki 4:13). It is now called the Lejah. Here “sixty walled cities are still traceable in a space of 308 square miles. The architecture is ponderous and massive. Solid walls 4 feet thick, and stones on one another without cement; the roofs enormous slabs of basaltic rock, like iron; the doors and gates are of stone 18 inches thick, secured by ponderous bars. The land bears still the appearance of having been called the ‘land of giants’ under the giant Og.” “I have more than once entered a deserted city in the evening, taken possession of a comfortable house, and spent the night in peace. Many of the houses in the ancient cities of Bashan are perfect, as if only finished yesterday. The walls are sound, the roofs unbroken, and even the window-shutters in their places. These ancient cities of Bashan probably contain the very oldest specimens of domestic architecture in the world” (Porter’s Giant Cities).

Ariel: City · position approximate · 31.78°N 35.23°E 3 verses · Show on map Isa 29:1-2, Isa 29:7 A symbolic name for Jerusalem (Isa 29:1-2, Isa 29:7) as “victorious under God,” and in Ezk 43:15-16, for the altar (marg., Heb. ‘ariel) of burnt offerings, the secret of Israel’s lion-like strength.

Arimathea: City · position approximate · 31.83°N 35.18°E 3 verses · Show on map Mat 27:57, Mrk 15:43, Jhn 19:38 A “city of the Jews” (Luk 23:51), the birth-place of Joseph in whose sepulchre our Lord was laid (Mat 27:57, Mat 27:60; Jhn 19:38). It is probably the same place as Ramathaim in Ephraim, and the birth-place of Samuel (1Sa 1:1, 1Sa 1:19). Others identify it with Ramleh in Dan, or Rama (q.v.) in Benjamin (Mat 2:18).

Armageddon: Place · position approximate · 32.58°N 35.18°E 1 verse · Show on map Rev 16:16 Occurs only in Rev 16:16 (R.V., “Har-Magedon”), as symbolically designating the place where the “battle of that great day of God Almighty” (ver. 14) shall be fought. The word properly means the “mount of Megiddo.” It is the scene of the final conflict between Christ and Antichrist. The idea of such a scene was suggested by the Old Testament great battle-field, the plain of Esdraelon (q.v.).

Arnon: Water · River · position approximate · 31.43°N 35.68°E 12 verses · Show on map Num 21:13-14, Num 21:24, Num 21:26, Num 21:28, Num 22:36, Jdg 11:13, Jdg 11:18, Jdg 11:22, Jdg 11:26, Isa 16:2, Jer 48:20 Swift, the southern boundary of the territory of Israel beyond Jordan, separating it from the land of Moab (Deu 3:8, Deu 3:16). This river (referred to twenty-four times in the Bible) rises in the mountains of Gilead, and after a circuitous course of about 80 miles through a deep ravine it falls into the Dead Sea nearly opposite Engedi. The stream is almost dry in summer. It is now called el-Mujeb. The territory of the Amorites extended from the Arnon to the Jabbok.

Aroer: City · position approximate · 31.47°N 35.82°E 9 verses · Show on map Deu 2:36, Deu 3:12, Deu 4:48, Jos 12:2, Jos 13:9, Jos 13:16, Jdg 11:26, 2Ki 10:33, Jer 48:19 A town on the north bank of the Arnon (Deu 4:48; Jdg 11:26; 2Ki 10:33), the southern boundary of the kingdom of Sihon (Jos 12:2). It is now called Arair, 13 miles west of the Dead Sea.

Aroer: City · approximate position · 31.96°N 35.91°E 6 verses · Show on map Num 32:34, Jos 13:25, Jdg 11:33, 2Sa 24:5, 1Ch 5:8, Isa 17:2 One of the towns built by the tribe of Gad (Num 32:34) “before Rabbah” (Jos 13:25), the Ammonite capital. It was famous in the history of Jephthah (Jdg 11:33) and of David (2Sa 24:5). (Comp. Isa 17:2; 2Ki 15:29.)

Aroer: City · position approximate · 31.15°N 34.98°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Sa 30:28 A city in the south of Judah, 12 miles south-east of Beersheba, to which David sent presents after recovering the spoil from the Amalekites at Ziklag (1Sa 30:26, 1Sa 30:28). It was the native city of two of David’s warriors (1Ch 11:44). It is now called Ar’arah.

Arpad: City · approximate position · 35.14°N 36.75°E 6 verses · Show on map 2Ki 18:34, 2Ki 19:13, Isa 10:9, Isa 36:19, Isa 37:13, Jer 49:23 (Isa 10:9; Isa 36:19; Isa 37:13), also Arphad, support, a Syrian city near Hamath, along with which it is invariably mentioned (2Ki 19:13; 2Ki 18:34; Isa 10:9), and Damascus (Jer 49:23). After a siege of three years it fell (B.C. 742) before the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser II. Now Tell Erfud.

Arubboth: Place · approximate position · 31.68°N 34.98°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ki 4:10

Arumah: Place · position approximate · 32.15°N 35.32°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 9:41

Arvad: Island · position approximate · 34.86°N 35.86°E 2 verses · Show on map Ezk 27:8, Ezk 27:11 Wandering, (Ezk 27:8), a small island and city on the coast of Syria, mentioned as furnishing mariners and soldiers for Tyre. The inhabitants were called Arvadites. The name is written Aruada or Arada in the Tell-el-Amarna tablets.

Ashan: Place · approximate position · 31.81°N 34.94°E 4 verses · Show on map Jos 15:42, Jos 19:7, 1Ch 4:32, 1Ch 6:59

Ashdod: City · position approximate · 31.80°N 34.64°E 19 verses · Show on map Jos 11:22, Jos 13:3, Jos 15:46-47, 1Sa 5:1, 1Sa 5:3, 1Sa 5:5-7, 1Sa 6:17, 2Ch 26:6, Neh 13:23-24, Isa 20:1, Jer 25:20, Amo 1:8, Amo 3:9, Zec 9:6, Zep 2:4 Stronghold, a Philistine city (Jos 15:47), about midway between Gaza and Joppa, and 3 miles from the Mediterranean. It was one of the chief seats of the worship of Dagon (1Sa 5:5). It belonged to the tribe of Judah (Jos 15:47), but it never came into their actual possession. It was an important city, as it stood on the highroad from Egypt to Palestine, and hence was strongly fortified (2Ch 26:6; Isa 20:1). Uzziah took it, but fifty years after his death it was taken by the Assyrians (B.C. 758). According to Sargon’s record, it was captured by him in B.C. 711. The only reference to it in the New Testament, where it is called Azotus, is in the account of Philip’s return from Gaza (Act 8:40). It is now called Eshdud.

Ashdod's: City · position approximate · 31.80°N 34.64°E 0 verses · Show on map Stronghold, a Philistine city (Jos 15:47), about midway between Gaza and Joppa, and 3 miles from the Mediterranean. It was one of the chief seats of the worship of Dagon (1Sa 5:5). It belonged to the tribe of Judah (Jos 15:47), but it never came into their actual possession. It was an important city, as it stood on the highroad from Egypt to Palestine, and hence was strongly fortified (2Ch 26:6; Isa 20:1). Uzziah took it, but fifty years after his death it was taken by the Assyrians (B.C. 758). According to Sargon’s record, it was captured by him in B.C. 711. The only reference to it in the New Testament, where it is called Azotus, is in the account of Philip’s return from Gaza (Act 8:40). It is now called Eshdud.

Ashkelon: City · position approximate · 31.66°N 34.55°E 11 verses · Show on map Jdg 1:18, Jdg 14:19, 1Sa 6:17, 2Sa 1:20, Jer 25:20, Jer 47:5, Jer 47:7, Amo 1:8, Zep 2:4, Zep 2:7, Zec 9:5 '=Askelon=Ascalon, was one of the five cities of the Philistines (Jos 13:3; 1Sa 6:17). It stood on the shore of the Mediterranean, 12 miles north of Gaza. It is mentioned on an inscription at Karnak in Egypt as having been taken by king Rameses II., the oppressor of the Hebrews. In the time of the judges (Jdg 1:18) it fell into the possession of the tribe of Judah; but it was soon after retaken by the Philistines (2Sa 1:20), who were not finally dispossessed till the time of Alexander the Great. Samson went down to this place from Timnath, and slew thirty men and took their spoil. The prophets foretold its destruction (Jer 25:20; Jer 47:5, Jer 47:7). It became a noted place in the Middle Ages, having been the scene of many a bloody battle between the Saracens and the Crusaders. It was beseiged and taken by Richard the Lion-hearted, and “within its walls and towers now standing he held his court.” Among the Tell Amarna tablets are found letters or official despatches from Yadaya, “captain of horse and dust of the king’s feet,” to the “great king” of Egypt, dated from Ascalon. It is now called ‘Askalan.

Ashkenaz: Place · approximate position · 40.60°N 44.60°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 51:27 One of the three sons of Gomer (Gen 10:3), and founder of one of the tribes of the Japhetic race. They are mentioned in connection with Minni and Ararat, and hence their original seat must have been in Armenia (Jer 51:27), probably near the Black Sea, which, from their founder, was first called Axenus, and afterwards the Euxine.

Ashnah: Place · approximate position · 31.81°N 34.94°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:33, Jos 15:43

Ashtaroth: City · position approximate · 32.83°N 36.02°E 6 verses · Show on map Deu 1:4, Jos 9:10, Jos 12:4, Jos 13:12, Jos 13:31, 1Ch 6:71 A city of Bashan, in the kingdom of Og (Deu 1:4; Jos 12:4; Jos 13:12; Jos 9:10). It was in the half-tribe of Manasseh (Jos 13:12), and as a Levitical city was given to the Gershonites (1Ch 6:71). Uzzia, one of David’s valiant men (1Ch 11:44), is named as of this city. It is identified with Tell Ashterah, in the Hauran, and is noticed on monuments B.C. 1700-1500. The name Beesh-terah (Jos 21:27) is a contraction for Beth-eshterah, i.e., “the house of Ashtaroth.”

Ashteroth-karnaim: Place · position approximate · 32.77°N 36.02°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 14:5 Ashteroth of the two horns, the abode of the Rephaim (Gen 14:5). It may be identified with Ashtaroth preceding; called “Karnaim”, i.e., the “two-horned” (the crescent moon). The Samaritan version renders the word by “Sunamein,” the present es-Sunamein, 28 miles south of Damascus.

Asia: Region · approximate position · 39.23°N 32.73°E 18 verses · Show on map Act 2:9, Act 6:9, Act 16:6, Act 19:10, Act 19:22, Act 19:26-27, Act 20:16, Act 20:18, Act 21:27, Act 24:18, Act 27:2, Rom 16:5, 1Co 16:19, 2Co 1:8, 2Ti 1:15, 1Pe 1:1, Rev 1:4 Is used to denote Proconsular Asia, a Roman province which embraced the western parts of Asia Minor, and of which Ephesus was the capital, in Act 2:9; Act 6:9; Act 16:6; Act 19:10, Act 19:22; Act 20:4, Act 20:16, Act 20:18, etc., and probably Asia Minor in Act 19:26-27; 21:27; 24:18; 27:2. Proconsular Asia contained the seven churches of the Apocalypse (Rev 1:11). The “chiefs of Asia” (Act 19:31) were certain wealthy citizens who were annually elected to preside over the games and religious festivals of the several cities to which they belonged. Some of these “Asiarchs” were Paul’s friends.

Asshur: City · approximate position · 36.36°N 43.15°E 4 verses · Show on map Num 24:22, Num 24:24, Psa 83:8, Ezk 27:23 Second son of Shem (Gen 10:22; 1Ch 1:17). He went from the land of Shinar and built Nineveh, etc. (Gen 10:11-12). He probably gave his name to Assyria, which is the usual translation of the word, although the form Asshur is sometimes retained (Num 24:22, Num 24:24; Ezk 27:23, etc.). In Gen 2:14 “Assyria” ought to be “Asshur,” which was the original capital of Assyria, a city represented by the mounds of Kalah Sherghat, on the west bank of the Tigris. This city was founded by Bel-kap-kapu about B.C. 1700. At a later date the capital was shifted to Ninua, or Nineveh, now Koyunjik, on the eastern bank of the river.

Assos: City · position approximate · 39.49°N 26.34°E 2 verses · Show on map Act 20:13-14 A sea-port town of Proconsular Asia, in the district of Mysia, on the north shore of the Gulf of Adramyttium. Paul came hither on foot along the Roman road from Troas (Act 20:13-14), a distance of 20 miles. It was about 30 miles distant from Troas by sea. The island of Lesbos lay opposite it, about 7 miles distant.

Assyria: Region · approximate position · 36.36°N 43.15°E 116 verses · Show on map Gen 10:11, Gen 25:18, 2Ki 15:19-20, 2Ki 15:29, 2Ki 16:7-10, 2Ki 16:18, 2Ki 17:3-6, 2Ki 17:23-24, 2Ki 17:26-27, 2Ki 18:7, 2Ki 18:9, 2Ki 18:11, 2Ki 18:13-14, 2Ki 18:16-17, 2Ki 18:19, 2Ki 18:23, 2Ki 18:28, 2Ki 18:30-31, 2Ki 18:33, 2Ki 19:4, 2Ki 19:6, 2Ki 19:8, 2Ki 19:10-11, 2Ki 19:17, 2Ki 19:20, 2Ki 19:32, 2Ki 19:36, 2Ki 20:6, 2Ki 23:29, 1Ch 5:6, 1Ch 5:26, 2Ch 28:16, 2Ch 28:20-21, 2Ch 30:6, 2Ch 32:1, 2Ch 32:4, 2Ch 32:7, 2Ch 32:9-11, 2Ch 32:21-22, 2Ch 33:11, Ezr 4:2, Ezr 6:22, Neh 9:32, Isa 7:17-18, Isa 7:20, Isa 8:4, Isa 8:7, Isa 10:5, Isa 10:12, Isa 11:11, Isa 11:16, Isa 19:23-25, Isa 20:1, Isa 20:4, Isa 20:6, Isa 23:13, Isa 27:13, Isa 36:1-2, Isa 36:4, Isa 36:8 … +31 more The name derived from the city Asshur on the Tigris, the original capital of the country, was originally a colony from Babylonia, and was ruled by viceroys from that kingdom. It was a mountainous region lying to the north of Babylonia, extending along the Tigris as far as to the high mountain range of Armenia, the Gordiaean or Carduchian mountains. It was founded in B.C. 1700 under Bel-kap-kapu, and became an independent and a conquering power, and shook off the yoke of its Babylonian masters. It subdued the whole of Northern Asia. The Assyrians were Semites (Gen 10:22), but in process of time non-Semite tribes mingled with the inhabitants. They were a military people, the “Romans of the East.” Of the early history of the kingdom of Assyria little is positively known. In B.C. 1120 Tiglath-pileser I., the greatest of the Assyrian kings, “crossed the Euphrates, defeated the kings of the Hittites, captured the city of Carchemish, and advanced as far as the shores of the Mediterranean.” He may be regarded as the founder of the first Assyrian empire. After this the Assyrians gradually extended their power, subjugating the states of Northern Syria. In the reign of Ahab, king of Israel, Shalmaneser II. marched an army against the Syrian states, whose allied army he encountered and vanquished at Karkar. This led to Ahab’s casting off the yoke of Damascus and allying himself with Judah. Some years after this the Assyrian king marched an army against Hazael, king of Damascus. He besieged and took that city. He also brought under tribute Jehu, and the cities of Tyre and Sidon. About a hundred years after this (B.C. 745) the crown was seized by a military adventurer called Pul, who assumed the name of Tiglath-pileser III. He directed his armies into Syria, which had by this time regained its independence, and took (B.C. 740) Arpad, near Aleppo, after a siege of three years, and reduced Hamath. Azariah (Uzziah) was an ally of the king of Hamath, and thus was compelled by Tiglath-pileser to do him homage and pay a yearly tribute. In B.C. 738, in the reign of Menahem, king of Israel, Pul invaded Israel, and imposed on it a heavy tribute (2Ki 15:19). Ahaz, the king of Judah, when engaged in a war against Israel and Syria, appealed for help to this Assyrian king by means of a present of gold and silver (2Ki 16:8); who accordingly “marched against Damascus, defeated and put Rezin to death, and besieged the city itself.” Leaving a portion of his army to continue the siege, “he advanced through the province east of Jordan, spreading fire and sword,” and became master of Philistia, and took Samaria and Damascus. He died B.C. 727, and was succeeded by Shalmanezer IV., who ruled till B.C. 722. He also invaded Syria (2Ki 17:5), but was deposed in favour of Sargon (q.v.) the Tartan, or commander-in-chief of the army, who took Samaria (q.v.) after a siege of three years, and so put an end to the kingdom of Israel, carrying the people away into captivity, B.C. 722 (2Ki 17:1, 2Ki 17:24; 2Ki 18:7, 2Ki 18:9). He also overran the land of Judah, and took the city of Jerusalem (Isa 10:6, Isa 10:12, Isa 10:22, Isa 10:24, Isa 10:34). Mention is next made of Sennacherib (B.C. 705), the son and successor of Sargon (2Ki 18:13; 2Ki 19:37; Isa 7:17-18); and then of Esar-haddon, his son and successor, who took Manasseh, king of Judah, captive, and kept him for some time a prisoner at Babylon, which he alone of all the Assyrian kings made the seat of his government (2Ki 19:37; Isa 37:38). Assur-bani-pal, the son of Esarhaddon, became king, and in Ezr 4:10 is referred to as Asnapper. From an early period Assyria had entered on a conquering career, and having absorbed Babylon, the kingdoms of Hamath, Damascus, and Samaria, it conquered Phoenicia, and made Judea feudatory, and subjected Philistia and Idumea. At length, however, its power declined. In B.C. 727 the Babylonians threw off the rule of the Assyrians, under the leadership of the powerful Chaldean prince Merodach-baladan (2Ki 20:12), who, after twelve years, was subdued by Sargon, who now reunited the kingdom, and ruled over a vast empire. But on his death the smouldering flames of rebellion again burst forth, and the Babylonians and Medes successfully asserted their independence (B.C. 625), and Assyria fell according to the prophecies of Isaiah (10:5-19), Nahum (3:19), and Zephaniah (3:13), and the many separate kingdoms of which it was composed ceased to recognize the “great king” (2Ki 18:19; Isa 36:4). Ezekiel (31) attests (about B.C. 586) how completely Assyria was overthrown. It ceases to be a nation.

Ataroth: City · position approximate · 31.60°N 35.70°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 32:3, Num 32:34 A city east of Jordan, not far from Gilead (Num 32:3).

Ataroth: City · approximate position · 31.86°N 35.13°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 16:2, Jos 16:7 A town on the border of Ephraim and Benjamin (Jos 16:2, Jos 16:7), called also Ataroth-adar (16:5). Now ed-Da’rieh.

Ataroth-addar: Place · approximate position · 31.86°N 35.13°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 16:5

Atharim: Place · approximate position · 30.88°N 34.63°E 1 verse · Show on map Num 21:1

Athens: City · position approximate · 37.98°N 23.73°E 5 verses · Show on map Act 17:15-16, Act 17:22, Act 18:1, 1Th 3:1 The capital of Attica, the most celebrated city of the ancient world, the seat of Greek literature and art during the golden period of Grecian history. Its inhabitants were fond of novelty (Act 17:21), and were remarkable for their zeal in the worship of the gods. It was a sarcastic saying of the Roman satirist that it was “easier to find a god at Athens than a man.” On his second missionary journey Paul visited this city (Act 17:15; comp. 1Th 3:1), and delivered in the Areopagus his famous speech (17:22-31). The altar of which Paul there speaks as dedicated “to the [properly “an”] unknown God” (23) was probably one of several which bore the same inscription. It is supposed that they originated in the practice of letting loose a flock of sheep and goats in the streets of Athens on the occasion of a plague, and of offering them up in sacrifice, at the spot where they lay down, “to the god concerned.”

Atroth-shophan: City · approximate position · 31.96°N 35.91°E 1 verse · Show on map Num 32:35 Hidden, or hollow, a town east of Jordan (Num 32:35), built by the children of Gad. This word should probably be joined with the word preceding it in this passage, Atroth-Shophan, as in the Revised Version.

Attalia: City · position approximate · 36.88°N 30.69°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 14:25

Aven: Place · position approximate · 31.93°N 35.22°E 1 verse · Show on map Hos 10:8

Avith: Place · approximate position · 30.73°N 35.61°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 36:35, 1Ch 1:46

Avva: Place · approximate position · 34.47°N 41.96°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ki 17:24 A place in Assyria from which colonies were brought to Samaria (2Ki 17:24). It is probably the same with Ivah (18:34; 19:13; Isa 37:13). It has been identified with Hit on the Euphrates.

Avvim: Place · approximate position · 31.54°N 35.09°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 18:23

Ayyah: Place · position approximate · 31.52°N 34.43°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 7:28

Azal: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.25°E 1 verse · Show on map Zec 14:5 (Zec 14:5) should perhaps be rendered “very near” = “the way of escape shall be made easy.” If a proper name, it may denote some place near the western extremity of the valley here spoken of near Jerusalem.

Azekah: City · position approximate · 31.70°N 34.94°E 7 verses · Show on map Jos 10:10-11, Jos 15:35, 1Sa 17:1, 2Ch 11:9, Neh 11:30, Jer 34:7 Dug over, a town in the Shephelah or low hills of Judah (Jos 15:35), where the five confederated Amoritish kings were defeated by Joshua and their army destroyed by a hailstrom (10:10, 11). It was one of the places re-occupied by the Jews on their return from the Captivity (Neh 11:30).

Azmaveth: City · position approximate · 31.83°N 35.26°E 2 verses · Show on map Ezr 2:24, Neh 12:29 A town in the tribe of Judah, near Jerusalem (Neh 12:29; Ezr 2:24).

Azmon: Place · position approximate · 30.96°N 34.38°E 3 verses · Show on map Num 34:4-5, Jos 15:4

Aznoth-tabor: Place · approximate position · 32.69°N 35.39°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:34

Azotus: City · position approximate · 31.80°N 34.64°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 8:40 The Grecized form (Act 8:40, etc.) of Ashdod (q.v.).

Baal: Place · position approximate · 32.05°N 35.73°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 4:33 The name of a place inhabited by the Simeonites, the same probably as Baal-ath-beer (1Ch 4:33; Jos 19:8).

Baal-gad: City · position approximate · 33.42°N 35.86°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 11:17, Jos 12:7, Jos 13:5 Lord of fortune, or troop of Baal, a Canaanite city in the valley of Lebanon at the foot of Hermon, hence called Baal-hermon (Judge. 3:3; 1Ch 5:23), near the source of the Jordan (Jos 13:5; Jos 11:17; Jos 12:7). It was the most northern point to which Joshua’s conquests extended. It probably derived its name from the worship of Baal. Its modern representative is Banias. Some have supposed it to be the same as Baalbec.

Baal-hamon: City · position approximate · 33.42°N 35.86°E 1 verse · Show on map Sos 8:11 Place of a multitude, a place where Solomon had an extensive vineyard (Sos 8:11). It has been supposed to be identical with Baal-gad, and also with Hammon in the tribe of Asher (Jos 19:28). Others identify it with Belamon, in Central Palestine, near Dothaim.

Baal-hazor: City · position approximate · 31.98°N 35.28°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Sa 13:23 Having a courtyard, or Baal’s village, the place on the borders of Ephraim and Benjamin where Absalom held the feast of sheep-shearing when Amnon was assassinated (2Sa 13:23). Probably it is the same with Hazor (Neh 11:33), now Tell’ Asur, 5 miles north-east of Bethel.

Baal-hermon: City · position approximate · 33.42°N 35.86°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 5:23 A city near Mount Hermon inhabited by the Ephraimites (1Ch 5:23). Probably identical with Baal-gad (Jos 11:17).

Baal-meon: City · position approximate · 31.68°N 35.73°E 3 verses · Show on map Num 32:38, 1Ch 5:8, Ezk 25:9 Lord of dwelling, a town of Reuben (Num 32:38), called also Beth-meon (Jer 48:23) and Beth-baal-meon (Jos 13:17). It is supposed to have been the birth-place of Elisha. It is identified with the modern M’ain, about 3 miles south-east of Heshbon.

Baal-peor: Place · approximate position · 31.77°N 35.72°E 3 verses · Show on map Deu 4:3, Hos 9:10, Psa 106:28 Lord of the opening, a god of the Moabites (Num 25:3; Num 31:16; Jos 22:17), worshipped by obscene rites. So called from Mount Peor, where this worship was celebrated, the Baal of Peor. The Israelites fell into the worship of this idol (Num 25:3, Num 25:5, Num 25:18; Deu 4:3; Psa 106:28; Hos 9:10).

Baal-perazim: Place · approximate position · 31.76°N 35.22°E 2 verses · Show on map 2Sa 5:20, 1Ch 14:11 Baal having rents, bursts, or destructions, the scene of a victory gained by David over the Philistines (2Sa 5:20; 1Ch 14:11). Called Mount Perazim (Isa 28:21). It was near the valley of Rephaim, west of Jerusalem. Identified with the modern Jebel Aly.

Baal-shalishah: Place · approximate position · 32.03°N 35.22°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ki 4:42 Lord of Shalisha, a place from which a man came with provisions for Elisha, apparently not far from Gilgal (2Ki 4:42). It has been identified with Sirisia, 13 miles north of Lydda.

Baal-tamar: Place · approximate position · 31.82°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 20:33 Lord of palm trees, a place in the tribe of Benjamin near Gibeah of Saul (Jdg 20:33). It was one of the sanctuaries or groves of Baal. Probably the palm tree of Deborah (Jdg 4:5) is alluded to in the name.

Baal-zephon: City · approximate position · 29.94°N 32.40°E 3 verses · Show on map Exo 14:2, Exo 14:9, Num 33:7 Baal of the north, an Egyptian town on the shores of the Gulf of Suez (Exo 14:2; Num 33:7), over against which the children of Israel encamped before they crossed the Red Sea. It is probably to be identified with the modern Jebel Deraj or Kulalah, on the western shore of the Gulf of Suez. Baal-zapuna of the Egyptians was a place of worship.

Baalah: City · approximate position · 31.24°N 34.84°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:29 A city in the south of Judah (Jos 15:29), elsewhere called Balah (Jos 19:3) and Bilhah (1Ch 4:29). Now Khurbet Zebalah.

Baalah: City · approximate position · 31.77°N 34.99°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 15:9-10, 1Ch 13:6 A city on the northern border of the tribe of Judah (Jos 15:10), called also Kirjath-jearim, q.v. (15:9; 1Ch 13:6), now Kuriet-el-Enab, or as some think, ‘Erma.

Baalath: City · approximate position · 31.93°N 35.06°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:44 A town of the tribe of Dan (Jos 19:44). It was fortified by Solomon (1Ki 9:18; 2Ch 8:6). Some have identified it with Bel’ain, in Wady Deir Balut.

Baalath: City · approximate position · 31.93°N 35.06°E 2 verses · Show on map 1Ki 9:18, 2Ch 8:6 A town of the tribe of Dan (Jos 19:44). It was fortified by Solomon (1Ki 9:18; 2Ch 8:6). Some have identified it with Bel’ain, in Wady Deir Balut.

Baalath-beer: City · position approximate · 32.05°N 35.73°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:8 Baalah of the well, (Jos 19:8, probably the same as Baal, mentioned in 1Ch 4:33, a city of Simeon.

Baale-judah: City · approximate position · 31.77°N 34.99°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Sa 6:2 Lords of Judah, a city in the tribe of Judah from which David brought the ark into Jerusalem (2Sa 6:2). Elsewhere (1Ch 13:6) called Kirjath-jearim.

Babel: City · position approximate · 32.54°N 44.42°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 10:10, Gen 11:9 The name given to the tower which the primitive fathers of our race built in the land of Shinar after the Deluge (Gen 11:1). Their object in building this tower was probably that it might be seen as a rallying-point in the extensive plain of Shinar, to which they had emigrated from the uplands of Armenia, and so prevent their being scattered abroad. But God interposed and defeated their design by condounding their language, and hence the name Babel, meaning “confusion.” In the Babylonian tablets there is an account of this event, and also of the creation and the deluge. The Temple of Belus, which is supposed to occupy its site, is described by the Greek historian Herodotus as a temple of great extent and magnificence, erected by the Babylonians for their god Belus. The treasures Nebuchadnezzar brought from Jerusalem were laid up in this temple (2Ch 36:7). The Birs Nimrud, at ancient Borsippa, about 7 miles south-west of Hillah, the modern town which occupies a part of the site of ancient Babylon, and 6 miles from the Euphrates, is an immense mass of broken and fire-blasted fragments, of about 2,300 feet in circumference, rising suddenly to the height of 235 feet above the desert-plain, and is with probability regarded as the ruins of the tower of Babel. This is “one of the most imposing ruins in the country.” Others think it to be the ruins of the Temple of Belus.

Babylon: City · precise position · 32.54°N 44.42°E 255 verses · Show on map 2Ki 17:24, 2Ki 17:30, 2Ki 20:12, 2Ki 20:14, 2Ki 20:17-18, 2Ki 24:1, 2Ki 24:7, 2Ki 24:10-12, 2Ki 24:15-17, 2Ki 24:20, 2Ki 25:1, 2Ki 25:6-8, 2Ki 25:11, 2Ki 25:13, 2Ki 25:20-24, 2Ki 25:27-28, 1Ch 9:1, 2Ch 32:31, 2Ch 33:11, 2Ch 36:6-7, 2Ch 36:10, 2Ch 36:18, 2Ch 36:20, Ezr 2:1, Ezr 5:12-14, Ezr 5:17, Ezr 6:5, Neh 7:6, Neh 13:6, Est 2:6, Psa 87:4, Psa 137:1, Psa 137:8, Isa 13:1, Isa 13:19, Isa 14:4, Isa 14:22, Isa 21:9, Isa 39:1, Isa 39:3, Isa 39:6-7, Isa 43:14, Isa 47:1, Isa 48:14, Isa 48:20, Jer 20:4-6, Jer 21:2, Jer 21:4, Jer 21:7, Jer 21:10, Jer 22:25, Jer 24:1, Jer 25:1, Jer 25:9, Jer 25:11-12, Jer 25:26, Jer 27:6, Jer 27:8-9, Jer 27:11-14, Jer 27:16-18 … +116 more The Greek form of BABEL; Semitic form Babilu, meaning “The Gate of God.” In the Assyrian tablets it means “The city of the dispersion of the tribes.” The monumental list of its kings reaches back to B.C. 2300, and includes Khammurabi, or Amraphel (q.v.), the contemporary of Abraham. It stood on the Euphrates, about 200 miles above its junction with the Tigris, which flowed through its midst and divided it into two almost equal parts. The Elamites invaded Chaldea (i.e., Lower Mesopotamia, or Shinar, and Upper Mesopotamia, or Accad, now combined into one) and held it in subjection. At length Khammu-rabi delivered it from the foreign yoke, and founded the new empire of Chaldea (q.v.), making Babylon the capital of the united kingdom. This city gradually grew in extent and grandeur, but in process of time it became subject to Assyria. On the fall of Nineveh (B.C. 606) it threw off the Assyrian yoke, and became the capital of the growing Babylonian empire. Under Nebuchadnezzar it became one of the most splendid cities of the ancient world. After passing through various vicissitudes the city was occupied by Cyrus, “king of Elam,” B.C. 538, who issued a decree permitting the Jews to return to their own land (Ezra 1). It then ceased to be the capital of an empire. It was again and again visited by hostile armies, till its inhabitants were all driven from their homes, and the city became a complete desolation, its very site being forgotten from among men. On the west bank of the Euphrates, about 50 miles south of Bagdad, there is found a series of artificial mounds of vast extent. These are the ruins of this once famous proud city. These ruins are principally (1) the great mound called Babil by the Arabs. This was probably the noted Temple of Belus, which was a pyramid about 480 feet high. (2) The Kasr (i.e., “the palace”). This was the great palace of Nebuchadnezzar. It is almost a square, each side of which is about 700 feet long. The little town of Hillah, near the site of Babylon, is built almost wholly of bricks taken from this single mound. (3) A lofty mound, on the summit of which stands a modern tomb called Amran ibn-Ali. This is probably the most ancient portion of the remains of the city, and represents the ruins of the famous hanging-gardens, or perhaps of some royal palace. The utter desolation of the city once called “The glory of kingdoms” (Isa 13:19) was foretold by the prophets (Isa 13:4; Jer 25:12; Jer 50:2-3; Dan 2:31). The Babylon mentioned in 1Pe 5:13 was not Rome, as some have thought, but the literal city of Babylon, which was inhabited by many Jews at the time Peter wrote. In Rev 14:8; Rev 16:19; Rev 17:5; and 18:2, “Babylon” is supposed to mean Rome, not considered as pagan, but as the prolongation of the ancient power in the papal form. Rome, pagan and papal, is regarded as one power. “The literal Babylon was the beginner and supporter of tyranny and idolatry...This city and its whole empire were taken by the Persians under Cyrus; the Persians were subdued by the Macedonians, and the Macedonians by the Romans; so that Rome succeeded to the power of old Babylon. And it was her method to adopt the worship of the false deities she had conquered; so that by her own act she became the heiress and successor of all the Babylonian idolatry, and of all that was introduced into it by the immediate successors of Babylon, and consequently of all the idolatry of the earth.” Rome, or “mystical Babylon,” is “that great city which reigneth over the kings of the earth” (17:18).

Babylonia: Region · position approximate · 32.54°N 44.42°E 6 verses · Show on map Ezr 1:11, Ezr 6:1, Ezr 7:6, Ezr 7:9, Ezr 7:16, Ezr 8:1

Baharum: Place · approximate position · 31.82°N 35.39°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 11:33

Bahurim: Place · approximate position · 31.82°N 35.39°E 6 verses · Show on map 2Sa 3:16, 2Sa 16:5, 2Sa 17:18, 2Sa 19:16, 2Sa 23:31, 1Ki 2:8 Young men, a place east of Jerusalem (2Sa 3:16; 2Sa 19:16), on the road to the Jordan valley. Here Shimei resided, who poured forth vile abuse against David, and flung dust and stones at him and his party when they were making their way down the eastern slopes of Olivet toward Jordan (16:5); and here Jonathan and Ahimaaz hid themselves (17:18). With the exception of Shimei, Azmaveth, one of David’s heroes, is the only other native of the place who is mentioned (2Sa 23:31; 1Ch 11:33).

Balah: City · approximate position · 31.24°N 34.84°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:3 A city in the tribe of Simeon (Jos 19:3), elsewhere called Bilhah (1Ch 4:29) and Baalah (Jos 15:29).

Bamah: Place · position approximate · 31.85°N 35.18°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezk 20:29 A height, a name used simply to denote a high place where the Jews worshipped idols (Ezk 20:29). The plural is translated “high places” in Num 22:41 and Ezk 36:2.

Bamoth: Place · approximate position · 31.77°N 35.72°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 21:19-20 Heights, the forty-seventh station of the Israelites (Num 21:19-20) in the territory of the Moabites.

Bamoth-baal: Place · approximate position · 31.77°N 35.72°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 22:41, Jos 13:17 Heights of Baal, a place on the river Arnon, or in the plains through which it flows, east of Jordan (Jos 13:17; comp. Num 21:28). It has been supposed to be the same place as Bamoth.

Bashan: Region · approximate position · 32.80°N 35.94°E 52 verses · Show on map Num 21:33, Num 32:33, Deu 1:4, Deu 3:1, Deu 3:3-4, Deu 3:10-11, Deu 3:13, Deu 4:43, Deu 4:47, Deu 29:7, Deu 32:14, Deu 33:22, Jos 9:10, Jos 12:4-5, Jos 13:11-12, Jos 13:30-31, Jos 17:1, Jos 17:5, Jos 20:8, Jos 21:6, Jos 21:27, Jos 22:7, 1Ki 4:13, 1Ki 4:19, 2Ki 10:33, 1Ch 5:11-12, 1Ch 5:16, 1Ch 5:23, 1Ch 6:62, 1Ch 6:71, Neh 9:22, Psa 22:12, Psa 68:15, Psa 68:22, Psa 135:11, Psa 136:20, Isa 2:13, Isa 33:9, Jer 22:20, Jer 50:19, Ezk 27:6, Ezk 39:18, Amo 4:1, Mic 7:14, Nam 1:4, Zec 11:2 Light soil, first mentioned in Gen 14:5, where it is said that Chedorlaomer and his confederates “smote the Rephaim in Ashteroth,” where Og the king of Bashan had his residence. At the time of Israel’s entrance into the Promised Land, Og came out against them, but was utterly routed (Num 21:33; Deu 3:1). This country extended from Gilead in the south to Hermon in the north, and from the Jordan on the west to Salcah on the east. Along with the half of Gilead it was given to the half-tribe of Manasseh (Jos 13:29). Golan, one of its cities, became a “city of refuge” (Jos 21:27). Argob, in Bashan, was one of Solomon’s commissariat districts (1Ki 4:13). The cities of Bashan were taken by Hazael (2Ki 10:33), but were soon after reconquered by Jehoash (2Ki 13:25), who overcame the Syrians in three battles, according to the word of Elisha (19). From this time Bashan almost disappears from history, although we read of the wild cattle of its rich pastures (Ezk 39:18; Psa 22:12), the oaks of its forests (Isa 2:13; Ezk 27:6; Zec 11:2), and the beauty of its extensive plains (Amo 4:1; Jer 50:19). Soon after the conquest, the name “Gilead” was given to the whole country beyond Jordan. After the Exile, Bashan was divided into four districts,

Bath-rabbim: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.80°N 35.81°E 1 verse · Show on map Sos 7:4 Daughter of many, the name of one of the gates of the city of Heshbon, near which were pools (Sos 7:4).

Bealoth: City · approximate position · 31.16°N 35.06°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:24 Citizens, a town in the extreme south of Judah (Jos 15:24); probably the same as Baalath-beer (19:8). In 1Ki 4:16, the Authorized Version has “in Aloth,” the Revised Version “Bealoth.”

Bealoth: City · approximate position · 33.05°N 35.10°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ki 4:16 Citizens, a town in the extreme south of Judah (Jos 15:24); probably the same as Baalath-beer (19:8). In 1Ki 4:16, the Authorized Version has “in Aloth,” the Revised Version “Bealoth.”

Beautiful Gate: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 2 verses · Show on map Act 3:2, Act 3:10 The name of one of the gates of the temple (Act 3:2). It is supposed to have been the door which led from the court of the Gentiles to the court of the women. It was of massive structure, and covered with plates of Corinthian brass.

Beer: Place · approximate position · 31.00°N 35.50°E 1 verse · Show on map Num 21:16 A place where a well was dug by the direction of Moses, at the forty-fourth station of the Hebrews in their wanderings (Num 21:16) in the wilderness of Moab.

Beer: City · position approximate · 31.90°N 35.22°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 9:21 A town in the tribe of Judah to which Jotham fled for fear of Abimelech (Jdg 9:21). Some have identified this place with Beeroth.

Beer-elim: Place · approximate position · 31.00°N 35.50°E 1 verse · Show on map Isa 15:8 Well of heroes, probably the name given to Beer, the place where the chiefs of Israel dug a well (Num 21:16; Isa 15:8).

Beer-lahai-roi: Place · approximate position · 30.69°N 34.49°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 24:62, Gen 25:11 I.e., “the well of him that liveth and seeth me,” or, as some render it, “the well of the vision of life”, the well where the Lord met with Hagar (Gen 16:7). Isaac dwelt beside this well (24:62; 25:11). It has been identified with ‘Ain Muweileh, or Moilahhi, south-west of Beersheba, and about 12 miles W. from Kadesh-barnea.

Beeroth: City · position approximate · 31.90°N 35.22°E 6 verses · Show on map Jos 9:17, Jos 18:25, 2Sa 4:2, 2Sa 23:37, Ezr 2:25, Neh 7:29 Wells, one of the four cities of the Hivites which entered by fraud into a league with Joshua. It belonged to Benjamin (Jos 18:25). It has by some been identified with el-Bireh on the way to Nablus, 10 miles north of Jerusalem.

Beeroth Bene-jaakan: Place · approximate position · 30.32°N 35.41°E 1 verse · Show on map Deu 10:6 (Deu 10:6). The same as Bene-jaakan (Num 33:31).

Beersheba: City · position approximate · 31.24°N 34.84°E 32 verses · Show on map Gen 21:14, Gen 21:31-33, Gen 22:19, Gen 26:23, Gen 26:33, Gen 28:10, Gen 46:1, Gen 46:5, Jos 15:28, Jos 19:2, Jdg 20:1, 1Sa 3:20, 1Sa 8:2, 2Sa 3:10, 2Sa 17:11, 2Sa 24:2, 2Sa 24:7, 2Sa 24:15, 1Ki 4:25, 1Ki 19:3, 2Ki 12:1, 2Ki 23:8, 1Ch 4:28, 1Ch 21:2, 2Ch 19:4, 2Ch 24:1, 2Ch 30:5, Neh 11:27, Neh 11:30, Amo 5:5 Well of the oath, or well of seven, a well dug by Abraham, and so named because he and Abimelech here entered into a compact (Gen 21:31). On re-opening it, Isaac gave it the same name (Gen 26:31). It was a favourite place of abode of both of these patriarchs (21:33-22:1, 19; 26:33; 28:10). It is mentioned among the “cities” given to the tribe of Simeon (Jos 19:2; 1Ch 4:28). From Dan to Beersheba, a distance of about 144 miles (Jdg 20:1; 1Ch 21:2; 2Sa 24:2), became the usual way of designating the whole Promised Land, and passed into a proverb. After the return from the Captivity the phrase is narrowed into “from Beersheba unto the valley of Hinnom” (Neh 11:30). The kingdom of the ten tribes extended from Beersheba to Mount Ephraim (2Ch 19:4). The name is not found in the New Testament. It is still called by the Arabs Bir es-Seba, i.e., “well of the seven”, where there are to the present day two principal wells and five smaller ones. It is nearly midway between the southern end of the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean.

Beeshterah: Place · position approximate · 32.83°N 36.02°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 21:27

Bela: City · position approximate · 30.93°N 35.42°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 14:2, Gen 14:8 A city on the shore of the Dead Sea, not far from Sodom, called also Zoar. It was the only one of the five cities that was spared at Lot’s intercession (Gen 19:20, Gen 19:23). It is first mentioned in Gen 14:2, Gen 14:8.

Bene-berak: Place · position approximate · 32.04°N 34.83°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:45

Bene-jaakan: Place · approximate position · 30.32°N 35.41°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 33:31-32 Children of Jaakan (Num 33:31-32), the same as Beeroth.

Benjamin's Gate: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 0 verses · Show on map

Beon: Place · position approximate · 31.68°N 35.73°E 1 verse · Show on map Num 32:3

Berea: City · position approximate · 40.52°N 22.20°E 2 verses · Show on map Act 17:10, Act 17:13 A city of Macedonia to which Paul with Silas and Timotheus went when persecuted at Thessalonica (Act 17:10, Act 17:13), and from which also he was compelled to withdraw, when he fled to the sea-coast and thence sailed to Athens (14, 15). Sopater, one of Paul’s companions belonged to this city, and his conversion probably took place at this time (Act 20:4). It is now called Verria.

Bered: City · approximate position · 30.69°N 34.49°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 16:14 A town in the south of Palestine (Gen 16:14), in the desert of Shur, near Lahai-roi.

Berothah: Place · position approximate · 33.93°N 36.15°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezk 47:16

Berothai: Place · position approximate · 33.93°N 36.15°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Sa 8:8

Besor: Valley · position approximate · 31.40°N 34.44°E 3 verses · Show on map 1Sa 30:9-10, 1Sa 30:21 Cold, a ravine or brook in the extreme south-west of Judah, where 200 of David’s men stayed behind because they were faint, while the other 400 pursued the Amalekites (1Sa 30:9, 1Sa 30:10, 1Sa 30:21). Probably the Wadyes Sheriah, south of Gaza.

Betah: City · approximate position · 33.93°N 36.15°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Sa 8:8 Confidence, a city belonging to Hadadezer, king of Zobah, which yielded much spoil of brass to David (2Sa 8:8). In 1Ch 18:8 it is called Tibhath.

Beten: Place · position approximate · 32.93°N 35.27°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:25

Beth-anath: City · approximate position · 33.15°N 35.43°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 19:38, Jdg 1:33 House of response, one of the fenced cities of Naphtali (Jos 19:38). It is perhaps identical with the modern village ‘Ainata, 6 miles west of Kedesh.

Beth-anoth: City · position approximate · 31.56°N 35.12°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:59 House of answers, a city in the mountainous district of Judah (Jos 15:59). It has been identified with the modern Beit-‘Anun, about 3 miles northeast of Hebron.

Beth-arabah: City · approximate position · 31.84°N 35.51°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 15:6, Jos 15:61, Jos 18:22 House of the desert, one of the six cities of Judah, situated in the sunk valley of the Jordan and Dead Sea (Jos 18:22). In Jos 15:61 it is said to have been “in the wilderness.” It was afterwards included in the towns of Benjamin. It is called Arabah (Jos 18:18).

Beth-arbel: Place · position approximate · 32.56°N 35.85°E 1 verse · Show on map Hos 10:14 House of God’s court, a place alluded to by Hosea (10:14) as the scene of some great military exploit, but not otherwise mentioned in Scripture. The Shalman here named was probably Shalmaneser, the king of Assyria (2Ki 17:3).

Beth-aven: Place · position approximate · 31.90°N 35.25°E 7 verses · Show on map Jos 7:2, Jos 18:12, 1Sa 13:5, 1Sa 14:23, Hos 4:15, Hos 5:8, Hos 10:5 House of nothingness; i.e., “of idols”, a place in the mountains of Benjamin, east of Bethel (Jos 7:2; Jos 18:12; 1Sa 13:5). In Hos 4:15; Hos 5:8; Hos 10:5 it stands for “Bethel” (q.v.), and it is so called because it was no longer the “house of God,” but “the house of idols,” referring to the calves there worshipped.

Beth-azmaveth: Place · position approximate · 31.83°N 35.26°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 7:28

Beth-baal-meon: Place · position approximate · 31.68°N 35.73°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 13:17

Beth-barah: Landmark · position approximate · 31.84°N 35.55°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 7:24 House of crossing, a place south of the scene of Gideon’s victory (Jdg 7:24). It was probably the chief ford of the Jordan in that district, and may have been that by which Jacob crossed when he returned from Mesopotamia, near the Jabbok (Gen 32:22), and at which Jephthah slew the Ephraimites (Jdg 12:4). Nothing, however, is certainly known of it.

Beth-biri: Place · approximate position · 31.39°N 34.94°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 4:31

Beth-car: Place · approximate position · 31.83°N 35.18°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Sa 7:11 Sheep-house, a place to which the Israelites pursued the Philistines west from Mizpeh (1Sa 7:11).

Beth-dagon: City · approximate position · 31.91°N 34.77°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:41 A city in the low country or plain of Judah, near Philistia (Jos 15:41); the modern Beit Degan, about 5 miles from Lydda.

Beth-dagon: City · approximate position · 32.90°N 35.11°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:27 A city near the south-east border of Asher (Jos 19:27). It was a Philistine colony. It is identical with the modern ruined village of Tell D’auk.

Beth-diblathaim: City · position approximate · 31.50°N 35.78°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 48:22 House of two cakes of figs, a city of Moab, upon which Jeremiah (48:22) denounced destruction. It is called also Almon-diblathaim (Num 33:46) and Diblath (Ezk 6:14). (R.V., “Diblah.”)

Beth-eden: Place · approximate position · 33.52°N 36.31°E 1 verse · Show on map Amo 1:5

Beth-eked: Place · approximate position · 32.56°N 35.33°E 2 verses · Show on map 2Ki 10:12, 2Ki 10:14

Beth-emek: Place · position approximate · 32.98°N 35.17°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:27

Beth-ezel: Place · approximate position · 31.74°N 34.69°E 1 verse · Show on map Mic 1:11

Beth-gamul: City · position approximate · 31.52°N 35.84°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 48:23 Camel-house, a city in the “plain country” of Moab denounced by the prophet (Jer 48:23); probably the modern Um-el-Jemal, near Bozrah, one of the deserted cities of the Hauran.

Beth-gilgal: Place · position approximate · 31.86°N 35.52°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 12:29 House of Gilgal, a place from which the inhabitants gathered for the purpose of celebrating the rebuilding of the walls on the return exile (Neh 12:29).

Beth-haccherem: Place · position approximate · 31.67°N 35.24°E 2 verses · Show on map Neh 3:14, Jer 6:1 House of a vineyard, a place in the tribe of Judah (Neh 3:14) where the Benjamites were to set up a beacon when they heard the trumpet against the invading army of the Babylonians (Jer 6:1). It is probable that this place is the modern ‘Ain Karim, or “well of the vineyards,” near which there is a ridge on which are cairns which may have served as beacons of old, one of which is 40 feet high and 130 in diameter.

Beth-haggan: Place · approximate position · 32.58°N 35.18°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ki 9:27

Beth-haram: Place · position approximate · 31.82°N 35.58°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 13:27

Beth-haran: Place · position approximate · 31.82°N 35.58°E 1 verse · Show on map Num 32:36

Beth-hoglah: Place · position approximate · 31.84°N 35.51°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 15:6, Jos 18:19, Jos 18:21

Beth-horon: City · position approximate · 31.88°N 35.12°E 7 verses · Show on map Jos 10:10-11, Jos 18:14, Jos 21:22, 1Sa 13:18, 1Ch 6:68, 2Ch 25:13 House of the hollow, or of the cavern, the name of two towns or villages (2Ch 8:5; 1Ch 7:24) in the territory of Ephraim, on the way from Jerusalem to Joppa. They are distinguished as Beth-horon “the upper” and Beth-horon “the nether.” They are about 2 miles apart, the former being about 10 miles north-west of Jerusalem. Between the two places was the ascent and descent of Beth-horon, leading from Gibeon down to the western plain (Jos 10:10-11; 18:13, 14), down which the five kings of the Amorites were driven by Joshua in that great battle, the most important in which the Hebrews had been as yet engaged, being their first conflict with their enemies in the open field. Jehovah interposed in behalf of Israel by a terrific hailstorm, which caused more deaths among the Canaanites than did the swords of the Israelites. Beth-horon is mentioned as having been taken by Shishak, B.C. 945, in the list of his conquests, and the pass was the scene of a victory of Judas Maccabeus. (Comp. Exo 9:19, Exo 9:25; Job 38:22-23; Psa 18:12; Isa 30:30.) The modern name of these places is Beit-ur, distinguished by el-Foka, “the upper,” and el-Tahta, “the nether.” The lower was at the foot of the pass, and the upper, 500 feet higher, at the top, west of Gibeon.

Beth-horon: City · position approximate · 31.88°N 35.12°E 4 verses · Show on map Jos 16:3, Jos 18:13, 1Ki 9:17, 2Ch 8:5 House of the hollow, or of the cavern, the name of two towns or villages (2Ch 8:5; 1Ch 7:24) in the territory of Ephraim, on the way from Jerusalem to Joppa. They are distinguished as Beth-horon “the upper” and Beth-horon “the nether.” They are about 2 miles apart, the former being about 10 miles north-west of Jerusalem. Between the two places was the ascent and descent of Beth-horon, leading from Gibeon down to the western plain (Jos 10:10-11; 18:13, 14), down which the five kings of the Amorites were driven by Joshua in that great battle, the most important in which the Hebrews had been as yet engaged, being their first conflict with their enemies in the open field. Jehovah interposed in behalf of Israel by a terrific hailstorm, which caused more deaths among the Canaanites than did the swords of the Israelites. Beth-horon is mentioned as having been taken by Shishak, B.C. 945, in the list of his conquests, and the pass was the scene of a victory of Judas Maccabeus. (Comp. Exo 9:19, Exo 9:25; Job 38:22-23; Psa 18:12; Isa 30:30.) The modern name of these places is Beit-ur, distinguished by el-Foka, “the upper,” and el-Tahta, “the nether.” The lower was at the foot of the pass, and the upper, 500 feet higher, at the top, west of Gibeon.

Beth-horon: City · position approximate · 31.88°N 35.12°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 7:24 House of the hollow, or of the cavern, the name of two towns or villages (2Ch 8:5; 1Ch 7:24) in the territory of Ephraim, on the way from Jerusalem to Joppa. They are distinguished as Beth-horon “the upper” and Beth-horon “the nether.” They are about 2 miles apart, the former being about 10 miles north-west of Jerusalem. Between the two places was the ascent and descent of Beth-horon, leading from Gibeon down to the western plain (Jos 10:10-11; 18:13, 14), down which the five kings of the Amorites were driven by Joshua in that great battle, the most important in which the Hebrews had been as yet engaged, being their first conflict with their enemies in the open field. Jehovah interposed in behalf of Israel by a terrific hailstorm, which caused more deaths among the Canaanites than did the swords of the Israelites. Beth-horon is mentioned as having been taken by Shishak, B.C. 945, in the list of his conquests, and the pass was the scene of a victory of Judas Maccabeus. (Comp. Exo 9:19, Exo 9:25; Job 38:22-23; Psa 18:12; Isa 30:30.) The modern name of these places is Beit-ur, distinguished by el-Foka, “the upper,” and el-Tahta, “the nether.” The lower was at the foot of the pass, and the upper, 500 feet higher, at the top, west of Gibeon.

Beth-jeshimoth: City · position approximate · 31.78°N 35.60°E 4 verses · Show on map Num 33:49, Jos 12:3, Jos 13:20, Ezk 25:9 House of wastes, or deserts, a town near Abel-shittim, east of Jordan, in the desert of Moab, where the Israelites encamped not long before crossing the Jordan (Num 33:49; A.V., “Bethjesimoth”). It was within the territory of Sihon, king of the Amorites (Jos 12:3).

Beth-le-aphrah: City · position approximate · 31.95°N 35.30°E 1 verse · Show on map Mic 1:10 (R.V. Mic 1:10), house of dust. The Authorized Version reads “in the house of Aphrah.” This is probably the name of a town in the Shephelah, or “low country,” between Joppa and Gaza.

Beth-lebaoth: Place · approximate position · 31.39°N 34.94°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:6

Beth-maacah: City · position approximate · 33.27°N 35.58°E 2 verses · Show on map 2Sa 20:14-15 Meadow of the house of Maachah, a city in the north of Palestine, in the neighbourhood of Dan and Ijon, in the tribe of Naphtali. It was a place of considerable strength and importance. It is called a “mother in Israel”, i.e., a metropolis (2Sa 20:19). It was besieged by Joab (2Sa 20:14), by Benhadad (1Ki 15:20), and by Tiglath-pileser (2Ki 15:29) about B.C. 734. It is elsewhere called Abel-maim, meadow of the waters, (2Ch 16:4). Its site is occupied by the modern Abil or Abil-el-kamh, on a rising ground to the east of the brook Derdarah, which flows through the plain of Huleh into the Jordan, about 6 miles to the west-north-west of Dan.

Beth-marcaboth: Place · position approximate · 31.39°N 34.94°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 19:5, 1Ch 4:31

Beth-meon: Place · position approximate · 31.68°N 35.73°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 48:23

Beth-millo: Place · approximate position · 32.21°N 35.28°E 2 verses · Show on map Jdg 9:6, Jdg 9:20 In Jdg 9:6, Jdg 9:20 it is the name of a rampart in Shechem, probably the “tower of Shechem” (9:46, 49).

Beth-nimrah: Place · position approximate · 31.90°N 35.63°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 32:36, Jos 13:27

Beth-pazzez: Place · approximate position · 32.46°N 35.30°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:21

Beth-pelet: Place · approximate position · 31.22°N 34.94°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:27, Neh 11:26

Beth-peor: Place · position approximate · 31.66°N 35.71°E 4 verses · Show on map Deu 3:29, Deu 4:46, Deu 34:6, Jos 13:20 House of Peor; i.e., “temple of Baal-peor”, a place in Moab, on the east of Jordan, opposite Jericho. It was in the tribe of Reuben (Jos 13:20; Deu 3:29; Deu 4:46). In the “ravine” or valley over against Beth-peor Moses was probably buried (Deu 34:6).

Beth-rehob: Place · position approximate · 33.22°N 35.54°E 2 verses · Show on map Jdg 18:28, 2Sa 10:6

Beth-shan: Place · position approximate · 32.50°N 35.50°E 3 verses · Show on map 1Sa 31:10, 1Sa 31:12, 2Sa 21:12

Beth-shean: City · position approximate · 32.50°N 35.50°E 5 verses · Show on map Jos 17:11, Jos 17:16, Jdg 1:27, 1Ki 4:12, 1Ch 7:29 House of security or rest, a city which belonged to Manasseh (1Ch 7:29), on the west of Jordan. The bodies of Saul and his sons were fastened to its walls. In Solomon’s time it gave its name to a district (1Ki 4:12). The name is found in an abridged form, Bethshan, in 1Sa 31:10, 1Sa 31:12 and 2Sa 21:12. It is on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus, about 5 miles from the Jordan, and 14 from the south end of the Lake of Gennesaret. After the Captivity it was called Scythopolis, i.e., “the city of the Scythians,” who about B.C. 640 came down from the steppes of Southern Russia and settled in different places in Syria. It is now called Beisan.

Beth-shemesh: City · position approximate · 31.75°N 34.98°E 17 verses · Show on map Jos 15:10, Jos 21:16, 1Sa 6:9, 1Sa 6:12-15, 1Sa 6:18-20, 1Ki 4:9, 2Ki 14:11, 2Ki 14:13, 1Ch 6:59, 2Ch 25:21, 2Ch 25:23, 2Ch 28:18 A sacerdotal city in the tribe of Dan (Jos 21:16; 1Sa 6:15), on the north border of Judah (Jos 15:10). It was the scene of an encounter between Jehoash, king of Israel, and Amaziah, king of Judah, in which the latter was made prisoner (2Ki 14:11, 2Ki 14:13). It was afterwards taken by the Philistines (2Ch 28:18). It is the modern ruined Arabic village ‘Ain-shems, on the north-west slopes of the mountains of Judah, 14 miles west of Jerusalem.

Beth-shemesh: City · position approximate · 32.41°N 35.50°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:22 A city between Dothan and the Jordan, near the southern border of Issachar (Jos 19:22), 7 1/2 miles south of Beth-shean. It is the modern Ain-esh-Shemsiyeh.

Beth-shemesh: City · approximate position · 33.15°N 35.43°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 19:38, Jdg 1:33 One of the fenced cities of Naphtali (Jos 19:38), between Mount Tabor and the Jordan. Now Khurbet Shema, 3 miles west of Safed. But perhaps the same as No. 2.

Beth-shittah: Place · position approximate · 32.55°N 35.44°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 7:22

Beth-tappuah: City · position approximate · 31.53°N 35.05°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:53 House of apples, a town of Judah, now Tuffuh, 5 miles west of Hebron (Jos 15:53).

Beth-togarmah: Region · approximate position · 40.07°N 45.04°E 2 verses · Show on map Ezk 27:14, Ezk 38:6

Beth-zur: Place · position approximate · 31.60°N 35.10°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 15:58, 2Ch 11:7, Neh 3:16

Bethany: City · position approximate · 31.77°N 35.26°E 11 verses · Show on map Mat 21:17, Mat 26:6, Mrk 11:1, Mrk 11:11-12, Mrk 14:3, Luk 19:29, Luk 24:50, Jhn 11:1, Jhn 11:18, Jhn 12:1 A village on the south-eastern slope of the Mount of Olives (Mrk 11:1), about 2 miles east of Jerusalem, on the road to Jericho. It derived its name from the number of palm-trees which grew there. It was the residence of Lazarus and his sisters. It is frequently mentioned in connection with memorable incidents in the life of our Lord (Mat 21:17; Mat 26:6; Mrk 11:11-12; Mrk 14:3; Luk 24:50; Jhn 11:1; Jhn 12:1). It is now known by the name of el-Azariyeh, i.e., “place of Lazarus,” or simply Lazariyeh. Seen from a distance, the village has been described as “remarkably beautiful, the perfection of retirement and repose, of seclusion and lovely peace.” Now a mean village, containing about twenty families.

Bethany: Place · position approximate · 31.84°N 35.55°E 1 verse · Show on map Jhn 1:28 The Revised Version in Jhn 1:28 has this word instead of Bethabara, on the authority of the oldest manuscripts. It appears to have been the name of a place on the east of Jordan.

Bethel (of Palestine): Place · position approximate · 31.93°N 35.22°E 62 verses · Show on map Gen 12:8, Gen 13:3, Gen 28:19, Gen 31:13, Gen 35:1, Gen 35:3, Gen 35:6, Gen 35:8, Gen 35:15-16, Jos 7:2, Jos 8:9, Jos 8:12, Jos 8:17, Jos 12:9, Jos 16:1-2, Jos 18:13, Jos 18:22, Jdg 1:22-23, Jdg 4:5, Jdg 20:18, Jdg 20:26, Jdg 20:31, Jdg 21:2, Jdg 21:19, 1Sa 7:16, 1Sa 10:3, 1Sa 13:2, 1Ki 12:29, 1Ki 12:32-33, 1Ki 13:1, 1Ki 13:4, 1Ki 13:10-11, 1Ki 13:32, 2Ki 2:2-3, 2Ki 2:23, 2Ki 10:29, 2Ki 17:28, 2Ki 23:4, 2Ki 23:15, 2Ki 23:17, 2Ki 23:19, 1Ch 7:28, 2Ch 13:19, Ezr 2:28, Neh 7:32, Neh 11:31, Jer 48:13, Hos 10:15, Hos 12:4, Amo 3:14, Amo 4:4, Amo 5:5-6, Amo 7:10, Amo 7:13, Zec 7:2 A place in Central Palestine, about 10 miles north of Jerusalem, at the head of the pass of Michmash and Ai. It was originally the royal Canaanite city of Luz (Gen 28:19). The name Bethel was at first apparently given to the sanctuary in the neighbourhood of Luz, and was not given to the city itself till after its conquest by the tribe of Ephraim. When Abram entered Canaan he formed his second encampment between Bethel and Hai (Gen 12:8); and on his return from Egypt he came back to it, and again “called upon the name of the Lord” (13:4). Here Jacob, on his way from Beersheba to Haran, had a vision of the angels of God ascending and descending on the ladder whose top reached unto heaven (28:10, 19); and on his return he again visited this place, “where God talked with him” (35:1-15), and there he “built an altar, and called the place El-beth-el” (q.v.). To this second occasion of God’s speaking with Jacob at Bethel, Hosea (12:4, 5) makes reference. In troublous times the people went to Bethel to ask counsel of God (Jdg 20:18, Jdg 20:31; 21:2). Here the ark of the covenant was kept for a long time under the care of Phinehas, the grandson of Aaron (20:26-28). Here also Samuel held in rotation his court of justice (1Sa 7:16). It was included in Israel after the kingdom was divided, and it became one of the seats of the worship of the golden calf (1Ki 12:28; 1Ki 13:1). Hence the prophet Hosea (Hos 4:15; Hos 5:8; Hos 10:5, Hos 10:8) calls it in contempt Beth-aven, i.e., “house of idols.” Bethel remained an abode of priests even after the kingdom of Israel was desolated by the king of Assyria (2Ki 17:28, 2Ki 17:29). At length all traces of the idolatries were extirpated by Josiah, king of Judah (2Ki 23:15); and the place was still in existence after the Captivity (Ezr 2:28; Neh 7:32). It has been identified with the ruins of Beitin, a small village amid extensive ruins some 9 miles south of Shiloh.

Bethel (of Judah): City · approximate position · 32.05°N 35.73°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 12:16, 1Sa 30:27 A town in the south of Judah (Jos 8:17; Jos 12:16).

Bethesda: Landmark · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Jhn 5:2 House of mercy, a reservoir (Gr. kolumbethra, “a swimming bath”) with five porches, close to the sheep-gate or market (Neh 3:1; Jhn 5:2). Eusebius the historian (A.D. 330) calls it “the sheep-pool.” It is also called “Bethsaida” and “Beth-zatha” (Jhn 5:2, R.V. marg.). Under these “porches” or colonnades were usually a large number of infirm people waiting for the “troubling of the water.” It is usually identified with the modern so-called Fountain of the Virgin, in the valley of the Kidron, and not far from the Pool of Siloam (q.v.); and also with the Birket Israel, a pool near the mouth of the valley which runs into the Kidron south of “St. Stephen’s Gate.” Others again identify it with the twin pools called the “Souterrains,” under the convent of the Sisters of Zion, situated in what must have been the rock-hewn ditch between Bezetha and the fortress of Antonia. But quite recently Schick has discovered a large tank, as sketched here, situated about 100 feet north-west of St. Anne’s Church, which is, as he contends, very probably the Pool of Bethesda. No certainty as to its identification, however, has as yet been arrived at.

Bethlehem: City · position approximate · 31.71°N 35.21°E 32 verses · Show on map Gen 35:19, Gen 48:7, Jdg 12:8, Jdg 12:10, Rut 1:19, Rut 1:22, Rut 2:4, Rut 4:11, 1Sa 16:4, 1Sa 17:15, 1Sa 20:6, 1Sa 20:28, 2Sa 2:32, 2Sa 23:14-16, 2Sa 23:24, 1Ch 11:16-18, 1Ch 11:26, 2Ch 11:6, Ezr 2:21, Neh 7:26, Jer 41:17, Mat 2:1, Mat 2:5-6, Mat 2:8, Mat 2:16, Luk 2:4, Luk 2:15 A city in the “hill country” of Judah. It was originally called Ephrath (Gen 35:16, Gen 35:19; 48:7; Rut 4:11). It was also called Beth-lehem Ephratah (Mic 5:2), Beth-lehem-judah (1Sa 17:12), and “the city of David” (Luk 2:4). It is first noticed in Scripture as the place where Rachel died and was buried “by the wayside,” directly to the north of the city (Gen 48:7). The valley to the east was the scene of the story of Ruth the Moabitess. There are the fields in which she gleaned, and the path by which she and Naomi returned to the town. Here was David’s birth-place, and here also, in after years, he was anointed as king by Samuel (1Sa 16:4); and it was from the well of Bethlehem that three of his heroes brought water for him at the risk of their lives when he was in the cave of Adullam (2Sa 23:13). But it was distinguished above every other city as the birth-place of “Him whose goings forth have been of old” (Mat 2:6; comp. Mic 5:2). Afterwards Herod, “when he saw that he was mocked of the wise men,” sent and slew “all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from two years old and under” (Mat 2:16, Mat 2:18; Jer 31:15). Bethlehem bears the modern name of Beit-Lahm, i.e., “house of flesh.” It is about 5 miles south of Jerusalem, standing at an elevation of about 2,550 feet above the sea, thus 100 feet higher than Jerusalem. There is a church still existing, built by Constantine the Great (A.D. 330), called the “Church of the Nativity,” over a grotto or cave called the “holy crypt,” and said to be the “stable” in which Jesus was born. This is perhaps the oldest existing Christian church in the world. Close to it is another grotto, where Jerome the Latin father is said to have spent thirty years of his life in translating the Scriptures into Latin.

Bethlehem: City · position approximate · 32.74°N 35.19°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:15 A city of Zebulun, mentioned only in Jos 19:15. Now Beit-Lahm, a ruined village about 6 miles west-north-west of Nazareth.

Bethlehem Ephrathah: City · position approximate · 31.71°N 35.21°E 1 verse · Show on map Mic 5:2 The ancient name of Bethlehem in Judah (Gen 35:16, Gen 35:19; 48:7). In Rut 1:2 it is called “Bethlehem-Judah,” but the inhabitants are called “Ephrathites;” in Mic 5:2, “Bethlehem-Ephratah;” in Mat 2:6, “Bethlehem in the land of Judah.” In Psa 132:6 it is mentioned as the place where David spent his youth, and where he heard much of the ark, although he never saw it till he found it long afterwards at Kirjath-jearim; i.e., the “city of the wood,” or the “forest-town” (1Sa 7:1; comp. 2Sa 6:3, 2Sa 6:4).

Bethphage: City · position approximate · 31.79°N 35.26°E 3 verses · Show on map Mat 21:1, Mrk 11:1, Luk 19:29 House of the unripe fig, a village on the Mount of Olives, on the road from Jerusalem to Jericho (Mat 21:1; Mrk 11:1; Luk 19:29), and very close to Bethany. It was the limit of a Sabbath-day’s journey from Jerusalem, i.e., 2,000 cubits. It has been identified with the modern Kefr-et-Tur.

Bethsaida: City · position approximate · 32.91°N 35.63°E 7 verses · Show on map Mat 11:21, Mrk 6:45, Mrk 8:22, Luk 9:10, Luk 10:13, Jhn 1:44, Jhn 12:21 A city near which Christ fed 5,000 (Luk 9:10; comp. Jhn 6:17; Mat 14:15), and where the blind man had his sight restored (Mrk 8:22), on the east side of the lake, two miles up the Jordan. It stood within the region of Gaulonitis, and was enlarged by Philip the tetrarch, who called it “Julias,” after the emperor’s daughter. Or, as some have supposed, there may have been but one Bethsaida built on both sides of the lake, near where the Jordan enters it. Now the ruins et-Tel.

Bethuel: City · approximate position · 32.05°N 35.73°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 4:30 A southern city of Judah (1Ch 4:30); called also Bethul (Jos 19:4) and Bethel (12:16; 1Sa 30:27).

Bethul: Place · approximate position · 32.05°N 35.73°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:4

Betonim: Place · position approximate · 32.01°N 35.71°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 13:26

Bezek: Place · position approximate · 31.90°N 34.95°E 2 verses · Show on map Jdg 1:4-5 The residence of Adoni-bezek, in the lot of Judah (Jdg 1:5). It was in the mountains, not far from Jerusalem. Probably the modern Bezkah, 6 miles south-east of Lydda.

Bezek: Place · position approximate · 32.37°N 35.40°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Sa 11:8 The place where Saul numbered the forces of Israel and Judah (1Sa 11:8); somewhere in the centre of the country, near the Jordan valley. Probably the modern Ibzik, 13 miles north-east of Shechem.

Bezer: City · position approximate · 32.52°N 36.49°E 4 verses · Show on map Deu 4:43, Jos 20:8, Jos 21:36, 1Ch 6:78 A city of the Reubenites; one of the three cities of refuge on the east of Jordan (Deut. 4: 43; Jos 20:8). It has been identified with the modern ruined village of Burazin, some 12 miles north of Heshbon; also with Kasur-el-Besheir, 2 miles south-west of Dibon.

Bileam: Place · position approximate · 32.45°N 35.28°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 6:70

Bilhah: Place · approximate position · 31.24°N 34.84°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 4:29 Faltering; bashful, Rachel’s handmaid, whom she gave to Jacob (Gen 29:29). She was the mother of Dan and Naphtali (Gen 30:3). Reuben was cursed by his father for committing adultry with her (35:22; 49:4). He was deprived of the birth-right, which was given to the sons of Joseph.

Bithynia: Region · approximate position · 40.91°N 30.69°E 2 verses · Show on map Act 16:7, 1Pe 1:1 A province in Asia Minor, to the south of the Euxine and Propontis. Christian congregations were here formed at an early time (1Pe 1:1). Paul was prevented by the Spirit from entering this province (Act 16:7). It is noted in church history as the province ruled over by Pliny as Roman proconsul, who was perplexed as to the course he should take with the numerous Christians brought before his tribunal on account of their profession of Christianity and their conduct, and wrote to Trajan, the emperor, for instructions (A.D. 107).

Biziothiah: Place · approximate position · 31.24°N 34.84°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:28

Bochim: Place · position approximate · 31.93°N 35.22°E 2 verses · Show on map Jdg 2:1, Jdg 2:5 Weepers, a place where the angel of the Lord reproved the Israelites for entering into a league with the people of the land. This caused them bitterly to weep, and hence the name of the place (Jdg 2:1, Jdg 2:5). It lay probably at the head of one of the valleys between Gilgal and Shiloh.

Bor-ashan: Place · approximate position · 31.81°N 34.94°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Sa 30:30 Smoking furnace, one of the places where “David himself and his men were wont to haunt” (1Sa 30:30, 1Sa 30:31). It is probably identical with Ashan (Jos 15:42; Jos 19:7), a Simeonite city in the Negeb, i.e., the south, belonging to Judah. The word ought, according to another reading, to be “Bor-ashan.”

Bozez: Place · position approximate · 31.86°N 35.29°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Sa 14:4

Bozkath: Place · approximate position · 31.56°N 34.85°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:39, 2Ki 22:1

Bozrah: City · position approximate · 30.73°N 35.61°E 7 verses · Show on map Gen 36:33, 1Ch 1:44, Isa 34:6, Isa 63:1, Jer 49:13, Jer 49:22, Amo 1:12 The city of Jobab, one of the early Edomite kings (Gen 36:33). This place is mentioned by the prophets in later times (Isa 34:6; Jer 49:13; Amo 1:12; Mic 2:12). Its modern representative is el-Busseireh. It lies in the mountain district of Petra, 20 miles to the south-east of the Dead Sea.

Bozrah: City · position approximate · 32.52°N 36.49°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 48:24 A Moabite city in the “plain country” (Jer 48:24), i.e., on the high level down on the east of the Dead Sea. It is probably the modern Buzrah.

Broad Wall: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 2 verses · Show on map Neh 3:8, Neh 12:38

Brook Eshcol: Valley · approximate position · 31.55°N 35.09°E 4 verses · Show on map Num 13:23-24, Num 32:9, Deu 1:24 A valley in which the spies obtained a fine cluster of grapes (Num 13:23-24; “the brook Eshcol,” A.V.; “the valley of Eshcol,” R.V.), which they took back with them to the camp of Israel as a specimen of the fruits of the Promised Land. On their way back they explored the route which led into the south (the Negeb) by the western edge of the mountains at Telilat el-‘Anab, i.e., “grape-mounds”, near Beersheba. “In one of these extensive valleys, perhaps in Wady Hanein, where miles of grape-mounds even now meet the eye, they cut the gigantic clusters of grapes, and gathered the pomegranates and figs, to show how goodly was the land which the Lord had promised for their inheritance.”, Palmer’s Desert of the Exodus.

Brook Kidron: Valley · position approximate · 31.77°N 35.24°E 2 verses · Show on map 2Ch 30:14, Jhn 18:1 The black torrent, the brook flowing through the ravine below the eastern wall of Jerusalem (Jhn 18:1).

Buz: Region · approximate position · 26.63°N 37.92°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 25:23 A district in Arabia Petrea (Jer 25:23).

Cabbon: Place · approximate position · 31.50°N 34.77°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:40

Cabul: City · position approximate · 32.87°N 35.21°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:27 A town on the eastern border of Asher (Jos 19:27), probably one of the towns given by Solomon to Hiram; the modern Kabul, some 8 miles east of Accho, on the very borders of Galilee.

Cabul: Region · approximate position · 32.87°N 35.21°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ki 9:13 A district in the north-west of Galilee, near to Tyre, containing twenty cities given to Hiram by Solomon as a reward for various services rendered to him in building the temple (1Ki 9:13), and as payment of the six score talents of gold he had borrowed from him. Hiram gave the cities this name because he was not pleased with the gift, the name signifying “good for nothing.” Hiram seems afterwards to have restored these cities to Solomon (2Ch 8:2).

Caesarea: City · position approximate · 32.50°N 34.89°E 16 verses · Show on map Act 8:40, Act 9:30, Act 10:1, Act 10:24, Act 11:11, Act 12:19, Act 18:22, Act 21:8, Act 21:16, Act 23:23, Act 23:33, Act 25:1, Act 25:4, Act 25:6, Act 25:13, Act 25:21 (Palestinae), a city on the shore of the Mediterranean, on the great road from Tyre to Egypt, about 70 miles northwest of Jerusalem, at the northern extremity of the plain of Sharon. It was built by Herod the Great (B.C. 10), who named it after Caesar Augustus, hence called Caesarea Sebaste (Gr. Sebastos = “Augustus”), on the site of an old town called “Strato’s Tower.” It was the capital of the Roman province of Judaea, the seat of the governors or procurators, and the headquarters of the Roman troops. It was the great Gentile city of Palestine, with a spacious artificial harbour. It was adorned with many buildings of great splendour, after the manner of the Roman cities of the West. Here Cornelius the centurion was converted through the instrumentality of Peter (Act 10:1, Act 10:24), and thus for the first time the door of faith was opened to the Gentiles. Philip the evangelist resided here with his four daughters (21:8). From this place Saul sailed for his native Tarsus when forced to flee from Jerusalem (9:30), and here he landed when returning from his second missionary journey (18:22). He remained as a prisoner here for two years before his voyage to Rome (Act 24:27; Act 25:1, Act 25:4, Act 25:6, Act 25:13). Here on a “set day,” when games were celebrated in the theatre in honour of the emperor Claudius, Herod Agrippa I. appeared among the people in great pomp, and in the midst of the idolatrous homage paid to him was suddenly smitten by an angel, and carried out a dying man. He was “eaten of worms” (12:19-23), thus perishing by the same loathsome disease as his granfather, Herod the Great. It still retains its ancient name Kaiseriyeh, but is now desolate. “The present inhabitants of the ruins are snakes, scorpions, lizards, wild boars, and jackals.” It is described as the most desolate city of all Palestine.

Caesarea Philippi: City · position approximate · 33.25°N 35.69°E 2 verses · Show on map Mat 16:13, Mrk 8:27 A city on the northeast of the marshy plain of el-Huleh, 120 miles north of Jerusalem, and 20 miles north of the Sea of Galilee, at the “upper source” of the Jordan, and near the base of Mount Hermon. It is mentioned in Mat 16:13 and Mrk 8:27 as the northern limit of our Lord’s public ministry. According to some its original name was Baal-Gad (Jos 11:17), or Baal-Hermon (Jdg 3:3; 1Ch 5:23), when it was a Canaanite sanctuary of Baal. It was afterwards called Panium or Paneas, from a deep cavern full of water near the town. This name was given to the cavern by the Greeks of the Macedonian kingdom of Antioch because of its likeness to the grottos of Greece, which were always associated with the worship of their god Pan. Its modern name is Banias. Here Herod built a temple, which he dedicated to Augustus Caesar. This town was afterwards enlarged and embellished by Herod Philip, the tetrarch of Trachonitis, of whose territory it formed a part, and was called by him Caesarea Philippi, partly after his own name, and partly after that of the emperor Tiberius Caesar. It is thus distinguished from the Caesarea of Palestine.

Calah: City · position approximate · 36.14°N 43.31°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 10:11-12 One of the most ancient cities of Assyria. “Out of that land he [i.e., Nimrod] went forth into Assyria, and built Nineveh, Rehoboth-Ir, and Calah, and Resen” (Gen 10:11, R.V.). Its site is now marked probably by the Nimrud ruins on the left bank of the Tigris. These cover an area of about 1,000 acres, and are second only in size and importance to the mass of ruins opposite Mosul. This city was at one time the capital of the empire, and was the residence of Sardanapalus and his successors down to the time of Sargon, who built a new capital, the modern Khorsabad. It has been conjectured that these four cities mentioned in Gen 10:11 were afterwards all united into one and called Nineveh (q.v.).

Calneh: City · position approximate · 32.13°N 45.23°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 10:10, Amo 6:2 Fort, one of the four cities founded by Nimrod (Gen 10:10). It is the modern Niffer, a lofty mound of earth and rubbish situated in the marshes on the left, i.e., the east, bank of the Euphrates, but 30 miles distant from its present course, and about 60 miles south-south-east from Babylon. It is mentioned as one of the towns with which Tyre carried on trade. It was finally taken and probably destroyed by one of the Assyrian kings (Amo 6:2). It is called Calno (Isa 10:9) and Canneh (Ezk 27:23).

Calno: Place · position approximate · 32.13°N 45.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Isa 10:9

Cana: City · position approximate · 32.75°N 35.34°E 4 verses · Show on map Jhn 2:1, Jhn 2:11, Jhn 4:46, Jhn 21:2 Reedy, a town of Galilee, near Capernaum. Here our Lord wrought his first miracle, the turning of water into wine (Jhn 2:1; Jhn 4:46). It is also mentioned as the birth-place of Nathanael (21:2). It is not mentioned in the Old Testament. It has been identified with the modern Kana el-Jelil, also called Khurbet Kana, a place 8 or 9 miles north of Nazareth. Others have identified it with Kefr Kenna, which lies on the direct road to the Sea of Galilee, about 5 miles north-east of Nazareth, and 12 in a direct course from Tiberias. It is called “Cana of Galilee,” to distinguish it from Cana of Asher (Jos 19:28).

Canaan: Region · Country · approximate position · 31.69°N 34.84°E 76 verses · Show on map Gen 11:31, Gen 12:5, Gen 13:12, Gen 16:3, Gen 17:8, Gen 23:2, Gen 23:19, Gen 31:18, Gen 33:18, Gen 35:6, Gen 36:5-6, Gen 37:1, Gen 42:5, Gen 42:7, Gen 42:13, Gen 42:29, Gen 42:32, Gen 44:8, Gen 45:17, Gen 45:25, Gen 46:6, Gen 46:10, Gen 46:12, Gen 46:31, Gen 47:1, Gen 47:4, Gen 47:13-15, Gen 48:3, Gen 48:7, Gen 49:30, Gen 50:5, Gen 50:13, Exo 6:4, Exo 15:15, Exo 16:35, Lev 14:34, Lev 18:3, Lev 25:38, Num 13:2, Num 13:17, Num 26:19, Num 32:30, Num 32:32, Num 33:40, Num 33:51, Num 34:2, Num 34:29, Num 35:10, Num 35:14, Deu 32:49, Jos 5:12, Jos 14:1, Jos 21:2, Jos 22:9-11, Jos 22:32, Jos 24:3, Jdg 3:1, Jdg 4:2, Jdg 4:23-24, Jdg 5:19 … +10 more The country which derived its name from the preceding. The name as first used by the Phoenicians denoted only the maritime plain on which Sidon was built. But in the time of Moses and Joshua it denoted the whole country to the west of the Jordan and the Dead Sea (Deu 11:30). In Jos 5:12 the LXX. read, “land of the Phoenicians,” instead of “land of Canaan.” The name signifies “the lowlands,” as distinguished from the land of Gilead on the east of Jordan, which was a mountainous district. The extent and boundaries of Canaan are fully set forth in different parts of Scripture (Gen 10:19; Gen 17:8; Num 13:29; Num 34:8).

Canneh: Place · position approximate · 32.13°N 45.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezk 27:23 Mentioned only in Ezk 27:23.

Capernaum: City · position approximate · 32.88°N 35.58°E 16 verses · Show on map Mat 4:13, Mat 8:5, Mat 11:23, Mat 17:24, Mrk 1:21, Mrk 2:1, Mrk 9:33, Luk 4:23, Luk 4:31, Luk 7:1, Luk 10:15, Jhn 2:12, Jhn 4:46, Jhn 6:17, Jhn 6:24, Jhn 6:59 Nahum’s town, a Galilean city frequently mentioned in the history of our Lord. It is not mentioned in the Old Testament. After our Lord’s expulsion from Nazareth (Mat 4:13; Luk 4:16), Capernaum became his “own city.” It was the scene of many acts and incidents of his life (Mat 8:5, Mat 8:14-15; 9:2-6, 10-17; 15:1-20; Mrk 1:32, etc.). The impenitence and unbelief of its inhabitants after the many evidences our Lord gave among them of the truth of his mission, brought down upon them a heavy denunciation of judgement (Mat 11:23). It stood on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. The “land of Gennesaret,” near, if not in, which it was situated, was one of the most prosperous and crowded districts of Palestine. This city lay on the great highway from Damascus to Acco and Tyre. It has been identified with Tell Hum, about two miles south-west of where the Jordan flows into the lake. Here are extensive ruins of walls and foundations, and also the remains of what must have been a beautiful synagogue, which it is conjectured may have been the one built by the centurion (Luk 7:5), in which our Lord frequently taught (Jhn 6:59; Mrk 1:21; Luk 4:33). Others have conjectured that the ruins of the city are to be found at Khan Minyeh, some three miles further to the south on the shore of the lake. “If Tell Hum be Capernaum, the remains spoken of are without doubt the ruins of the synagogue built by the Roman centurion, and one of the most sacred places on earth. It was in this building that our Lord gave the well-known discourse in John 6; and it was not without a certain strange feeling that on turning over a large block we found the pot of manna engraved on its face, and remembered the words, ‘I am that bread of life: your fathers did eat manna in the wilderness, and are dead.’”, (The Recovery of Jerusalem.)

Caphtor: Place · position approximate · 35.17°N 25.01°E 3 verses · Show on map Deu 2:23, Jer 47:4, Amo 9:7 A chaplet, the original seat of the Philistines (Deu 2:23; Jer 47:4; Amo 9:7). The name is found written in hieroglyphics in the temple of Kom Ombos in Upper Egypt. But the exact situation of Caphtor is unknown, though it is supposed to be Crete, since the Philistines seem to be meant by the “Cherethites” in 1Sa 30:14 (see also 2Sa 8:18). It may, however, have been a part of Egypt, the Caphtur in the north Delta, since the Caphtorim were of the same race as the Mizraite people (Gen 10:14; 1Ch 1:12).

Cappadocia: Region · approximate position · 36.73°N 35.49°E 2 verses · Show on map Act 2:9, 1Pe 1:1 The easternmost and the largest province of Asia Minor. Christianity very early penetrated into this country (1Pe 1:1). On the day of Pentecost there were Cappadocians at Jerusalem (Act 2:9).

Carchemish: City · position approximate · 36.83°N 38.02°E 3 verses · Show on map 2Ch 35:20, Isa 10:9, Jer 46:2 Fortress of Chemosh, a city on the west bank of the Euphrates (Jer 46:2; 2Ch 35:20), not, as was once supposed, the Circesium at the confluence of the Chebar and the Euphrates, but a city considerably higher up the river, and commanding the ordinary passage of the Euphrates; probably identical with Hierapolis. It was the capital of the kingdom of the northern Hittites. The Babylonian army, under Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabopolassar, here met and conquered the army of Pharaoh-necho, king of Egypt (B.C. 607). It is mentioned in monuments in B.C. 1600 and down to B.C. 717.

Carmel: City · position approximate · 31.43°N 35.13°E 22 verses · Show on map Jos 12:22, Jos 15:55, Jos 19:26, 1Sa 15:12, 1Sa 25:2, 1Sa 25:5, 1Sa 25:7, 1Sa 25:40, 1Sa 27:3, 1Sa 30:5, 2Sa 2:2, 2Sa 3:3, 2Sa 23:35, 1Ch 11:37, Sos 7:5, Isa 33:9, Isa 35:2, Jer 46:18, Jer 50:19, Amo 1:2, Amo 9:3, Nam 1:4 A town in the hill country of Judah (Jos 15:55), the residence of Nabal (1Sa 25:2, 1Sa 25:5, 1Sa 25:7, 1Sa 25:40), and the native place of Abigail, who became David’s wife (1Sa 27:3). Here king Uzziah had his vineyards (2Ch 26:10). The ruins of this town still remain under the name of Kurmul, about 10 miles south-south-east of Hebron, close to those of Maon.

Casiphia: Place · approximate position · 35.14°N 36.75°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezr 8:17 Silver, a place between Babylon and Jerusalem, where Iddo resided (Ezr 8:17); otherwise unknown.

Cenchreae: City · position approximate · 37.88°N 22.99°E 2 verses · Show on map Act 18:18, Rom 16:1 Millet, the eastern harbour of Corinth, from which it was distant about 9 miles east, and the outlet for its trade with the Asiatic shores of the Mediterranean. When Paul returned from his second missionary journey to Syria, he sailed from this port (Act 18:18). In Rom 16:1 he speaks as if there were at the time of his writing that epistle an organized church there. The western harbour of Corinth was Lechaeum, about a mile and a half from the city. It was the channel of its trade with Italy and the west.

Chaldea: Region · approximate position · 30.96°N 46.10°E 9 verses · Show on map Isa 48:20, Jer 50:10, Jer 51:24, Jer 51:35, Ezk 11:24, Ezk 16:29, Ezk 23:15-16, Ezk 23:23 The southern portion of Babylonia, Lower Mesopotamia, lying chiefly on the right bank of the Euphrates, but commonly used of the whole of the Mesopotamian plain. The Hebrew name is Kasdim, which is usually rendered “Chaldeans” (Jer 50:10; Jer 51:24, Jer 51:35). The country so named is a vast plain formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris, extending to about 400 miles along the course of these rivers, and about 100 miles in average breadth. “In former days the vast plains of Babylon were nourished by a complicated system of canals and water-courses, which spread over the surface of the country like a network. The wants of a teeming population were supplied by a rich soil, not less bountiful than that on the banks of the Egyptian Nile. Like islands rising from a golden sea of waving corn stood frequent groves of palm-trees and pleasant gardens, affording to the idler or traveller their grateful and highly-valued shade. Crowds of passengers hurried along the dusty roads to and from the busy city. The land was rich in corn and wine.” Recent discoveries, more especially in Babylonia, have thrown much light on the history of the Hebrew patriarchs, and have illustrated or confirmed the Biblical narrative in many points. The ancestor of the Hebrew people, Abram, was, we are told, born at “Ur of the Chaldees.” “Chaldees” is a mistranslation of the Hebrew Kasdim, Kasdim being the Old Testament name of the Babylonians, while the Chaldees were a tribe who lived on the shores of the Persian Gulf, and did not become a part of the Babylonian population till the time of Hezekiah. Ur was one of the oldest and most famous of the Babylonian cities. Its site is now called Mugheir, or Mugayyar, on the western bank of the Euphrates, in Southern Babylonia. About a century before the birth of Abram it was ruled by a powerful dynasty of kings. Their conquests extended to Elam on the one side, and to the Lebanon on the other. They were followed by a dynasty of princes whose capital was Babylon, and who seem to have been of South Arabian origin. The founder of the dynasty was Sumu-abi (“Shem is my father”). But soon afterwards Babylonia fell under Elamite dominion. The kings of Babylon were compelled to acknowledge the supremacy of Elam, and a rival kingdom to that of Babylon, and governed by Elamites, sprang up at Larsa, not far from Ur, but on the opposite bank of the river. In the time of Abram the king of Larsa was Eri-Aku, the son of an Elamite prince, and Eri-Aku, as has long been recognized, is the Biblical “Arioch king of Ellasar” (Gen 14:1). The contemporaneous king of Babylon in the north, in the country termed Shinar in Scripture, was Khammu-rabi.

Chebar: Water · River · position approximate · 33.16°N 44.06°E 8 verses · Show on map Ezk 1:1, Ezk 1:3, Ezk 3:15, Ezk 3:23, Ezk 10:15, Ezk 10:20, Ezk 10:22, Ezk 43:3 Length, a river in the “land of the Chaldeans” (Ezk 1:3), on the banks of which were located some of the Jews of the Captivity (Ezk 1:1; Ezk 3:15, Ezk 3:23; Ezk 10:15, Ezk 10:20, Ezk 10:22). It has been supposed to be identical with the river Habor, the Chaboras, or modern Khabour, which falls into the Euphrates at Circesium. To the banks of this river some of the Israelites were removed by the Assyrians (2Ki 17:6). An opinion that has much to support it is that the “Chebar” was the royal canal of Nebuchadnezzar, the Nahr Malcha, the greatest in Mesopotamia, which connected the Tigris with the Euphrates, in the excavation of which the Jewish captives were probably employed.

Chephar-haammoni: Place · position approximate · 31.97°N 35.25°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 18:24

Chephirah: City · position approximate · 31.84°N 35.10°E 4 verses · Show on map Jos 9:17, Jos 18:26, Ezr 2:25, Neh 7:29 Village, one of the four cities of the Gibeonitish Hivites with whom Joshua made a league (9:17). It belonged to Benjamin. It has been identified with the modern Kefireh, on the west confines of Benjamin, about 2 miles west of Ajalon and 11 from Jerusalem.

Cherith: Valley · approximate position · 32.31°N 35.56°E 2 verses · Show on map 1Ki 17:3, 1Ki 17:5 A cutting; separation; a gorge, a torrent-bed or winter-stream, a “brook,” in whose banks the prophet Elijah hid himself during the early part of the three years’ drought (1Ki 17:3, 1Ki 17:5). It has by some been identified as the Wady el-Kelt behind Jericho, which is formed by the junction of many streams flowing from the mountains west of Jericho. It is dry in summer. Travellers have described it as one of the wildest ravines of this wild region, and peculiarly fitted to afford a secure asylum to the persecuted. But if the prophet’s interview with Ahab was in Samaria, and he thence journeyed toward the east, it is probable that he crossed Jordan and found refuge in some of the ravines of Gilead. The “brook” is said to have been “before Jordan,” which probably means that it opened toward that river, into which it flowed. This description would apply to the east as well as to the west of Jordan. Thus Elijah’s hiding-place may have been the Jermuk, in the territory of the half-tribe of Manasseh.

Cherub: Place · approximate position · 32.54°N 44.42°E 2 verses · Show on map Ezr 2:59, Neh 7:61 Plural cherubim, the name of certain symbolical figures frequently mentioned in Scripture. They are first mentioned in connection with the expulsion of our first parents from Eden (Gen 3:24). There is no intimation given of their shape or form. They are next mentioned when Moses was commanded to provide furniture for the tabernacle (Exo 25:17; Exo 26:1, Exo 26:31). God promised to commune with Moses “from between the cherubim” (25:22). This expression was afterwards used to denote the Divine abode and presence (Num 7:89; 1Sa 4:4; Isa 37:16; Psa 80:1; Psa 99:1). In Ezekiel’s vision (10:1-20) they appear as living creatures supporting the throne of God. From Ezekiel’s description of them (1;10; 41:18, 19), they appear to have been compound figures, unlike any real object in nature; artificial images possessing the features and properties of several animals. Two cherubim were placed on the mercy-seat of the ark; two of colossal size overshadowed it in Solomon’s temple. Ezekiel (1:4-14) speaks of four; and this number of “living creatures” is mentioned in Rev 4:6. Those on the ark are called the “cherubim of glory” (Heb 9:5), i.e., of the Shechinah, or cloud of glory, for on them the visible glory of God rested. They were placed one at each end of the mercy-seat, with wings stretched upward, and their faces “toward each other and toward the mercy-seat.” They were anointed with holy oil, like the ark itself and the other sacred furniture. The cherubim were symbolical. They were intended to represent spiritual existences in immediate contact with Jehovah. Some have regarded them as symbolical of the chief ruling power by which God carries on his operations in providence (Psa 18:10). Others interpret them as having reference to the redemption of men, and as symbolizing the great rulers or ministers of the church. Many other opinions have been held regarding them which need not be referred to here. On the whole, it seems to be most satisfactory to regard the interpretation of the symbol to be variable, as is the symbol itself. Their office was, (1) on the expulsion of our first parents from Eden, to prevent all access to the tree of life; and (2) to form the throne and chariot of Jehovah in his manifestation of himself on earth. He dwelleth between and sitteth on the cherubim (1Sa 4:4; Psa 80:1; Ezk 1:26, Ezk 1:28).

Chesalon: Place · position approximate · 31.78°N 35.05°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:10 Strength; confidence, a place on the border of Judah, on the side of Mount Jearim (Jos 15:10); probably identified with the modern village of Kesla, on the western mountains of Judah.

Chesil: City · approximate position · 32.05°N 35.73°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:30 Ungodly, a town in the south of Judah (Jos 15:30); probably the same as Bethul (19:4) and Bethuel (1Ch 4:30); now Khelasa.

Chesulloth: City · position approximate · 32.68°N 35.32°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:18 Fertile places; the loins, a town of Issachar, on the slopes of some mountain between Jezreel and Shunem (Jos 19:18). It has been identified with Chisloth-tabor, 2 1/2 miles to the west of Mount Tabor, and north of Jezreel; now Iksal.

Chezib: City · position approximate · 31.70°N 35.00°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 38:5 Deceitful, a town where Shelah, the son of Judah, was born (Gen 38:5). Probably the same as Achzib (q.v.).

Chilmad: Place · approximate position · 36.36°N 43.15°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezk 27:23 A place or country unknown which, along with Sheba and Asshur, traded with Tyre (Ezk 27:23).

Chinnereth: Place · position approximate · 32.81°N 35.59°E 1 verse · Show on map Deu 3:17 Lyre, the singular form of the word (Deu 3:17; Jos 19:35), which is also used in the plural form, Chinneroth, the name of a fenced city which stood near the shore of the lake of Galilee, a little to the south of Tiberias. The town seems to have given its name to a district, as appears from 1Ki 15:20, where the plural form of the word is used. The Sea of Chinnereth (Num 34:11; Jos 13:27), or of Chinneroth (Josh. 12: 3), was the “lake of Gennesaret” or “sea of Tiberias” (Deu 3:17; Jos 11:2). Chinnereth was probably an ancient Canaanitish name adopted by the Israelites into their language.

Chinnereth: Place · approximate position · 32.81°N 35.59°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:35 Lyre, the singular form of the word (Deu 3:17; Jos 19:35), which is also used in the plural form, Chinneroth, the name of a fenced city which stood near the shore of the lake of Galilee, a little to the south of Tiberias. The town seems to have given its name to a district, as appears from 1Ki 15:20, where the plural form of the word is used. The Sea of Chinnereth (Num 34:11; Jos 13:27), or of Chinneroth (Josh. 12: 3), was the “lake of Gennesaret” or “sea of Tiberias” (Deu 3:17; Jos 11:2). Chinnereth was probably an ancient Canaanitish name adopted by the Israelites into their language.

Chinneroth: Region · approximate position · 32.81°N 35.59°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 11:2, 1Ki 15:20 Lyre, the singular form of the word (Deu 3:17; Jos 19:35), which is also used in the plural form, Chinneroth, the name of a fenced city which stood near the shore of the lake of Galilee, a little to the south of Tiberias. The town seems to have given its name to a district, as appears from 1Ki 15:20, where the plural form of the word is used. The Sea of Chinnereth (Num 34:11; Jos 13:27), or of Chinneroth (Josh. 12: 3), was the “lake of Gennesaret” or “sea of Tiberias” (Deu 3:17; Jos 11:2). Chinnereth was probably an ancient Canaanitish name adopted by the Israelites into their language.

Chios: Island · position approximate · 38.44°N 26.06°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 20:15 Mentioned in Act 20:15, an island in the Aegean Sea, about 5 miles distant from the mainland, having a roadstead, in the shelter of which Paul and his companions anchored for a night when on his third missionary return journey. It is now called Scio.

Chisloth-tabor: Place · position approximate · 32.68°N 35.32°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:12

Chitlish: City · approximate position · 31.82°N 34.78°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:40 A man’s wall, a town in the plain of Judah (Jos 15:40). It has been identified with Jelameh.

Chorazin: City · position approximate · 32.91°N 35.55°E 2 verses · Show on map Mat 11:21, Luk 10:13 Named along with Bethsaida and Capernaum as one of the cities in which our Lord’s “mighty works” were done, and which was doomed to woe because of signal privileges neglected (Mat 11:21; Luk 10:13). It has been identified by general consent with the modern Kerazeh, about 2 1/2 miles up the Wady Kerazeh from Capernaum; i.e., Tell Hum.

Cilicia: Region · approximate position · 36.92°N 34.89°E 8 verses · Show on map Act 6:9, Act 15:23, Act 15:41, Act 21:39, Act 22:3, Act 23:34, Act 27:5, Gal 1:21 A maritime province in the south-east of Asia Minor. Tarsus, the birth-place of Paul, was one of its chief towns, and the seat of a celebrated school of philosophy. Its luxurious climate attracted to it many Greek residents after its incorporation with the Macedonian empire. It was formed into a Roman province, B.C. 67. The Jews of Cilicia had a synagogue at Jerusalem (Act 6:9). Paul visited it soon after his conversion (Gal 1:21; Act 9:30), and again, on his second missionary journey (15:41), “he went through Syria and Cilicia, confirming the churches.” It was famous for its goat’s-hair cloth, called cilicium. Paul learned in his youth the trade of making tents of this cloth.

Clauda: Island · position approximate · 34.84°N 24.09°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 27:16 A small island off the southwest coast of Crete, passed by Paul on his voyage to Rome (Act 27:16). It is about 7 miles long and 3 broad. It is now called Gozzo (R.V., “Cauda”).

Cnidus: City · position approximate · 36.69°N 27.37°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 27:7 A town and harbour on the extreme south-west of the peninsula of Doris in Asia Minor. Paul sailed past it on his voyage to Rome after leaving Myra (Act 27:7).

Colossae: City · position approximate · 37.78°N 29.25°E 1 verse · Show on map Col 1:2 Or Colosse, a city of Phrygia, on the Lycus, which is a tributary of the Maeander. It was about 12 miles above Laodicea, and near the great road from Ephesus to the Euphrates, and was consequently of some mercantile importance. It does not appear that Paul had visited this city when he wrote his letter to the church there (Col 1:2). He expresses in his letter to Philemon (ver. 1:22) his hope to visit it on being delivered from his imprisonment. From Col 1:7; Col 4:12 it has been concluded that Epaphras was the founder of the Colossian church. This town afterwards fell into decay, and the modern town of Chonas or Chonum occupies a site near its ruins.

Coos: Island · position approximate · 36.80°N 27.09°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 21:1 (written Cos in the R.V.), a small island, one of the Sporades in the Aegean Sea, in the north-west of Rhodes, off the coast of Caria. Paul on his return from his third missionary journey, passed the night here after sailing from Miletus (Act 21:1). It is now called Stanchio.

Corinth: City · position approximate · 37.91°N 22.88°E 6 verses · Show on map Act 18:1, Act 19:1, 1Co 1:2, 2Co 1:1, 2Co 1:23, 2Ti 4:20 A Grecian city, on the isthmus which joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece. It is about 48 miles west of Athens. The ancient city was destroyed by the Romans (B.C. 146), and that mentioned in the New Testament was quite a new city, having been rebuilt about a century afterwards and peopled by a colony of freedmen from Rome. It became under the Romans the seat of government for Southern Greece or Achaia (Act 18:12). It was noted for its wealth, and for the luxurious and immoral and vicious habits of the people. It had a large mixed population of Romans, Greeks, and Jews. When Paul first visited the city (A.D. 51 or 52), Gallio, the brother of Seneca, was proconsul. Here Paul resided for eighteen months (18:1-18). Here he first became aquainted with Aquila and Priscilla, and soon after his departure Apollos came to it from Ephesus. After an interval he visited it a second time, and remained for three months (20:3). During this second visit his Epistle to the Romans was written (probably A.D. 55). Although there were many Jewish converts at Corinth, yet the Gentile element prevailed in the church there. Some have argued from 2Co 12:14; 2Co 13:1, that Paul visited Corinth a third time (i.e., that on some unrecorded occasion he visited the city between what are usually called the first and second visits). But the passages referred to only indicate Paul’s intention to visit Corinth (comp. 1Co 16:5, where the Greek present tense denotes an intention), an intention which was in some way frustrated. We can hardly suppose that such a visit could have been made by the apostle without more distinct reference to it.

Corner Gate: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 5 verses · Show on map 2Ki 14:13, 2Ch 25:23, 2Ch 26:9, Jer 31:38, Zec 14:10

Cozeba: Place · position approximate · 31.70°N 35.00°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 4:22 (1Ch 4:22), the same as Chezib and Achzib, a place in the lowlands of Judah (Gen 38:5; Jos 15:44).

Crete: Island · position approximate · 35.17°N 25.01°E 5 verses · Show on map Act 27:7, Act 27:12-13, Act 27:21, Tit 1:5 Now called Candia, one of the largest islands in the Meditterranean, about 140 miles long and 35 broad. It was at one time a very prosperous and populous island, having a “hundred cities.” The character of the people is described in Paul’s quotation from “one of their own poets” (Epimenides) in his epistle to Titus: “The Cretans are alway liars, evil beasts, slow bellies” (Tit 1:12). Jews from Crete were in Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost (Act 2:11). The island was visited by Paul on his voyage to Rome (Acts 27). Here Paul subsequently left Titus (1:5) “to ordain elders.” Some have supposed that it was the original home of the Caphtorim (q.v.) or Philistines.

Cun: City · position approximate · 33.93°N 36.15°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 18:8 One of the cities of Hadarezer, king of Syria. David procured brass (i.e., bronze or copper) from it for the temple (1Ch 18:8). It is called Berothai in 2Sa 8:8; probably the same as Berothah in Ezk 47:16.

Cush: Region · approximate position · 21.96°N 31.34°E 16 verses · Show on map 2Ki 19:9, Psa 68:31, Psa 87:4, Isa 11:11, Isa 18:1, Isa 20:3, Isa 20:5, Isa 37:9, Isa 43:3, Isa 45:14, Ezk 29:10, Ezk 30:4-5, Ezk 38:5, Nam 3:9, Zep 3:10 A son, probably the eldest, of Ham, and the father of Nimrod (Gen 10:8; 1Ch 1:10). From him the land of Cush seems to have derived its name. The question of the precise locality of the land of Cush has given rise to not a little controversy. The second river of Paradise surrounded the whole land of Cush (Gen 2:13, R.V.). The term Cush is in the Old Testament generally applied to the countries south of the Israelites. It was the southern limit of Egypt (Ezk 29:10, A.V. “Ethiopia,” Heb. Cush), with which it is generally associated (Psa 68:31; Isa 18:1; Jer 46:9, etc.). It stands also associated with Elam (Isa 11:11), with Persia (Ezk 38:5), and with the Sabeans (Isa 45:14). From these facts it has been inferred that Cush included Arabia and the country on the west coast of the Red Sea. Rawlinson takes it to be the country still known as Khuzi-stan, on the east side of the Lower Tigris. But there are intimations which warrant the conclusion that there was also a Cush in Africa, the Ethiopia (so called by the Greeks) of Africa. Ezekiel speaks (29:10; comp. 30:4-6) of it as lying south of Egypt. It was the country now known to us as Nubia and Abyssinia (Isa 18:1; Zep 3:10, Heb. Cush). In ancient Egyptian inscriptions Ethiopia is termed Kesh. The Cushites appear to have spread along extensive tracts, stretching from the Upper Nile to the Euphrates and Tigris. At an early period there was a stream of migration of Cushites “from Ethiopia, properly so called, through Arabia, Babylonia, and Persia, to Western India.” The Hamite races, soon after their arrival in Africa, began to spread north, east, and west. Three branches of the Cushite or Ethiopian stock, moving from Western Asia, settled in the regions contiguous to the Persian Gulf. One branch, called the Cossaeans, settled in the mountainous district on the east of the Tigris, known afterwards as Susiana; another occupied the lower regions of the Euphrates and the Tigris; while a third colonized the southern shores and islands of the gulf, whence they afterwards emigrated to the Mediterranean and settled on the coast of Palestine as the Phoenicians. Nimrod was a great Cushite chief. He conquered the Accadians, a Tauranian race, already settled in Mesopotamia, and founded his kingdom, the Cushites mingling with the Accads, and so forming the Chaldean nation.

Cushan: Place · approximate position · 21.96°N 31.34°E 1 verse · Show on map Hab 3:7 Probably a poetic or prolonged name of the land of Cush, the Arabian Cush (Hab 3:7). Some have, however, supposed this to be the same as Chushan-rishathaim (Jdg 3:8, Jdg 3:10), i.e., taking the latter part of the name as a title or local appellation, Chushan “of the two iniquities” (= oppressing Israel, and provoking them to idolatry), a Mesopotamian king, identified by Rawlinson with Asshur-ris-ilim (the father of Tiglathpileser I.); but incorrectly, for the empire of Assyria was not yet founded. He held Israel in bondage for eight years.

Cuth: Place · position approximate · 32.73°N 44.67°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ki 17:30

Cuthah: Place · position approximate · 32.73°N 44.67°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ki 17:24 One of the Babylonian cities or districts from which Shalmaneser transplanted certain colonists to Samaria (2Ki 17:24). Some have conjectured that the “Cutheans” were identical with the “Cossaeans” who inhabited the hill-country to the north of the river Choaspes. Cuthah is now identified with Tell Ibrahim, 15 miles north-east of Babylon.

Cyprus: Island · position approximate · 35.02°N 33.21°E 12 verses · Show on map Isa 23:1, Isa 23:12, Jer 2:10, Ezk 27:6, Act 4:36, Act 11:19-20, Act 13:4, Act 15:39, Act 21:3, Act 21:16, Act 27:4 One of the largest islands of the Mediterranean, about 148 miles long and 40 broad. It is distant about 60 miles from the Syrian coast. It was the “Chittim” of the Old Testament (Num 24:24). The Greek colonists gave it the name of Kypros, from the cyprus, i.e., the henna, which grew on this island. It was originally inhabited by Phoenicians. In B.C. 477 it fell under the dominion of the Greeks; and became a Roman province B.C. 58. In ancient times it was a centre of great commercial activity. Corn and wine and oil were produced here in the greatest perfection. It was rich also in timber and in mineral wealth. It is first mentioned in the New Testament (Act 4:36) as the native place of Barnabas. It was the scene of Paul’s first missionary labours (13:4-13), when he and Barnabas and John Mark were sent forth by the church of Antioch. It was afterwards visited by Barnabas and Mark alone (15:39). Mnason, an “old disciple,” probaly one of the converts of the day of Pentecost belonging to this island, is mentioned (21:16). It is also mentioned in connection with the voyages of Paul (Act 21:3; Act 27:4). After being under the Turks for three hundred years, it was given up to the British Government in 1878.

Cyrene: City · position approximate · 32.82°N 21.86°E 6 verses · Show on map Mat 27:32, Mrk 15:21, Luk 23:26, Act 2:10, Act 11:20, Act 13:1 A city (now Tripoli) in Upper Libya, North Africa, founded by a colony of Greeks (B.C. 630). It contained latterly a large number of Jews, who were introduced into the city by Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, because he thought they would contribute to the security of the place. They increased in number and influence; and we are thus prepared for the frequent references to them in connection with the early history of Christianity. Simon, who bore our Lord’s cross, was a native of this place (Mat 27:32; Mrk 15:21). Jews from Cyrene were in Jerusalem at Pentecost (Act 2:10); and Cyrenian Jews had a synagogue at Jerusalem (6:9). Converts belonging to Cyrene contributed to the formation of the first Gentile church at Antioch (11:20). Among “the prophets and teachers” who “ministered to the Lord at Antioch” was Lucius of Cyrene (13:1).

Dabbesheth: Place · position approximate · 33.00°N 35.27°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:11

Daberath: City · position approximate · 32.69°N 35.37°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 19:12, Jos 21:28, 1Ch 6:72 Pasture, a Levitical town of Issachar (Jos 19:12; Jos 21:28), near the border of Zebulum. It is the modern small village of Deburich, at the base of Mount Tabor. Tradition has incorrectly made it the scene of the miracle of the cure of the lunatic child (Mat 17:14).

Dalmanutha: Place · position approximate · 32.85°N 35.52°E 1 verse · Show on map Mrk 8:10 A place on the west of the Sea of Galilee, mentioned only in Mrk 8:10. In the parallel passage it is said that Christ came “into the borders of Magdala” (Mat 15:39). It is plain, then, that Dalmanutha was near Magdala, which was probably the Greek name of one of the many Migdols (i.e., watch-towers) on the western side of the lake of Gennesaret. It has been identified in the ruins of a village about a mile from Magdala, in the little open valley of ‘Ain-el-Barideh, “the cold fountain,” called el-Mejdel, possibly the “Migdal-el” of Jos 19:38.

Dalmatia: Region · approximate position · 43.52°N 16.07°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ti 4:10 A mountainous country on the eastern shore of the Adriatic, a part of the Roman province of Illyricum. It still bears its ancient name. During Paul’s second imprisonment at Rome, Titus left him to visit Dalmatia (2Ti 4:10) for some unknown purpose. Paul had himself formerly preached in that region (Rom 15:19). The present Emperor of Austria bears, among his other titles, that of “King of Dalmatia.”

Damascus: City · position approximate · 33.52°N 36.31°E 55 verses · Show on map Gen 14:15, Gen 15:2, 2Sa 8:5-6, 1Ki 11:24, 1Ki 15:18, 1Ki 19:15, 1Ki 20:34, 2Ki 5:12, 2Ki 8:7, 2Ki 8:9, 2Ki 14:28, 2Ki 16:9-12, 1Ch 18:5-6, 2Ch 16:2, 2Ch 24:23, 2Ch 28:5, 2Ch 28:23, Sos 7:4, Isa 7:8, Isa 8:4, Isa 10:9, Isa 17:1, Isa 17:3, Jer 49:23-24, Jer 49:27, Ezk 27:18, Ezk 47:16-18, Ezk 48:1, Amo 1:3, Amo 1:5, Amo 5:27, Zec 9:1, Act 9:2-3, Act 9:8, Act 9:10, Act 9:19, Act 9:22, Act 9:27, Act 22:5-6, Act 22:10-11, Act 26:12, Act 26:20, 2Co 11:32, Gal 1:17 Activity, the most ancient of Oriental cities; the capital of Syria (Isa 7:8; Isa 17:3); situated about 133 miles to the north of Jerusalem. Its modern name is Esh-Sham; i.e., “the East.” The situation of this city is said to be the most beautiful of all Western Asia. It is mentioned among the conquests of the Egyptian king Thothmes III. (B.C. 1500), and in the Amarna tablets (B.C. 1400). It is first mentioned in Scripture in connection with Abraham’s victory over the confederate kings under Chedorlaomer (Gen 14:15). It was the native place of Abraham’s steward (15:2). It is not again noticed till the time of David, when “the Syrians of Damascus came to succour Hadadezer” (q.v.), 2Sa 8:5; 1Ch 18:5. In the reign of Solomon, Rezon became leader of a band who revolted from Hadadezer (1Ki 11:23), and betaking themselves to Damascus, settled there and made their leader king. There was a long war, with varying success, between the Israelites and Syrians, who at a later period became allies of Israel against Judah (2Ki 15:37). The Syrians were at length subdued by the Assyrians, the city of Damascus was taken and destroyed, and the inhabitants carried captive into Assyria (2Ki 16:7; comp. Isa 7:8). In this, prophecy was fulfilled (Isa 17:1; Amo 1:4; Jer 49:24). The kingdom of Syria remained a province of Assyria till the capture of Nineveh by the Medes (B.C. 625), when it fell under the conquerors. After passing through various vicissitudes, Syria was invaded by the Romans (B.C. 64), and Damascus became the seat of the government of the province. In A.D. 37 Aretas, the king of Arabia, became master of Damascus, having driven back Herod Antipas. This city is memorable as the scene of Saul’s conversion (Act 9:1). The street called “Straight,” in which Judas lived, in whose house Saul was found by Ananias, is known by the name Sultany, or “Queen’s Street.” It is the principal street of the city. Paul visited Damascus again on his return from Arabia (Gal 1:16-17). Christianity was planted here as a centre (Act 9:20), from which it spread to the surrounding regions. In A.D. 634 Damascus was conquered by the growing Mohammedan power. In A.D. 1516 it fell under the dominion of the Turks, its present rulers. It is now the largest city in Asiatic Turkey. Christianity has again found a firm footing within its walls.

Dan: Region · position approximate · 33.25°N 35.65°E 20 verses · Show on map Gen 14:14, Jos 19:47, Jdg 18:29, Jdg 20:1, 1Sa 3:20, 2Sa 3:10, 2Sa 17:11, 2Sa 24:2, 2Sa 24:6, 2Sa 24:15, 1Ki 4:25, 1Ki 12:29-30, 1Ki 15:20, 2Ki 10:29, 1Ch 21:2, 2Ch 16:4, 2Ch 30:5, Jer 4:15, Jer 8:16 The fifth son of Jacob. His mother was Bilhah, Rachel’s maid (Gen 30:6, “God hath judged me”, Heb. dananni). The blessing pronounced on him by his father was, “Dan shall judge his people” (49:16), probably in allusion to the judgeship of Samson, who was of the tribe of Dan. The tribe of Dan had their place in the march through the wilderness on the north side of the tabernacle (Num 2:25, Num 2:31; 10:25). It was the last of the tribes to receive a portion in the Land of Promise. Its position and extent are described in Jos 19:40. The territory of Dan extended from the west of that of Ephraim and Benjamin to the sea. It was a small territory, but was very fertile. It included in it, among others, the cities of Lydda, Ekron, and Joppa, which formed its northern boundary. But this district was too limited. “Squeezed into the narrow strip between the mountains and the sea, its energies were great beyond its numbers.” Being pressed by the Amorites and the Philistines, whom they were unable to conquer, they longed for a wider space. They accordingly sent out five spies from two of their towns, who went north to the sources of the Jordan, and brought back a favourable report regarding that region. “Arise,” they said, “be not slothful to go, and to possess the land,” for it is “a place where there is no want of any thing that is in the earth” (Jdg 18:10). On receiving this report, 600 Danites girded on their weapons of war, and taking with them their wives and their children, marched to the foot of Hermon, and fought against Leshem, and took it from the Sidonians, and dwelt therein, and changed the name of the conquered town to Dan (Jos 19:47). This new city of Dan became to them a new home, and was wont to be spoken of as the northern limit of Palestine, the length of which came to be denoted by the expression “from Dan to Beersheba”, i.e., about 144 miles. “But like Lot under a similar temptation, they seem to have succumbed to the evil influences around them, and to have sunk down into a condition of semi-heathenism from which they never emerged. The mounds of ruins which mark the site of the city show that it covered a considerable extent of ground. But there remains no record of any noble deed wrought by the degenerate tribe. Their name disappears from the roll-book of the natural and the spiritual Israel.”, Manning’s Those Holy Fields. This old border city was originally called Laish. Its modern name is Tell el-Kady, “Hill of the Judge.” It stands about four miles below Caesarea Philippi, in the midst of a region of surpassing richness and beauty.

Dannah: City · position approximate · 31.56°N 34.98°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:49 Murmuring, a city (Jos 15:49) in the mountains of Judah about 8 miles south-west of Hebron.

Debir: Place · position approximate · 31.42°N 34.97°E 9 verses · Show on map Jos 10:38-39, Jos 11:21, Jos 12:13, Jos 15:15, Jos 15:49, Jos 21:15, Jdg 1:11, 1Ch 6:58

Debir: Place · position approximate · 31.82°N 35.35°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:7 A place near the “valley of Achor” (Jos 15:7), on the north boundary of Judah, between Jerusalem and Jericho.

Debir: Place · position approximate · 32.66°N 35.78°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 13:26

Decapolis: Region · approximate position · 33.52°N 36.31°E 3 verses · Show on map Mat 4:25, Mrk 5:20, Mrk 7:31 Ten cities=deka, ten, and polis, a city, a district on the east and south-east of the Sea of Galilee containing “ten cities,” which were chiefly inhabited by Greeks. It included a portion of Bashan and Gilead, and is mentioned three times in the New Testament (Mat 4:25; Mrk 5:20; Mrk 7:31). These cities were Scythopolis, i.e., “city of the Scythians”, (ancient Bethshean, the only one of the ten cities on the west of Jordan), Hippos, Gadara, Pella (to which the Christians fled just before the destruction of Jerusalem), Philadelphia (ancient Rabbath-ammon), Gerasa, Dion, Canatha, Raphana, and Damascus. When the Romans conquered Syria (B.C. 65) they rebuilt, and endowed with certain privileges, these “ten cities,” and the province connected with them they called “Decapolis.”

Dedan: Place · position approximate · 26.63°N 37.92°E 6 verses · Show on map Jer 25:23, Jer 49:8, Ezk 25:13, Ezk 27:15, Ezk 27:20, Ezk 38:13

Derbe: City · position approximate · 37.35°N 33.27°E 4 verses · Show on map Act 14:6, Act 14:20, Act 16:1, Act 20:4 A small town on the eastern part of the upland plain of Lycaonia, about 20 miles from Lystra. Paul passed through Derbe on his route from Cilicia to Iconium, on his second missionary journey (Act 16:1), and probably also on his third journey (18:23; 19:1). On his first journey (14:20, 21) he came to Derbe from the other side; i.e., from Iconium. It was the native place of Gaius, one of Paul’s companions (20:4). He did not here suffer persecution (2Ti 3:11).

Destruction: Place · position approximate · 30.11°N 31.34°E 1 verse · Show on map Isa 19:18 (Isa 19:18; Heb. Ir-ha-Heres, “city of overthrow,” because of the evidence it would present of the overthrow of heathenism), the ideal title of On or Heliopolis (q.v.).

Dibon: City · position approximate · 31.50°N 35.78°E 9 verses · Show on map Num 21:30, Num 32:3, Num 32:34, Jos 13:9, Jos 13:17, Isa 15:2, Isa 15:9, Jer 48:18, Jer 48:22 A city in Moab (Num 21:30); called also Dibon-gad (33:45), because it was built by Gad and Dimon (Isa 15:9). It has been identified with the modern Diban, about 3 miles north of the Arnon and 12 miles east of the Dead Sea.

Dibon: City · approximate position · 31.19°N 34.97°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 11:25 A city of the tribe of Judah, inhabited after the Captivity (Neh 11:25); called also Dimonah (Jos 15:22). It is probably the modern ed-Dheib.

Dibon-gad: Place · position approximate · 31.50°N 35.78°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 33:45-46

Dilean: Place · approximate position · 31.56°N 34.85°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:38

Dimnah: City · position approximate · 32.78°N 35.32°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 21:35 Dunghill, a city of Zebulun given to the Merarite Levites (Jos 21:35). In 1Ch 6:77 the name “Rimmon” is substituted.

Dimonah: Place · approximate position · 31.19°N 34.97°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:22

Dinhabah: City · approximate position · 30.34°N 35.53°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 36:32, 1Ch 1:43 Robbers’ den, an Edomitish city, the capital of king Bela (Gen 36:32). It is probably the modern Dibdiba, a little north-east of Petra.

Diviners' Oak: Place · approximate position · 32.21°N 35.28°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 9:37 (Jdg 9:37; A.V., “the plain of Meonenim;” R.V., “the oak of Meonenim”) means properly “soothsayers” or “sorcerers,” “wizards” (Deu 18:10, Deu 18:14; 2Ki 21:6; Mic 5:12). This may be the oak at Shechem under which Abram pitched his tent, the “enchanter’s oak,” so called, perhaps, from Jacob’s hiding the “strange gods” under it (Gen 35:4).

Dizahab: Place · position approximate · 28.51°N 34.52°E 1 verse · Show on map Deu 1:1 Region of gold, a place in the desert of Sinai, on the western shore of the Elanitic gulf (Deu 1:1). It is now called Dehab.

Dophkah: Place · approximate position · 28.77°N 33.40°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 33:12-13 Knocking, an encampment of the Israelites in the wilderness (Num 33:12). It was in the desert of Sin, on the eastern shore of the western arm of the Red Sea, somewhere in the Wady Feiran.

Dor: City · position approximate · 32.61°N 34.92°E 4 verses · Show on map Jos 12:23, Jos 17:11, Jdg 1:27, 1Ch 7:29 Dwelling, the Dora of the Romans, an ancient royal city of the Canaanites (Jos 11:1-2; Jos 12:23). It was the most southern settlement of the Phoenicians on the coast of Syria. The original inhabitants seem never to have been expelled, although they were made tributary by David. It was one of Solomon’s commissariat districts (Jdg 1:27; 1Ki 4:11). It has been identified with Tantura (so named from the supposed resemblance of its tower to a tantur, i.e., “a horn”). This tower fell in 1895, and nothing remains but debris and foundation walls, the remains of an old Crusading fortress. It is about 8 miles north of Caesarea, “a sad and sickly hamlet of wretched huts on a naked sea-beach.”

Dothan: Place · position approximate · 32.42°N 35.18°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 37:17, 2Ki 6:13 Two wells, a famous pasture-ground where Joseph found his brethren watching their flocks. Here, at the suggestion of Judah, they sold him to the Ishmaelite merchants (Gen 37:17). It is mentioned on monuments in B.C. 1600. It was the residence of Elisha (2Ki 6:13), and the scene of a remarkable vision of chariots and horses of fire surrounding the mountain on which the city stood. It is identified with the modern Tell-Dothan, on the south side of the plain of Jezreel, about 12 miles north of Samaria, among the hills of Gilboa. The “two wells” are still in existence, one of which bears the name of the “pit of Joseph” (Jubb Yusuf).

Dragon Spring: Landmark · Spring · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 2:13 (Neh 2:13), supposed by some to be identical with the Pool of Gihon.

Dumah: Place · position approximate · 31.44°N 34.98°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:52

Dumah: Place · approximate position · 27.40°N 37.70°E 1 verse · Show on map Isa 21:11

Dung Gate: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 4 verses · Show on map Neh 2:13, Neh 3:13-14, Neh 12:31 (Neh 2:13), a gate of ancient Jerusalem, on the south-west quarter. “The gate outside of which lay the piles of sweepings and offscourings of the streets,” in the valley of Tophet.

Dura: Place · approximate position · 32.54°N 44.42°E 1 verse · Show on map Dan 3:1 The circle, the plain near Babylon in which Nebuchadnezzar set up a golden image, mentioned in Dan 3:1. The place still retains its ancient name. On one of its many mounds the pedestal of what must have been a colossal statue has been found. It has been supposed to be that of the golden image.

East: Place · approximate position · 31.95°N 35.92°E 6 verses · Show on map Jdg 6:3, Jdg 6:33, Jdg 7:12, Jdg 8:10, Ezk 25:4, Ezk 25:10 The Arabs as a whole, known as the Nabateans or Kedarenes, nomad tribes (Jdg 6:3, Jdg 6:33; 7:12; 8:10).

East Gate: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 3:29

East Gate: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 19:2 (Jer 19:2), properly the Potter’s gate, the gate which led to the potter’s field, in the valley of Hinnom.

Ebenezer: Place · approximate position · 31.83°N 35.18°E 3 verses · Show on map 1Sa 4:1, 1Sa 5:1, 1Sa 7:12 Stone of help, the memorial stone set up by Samuel to commemorate the divine assistance to Israel in their great battle against the Philistines, whom they totally routed (1Sa 7:7) at Aphek, in the neighbourhood of Mizpeh, in Benjamin, near the western entrance of the pass of Beth-horon. On this very battle-field, twenty years before, the Philistines routed the Israelites, “and slew of the army in the field about four thousand men” (4:1, 2; here, and at 5:1, called “Eben-ezer” by anticipation). In this extremity the Israelites fetched the ark out of Shiloh and carried it into their camp. The Philistines a second time immediately attacked them, and smote them with a very great slaughter, “for there fell of Israel thirty thousand footmen. And the ark of God was taken” (1Sa 4:10). And now in the same place the Philistines are vanquished, and the memorial stone is erected by Samuel (q.v.). The spot where the stone was erected was somewhere “between Mizpeh and Shen.” Some have identified it with the modern Beit Iksa, a conspicuous and prominent position, apparently answering all the necessary conditions; others with Dier Aban, 3 miles east of ‘Ain Shems.

Ebez: City · position approximate · 32.26°N 35.33°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:20 Tin, or white, a town in the tribe of Issachar (Jos 19:20), at the north of the plain of Esdraelon. It is probably identified with the ruins of el-Beida.

Ebron: City · position approximate · 33.05°N 35.17°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:28 A town in the north border of Asher (Jos 19:28).

Ecbatana: Place · position approximate · 34.80°N 48.51°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezr 6:2 (Ezr 6:2), called Ecbatana by classical writers, the capital of northern Media. Here was the palace which was the residence of the old Median monarchs, and of Cyrus and Cambyses. In the time of Ezra, the Persian kings resided usually at Susa of Babylon. But Cyrus held his court at Achmetha; and Ezra, writing a century after, correctly mentions the place where the decree of Cyrus was found.

Eder: Place · approximate position · 31.71°N 35.21°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 35:21 Tower of the flock, a tower between Bethlehem and Hebron, near which Jacob first halted after leaving Bethlehem (Gen 35:21). In Mic 4:8 the word is rendered “tower of the flock” (marg., “Edar”), and is used as a designation of Bethlehem, which figuratively represents the royal line of David as sprung from Bethlehem.

Eder: Place · approximate position · 31.19°N 34.97°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:21 A city in the south of Judah, on the border of Idumea (Jos 15:21).

Edom: Region · approximate position · 30.73°N 35.61°E 79 verses · Show on map Gen 32:3, Gen 36:16-17, Gen 36:21, Gen 36:31-32, Gen 36:43, Exo 15:15, Num 20:14, Num 20:18, Num 20:20-21, Num 20:23, Num 21:4, Num 24:18, Num 33:37, Num 34:3, Jos 15:1, Jos 15:21, Jdg 5:4, Jdg 11:17-18, 1Sa 14:47, 2Sa 8:12, 2Sa 8:14, 1Ki 9:26, 1Ki 11:14-16, 1Ki 22:47, 2Ki 3:8-9, 2Ki 3:12, 2Ki 3:20, 2Ki 3:26, 2Ki 8:20, 2Ki 8:22, 2Ki 14:10, 1Ch 1:43, 1Ch 1:51, 1Ch 1:54, 1Ch 18:11, 1Ch 18:13, 2Ch 8:17, 2Ch 20:2, 2Ch 25:20, Psa 60:8-9, Psa 83:6, Psa 108:9-10, Isa 11:14, Isa 63:1, Jer 9:26, Jer 25:21, Jer 27:3, Jer 40:11, Jer 49:7, Jer 49:17, Jer 49:20, Jer 49:22, Lam 4:21-22, Ezk 25:12-14, Ezk 32:29, Ezk 35:15, Ezk 36:5, Dan 11:41, Jol 3:19, Amo 1:6 … +7 more Idumea (Isa 34:5-6; Ezk 35:15). “The field of Edom” (Gen 32:3), “the land of Edom” (Gen 36:16), was mountainous (Obad. 1:8, 9, 19, 21). It was called the land, or “the mountain of Seir,” the rough hills on the east side of the Arabah. It extended from the head of the Gulf of Akabah, the Elanitic gulf, to the foot of the Dead Sea (1Ki 9:26), and contained, among other cities, the rock-hewn Sela (q.v.), generally known by the Greek name Petra (2Ki 14:7). It is a wild and rugged region, traversed by fruitful valleys. Its old capital was Bozrah (Isa 63:1). The early inhabitants of the land were Horites. They were destroyed by the Edomites (Deu 2:12), between whom and the kings of Israel and Judah there was frequent war (2Ki 8:20; 2Ch 28:17). At the time of the Exodus they churlishly refused permission to the Israelites to pass through their land (Num 20:14), and ever afterwards maintained an attitude of hostility toward them. They were conquered by David (2Sa 8:14; comp. 1Ki 9:26), and afterwards by Amaziah (2Ch 25:11, 2Ch 25:12). But they regained again their independence, and in later years, during the decline of the Jewish kingdom (2Ki 16:6; R.V. marg., “Edomites”), made war against Israel. They took part with the Chaldeans when Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem, and afterwards they invaded and held possession of the south of Palestine as far as Hebron. At length, however, Edom fell under the growing Chaldean power (Jer 27:3, Jer 27:6). There are many prophecies concerning Edom (Isa 34:5-6; Jer 49:7; Ezk 25:13; Ezk 35:1; Jol 3:19; Amo 1:11; Obad.; Mal 1:3-4) which have been remarkably fulfilled. The present desolate condition of that land is a standing testimony to the inspiration of these prophecies. After an existence as a people for above seventeen hundred years, they have utterly disappeared, and their language even is forgotten for ever. In Petra, “where kings kept their court, and where nobles assembled, there no man dwells; it is given by lot to birds, and beasts, and reptiles.” The Edomites were Semites, closely related in blood and in language to the Israelites. They dispossessed the Horites of Mount Seir; though it is clear, from Gen. 36, that they afterwards intermarried with the conquered population. Edomite tribes settled also in the south of Judah, like the Kenizzites (Gen 36:11), to whom Caleb and Othniel belonged (Jos 15:17). The southern part of Edom was known as Teman.

Edrei: City · position approximate · 32.62°N 36.10°E 8 verses · Show on map Num 21:33, Deu 1:4, Deu 3:1, Deu 3:10, Jos 12:4, Jos 13:12, Jos 13:31, Jos 19:37 One of the chief towns of the kingdom of Bashan (Jos 12:4-5). Here Og was defeated by the Israelites, and the strength of the Amorites broken (Num 21:33). It subsequently belonged to Manasseh, for a short time apparently, and afterwards became the abode of banditti and outlaws (Jos 13:31). It has been identified with the modern Edr’a, which stands on a rocky promontory on the south-west edge of the Lejah (the Argob of the Hebrews, and Trachonitis of the Greeks). The ruins of Edr’a are the most extensive in the Hauran. They are 3 miles in circumference. A number of the ancient houses still remain; the walls, roofs, and doors being all of stone. The wild region of which Edrei was the capital is thus described in its modern aspect: “Elevated about 20 feet above the plain, it is a labyrinth of clefts and crevasses in the rock, formed by volcanic action; and owing to its impenetrable condition, it has become a refuge for outlaws and turbulent characters, who make it a sort of Cave of Adullam...It is, in fact, an impregnable natural fortress, about 20 miles in length and 15 in breadth” (Porter’s Syria, etc.). Beneath this wonderful city there is also a subterranean city, hollowed out probably as a refuge for the population of the upper city in times of danger.

Eglaim: Place · approximate position · 31.00°N 35.50°E 1 verse · Show on map Isa 15:8 Two ponds, (Isa 15:8), probably En-eglaim of Ezk 47:10.

Eglon: City · position approximate · 31.50°N 34.77°E 8 verses · Show on map Jos 10:3, Jos 10:5, Jos 10:23, Jos 10:34, Jos 10:36-37, Jos 12:12, Jos 15:39 A city in Judah, near Lachish (Jos 15:39). It was destroyed by Joshua (10:5, 6). It has been identified with Tell Nejileh, 6 miles south of Tell Hesy or Ajlan, north-west of Lachish.

Brook of Egypt: Water · River · position approximate · 31.03°N 33.85°E 8 verses · Show on map Num 34:5, Jos 15:4, Jos 15:47, 1Ki 8:65, 2Ki 24:7, 2Ch 7:8, Isa 27:12, Ezk 47:19 The land of the Nile and the pyramids, the oldest kingdom of which we have any record, holds a place of great significance in Scripture. The Egyptians belonged to the white race, and their original home is still a matter of dispute. Many scholars believe that it was in Southern Arabia, and recent excavations have shown that the valley of the Nile was originally inhabited by a low-class population, perhaps belonging to the Nigritian stock, before the Egyptians of history entered it. The ancient Egyptian language, of which the latest form is Coptic, is distantly connected with the Semitic family of speech. Egypt consists geographically of two halves, the northern being the Delta, and the southern Upper Egypt, between Cairo and the First Cataract. In the Old Testament, Northern or Lower Egypt is called Mazor, “the fortified land” (Isa 19:6; 37: 25, where the A.V. mistranslates “defence” and “besieged places”); while Southern or Upper Egypt is Pathros, the Egyptian Pa-to-Res, or “the land of the south” (Isa 11:11). But the whole country is generally mentioned under the dual name of Mizraim, “the two Mazors.” The civilization of Egypt goes back to a very remote antiquity. The two kingdoms of the north and south were united by Menes, the founder of the first historical dynasty of kings. The first six dynasties constitute what is known as the Old Empire, which had its capital at Memphis, south of Cairo, called in the Old Testament Moph (Hos 9:6) and Noph. The native name was Mennofer, “the good place.” The Pyramids were tombs of the monarchs of the Old Empire, those of Gizeh being erected in the time of the Fourth Dynasty. After the fall of the Old Empire came a period of decline and obscurity. This was followed by the Middle Empire, the most powerful dynasty of which was the Twelfth. The Fayyum was rescued for agriculture by the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty; and two obelisks were erected in front of the temple of the sun-god at On or Heliopolis (near Cairo), one of which is still standing. The capital of the Middle Empire was Thebes, in Upper Egypt. The Middle Empire was overthrown by the invasion of the Hyksos, or shepherd princes from Asia, who ruled over Egypt, more especially in the north, for several centuries, and of whom there were three dynasties of kings. They had their capital at Zoan or Tanis (now San), in the north-eastern part of the Delta. It was in the time of the Hyksos that Abraham, Jacob, and Joseph entered Egypt. The Hyksos were finally expelled about B.C. 1600, by the hereditary princes of Thebes, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty, and carried the war into Asia. Canaan and Syria were subdued, as well as Cyprus, and the boundaries of the Egyptian Empire were fixed at the Euphrates. The Soudan, which had been conquered by the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty, was again annexed to Egypt, and the eldest son of the Pharaoh took the title of “Prince of Cush.” One of the later kings of the dynasty, Amenophis IV., or Khu-n-Aten, endeavoured to supplant the ancient state religion of Egypt by a new faith derived from Asia, which was a sort of pantheistic monotheism, the one supreme god being adored under the image of the solar disk. The attempt led to religious and civil war, and the Pharaoh retreated from Thebes to Central Egypt, where he built a new capital, on the site of the present Tell-el-Amarna. The cuneiform tablets that have been found there represent his foreign correspondence (about B.C. 1400). He surrounded himself with officials and courtiers of Asiatic, and more especially Canaanitish, extraction; but the native party succeeded eventually in overthrowing the government, the capital of Khu-n-Aten was destroyed, and the foreigners were driven out of the country, those that remained being reduced to serfdom. The national triumph was marked by the rise of the Nineteenth Dynasty, in the founder of which, Rameses I., we must see the “new king, who knew not Joseph.” His grandson, Rameses II., reigned sixty-seven years (B.C. 1348-1281), and was an indefatigable builder. As Pithom, excavated by Dr. Naville in 1883, was one of the cities he built, he must have been the Pharaoh of the Oppression. The Pharaoh of the Exodus may have been one of his immediate successors, whose reigns were short. Under them Egypt lost its empire in Asia, and was itself attacked by barbarians from Libya and the north. The Nineteenth Dynasty soon afterwards came to an end; Egypt was distracted by civil war; and for a short time a Canaanite, Arisu, ruled over it. Then came the Twentieth Dynasty, the second Pharaoh of which, Rameses III., restored the power of his country. In one of his campaigns he overran the southern part of Palestine, where the Israelites had not yet settled. They must at the time have been still in the wilderness. But it was during the reign of Rameses III. that Egypt finally lost Gaza and the adjoining cities, which were seized by the Pulista, or Philistines. After Rameses III., Egypt fell into decay. Solomon married the daughter of one of the last kings of the Twenty-first Dynasty, which was overthrown by Shishak I., the general of the Libyan mercenaries, who founded the Twenty-second Dynasty (1Ki 11:40; 1Ki 14:25, 1Ki 14:26). A list of the places he captured in Palestine is engraved on the outside of the south wall of the temple of Karnak. In the time of Hezekiah, Egypt was conquered by Ethiopians from the Soudan, who constituted the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. The third of them was Tirhakah (2Ki 19:9). In B.C. 674 it was conquered by the Assyrians, who divided it into twenty satrapies, and Tirhakah was driven back to his ancestral dominions. Fourteen years later it successfully revolted under Psammetichus I. of Sais, the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. Among his successors were Necho (2Ki 23:29) and Hophra, or Apries (Jer 37:5, Jer 37:7, Jer 37:11). The dynasty came to an end in B.C. 525, when the country was subjugated by Cambyses. Soon afterwards it was organized into a Persian satrapy. The title of Pharaoh, given to the Egyptian kings, is the Egyptian Per-aa, or “Great House,” which may be compared to that of “Sublime Porte.” It is found in very early Egyptian texts. The Egyptian religion was a strange mixture of pantheism and animal worship, the gods being adored in the form of animals. While the educated classes resolved their manifold deities into manifestations of one omnipresent and omnipotent divine power, the lower classes regarded the animals as incarnations of the gods. Under the Old Empire, Ptah, the Creator, the god of Memphis, was at the head of the Pantheon; afterwards Amon, the god of Thebes, took his place. Amon, like most of the other gods, was identified with Ra, the sun-god of Heliopolis. The Egyptians believed in a resurrection and future life, as well as in a state of rewards and punishments dependent on our conduct in this world. The judge of the dead was Osiris, who had been slain by Set, the representative of evil, and afterwards restored to life. His death was avenged by his son Horus, whom the Egyptians invoked as their “Redeemer.” Osiris and Horus, along with Isis, formed a trinity, who were regarded as representing the sun-god under different forms. Even in the time of Abraham, Egypt was a flourishing and settled monarchy. Its oldest capital, within the historic period, was Memphis, the ruins of which may still be seen near the Pyramids and the Sphinx. When the Old Empire of Menes came to an end, the seat of empire was shifted to Thebes, some 300 miles farther up the Nile. A short time after that, the Delta was conquered by the Hyksos, or shepherd kings, who fixed their capital at Zoan, the Greek Tanis, now San, on the Tanic arm of the Nile. All this occurred before the time of the new king “which knew not Joseph” (Exo 1:8). In later times Egypt was conquered by the Persians (B.C. 525), and by the Greeks under Alexander the Great (B.C. 332), after whom the Ptolemies ruled the country for three centuries. Subsequently it was for a time a province of the Roman Empire; and at last, in A.D. 1517, it fell into the hands of the Turks, of whose empire it still forms nominally a part. Abraham and Sarah went to Egypt in the time of the shepherd kings. The exile of Joseph and the migration of Jacob to “the land of Goshen” occurred about 200 years later. On the death of Solomon, Shishak, king of Egypt, invaded Palestine (1Ki 14:25). He left a list of the cities he conquered. A number of remarkable clay tablets, discovered at Tell-el-Amarna in Upper Egypt, are the most important historical records ever found in connection with the Bible. They most fully confirm the historical statements of the Book of Joshua, and prove the antiquity of civilization in Syria and Palestine. As the clay in different parts of Palestine differs, it has been found possible by the clay alone to decide where the tablets come from when the name of the writer is lost. The inscriptions are cuneiform, and in the Aramaic language, resembling Assyrian. The writers are Phoenicians, Amorites, and Philistines, but in no instance Hittites, though Hittites are mentioned. The tablets consist of official dispatches and letters, dating from B.C. 1480, addressed to the two Pharaohs, Amenophis III. and IV., the last of this dynasty, from the kings and governors of Phoenicia and Palestine. There occur the names of three kings killed by Joshua, Adoni-zedec, king of Jerusalem, Japhia, king of Lachish (Jos 10:3), and Jabin, king of Hazor (11:1); also the Hebrews (Abiri) are said to have come from the desert. The principal prophecies of Scripture regarding Egypt are these, Isa. 19; Jer. 43: 8-13; 44:30; 46; Ezek. 29-32; and it might be easily shown that they have all been remarkably fulfilled. For example, the singular disappearance of Noph (i.e., Memphis) is a fulfilment of Jer 46:19, Ezk 30:13.

Egypt: Region · Country · approximate position · 30.11°N 31.34°E 564 verses · Show on map Gen 12:10-12, Gen 12:14, Gen 13:1, Gen 13:10, Gen 15:18, Gen 21:21, Gen 25:18, Gen 26:2, Gen 37:25, Gen 37:28, Gen 37:36, Gen 39:1, Gen 39:5, Gen 40:1, Gen 40:5, Gen 41:8, Gen 41:19, Gen 41:29-30, Gen 41:33-34, Gen 41:36, Gen 41:41, Gen 41:43-46, Gen 41:48, Gen 41:53-57, Gen 42:1-3, Gen 43:2, Gen 43:15, Gen 45:4, Gen 45:8-9, Gen 45:13, Gen 45:18-20, Gen 45:23, Gen 45:25-26, Gen 46:3-4, Gen 46:6-8, Gen 46:20, Gen 46:26-27, Gen 47:6, Gen 47:11, Gen 47:13-15, Gen 47:20-21, Gen 47:26-30, Gen 48:5, Gen 50:7, Gen 50:11, Gen 50:14, Gen 50:22, Gen 50:26, Exo 1:1, Exo 1:5, Exo 1:8, Exo 1:15, Exo 1:17-19, Exo 2:23, Exo 3:7, Exo 3:10-12, Exo 3:16-22, Exo 4:18-21, Exo 5:4, Exo 5:12 … +354 more The land of the Nile and the pyramids, the oldest kingdom of which we have any record, holds a place of great significance in Scripture. The Egyptians belonged to the white race, and their original home is still a matter of dispute. Many scholars believe that it was in Southern Arabia, and recent excavations have shown that the valley of the Nile was originally inhabited by a low-class population, perhaps belonging to the Nigritian stock, before the Egyptians of history entered it. The ancient Egyptian language, of which the latest form is Coptic, is distantly connected with the Semitic family of speech. Egypt consists geographically of two halves, the northern being the Delta, and the southern Upper Egypt, between Cairo and the First Cataract. In the Old Testament, Northern or Lower Egypt is called Mazor, “the fortified land” (Isa 19:6; 37: 25, where the A.V. mistranslates “defence” and “besieged places”); while Southern or Upper Egypt is Pathros, the Egyptian Pa-to-Res, or “the land of the south” (Isa 11:11). But the whole country is generally mentioned under the dual name of Mizraim, “the two Mazors.” The civilization of Egypt goes back to a very remote antiquity. The two kingdoms of the north and south were united by Menes, the founder of the first historical dynasty of kings. The first six dynasties constitute what is known as the Old Empire, which had its capital at Memphis, south of Cairo, called in the Old Testament Moph (Hos 9:6) and Noph. The native name was Mennofer, “the good place.” The Pyramids were tombs of the monarchs of the Old Empire, those of Gizeh being erected in the time of the Fourth Dynasty. After the fall of the Old Empire came a period of decline and obscurity. This was followed by the Middle Empire, the most powerful dynasty of which was the Twelfth. The Fayyum was rescued for agriculture by the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty; and two obelisks were erected in front of the temple of the sun-god at On or Heliopolis (near Cairo), one of which is still standing. The capital of the Middle Empire was Thebes, in Upper Egypt. The Middle Empire was overthrown by the invasion of the Hyksos, or shepherd princes from Asia, who ruled over Egypt, more especially in the north, for several centuries, and of whom there were three dynasties of kings. They had their capital at Zoan or Tanis (now San), in the north-eastern part of the Delta. It was in the time of the Hyksos that Abraham, Jacob, and Joseph entered Egypt. The Hyksos were finally expelled about B.C. 1600, by the hereditary princes of Thebes, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty, and carried the war into Asia. Canaan and Syria were subdued, as well as Cyprus, and the boundaries of the Egyptian Empire were fixed at the Euphrates. The Soudan, which had been conquered by the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty, was again annexed to Egypt, and the eldest son of the Pharaoh took the title of “Prince of Cush.” One of the later kings of the dynasty, Amenophis IV., or Khu-n-Aten, endeavoured to supplant the ancient state religion of Egypt by a new faith derived from Asia, which was a sort of pantheistic monotheism, the one supreme god being adored under the image of the solar disk. The attempt led to religious and civil war, and the Pharaoh retreated from Thebes to Central Egypt, where he built a new capital, on the site of the present Tell-el-Amarna. The cuneiform tablets that have been found there represent his foreign correspondence (about B.C. 1400). He surrounded himself with officials and courtiers of Asiatic, and more especially Canaanitish, extraction; but the native party succeeded eventually in overthrowing the government, the capital of Khu-n-Aten was destroyed, and the foreigners were driven out of the country, those that remained being reduced to serfdom. The national triumph was marked by the rise of the Nineteenth Dynasty, in the founder of which, Rameses I., we must see the “new king, who knew not Joseph.” His grandson, Rameses II., reigned sixty-seven years (B.C. 1348-1281), and was an indefatigable builder. As Pithom, excavated by Dr. Naville in 1883, was one of the cities he built, he must have been the Pharaoh of the Oppression. The Pharaoh of the Exodus may have been one of his immediate successors, whose reigns were short. Under them Egypt lost its empire in Asia, and was itself attacked by barbarians from Libya and the north. The Nineteenth Dynasty soon afterwards came to an end; Egypt was distracted by civil war; and for a short time a Canaanite, Arisu, ruled over it. Then came the Twentieth Dynasty, the second Pharaoh of which, Rameses III., restored the power of his country. In one of his campaigns he overran the southern part of Palestine, where the Israelites had not yet settled. They must at the time have been still in the wilderness. But it was during the reign of Rameses III. that Egypt finally lost Gaza and the adjoining cities, which were seized by the Pulista, or Philistines. After Rameses III., Egypt fell into decay. Solomon married the daughter of one of the last kings of the Twenty-first Dynasty, which was overthrown by Shishak I., the general of the Libyan mercenaries, who founded the Twenty-second Dynasty (1Ki 11:40; 1Ki 14:25, 1Ki 14:26). A list of the places he captured in Palestine is engraved on the outside of the south wall of the temple of Karnak. In the time of Hezekiah, Egypt was conquered by Ethiopians from the Soudan, who constituted the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. The third of them was Tirhakah (2Ki 19:9). In B.C. 674 it was conquered by the Assyrians, who divided it into twenty satrapies, and Tirhakah was driven back to his ancestral dominions. Fourteen years later it successfully revolted under Psammetichus I. of Sais, the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. Among his successors were Necho (2Ki 23:29) and Hophra, or Apries (Jer 37:5, Jer 37:7, Jer 37:11). The dynasty came to an end in B.C. 525, when the country was subjugated by Cambyses. Soon afterwards it was organized into a Persian satrapy. The title of Pharaoh, given to the Egyptian kings, is the Egyptian Per-aa, or “Great House,” which may be compared to that of “Sublime Porte.” It is found in very early Egyptian texts. The Egyptian religion was a strange mixture of pantheism and animal worship, the gods being adored in the form of animals. While the educated classes resolved their manifold deities into manifestations of one omnipresent and omnipotent divine power, the lower classes regarded the animals as incarnations of the gods. Under the Old Empire, Ptah, the Creator, the god of Memphis, was at the head of the Pantheon; afterwards Amon, the god of Thebes, took his place. Amon, like most of the other gods, was identified with Ra, the sun-god of Heliopolis. The Egyptians believed in a resurrection and future life, as well as in a state of rewards and punishments dependent on our conduct in this world. The judge of the dead was Osiris, who had been slain by Set, the representative of evil, and afterwards restored to life. His death was avenged by his son Horus, whom the Egyptians invoked as their “Redeemer.” Osiris and Horus, along with Isis, formed a trinity, who were regarded as representing the sun-god under different forms. Even in the time of Abraham, Egypt was a flourishing and settled monarchy. Its oldest capital, within the historic period, was Memphis, the ruins of which may still be seen near the Pyramids and the Sphinx. When the Old Empire of Menes came to an end, the seat of empire was shifted to Thebes, some 300 miles farther up the Nile. A short time after that, the Delta was conquered by the Hyksos, or shepherd kings, who fixed their capital at Zoan, the Greek Tanis, now San, on the Tanic arm of the Nile. All this occurred before the time of the new king “which knew not Joseph” (Exo 1:8). In later times Egypt was conquered by the Persians (B.C. 525), and by the Greeks under Alexander the Great (B.C. 332), after whom the Ptolemies ruled the country for three centuries. Subsequently it was for a time a province of the Roman Empire; and at last, in A.D. 1517, it fell into the hands of the Turks, of whose empire it still forms nominally a part. Abraham and Sarah went to Egypt in the time of the shepherd kings. The exile of Joseph and the migration of Jacob to “the land of Goshen” occurred about 200 years later. On the death of Solomon, Shishak, king of Egypt, invaded Palestine (1Ki 14:25). He left a list of the cities he conquered. A number of remarkable clay tablets, discovered at Tell-el-Amarna in Upper Egypt, are the most important historical records ever found in connection with the Bible. They most fully confirm the historical statements of the Book of Joshua, and prove the antiquity of civilization in Syria and Palestine. As the clay in different parts of Palestine differs, it has been found possible by the clay alone to decide where the tablets come from when the name of the writer is lost. The inscriptions are cuneiform, and in the Aramaic language, resembling Assyrian. The writers are Phoenicians, Amorites, and Philistines, but in no instance Hittites, though Hittites are mentioned. The tablets consist of official dispatches and letters, dating from B.C. 1480, addressed to the two Pharaohs, Amenophis III. and IV., the last of this dynasty, from the kings and governors of Phoenicia and Palestine. There occur the names of three kings killed by Joshua, Adoni-zedec, king of Jerusalem, Japhia, king of Lachish (Jos 10:3), and Jabin, king of Hazor (11:1); also the Hebrews (Abiri) are said to have come from the desert. The principal prophecies of Scripture regarding Egypt are these, Isa. 19; Jer. 43: 8-13; 44:30; 46; Ezek. 29-32; and it might be easily shown that they have all been remarkably fulfilled. For example, the singular disappearance of Noph (i.e., Memphis) is a fulfilment of Jer 46:19, Ezk 30:13.

Egyptian Sea: Water · approximate position · 27.09°N 34.77°E 1 verse · Show on map Isa 11:15

Egypt's: Place · approximate position · 30.11°N 31.34°E 0 verses · Show on map

Ekron: City · position approximate · 31.78°N 34.85°E 20 verses · Show on map Jos 13:3, Jos 15:11, Jos 15:45-46, Jos 19:43, Jdg 1:18, 1Sa 5:10, 1Sa 6:16-17, 1Sa 7:14, 1Sa 17:52, 2Ki 1:2-3, 2Ki 1:6, 2Ki 1:16, Jer 25:20, Amo 1:8, Zep 2:4, Zec 9:5, Zec 9:7 Firm-rooted, the most northerly of the five towns belonging to the lords of the Philistines, about 11 miles north of Gath. It was assigned to Judah (Jos 13:3), and afterwards to Dan (19:43), but came again into the full possession of the Philistines (1Sa 5:10). It was the last place to which the Philistines carried the ark before they sent it back to Israel (1Sa 5:10; 1Sa 6:1). There was here a noted sanctuary of Baal-zebub (2 Kings 1: 2, 3, 6, 16). Now the small village Akir. It is mentioned on monuments in B.C. 702, when Sennacherib set free its king, imprisoned by Hezekiah in Jerusalem, according to the Assyrian record.

El-bethel: Place · approximate position · 31.93°N 35.22°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 35:7 God of Bethel, the name of the place where Jacob had the vision of the ladder, and where he erected an altar (Gen 31:13; Gen 35:7).

El-paran: Place · approximate position · 29.15°N 33.54°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 14:6

Elam: Region · Country · approximate position · 32.19°N 48.26°E 14 verses · Show on map Gen 14:1, Gen 14:9, Isa 11:11, Isa 21:2, Isa 22:6, Jer 25:25, Jer 49:34-39, Ezk 32:24, Dan 8:2 Highland, the son of Shem (Gen 10:22), and the name of the country inhabited by his descendants (14:1, 9; Isa 11:11; Isa 21:2, etc.) lying to the east of Babylonia, and extending to the shore of the Mediterranean, a distance in a direct line of about 1,000 miles. The name Elam is an Assyrian word meaning “high.” “The inhabitants of Elam, or ‘the Highlands,’ to the east of Babylon, were called Elamites. They were divided into several branches, speaking different dialects of the same agglutinative language. The race to which they belonged was brachycephalic, or short-headed, like the pre-Semitic Sumerians of Babylonia. “The earliest Elamite kingdom seems to have been that of Anzan, the exact site of which is uncertain; but in the time of Abraham, Shushan or Susa appears to have already become the capital of the country. Babylonia was frequently invaded by the Elamite kings, who at times asserted their supremacy over it (as in the case of Chedorlaomer, the Kudur-Lagamar, or ‘servant of the goddess Lagamar,’ of the cuneiform texts). “The later Assyrian monarchs made several campaigns against Elam, and finally Assur-bani-pal (about B.C. 650) succeeded in conquering the country, which was ravaged with fire and sword. On the fall of the Assyrian Empire, Elam passed into the hands of the Persians” (A.H. Sayce). This country was called by the Greeks Cissia or Susiana.

Elath: City · position approximate · 29.53°N 35.01°E 3 verses · Show on map Deu 2:8, 2Ki 14:22, 2Ki 16:6 Grove; trees, (Deu 2:8), also in plural form Eloth (1Ki 9:26, etc.); called by the Greeks and Romans Elana; a city of Idumea, on the east, i.e., the Elanitic, gulf, or the Gulf of Akabah, of the Red Sea. It is first mentioned in Deu 2:8. It is also mentioned along with Ezion-geber in 1Ki 9:26. It was within the limits of Solomon’s dominion, but afterwards revolted. It was, however, recovered and held for a time under king Uzziah (2Ki 14:22). Now the ruin Aila.

Elealeh: Place · position approximate · 31.81°N 35.82°E 5 verses · Show on map Num 32:3, Num 32:37, Isa 15:4, Isa 16:9, Jer 48:34 God has ascended, a place in the pastoral country east of Jordan, in the tribe of Reuben (Num 32:3, Num 32:37). It is not again mentioned till the time of Isaiah (15:4; 16:9) and Jeremiah (48:34). It is now an extensive ruin called el-A’al, about one mile north-east of Heshbon.

Elim: Place · position approximate · 29.31°N 32.98°E 4 verses · Show on map Exo 15:27, Exo 16:1, Num 33:9-10 Trees, (Exo 15:27; Num 33:9), the name of the second station where the Israelites encamped after crossing the Red Sea. It had “twelve wells of water and threescore and ten palm trees.” It has been identified with the Wady Ghurundel, the most noted of the four wadies which descend from the range of et-Tih towards the sea. Here they probably remained some considerable time. The form of expression in Exo 16:1 seems to imply that the people proceeded in detachments or companies from Elim, and only for the first time were assembled as a complete host when they reached the wilderness of Sin (q.v.).

Elishah: Place · position approximate · 35.02°N 33.21°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezk 27:7 The oldest of the four sons of Javan (Gen 10:4), whose descendants peopled Greece. It has been supposed that Elishah’s descendants peopled the Peloponnesus, which was known by the name of Elis. This may be meant by “the isles of Elishah” (Ezk 27:7).

Ellasar: Region · approximate position · 37.06°N 41.00°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 14:1, Gen 14:9 The oak or heap of Assyria, a territory in Asia of which Arioch was king (Gen 14:1, Gen 14:9). It is supposed that the old Chaldean town of Larsa was the metropolis of this kingdom, situated nearly half-way between Ur (now Mugheir) and Erech, on the left bank of the Euphrates. This town is represented by the mounds of Senkereh, a little to the east of Erech.

Elon: Place · position approximate · 31.97°N 35.12°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:43

Elonbeth-hanan: Place · position approximate · 31.85°N 35.11°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ki 4:9

Eloth: Place · position approximate · 29.53°N 35.01°E 3 verses · Show on map 1Ki 9:26, 2Ch 8:17, 2Ch 26:2

Elteke: City · position approximate · 31.87°N 35.07°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 21:23 God is its fear, a city in the tribe of Dan. It was a city of refuge and a Levitical city (Jos 21:23). It has been identified with Beit-Likia, north-east of latrum.

Eltekeh: City · position approximate · 31.87°N 35.07°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:44 God is its fear, a city in the tribe of Dan. It was a city of refuge and a Levitical city (Jos 21:23). It has been identified with Beit-Likia, north-east of latrum.

Eltekon: Place · position approximate · 31.66°N 35.00°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:59

Eltolad: Place · approximate position · 32.05°N 35.73°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:30, Jos 19:4

Emek-keziz: City · approximate position · 31.84°N 35.51°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 18:21 Abrupt; cut off, a city of the tribe of Benjamin (Jos 18:21).

Emmaus: City · position approximate · 31.84°N 34.99°E 1 verse · Show on map Luk 24:13 Hot baths, a village “three-score furlongs” from jerusalem, where our Lord had an interview with two of his disciples on the day of his resurrection (Luk 24:13). This has been identified with the modern el-Kubeibeh, lying over 7 miles north-west of Jerusalem. This name, el-Kubeibeh, meaning “little dome,” is derived from the remains of the Crusaders’ church yet to be found there. Others have identified it with the modern Khurbet Khamasa i.e., “the ruins of Khamasa”, about 8 miles south-west of Jerusalem, where there are ruins also of a Crusaders’ church. Its site, however has been much disputed.

En-dor: Place · position approximate · 32.63°N 35.39°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 17:11, 1Sa 28:7, Psa 83:10 Fountain of Dor; i.e., “of the age”, a place in the territory of Issachar (Jos 17:11) near the scene of the great victory which was gained by Deborah and Barak over Sisera and Jabin (comp. Psa 83:9-10). To Endor, Saul resorted to consult one reputed to be a witch on the eve of his last engagement with the Philistines (1Sa 28:7). It is identified with the modern village of Endur, “a dirty hamlet of some twenty houses, or rather huts, most of them falling to ruin,” on the northern slope of Little Hermon, about 7 miles from Jezreel.

En-gannim: City · position approximate · 31.75°N 34.95°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:34 A town in the plains of Judah (Jos 15:34), north-west of Jerusalem, between Zanoah and Tappuah. It is the modern Umm Jina.

En-gannim: City · position approximate · 32.46°N 35.30°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 19:21, Jos 21:29 A city on the border of Machar (Jos 19:21), allotted to the Gershonite Levites (21:29). It is identified with the modern Jenin, a large and prosperous town of about 4,000 inhabitants, situated 15 miles south of Mount Tabor, through which the road from Jezreel to Samaria and Jerusalem passes. When Ahaziah, king of Judah, attempted to escape from Jehu, he “fled by the way of the garden house” i.e., by way of En-gannim. Here he was overtaken by Jehu and wounded in his chariot, and turned aside and fled to Megiddo, a distance of about 20 miles, to die there.

En-haddah: Place · position approximate · 32.48°N 35.25°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:21

En-hakkore: Landmark · Spring · approximate position · 31.75°N 34.98°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 15:19 Fountain of the crier, the name of the spring in Lehi which burst forth in answer to Samson’s prayer when he was exhausted with the slaughter of the Philistines (Jdg 15:19). It has been identified with the spring ‘Ayun Kara, near Zoreah.

En-hazor: Place · position approximate · 33.10°N 35.35°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:37

En-mishpat: Place · position approximate · 30.69°N 34.49°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 14:7

En-rimmon: Place · position approximate · 31.37°N 34.86°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 11:29

En-rogel: Landmark · Spring · position approximate · 31.77°N 35.23°E 4 verses · Show on map Jos 15:7, Jos 18:16, 2Sa 17:17, 1Ki 1:9 Fountain of the treaders; i.e., “foot-fountain;” also called the “fullers’ fountain,” because fullers here trod the clothes in water. It has been identified with the “fountain of the virgin” (q.v.), the modern ‘Ain Ummel-Daraj. Others identify it, with perhaps some probability, with the Bir Eyub, to the south of the Pool of Siloam, and below the junction of the valleys of Kidron and Hinnom. It was at this fountain that Jonathan and Ahimaaz lay hid after the flight of David (2Sa 17:17); and here also Adonijah held the feast when he aspired to the throne of his father (1Ki 1:9). The Bir Eyub, or “Joab’s well,” “is a singular work of ancient enterprise. The shaft sunk through the solid rock in the bed of the Kidron is 125 feet deep...The water is pure and entirely sweet, quite different from that of Siloam; which proves that there is no connection between them.” Thomson’s Land and the Book.

En-shemesh: Landmark · Spring · position approximate · 31.77°N 35.27°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:7, Jos 18:17 Fountain of the sun a spring which formed one of the landmarks on the boundary between Judah and Benjamin (Jos 15:7; Jos 18:17). It was between the “ascent of Adummim” and the spring of En-rogel, and hence was on the east of Jerusalem and of the Mount of Olives. It is the modern ‘Ain-Haud i.e., the “well of the apostles” about a mile east of Bethany, the only spring on the road to Jericho. The sun shines on it the whole day long.

En-tappuah: Landmark · Spring · position approximate · 32.12°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 17:7 En-tappuah, the well of the apple, probably one of the springs near Yassuf (Jos 17:7).

Enaim: City · approximate position · 31.78°N 34.91°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 38:14, Gen 38:21 Gen 38:14, Gen 38:21, mar. Enaim; the same probably as Enam (Jos 15:34), a city in the lowland or Shephelah.

Enam: Place · approximate position · 32.15°N 35.13°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:34

Eneglaim: Place · approximate position · 31.00°N 35.50°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezk 47:10

Engedi: City · position approximate · 31.46°N 35.39°E 6 verses · Show on map Jos 15:62, 1Sa 23:29, 1Sa 24:1, 2Ch 20:2, Sos 1:14, Ezk 47:10 Fountain of the kid, place in the wilderness of Judah (Jos 15:62), on the western shore of the Dead Sea (Ezk 47:10), and nearly equidistant from both extremities. To the wilderness near this town David fled for fear of Saul (Jos 15:62; 1Sa 23:29). It was at first called Hazezon-tamar (Gen 14:7), a city of the Amorites. The vineyards of Engedi were celebrated in Solomon’s time (Sos 1:4). It is the modern ‘Ain Jidy. The “fountain” from which it derives its name rises on the mountain side about 600 feet above the sea, and in its rapid descent spreads luxuriance all around it. Along its banks the osher grows abundantly. That shrub is thus described by Porter: “The stem is stout, measuring sometimes nearly a foot in diameter, and the plant grows to the height of 15 feet or more. It has a grayish bark and long oval leaves, which when broken off discharge a milky fluid. The fruit resembles an apple, and hangs in clusters of two or three. When ripe it is of a rich yellow colour, but on being pressed it explodes like a puff-ball. It is chiefly filled with air...This is the so-called ‘apple of Sodom.’” Through Samaria, etc.

Ephah: Place · approximate position · 28.93°N 34.91°E 1 verse · Show on map Isa 60:6

Ephes-dammim: Place · position approximate · 31.69°N 34.94°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Sa 17:1 Boundary of blood, a place in the tribe of Judah where the Philistines encamped when David fought with Goliath (1Sa 17:1). It was probably so called as having been the scene of frequent sanguinary conflicts between Israel and the Philistines. It is called Pas-dammim (1Ch 11:13). It has been identified with the modern Beit Fased, i.e., “house of bleeding”, near Shochoh (q.v.).

Ephesus: City · position approximate · 37.95°N 27.37°E 17 verses · Show on map Act 18:19, Act 18:21, Act 18:24, Act 19:1, Act 19:17, Act 19:26, Act 19:35, Act 20:16-17, 1Co 15:32, 1Co 16:8, Eph 1:1, 1Ti 1:3, 2Ti 1:18, 2Ti 4:12, Rev 1:11, Rev 2:1 The capital of proconsular Asia, which was the western part of Asia Minor. It was colonized principally from Athens. In the time of the Romans it bore the title of “the first and greatest metropolis of Asia.” It was distinguished for the Temple of Diana (q.v.), who there had her chief shrine; and for its theatre, which was the largest in the world, capable of containing 50,000 spectators. It was, like all ancient theatres, open to the sky. Here were exhibited the fights of wild beasts and of men with beasts. (Comp. 1Co 4:9; 1Co 9:24, 1Co 9:25; 1Co 15:32.) Many Jews took up their residence in this city, and here the seeds of the gospel were sown immediately after Pentecost (Act 2:9; Act 6:9). At the close of his second missionary journey (about A.D. 51), when Paul was returning from Greece to Syria (18:18-21), he first visited this city. He remained, however, for only a short time, as he was hastening to keep the feast, probably of Pentecost, at Jerusalem; but he left Aquila and Priscilla behind him to carry on the work of spreading the gospel. During his third missionary journey Paul reached Ephesus from the “upper coasts” (Act 19:1), i.e., from the inland parts of Asia Minor, and tarried here for about three years; and so successful and abundant were his labours that “all they which dwelt in Asia heard the word of the Lord Jesus, both Jews and Greeks” (19:10). Probably during this period the seven churches of the Apocalypse were founded, not by Paul’s personal labours, but by missionaries whom he may have sent out from Ephesus, and by the influence of converts returning to their homes. On his return from his journey, Paul touched at Miletus, some 30 miles south of Ephesus (Act 20:15), and sending for the presbyters of Ephesus to meet him there, he delivered to them that touching farewell charge which is recorded in Act 20:18. Ephesus is not again mentioned till near the close of Paul’s life, when he writes to Timothy exhorting him to “abide still at Ephesus” (1Ti 1:3). Two of Paul’s companions, Trophimus and Tychicus, were probably natives of Ephesus (Act 20:4; Act 21:29; 2Ti 4:12). In his second epistle to Timothy, Paul speaks of Onesiphorus as having served him in many things at Ephesus (2Ti 1:18). He also “sent Tychicus to Ephesus” (4:12), probably to attend to the interests of the church there. Ephesus is twice mentioned in the Apocalypse (1:11; 2:1). The apostle John, according to tradition, spent many years in Ephesus, where he died and was buried. A part of the site of this once famous city is now occupied by a small Turkish village, Ayasaluk, which is regarded as a corruption of the two Greek words, hagios theologos; i.e., “the holy divine.”

Ephraim: Place · position approximate · 31.95°N 35.30°E 1 verse · Show on map Jhn 11:54

Ephrath: Place · position approximate · 31.71°N 35.21°E 3 verses · Show on map Gen 35:16, Gen 35:19, Gen 48:7

Ephrathah: Place · position approximate · 31.71°N 35.21°E 2 verses · Show on map Rut 4:11, Psa 132:6 The ancient name of Bethlehem in Judah (Gen 35:16, Gen 35:19; 48:7). In Rut 1:2 it is called “Bethlehem-Judah,” but the inhabitants are called “Ephrathites;” in Mic 5:2, “Bethlehem-Ephratah;” in Mat 2:6, “Bethlehem in the land of Judah.” In Psa 132:6 it is mentioned as the place where David spent his youth, and where he heard much of the ark, although he never saw it till he found it long afterwards at Kirjath-jearim; i.e., the “city of the wood,” or the “forest-town” (1Sa 7:1; comp. 2Sa 6:3, 2Sa 6:4).

Ephron: Place · approximate position · 31.68°N 35.04°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 18:15

Ephron: Place · position approximate · 31.95°N 35.30°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 13:19

Erech: City · position approximate · 32.32°N 45.64°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 10:10, Ezr 4:9 (LXX., “Orech”), length, or Moon-town, one of the cities of Nimrod’s kingdom in the plain of Shinar (Gen 10:10); the Orchoe of the Greeks and Romans. It was probably the city of the Archevites, who were transplanted to Samaria by Asnapper (Ezr 4:9). It lay on the left bank of the Euphrates, about 120 miles south-east of Babylon, and is now represented by the mounds and ruins of Warka. It appears to have been the necropolis of the Assyrian kings, as the whole region is strewed with bricks and the remains of coffins. “Standing on the summit of the principal edifice, called the Buwarizza, a tower 200 feet square in the centre of the ruins, the beholder is struck with astonishment at the enormous accumulation of mounds and ancient relics at his feet. An irregular circle, nearly 6 miles in circumference, is defined by the traces of an earthen rampart, in some places 40 feet high.”

Esau: Place · approximate position · 30.73°N 35.61°E 3 verses · Show on map Gen 36:40, Jer 49:10, Oba 1:18 Hairy, Rebekah’s first-born twin son (Gen 25:25). The name of Edom, “red”, was also given to him from his conduct in connection with the red lentil “pottage” for which he sold his birthright (30, 31). The circumstances connected with his birth foreshadowed the enmity which afterwards subsisted between the twin brothers and the nations they founded (25:22, 23, 26). In process of time Jacob, following his natural bent, became a shepherd; while Esau, a “son of the desert,” devoted himself to the perilous and toilsome life of a huntsman. On a certain occasion, on returning from the chase, urged by the cravings of hunger, Esau sold his birthright to his brother, Jacob, who thereby obtained the covenant blessing (Gen 27:28-29, Gen 27:36; Heb 12:16-17). He afterwards tried to regain what he had so recklessly parted with, but was defeated in his attempts through the stealth of his brother (Gen 27:4, Gen 27:34, Gen 27:38). At the age of forty years, to the great grief of his parents, he married (Gen 26:34-35) two Canaanitish maidens, Judith, the daughter of Beeri, and Bashemath, the daughter of Elon. When Jacob was sent away to Padan-aram, Esau tried to conciliate his parents (Gen 28:8-9) by marrying his cousin Mahalath, the daughter of Ishmael. This led him to cast in his lot with the Ishmaelite tribes; and driving the Horites out of Mount Seir, he settled in that region. After some thirty years’ sojourn in Padan-aram Jacob returned to Canaan, and was reconciled to Esau, who went forth to meet him (33:4). Twenty years after this, Isaac their father died, when the two brothers met, probably for the last time, beside his grave (35:29). Esau now permanently left Canaan, and established himself as a powerful and wealthy chief in the land of Edom (q.v.). Long after this, when the descendants of Jacob came out of Egypt, the Edomites remembered the old quarrel between the brothers, and with fierce hatred they warred against Israel.

Esek: Landmark · Well · approximate position · 31.39°N 34.56°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 26:20 Quarrel, a well which Isaac’s herdsmen dug in the valley of Gerar, and so called because the herdsmen of Gerar quarrelled with them for its possession (Gen 26:20).

Eshan: Place · position approximate · 31.42°N 35.03°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:52 A place in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:52), supposed to be the ruin es-Simia, near Dumah, south of Hebron.

Eshtaol: City · position approximate · 31.78°N 35.01°E 7 verses · Show on map Jos 15:33, Jos 19:41, Jdg 13:25, Jdg 16:31, Jdg 18:2, Jdg 18:8, Jdg 18:11 Narrow pass or recess, a town (Jos 15:33) in the low country, the She-phelah of Judah. It was allotted to the tribe of Dan (Jos 19:41), and was one of their strongholds. Here Samson spent his boyhood, and first began to show his mighty strength; and here he was buried in the burying-place of Manoah his father (Jdg 13:25; Jdg 16:31; Jdg 18:2, Jdg 18:8, Jdg 18:11-12). It is identified with the modern Yeshua, on a hill 2 miles east of Zorah. Others, however, identify it with Kustul, east of Kirjath-jearim.

Eshtemoa: City · position approximate · 31.37°N 35.07°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 21:14, 1Sa 30:28, 1Ch 6:57 Obedience, a town in the mountains of Judah (Jos 21:14; 1Ch 6:57), which was allotted, with the land round it, to the priests. It was frequented by David and his followers during their wanderings; and he sent presents of the spoil of the Amalekites to his friends there (1Sa 30:28). It is identified with es-Semu’a, a village about 3 1/2 miles east of Socoh, and 7 or 8 miles south of Hebron, around which there are ancient remains of the ruined city. It is the centre of the “south country” or Negeb. It is also called “Eshtemoh” (Jos 15:50).

Eshtemoh: Place · position approximate · 31.37°N 35.07°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:50

Etam: City · position approximate · 31.74°N 35.05°E 2 verses · Show on map Jdg 15:8, Jdg 15:11 A village of the tribe of Simeon (1Ch 4:32). Into some cleft (“top,” A.V.,; R.V., “cleft”) of a rock here Samson retired after his slaughter of the Philistines (Jdg 15:8, Jdg 15:11). It was a natural stronghold. It has been identified with Beit ’Atab, west of Bethlehem, near Zorah and Eshtaol. On the crest of a rocky knoll, under the village, is a long tunnel, which may be the “cleft” in which Samson hid.

Etam: City · approximate position · 31.37°N 34.86°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 4:32 A village of the tribe of Simeon (1Ch 4:32). Into some cleft (“top,” A.V.,; R.V., “cleft”) of a rock here Samson retired after his slaughter of the Philistines (Jdg 15:8, Jdg 15:11). It was a natural stronghold. It has been identified with Beit ’Atab, west of Bethlehem, near Zorah and Eshtaol. On the crest of a rocky knoll, under the village, is a long tunnel, which may be the “cleft” in which Samson hid.

Etam: City · position approximate · 31.69°N 35.17°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 11:6 A city of Judah, fortified by Rehoboam (2Ch 11:6). It was near Bethlehem and Tekoah, and some distance apparently to the north of (1). It seems to have been in the district called Nephtoah (or Netophah), where were the sources of the water from which Solomon’s gardens and pleasure-grounds and pools, as well as Bethlehem and the temple, were supplied. It is now ‘Ain ’Atan, at the head of the Wady Urtas, a fountain sending forth a copious supply of pure water.

Eth-kazin: Place · approximate position · 32.78°N 35.32°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:13

Etham: Place · position approximate · 30.47°N 32.28°E 4 verses · Show on map Exo 13:20, Num 33:6-8 Perhaps another name for Khetam, or “fortress,” on the Shur or great wall of Egypt, which extended from the Mediterranean to the Gulf of Suez. Here the Israelites made their third encampment (Exo 13:20; Num 33:6). The camp was probably a little to the west of the modern town of Ismailia. Here the Israelites were commanded to change their route (Exo 14:2), and “turn” towards the south, and encamp before Pi-hahiroth.

Ether: Place · approximate position · 31.81°N 34.94°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:42, Jos 19:7

Ethiopia: Region · Country · approximate position · 21.96°N 31.34°E 4 verses · Show on map Est 1:1, Est 8:9, Job 28:19, Gen 2:13 Country of burnt faces; the Greek word by which the Hebrew Cush is rendered (Gen 2:13; 2Ki 19:9; Est 1:1; Job 28:19; Psa 68:31; Psa 87:4), a country which lay to the south of Egypt, beginning at Syene on the First Cataract (Ezk 29:10; Ezk 30:6), and extending to beyond the confluence of the White and Blue Nile. It corresponds generally with what is now known as the Soudan (i.e., the land of the blacks). This country was known to the Hebrews, and is described in Isa 18:1; Zep 3:10. They carried on some commercial intercourse with it (Isa 45:14). Its inhabitants were descendants of Ham (Gen 10:6; Jer 13:23; Isa 18:2, “scattered and peeled,” A.V.; but in R.V., “tall and smooth”). Herodotus, the Greek historian, describes them as “the tallest and handsomest of men.” They are frequently represented on Egyptian monuments, and they are all of the type of the true negro. As might be expected, the history of this country is interwoven with that of Egypt. Ethiopia is spoken of in prophecy (Psa 68:31; Psa 87:4; Isa 45:14; Ezk 30:4; Dan 11:43; Nam 3:8; Hab 3:7; Zep 2:12).

Euphrates: Water · River · position approximate · 35.09°N 40.43°E 32 verses · Show on map Gen 15:18, Gen 31:21, Gen 36:37, Exo 23:31, Deu 1:7, Deu 11:24, Jos 1:4, 2Sa 8:3, 2Sa 10:16, 1Ki 4:21, 1Ki 4:24, 1Ki 14:15, 2Ki 23:29, 2Ki 24:7, 1Ch 1:48, 1Ch 5:9, 1Ch 18:3, 1Ch 19:16, 2Ch 9:26, 2Ch 35:20, Isa 27:12, Jer 13:4-7, Jer 46:2, Jer 46:6, Jer 46:10, Jer 51:63, Rev 9:14, Rev 16:12, Gen 2:14 Hebrew, Perath; Assyrian, Purat; Persian cuneiform, Ufratush, whence Greek Euphrates, meaning “sweet water.” The Assyrian name means “the stream,” or “the great stream.” It is generally called in the Bible simply “the river” (Exo 23:31), or “the great river” (Deu 1:7). The Euphrates is first mentioned in Gen 2:14 as one of the rivers of Paradise. It is next mentioned in connection with the covenant which God entered into with Abraham (15:18), when he promised to his descendants the land from the river of Egypt to the river Euphrates (comp. Deu 11:24; Jos 1:4), a covenant promise afterwards fulfilled in the extended conquests of David (2Sa 8:2; 1Ch 18:3; 1Ki 4:24). It was then the boundary of the kingdom to the north-east. In the ancient history of Assyria, and Babylon, and Egypt many events are recorded in which mention is made of the “great river.” Just as the Nile represented in prophecy the power of Egypt, so the Euphrates represented the Assyrian power (Isa 8:7; Jer 2:18). It is by far the largest and most important of all the rivers of Western Asia. From its source in the Armenian mountains to the Persian Gulf, into which it empties itself, it has a course of about 1,700 miles. It has two sources, (1) the Frat or Kara-su (i.e., “the black river”), which rises 25 miles north-east of Erzeroum; and (2) the Muradchai (i.e., “the river of desire”), which rises near Ararat, on the northern slope of Ala-tagh. At Kebban Maden, 400 miles from the source of the former, and 270 from that of the latter, they meet and form the majestic stream, which is at length joined by the Tigris at Koornah, after which it is called Shat-el-Arab, which runs in a deep and broad stream for above 140 miles to the sea. It is estimated that the alluvium brought down by these rivers encroaches on the sea at the rate of about one mile in thirty years.

Ezem: Place · approximate position · 32.05°N 35.73°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 15:29, Jos 19:3, 1Ch 4:29

Ezion-geber: City · position approximate · 29.76°N 35.03°E 7 verses · Show on map Num 33:35-36, Deu 2:8, 1Ki 9:26, 1Ki 22:48, 2Ch 8:17, 2Ch 20:36 The giant’s backbone (so called from the head of a mountain which runs out into the sea), an ancient city and harbour at the north-east end of the Elanitic branch of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Akabah, near Elath or Eloth (Num 33:35; Deu 2:8). Here Solomon built ships, “Tarshish ships,” like those trading from Tyre to Tarshish and the west, which traded with Ophir (1Ki 9:26; 2Ch 8:17); and here also Jehoshaphat’s fleet was shipwrecked (1Ki 22:48; 2Ch 20:36). It became a populous town, many of the Jews settling in it (2Ki 16:6, “Elath”). It is supposed that anciently the north end of the gulf flowed further into the country than now, as far as ‘Ain el-Ghudyan, which is 10 miles up the dry bed of the Arabah, and that Ezion-geber may have been there.

Fair Havens: City · position approximate · 34.92°N 24.73°E 1 verse · Show on map Act 27:8 A harbour in the south of Crete, some 5 miles to the east of which was the town of Lasea (Act 27:8). Here the ship of Alexandria in which Paul and his companions sailed was detained a considerable time waiting for a favourable wind. Contrary to Paul’s advice, the master of the ship determined to prosecute the voyage, as the harbour was deemed incommodious for wintering in (9-12). The result was that, after a stormy voyage, the vessel was finally wrecked on the coast of Malta (27:40-44).

Field: Landmark · approximate position · 31.77°N 35.23°E 3 verses · Show on map 2Ki 18:17, Isa 7:3, Isa 36:2 A spot near Jerusalem (2Ki 18:17; Isa 36:2; Isa 7:3), on the side of the highway west of the city, not far distant from the “upper pool” at the head of the valley of Hinnom. Here the fullers pursued their occupation.

Fish Gate: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 3 verses · Show on map 2Ch 33:14, Neh 3:3, Zep 1:10 Of cities, as of Jerusalem (Jer 37:13; Neh 1:3; Neh 2:3; Neh 3:3), of Sodom (Gen 19:1), of Gaza (Jdg 16:3).

Forest: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Isa 22:8

Gaash: Place · approximate position · 32.12°N 35.15°E 4 verses · Show on map Jos 24:30, Jdg 2:9, 2Sa 23:30, 1Ch 11:32 A shaking, a hill, on the north side of which Joshua was buried (Jos 24:30; Jdg 2:9), in the territory of Ephraim.

Gabbatha: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Jhn 19:13 Gab Baitha, i.e., “the ridge of the house” = “the temple-mound,” on a part of which the fortress of Antonia was built. This “temple-mound” was covered with a tesselated “pavement” (Gr. lithostroton, i.e., “stone-paved”). A judgement-seat (bema) was placed on this “pavement” outside the hall of the “praetorium” (q.v.), the judgment-hall (Jhn 18:28; Jhn 19:13).

Galatia: Region · approximate position · 37.58°N 32.45°E 6 verses · Show on map Act 16:6, Act 18:23, 1Co 16:1, Gal 1:2, 2Ti 4:10, 1Pe 1:1 Has been called the “Gallia” of the East, Roman writers calling its inhabitants Galli. They were an intermixture of Gauls and Greeks, and hence were called Gallo-Graeci, and the country Gallo-Graecia. The Galatians were in their origin a part of that great Celtic migration which invaded Macedonia about B.C. 280. They were invited by the king of Bithynia to cross over into Asia Minor to assist him in his wars. There they ultimately settled, and being strengthened by fresh accessions of the same clan from Europe, they overran Bithynia, and supported themselves by plundering neighbouring countries. They were great warriors, and hired themselves out as mercenary soldiers, sometimes fighting on both sides in the great battles of the times. They were at length brought under the power of Rome in B.C. 189, and Galatia became a Roman province B.C. 25. This province of Galatia, within the limits of which these Celtic tribes were confined, was the central region of Asia Minor. During his second missionary journey Paul, accompanied by Silas and Timothy (Act 16:6), visited the “region of Galatia,” where he was detained by sickness (Gal 4:13), and had thus the longer opportunity of preaching to them the gospel. On his third journey he went over “all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order” (Act 18:23). Crescens was sent thither by Paul toward the close of his life (2Ti 4:10).

Galeed: Place · position approximate · 32.57°N 36.01°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 31:47-48 Heap of witness, the name of the pile of stones erected by Jacob and Laban to mark the league of friendship into which they entered with each other (Gen 31:47-48). This was the name given to the “heap” by Jacob. It is Hebrew, while the name Jegar-sahadutha, given to it by Laban, is Aramaic (Chaldee or Syriac). Probably Nahor’s family originally spoke Aramaic, and Abraham and his descendants learned Hebrew, a kindred dialect, in the land of Canaan.

Galilee: Region · approximate position · 32.71°N 35.30°E 63 verses · Show on map Jos 12:23, Jos 20:7, Jos 21:32, 1Ki 9:11, 2Ki 15:29, 1Ch 6:76, Isa 9:1, Mat 2:22, Mat 3:13, Mat 4:12, Mat 4:15, Mat 4:23, Mat 4:25, Mat 17:22, Mat 19:1, Mat 21:11, Mat 26:32, Mat 27:55, Mat 28:7, Mat 28:10, Mat 28:16, Mrk 1:9, Mrk 1:14, Mrk 1:28, Mrk 1:39, Mrk 3:7, Mrk 6:21, Mrk 9:30, Mrk 14:28, Mrk 15:41, Mrk 16:7, Luk 1:26, Luk 2:4, Luk 2:39, Luk 3:1, Luk 4:14, Luk 4:31, Luk 5:17, Luk 8:26, Luk 17:11, Luk 23:5, Luk 23:49, Luk 23:55, Luk 24:6, Jhn 1:43, Jhn 2:1, Jhn 2:11, Jhn 4:3, Jhn 4:43, Jhn 4:45-47, Jhn 4:54, Jhn 7:1, Jhn 7:9, Jhn 7:41, Jhn 7:52, Jhn 12:21, Jhn 21:2, Act 1:11, Act 9:31, Act 10:37 … +1 more Circuit. Solomon rewarded Hiram for certain services rendered him by the gift of an upland plain among the mountains of Naphtali. Hiram was dissatisfied with the gift, and called it “the land of Cabul” (q.v.). The Jews called it Galil. It continued long to be occupied by the original inhabitants, and hence came to be called “Galilee of the Gentiles” (Mat 4:15), and also “Upper Galilee,” to distinguish it from the extensive addition afterwards made to it toward the south, which was usually called “Lower Galilee.” In the time of our Lord, Galilee embraced more than one-third of Western Palestine, extending “from Dan on the north, at the base of Mount Hermon, to the ridges of Carmel and Gilboa on the south, and from the Jordan valley on the east away across the splendid plains of Jezreel and Acre to the shores of the Mediterranean on the west.” Palestine was divided into three provinces, Judea, Samaria, and Galilee, which comprehended the whole northern section of the country (Act 9:31), and was the largest of the three. It was the scene of some of the most memorable events of Jewish history. Galilee also was the home of our Lord during at least thirty years of his life. The first three Gospels are chiefly taken up with our Lord’s public ministry in this province. “The entire province is encircled with a halo of holy associations connected with the life, works, and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.” “It is noteworthy that of his thirty-two beautiful parables, no less than ninteen were spoken in Galilee. And it is no less remarkable that of his entire thirty-three great miracles, twenty-five were wrought in this province. His first miracle was wrought at the wedding in Cana of Galilee, and his last, after his resurrection, on the shore of Galilee’s sea. In Galilee our Lord delivered the Sermon on The Mount, and the discourses on ‘The Bread of Life,’ on ‘Purity,’ on ’Forgiveness,’ and on ‘Humility.’ In Galilee he called his first disciples; and there occurred the sublime scene of the Transfiguration” (Porter’s Through Samaria). When the Sanhedrin were about to proceed with some plan for the condemnation of our Lord (Jhn 7:45), Nicodemus interposed in his behalf. (Comp. Deu 1:16-17; 17:8.) They replied, “Art thou also of Galilee?... Out of Galilee ariseth no prophet.” This saying of theirs was “not historically true, for two prophets at least had arisen from Galilee, Jonah of Gath-hepher, and the greatest of all the prophets, Elijah of Thisbe, and perhaps also Nahum and Hosea. Their contempt for Galilee made them lose sight of historical accuracy” (Alford, Com.). The Galilean accent differed from that of Jerusalem in being broader and more guttural (Mrk 14:70).

Gallim: Place · position approximate · 31.82°N 35.25°E 2 verses · Show on map 1Sa 25:44, Isa 10:30 Heaps, (1Sa 25:44; Isa 10:30). The native place of Phalti, to whom Michal was given by Saul. It was probably in Benjamin, to the north of Jerusalem.

Gamad: Place · approximate position · 34.86°N 35.86°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezk 27:11 (Ezk 27:11) brave warriors; R.V. marg., “valorous men;” others interpret this word as meaning “short-swordsmen,” or “daring ones”, the name of a class of men who were defenders of the towers of Tyre.

Gareb: Mountain · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 31:39 A hill near Jerusalem (Jer 31:39), probably the hill of lepers, and consequently a place outside the boundary of the city.

Gate Miphkad: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 3:31

Gate of Benjamin: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 4 verses · Show on map Jer 20:2, Jer 37:13, Jer 38:7, Zec 14:10

Gate of Ephraim: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 2 verses · Show on map 2Ki 14:13, 2Ch 25:23 One of the gates of Jerusalem (2Ki 14:13; 2Ch 25:23), on the side of the city looking toward Ephraim, the north side.

Gate of Ephraim: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 2 verses · Show on map Neh 8:16, Neh 12:39

Gate of the Children of the People: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 17:19

Gate of the Foundation: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 23:5

Gate of the Fountain: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 3 verses · Show on map Neh 2:14, Neh 3:15, Neh 12:37

Gate of the Valley: Landmark · Gate · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 2 verses · Show on map Neh 2:13, Neh 2:15

Gath: City · position approximate · 31.69°N 34.84°E 32 verses · Show on map Jos 11:22, Jos 13:3, 1Sa 5:8, 1Sa 6:17, 1Sa 7:14, 1Sa 17:4, 1Sa 17:23, 1Sa 17:52, 1Sa 21:10, 1Sa 21:12, 1Sa 27:2-4, 1Sa 27:11, 2Sa 1:20, 2Sa 15:18, 2Sa 21:20, 2Sa 21:22, 1Ki 2:39-41, 2Ki 12:17, 1Ch 7:21, 1Ch 8:13, 1Ch 18:1, 1Ch 20:6, 1Ch 20:8, 2Ch 11:8, 2Ch 26:6, Psa 56:1, Amo 6:2, Mic 1:10 A wine-vat, one of the five royal cities of the Philistines (Jos 13:3) on which the ark brought calamity (1Sa 5:8, 1Sa 5:9; 6:17). It was famous also as being the birthplace or residence of Goliath (1Sa 17:4). David fled from Saul to Achish, king of Gath (1Sa 21:10; 1Sa 27:2; Ps. 56), and his connection with it will account for the words in 2Sa 1:20. It was afterwards conquered by David (2Sa 8:1). It occupied a strong position on the borders of Judah and Philistia (1Sa 21:10; 1Ch 18:1). Its site has been identified with the hill called Tell esSafieh, the Alba Specula of the Middle Ages, which rises 695 feet above the plain on its east edge. It is noticed on monuments about B.C. 1500.

Gath-hepher: City · position approximate · 32.74°N 35.33°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 19:13, 2Ki 14:25 Wine-press of the well, a town of Lower Galilee, about 5 miles from Nazareth; the birthplace of Jonah (2Ki 14:25); the same as Gittah-hepher (Jos 19:13). It has been identified with the modern el-Meshed, a village on the top of a rocky hill. Here the supposed tomb of Jonah, Neby Yunas, is still pointed out.

Gath-rimmon: City · position approximate · 32.07°N 34.88°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 19:45, Jos 21:24, 1Ch 6:69 A Levitical city in the tribe of Dan (Jos 19:45; Jos 21:24; 1Ch 6:69).

Gath-rimmon: City · position approximate · 32.45°N 35.28°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 21:25 Another city of the same name in Manasseh, west of the Jordan (Jos 21:25), called also Bileam (1Ch 6:70).

Gaza: City · position approximate · 31.52°N 34.43°E 19 verses · Show on map Gen 10:19, Jos 10:41, Jos 11:22, Jos 15:47, Jdg 1:18, Jdg 6:4, Jdg 16:1, Jdg 16:21, 1Sa 6:17, 1Ki 4:24, 2Ki 18:8, Jer 25:20, Jer 47:1, Jer 47:5, Amo 1:6-7, Zep 2:4, Zec 9:5, Act 8:26 Called also Azzah, which is its Hebrew name (Deu 2:23; 1Ki 4:24; Jer 25:20), strong, a city on the Mediterranean shore, remarkable for its early importance as the chief centre of a great commercial traffic with Egypt. It is one of the oldest cities of the world (Gen 10:19; Jos 15:47). Its earliest inhabitants were the Avims, who were conquered and displaced by the Caphtorims (Deu 2:23; Jos 13:2-3), a Philistine tribe. In the division of the land it fell to the lot of Judah (Jos 15:47; Jdg 1:18). It was the southernmost of the five great Philistine cities which gave each a golden emerod as a trespass-offering unto the Lord (1Sa 6:17). Its gates were carried away by Samson (Jdg 16:1). Here he was afterwards a prisoner, and “did grind in the prison house.” Here he also pulled down the temple of Dagon, and slew “all the lords of the Philistines,” himself also perishing in the ruin (Jdg 16:21). The prophets denounce the judgments of God against it (Jer 25:20; Jer 47:5; Amo 1:6-7; Zep 2:4). It is referred to in Act 8:26. Philip is here told to take the road from Jerusalem to Gaza (about 6 miles south-west of Jerusalem), “which is desert”, i.e., the “desert road,” probably by Hebron, through the desert hills of Southern Judea. It is noticed on monuments as early as B.C. 1600. Its small port is now called el-Mineh.

Geba: City · position approximate · 31.86°N 35.26°E 14 verses · Show on map Jos 18:24, Jos 21:17, 1Sa 13:3, 1Ki 15:22, 2Ki 23:8, 1Ch 6:60, 1Ch 8:6, 2Ch 16:6, Ezr 2:26, Neh 7:30, Neh 11:31, Neh 12:29, Isa 10:29, Zec 14:10 The hill, (2Sa 5:25 1Ch 14:16, “Gibeon”]; 2Ki 23:8; Neh 11:31), a Levitical city of Benjamin (1Ki 15:22; 1Sa 13:16; 1Sa 14:5, wrongly “Gibeah” in the A.V.), on the north border of Judah near Gibeah (Isa 10:29; Jos 18:24, Jos 18:28). “From Geba to Beersheba” expressed the whole extent of the kingdom of Judah, just as “from Dan to Beersheba” described the whole length of Palestine (2Ki 23:8). It has been identified with Gaba (Jos 18:24; Ezr 2:26; Neh 7:30), now Jeb’a, about 5 1/2 miles north of Jerusalem.

Geba: Place · position approximate · 31.85°N 35.18°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Sa 5:25

Gebal: City · position approximate · 34.12°N 35.65°E 3 verses · Show on map 1Ki 5:18, Psa 83:7, Ezk 27:9 A Phoenician city, not far from the sea coast, to the north of Beyrout (Ezk 27:9); called by the Greeks Byblos. Now Jibeil. Mentioned in the Amarna tablets. An important Phoenician text, referring to the temple of Baalath, on a monument of Yehu-melek, its king (probably B.C. 600), has been discovered.

Gebim: Place · position approximate · 31.80°N 35.25°E 1 verse · Show on map Isa 10:31 Cisterns, (rendered “pits,” Jer 14:3; “locusts,” Isa 33:4), a small place north of Jerusalem, whose inhabitants fled at the approach of the Assyrian army (Isa 10:31). It is probably the modern el-Isawiyeh.

Geder: Place · position approximate · 31.63°N 35.08°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 12:13 A walled place, (Jos 12:13), perhaps the same as Gederah or Gedor (15:58).

Gederah: City · position approximate · 31.82°N 34.78°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 15:36, 1Ch 4:23, 1Ch 12:4 The fortress; a fortified place, a town in the plain (shephelah) of Judah (Jos 15:36). This is a very common Canaanite and Phoenician name. It is the feminine form of Geder (12:13); the plural form is Gederoth (15:41). This place has by some been identified with Jedireh, a ruin 9 miles from Lydda, toward Eleutheropolis, and 4 miles north of Sur’ah (Zorah), in the valley of Elah.

Gederoth: Place · approximate position · 31.82°N 34.78°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:41, 2Ch 28:18

Gederothaim: Place · approximate position · 31.82°N 34.78°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:36

Gedor: City · position approximate · 31.63°N 35.08°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:58, 1Ch 12:7 A town apparently in Benjamin (1Ch 12:7), the same probably as Geder (Jos 12:13).

Gedor: Place · approximate position · 31.82°N 34.78°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 4:39 1Ch 4:39, the Gederah of Jos 15:36, or the well-known Gerar, as the LXX. read, where the patriarchs of old had sojourned and fed their flocks (Gen 20:1, Gen 20:14-15; 26:1, 6, 14).

Geliloth: Place · position approximate · 31.86°N 35.52°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 18:17 Circles; regions, a place in the border of Benjamin (Jos 18:17); called Gilgal in 15:7.

Gennesaret: City · position approximate · 32.86°N 35.51°E 3 verses · Show on map Mat 14:34, Mrk 6:53, Luk 5:1 A town of Naphtali, called Chinnereth (Jos 19:35), sometimes in the plural form Chinneroth (11:2). In later times the name was gradually changed to Genezar and Gennesaret (Luk 5:1). This city stood on the western shore of the lake to which it gave its name. No trace of it remains. The plain of Gennesaret has been called, from its fertility and beauty, “the Paradise of Galilee.” It is now called el-Ghuweir.

Gerar: City · position approximate · 31.39°N 34.56°E 9 verses · Show on map Gen 10:19, Gen 20:1-2, Gen 26:1, Gen 26:6, Gen 26:20, Gen 26:26, 2Ch 14:13-14 A region; lodging-place, a very ancient town and district in the south border of Palestine, which was ruled over by a king named Abimelech (Gen 10:19; Gen 20:1-2). Abraham sojourned here, and perhaps Isaac was born in this place. Both of these patriarchs were guilty of the sin of here denying their wives, and both of them entered into a treaty with the king before they departed to Beersheba (21:23-34; 26). It seems to have been a rich pastoral country (2Ch 14:12). Isaac here reaped an hundred-fold, and was blessed of God (Gen 26:12). The “valley of Gerar” (Gen 26:17) was probably the modern Wady el-Jerdr.

Geruth Chimham: Place · approximate position · 31.71°N 35.21°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 41:17 Pining, probably the youngest son of Barzillai the Gileadite (2Sa 19:37). The “habitation of Chimham” (Jer 41:17) was probably an inn or khan, which is the proper meaning of the Hebrew geruth, rendered “habitation”, established in later times in his possession at Bethlehem, which David gave to him as a reward for his loyalty in accompanying him to Jerusalem after the defeat of Absalom (1Ki 2:7). It has been supposed that, considering the stationary character of Eastern institutions, it was in the stable of this inn or caravanserai that our Saviour was born (Luk 2:7).

Geshur: Region · position approximate · 33.00°N 36.42°E 9 verses · Show on map Jos 13:13, 2Sa 3:3, 2Sa 13:37-38, 2Sa 14:23, 2Sa 14:32, 2Sa 15:8, 1Ch 2:23, 1Ch 3:2 Bridge, the name of a district or principality of Syria near Gilead, between Mount Hermon and the Lake of Tiberias (2Sa 15:8; 1Ch 2:23). The Geshurites probably inhabited the rocky fastness of Argob, the modern Lejah, in the north-east corner of Bashan. In the time of David it was ruled by Talmai, whose daughter he married, and who was the mother of Absalom, who fled to Geshur after the murder of Amnon (2Sa 13:37).

Gethsemane: Landmark · Garden · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 2 verses · Show on map Mat 26:36, Mrk 14:32 Oil-press, the name of an olive-yard at the foot of the Mount of Olives, to which Jesus was wont to retire (Luk 22:39) with his disciples, and which is specially memorable as being the scene of his agony (Mrk 14:32; Jhn 18:1; Luk 22:44). The plot of ground pointed out as Gethsemane is now surrounded by a wall, and is laid out as a modern European flower-garden. It contains eight venerable olive-trees, the age of which cannot, however, be determined. The exact site of Gethsemane is still in question. Dr. Thomson (The Land and the Book) says: “When I first came to Jerusalem, and for many years afterward, this plot of ground was open to all whenever they chose to come and meditate beneath its very old olivetrees. The Latins, however, have within the last few years succeeded in gaining sole possession, and have built a high wall around it...The Greeks have invented another site a little to the north of it...My own impression is that both are wrong. The position is too near the city, and so close to what must have always been the great thoroughfare eastward, that our Lord would scarcely have selected it for retirement on that dangerous and dismal night...I am inclined to place the garden in the secluded vale several hundred yards to the north-east of the present Gethsemane.”

Gezer: City · position approximate · 31.88°N 34.92°E 14 verses · Show on map Jos 10:33, Jos 12:12, Jos 16:3, Jos 16:10, Jos 21:21, Jdg 1:29, 2Sa 5:25, 1Ki 9:15-17, 1Ch 6:67, 1Ch 7:28, 1Ch 14:16, 1Ch 20:4 A precipice, an ancient royal Canaanitish city (Jos 10:33; Jos 12:12). It was allotted with its suburbs to the Kohathite Levites (21:21; 1Ch 6:67). It stood between the lower Beth-horon and the sea (Jos 16:3; 1Ki 9:17). It was the last point to which David pursued the Philistines (2Sa 5:25; 1Ch 14:16) after the battle of Baal-perazim. The Canaanites retained possession of it till the time of Solomon, when the king of Egypt took it and gave it to Solomon as a part of the dowry of the Egyptian princess whom he married (1Ki 9:15). It is identified with Tell el-Jezer, about 10 miles south-west of Beth-horon. It is mentioned in the Amarna tablets.

Giah: Place · approximate position · 31.87°N 35.34°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Sa 2:24

Gibbethon: City · position approximate · 31.98°N 35.00°E 5 verses · Show on map Jos 19:44, Jos 21:23, 1Ki 15:27, 1Ki 16:15, 1Ki 16:17 A height, a city of the Philistines in the territory of Dan, given to the Kohathites (Jos 19:44; Jos 21:23). Nadab the king of Israel, while besieging it, was slain under its walls by Baasha, one of his own officers (1Ki 15:27). It was in the possession of the Philistines after the secession of the ten tribes (2Ch 11:13, 2Ch 11:14).

Gibeah: Place · position approximate · 31.82°N 35.23°E 41 verses · Show on map Jos 18:28, Jdg 19:12-16, Jdg 20:4-5, Jdg 20:9-10, Jdg 20:13-15, Jdg 20:19-21, Jdg 20:25, Jdg 20:29-31, Jdg 20:34, Jdg 20:36-37, Jdg 20:43, 1Sa 10:26, 1Sa 11:4, 1Sa 13:2, 1Sa 13:15, 1Sa 14:2, 1Sa 14:16, 1Sa 15:34, 1Sa 22:6, 1Sa 23:19, 1Sa 26:1, 2Sa 21:6, 2Sa 23:29, 1Ch 11:31, Isa 10:29, Hos 5:8, Hos 9:9, Hos 10:9 A hill or hill-town, “of Benjamin” (1Sa 13:15), better known as “Gibeah of Saul” (11:4; Isa 10:29). It was here that the terrible outrage was committed on the Levite’s concubine which led to the almost utter extirpation of the tribe of Benjamin (Judg. 19; 20), only six hundred men surviving after a succession of disastrous battles. This was the birthplace of Saul, and continued to be his residence after he became king (1Sa 10:26; 1Sa 11:4; 1Sa 15:34). It was reckoned among the ancient sanctuaries of Palestine (10:26; 15:34; 23:19; 26:1; 2Sa 21:6), and hence it is called “Gibeah of God” (1Sa 10:5, R.V. marg.). It has been identified with the modern Tell el-Ful (i.e., “hill of the bean”), about 3 miles north of Jerusalem.

Gibeah: Place · approximate position · 31.43°N 35.13°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:57, 2Ch 13:2 (Jos 15:57, R.V. marg.), a city on Mount Ephraim which had been given to Phinehas (24:33 “hill,” A.V.; R.V. marg. and Heb., “Gibeah.”). Here Eleazar the son of Aaron was buried. It has been identified with the modern Khurbet Jibia, 5 miles north of Guphna towards Shechem.

Gibeath-elohim: Place · approximate position · 31.93°N 35.22°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Sa 10:5

Gibeath-haaraloth: Place · position approximate · 31.86°N 35.52°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 5:3

Gibeon: City · position approximate · 31.85°N 35.18°E 35 verses · Show on map Jos 9:3, Jos 9:17, Jos 10:1-2, Jos 10:4-6, Jos 10:10, Jos 10:12, Jos 10:41, Jos 11:19, Jos 18:25, Jos 21:17, 2Sa 2:12-13, 2Sa 2:16, 2Sa 2:24, 2Sa 3:30, 2Sa 20:8, 1Ki 3:4-5, 1Ki 9:2, 1Ch 8:29, 1Ch 9:35, 1Ch 12:4, 1Ch 14:16, 1Ch 16:39, 1Ch 21:29, 2Ch 1:3, 2Ch 1:13, Neh 3:7, Neh 7:25, Jer 28:1, Jer 41:12, Jer 41:16 Hill-city, “one of the royal cities, greater than Ai, and all the men thereof were mighty” (Jos 10:2). Its inhabitants were Hivites (11:19). It lay within the territory of Benjamin, and became a priest-city (18:25; 21:17). Here the tabernacle was set up after the destruction of Nob, and here it remained many years till the temple was built by Solomon. It is represented by the modern el-Jib, to the south-west of Ai, and about 5 1/2 miles north-north-west of Jerusalem. A deputation of the Gibeonites, with their allies from three other cities (Josh. 9;17), visited the camp at Gilgal, and by false representations induced Joshua to enter into a league with them, although the Israelites had been specially warned against any league with the inhabitants of Canaan (Exo 23:32; Exo 34:12; Num 33:55; Deu 7:2). The deception practised on Joshua was detected three days later; but the oath rashly sworn “by Jehovah God of Israel” was kept, and the lives of the Gibeonites were spared. They were, however, made “bondmen” to the sanctuary (Jos 9:23). The most remarkable incident connected with this city was the victory Joshua gained over the kings of Palestine (Jos 10:16). The battle here fought has been regarded as “one of the most important in the history of the world.” The kings of southern Canaan entered into a confederacy against Gibeon (because it had entered into a league with Joshua) under the leadership of Adoni-zedec, king of Jerusalem, and marched upon Gibeon with the view of taking possession of it. The Gibeonites entreated Joshua to come to their aid with the utmost speed. His army came suddenly upon that of the Amorite kings as it lay encamped before the city. It was completely routed, and only broken remnants of their great host found refuge in the fenced cities. The five confederate kings who led the army were taken prisoners, and put to death at Makkedah (q.v.). This eventful battle of Beth-horon sealed the fate of all the cities of Southern Palestine. Among the Amarna tablets is a letter from Adoni-zedec (q.v.) to the king of Egypt, written probably at Makkedah after the defeat, showing that the kings contemplated flight into Egypt. This place is again brought into notice as the scene of a battle between the army of Ish-bosheth under Abner and that of David led by Joab. At the suggestion of Abner, to spare the effusion of blood twelve men on either side were chosen to decide the battle. The issue was unexpected; for each of the men slew his fellow, and thus they all perished. The two armies then engaged in battle, in which Abner and his host were routed and put to flight (2Sa 2:12). This battle led to a virtual truce between Judah and Israel, Judah, under David, increasing in power; and Israel, under Ish-bosheth, continually losing ground. Soon after the death of Absalom and David’s restoration to his throne his kingdom was visited by a grievous famine, which was found to be a punishment for Saul’s violation (2Sa 21:2, 2Sa 21:5) of the covenant with the Gibeonites (Jos 9:3). The Gibeonites demanded blood for the wrong that had been done to them, and accordingly David gave up to them the two sons of Rizpah (q.v.) and the five sons of Michal, and these the Gibeonites took and hanged or crucified “in the hill before the Lord” (2Sa 21:9); and there the bodies hung for six months (21:10), and all the while Rizpah watched over the blackening corpses and “suffered neither the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night.” David afterwards removed the bones of Saul and Jonathan at Jabeshgilead (21:12, 13). Here, “at the great stone,” Amasa was put to death by Joab (2Sa 20:5). To the altar of burnt-offering which was at Gibeon, Joab (1Ki 2:28), who had taken the side of Adonijah, fled for sanctuary in the beginning of Solomon’s reign, and was there also slain by the hand of Benaiah. Soon after he came to the throne, Solomon paid a visit of state to Gibeon, there to offer sacrifices (1Ki 3:4; 2Ch 1:3). On this occasion the Lord appeared to him in a memorable dream, recorded in 1Ki 3:5; 2Ch 1:7. When the temple was built “all the men of Israel assembled themselves” to king Solomon, and brought up from Gibeon the tabernacle and “all the holy vessels that were in the tabernacle” to Jerusalem, where they remained till they were carried away by Nebuchadnezzar (2Ki 24:13).

Gidom: Place · approximate position · 31.93°N 35.30°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 20:45

Gihon: Place · position approximate · 31.77°N 35.24°E 5 verses · Show on map 1Ki 1:33, 1Ki 1:38, 1Ki 1:45, 2Ch 32:30, 2Ch 33:14 The only natural spring of water in or near Jerusalem is the “Fountain of the Virgin” (q.v.), which rises outside the city walls on the west bank of the Kidron valley. On the occasion of the approach of the Assyrian army under Sennacherib, Hezekiah, in order to prevent the besiegers from finding water, “stopped the upper water course of Gihon, and brought it straight down to the west side of the city of David” (2Ch 32:30; 2Ch 33:14). This “fountain” or spring is therefore to be regarded as the “upper water course of Gihon.” From this “fountain” a tunnel cut through the ridge which forms the south part of the temple hill conveys the water to the Pool of Siloam, which lies on the opposite side of this ridge at the head of the Tyropoeon (“cheesemakers’”) valley, or valley of the son of Hinnom, now filled up by rubbish. The length of this tunnel is about 1,750 feet. In 1880 an inscription was accidentally discovered on the wall of the tunnel about nineteen feet from where it opens into the Pool of Siloam. This inscription was executed in all probability by Hezekiah’s workmen. It briefly narrates the history of the excavation. It may, however, be possible that this tunnel was executed in the time of Solomon. If the “waters of Shiloah that go softly” (Isa 8:6) refers to the gentle stream that still flows through the tunnel into the Pool of Siloam, then this excavation must have existed before the time of Hezekiah. In the upper part of the Tyropoeoan valley there are two pools still existing, the first, called Birket el-Mamilla, to the west of the Jaffa gate; the second, to the south of the first, called Birket es-Sultan. It is the opinion of some that the former was the “upper” and the latter the “lower” Pool of Gihon (2Ki 18:17; Isa 7:3; Isa 36:2; Isa 22:9).

Gilboa: Region · position approximate · 32.52°N 35.40°E 3 verses · Show on map 1Sa 28:4, 2Sa 1:21, 2Sa 21:12 Boiling spring, a mountain range, now Jebel Fukua’, memorable as the scene of Saul’s disastrous defeat by the Philistines. Here also his three sons were slain, and he himself died by his own hand (1Sa 28:4; 1Sa 31:1; 2Sa 1:6; 2Sa 21:12; 1Ch 10:1, 1Ch 10:8). It was a low barren range of mountains bounding the valley of Esdraelon (Jezreel) on the east, between it and the Jordan valley. When the tidings of this defeat were conveyed to David, he gave utterance to those pathetic words in the “Song of the Bow” (2Sa 1:19).

Gilead: Region · approximate position · 32.04°N 35.72°E 80 verses · Show on map Gen 31:21, Gen 31:23, Gen 31:25, Gen 37:25, Num 32:1, Num 32:26, Num 32:29, Num 32:39-40, Deu 2:36, Deu 3:10, Deu 3:12-13, Deu 3:15-16, Deu 4:43, Deu 34:1, Jos 12:2, Jos 12:5, Jos 13:11, Jos 13:25, Jos 13:31, Jos 17:1, Jos 17:5-6, Jos 20:8, Jos 21:38, Jos 22:9, Jos 22:13, Jos 22:15, Jos 22:32, Jdg 5:17, Jdg 10:4, Jdg 10:8, Jdg 10:17-18, Jdg 11:5, Jdg 11:7-11, Jdg 11:29, Jdg 12:4-5, Jdg 12:7, Jdg 20:1, 1Sa 13:7, 2Sa 2:9, 2Sa 17:26, 2Sa 24:6, 1Ki 4:13, 1Ki 4:19, 1Ki 17:1, 2Ki 10:33, 2Ki 15:25, 2Ki 15:29, 1Ch 2:22, 1Ch 5:9-10, 1Ch 5:16, 1Ch 6:80, 1Ch 26:31, 1Ch 27:21, Psa 60:7, Psa 108:8, Sos 4:1, Sos 6:5, Jer 8:22, Jer 22:6, Jer 46:11 … +9 more Hill of testimony, (Gen 31:21), a mountainous region east of Jordan. From its mountainous character it is called “the mount of Gilead” (Gen 31:25). It is called also “the land of Gilead” (Num 32:1), and sometimes simply “Gilead” (Psa 60:7; Gen 37:25). It comprised the possessions of the tribes of Gad and Reuben and the south part of Manasseh (Deu 3:13; Num 32:40). It was bounded on the north by Bashan, and on the south by Moab and Ammon (Gen 31:21; Deu 3:12). “Half Gilead” was possessed by Sihon, and the other half, separated from it by the river Jabbok, by Og, king of Bashan. The deep ravine of the river Hieromax (the modern Sheriat el-Mandhur) separated Bashan from Gilead, which was about 60 miles in length and 20 in breadth, extending from near the south end of the Lake of Gennesaret to the north end of the Dead Sea. Abarim, Pisgah, Nebo, and Peor are its mountains mentioned in Scripture.

Gilgal: City · position approximate · 31.86°N 35.52°E 35 verses · Show on map Deu 11:30, Jos 4:19-20, Jos 5:9-10, Jos 9:6, Jos 10:6-7, Jos 10:9, Jos 10:15, Jos 10:43, Jos 14:6, Jos 15:7, Jdg 2:1, Jdg 3:19, 1Sa 7:16, 1Sa 10:8, 1Sa 11:14-15, 1Sa 13:4, 1Sa 13:7-8, 1Sa 13:12, 1Sa 13:15, 1Sa 15:12, 1Sa 15:21, 1Sa 15:33, 2Sa 19:15, 2Sa 19:40, Hos 4:15, Hos 9:15, Hos 12:11, Amo 4:4, Amo 5:5, Mic 6:5 From the solemn transaction of the reading of the law in the valley of Shechem between Ebal and Gerizim the Israelites moved forward to Gilgal, and there made a permanent camp (Jos 9:6; Jos 10:6). It was “beside the oaks of Moreh,” near which Abraham erected his first altar (Gen 12:6-7). This was one of the three towns to which Samuel resorted for the administration of justice (1Sa 7:16), and here also he offered sacrifices when the ark was no longer in the tabernacle at Shiloh (1Sa 10:8; 1Sa 13:7). To this place, as to a central sanctuary, all Israel gathered to renew their allegiance to Saul (11:14). At a later period it became the scene of idolatrous worship (Hos 4:15; Hos 9:15). It has been identified with the ruins of Jiljilieh, about 5 miles south-west of Shiloh and about the same distance from Bethel.

Gilgal: Place · position approximate · 32.03°N 35.22°E 2 verses · Show on map 2Ki 2:1, 2Ki 4:38

Gilo: Place · position approximate · 31.62°N 35.08°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Sa 23:34 A name given to Hashem, an inhabitant of Gizoh, a place somewhere in the mountains of Judah (1Ch 11:34; 2Sa 23:32, 2Sa 23:34).

Giloh: City · position approximate · 31.62°N 35.08°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:51, 2Sa 15:12 Exile, a city in the south-west part of the hill-country of Judah (Jos 15:51). It was the native place or residence of the traitor Ahithophel “the Gilonite” (Jos 15:51; 2Sa 15:12), and where he committed suicide (17:23). It has been identified with Kurbet Jala, about 7 miles north of Hebron.

Gimzo: City · position approximate · 31.93°N 34.94°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 28:18 A place fertile in sycamores, a city in the plain of Judah, the villages of which were seized by the Philistines (2Ch 28:18). It is now called Jimzu, about 3 miles south-east of Ludd, i.e., Lydda.

Gittaim: City · approximate position · 31.96°N 34.95°E 2 verses · Show on map 2Sa 4:3, Neh 11:33 Two wine-presses, (2Sa 4:3; Neh 11:33), a town probably in Benjamin to which the Beerothites fled.

Goah: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 31:39 A lowing, a place near Jerusalem, mentioned only in Jer 31:39.

Gob: Place · position approximate · 31.88°N 34.92°E 2 verses · Show on map 2Sa 21:18-19 A pit, a place mentioned in 2Sa 21:18, 2Sa 21:19; called also Gezer, in 1Ch 20:4.

Gog: Region · approximate position · 46.00°N 47.00°E 1 verse · Show on map Rev 20:8 The name of the leader of the hostile party described in Ezek. 38, 39, as coming from the “north country” and assailing the people of Israel to their own destruction. This prophecy has been regarded as fulfilled in the conflicts of the Maccabees with Antiochus, the invasion and overthrow of the Chaldeans, and the temporary successes and destined overthrow of the Turks. But “all these interpretations are unsatisfactory and inadequate. The vision respecting Gog and Magog in the Apocalypse (Rev 20:8) is in substance a reannouncement of this prophecy of Ezekiel. But while Ezekiel contemplates the great conflict in a more general light as what was certainly to be connected with the times of the Messiah, and should come then to its last decisive issues, John, on the other hand, writing from the commencement of the Messiah’s times, describes there the last struggles and victories of the cause of Christ. In both cases alike the vision describes the final workings of the world’s evil and its results in connection with the kingdom of God, only the starting-point is placed further in advance in the one case than in the other.” It has been supposed to be the name of a district in the wild north-east steppes of Central Asia, north of the Hindu-Kush, now a part of Turkestan, a region about 2,000 miles north-east of Nineveh.

Golan: City · position approximate · 32.80°N 35.94°E 4 verses · Show on map Deu 4:43, Jos 20:8, Jos 21:27, 1Ch 6:71 Exile, a city of Bashan (Deu 4:43), one of the three cities of refuge east of Jordan, about 12 miles north-east of the Sea of Galilee (Jos 20:8). There are no further notices of it in Scripture. It became the head of the province of Gaulanitis, one of the four provinces into which Bashan was divided after the Babylonish captivity, and almost identical with the modern Jaulan, in Western Hauran, about 39 miles in length and 18 in breath.

Golgotha: Landmark · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 3 verses · Show on map Mat 27:33, Mrk 15:22, Jhn 19:17 The common name of the spot where Jesus was crucified. It is interpreted by the evangelists as meaning “the place of a skull” (Mat 27:33; Mrk 15:22; Jhn 19:17). This name represents in Greek letters the Aramaic word Gulgaltha, which is the Hebrew Gulgoleth (Num 1:2; 1Ch 23:3, 1Ch 23:24; 2Ki 9:35), meaning “a skull.” It is identical with the word Calvary (q.v.). It was a little knoll rounded like a bare skull. It is obvious from the evangelists that it was some well-known spot outside the gate (comp. Heb 13:12), and near the city (Luk 23:26), containing a “garden” (Jhn 19:41), and on a thoroughfare leading into the country. Hence it is an untenable idea that it is embraced within the present “Church of the Holy Sepulchre.” The hillock above Jeremiah’s Grotto, to the north of the city, is in all probability the true site of Calvary. The skull-like appearance of the rock in the southern precipice of the hillock is very remarkable.

Gomorrah: City · position approximate · 31.16°N 35.47°E 23 verses · Show on map Gen 10:19, Gen 13:10, Gen 14:2, Gen 14:8, Gen 14:10-11, Gen 18:20, Gen 19:24, Gen 19:28, Deu 29:23, Deu 32:32, Isa 1:9-10, Isa 13:19, Jer 23:14, Jer 49:18, Jer 50:40, Amo 4:11, Zep 2:9, Mat 10:15, Rom 9:29, 2Pe 2:6, Jud 1:7 Submersion, one of the five cities of the plain of Siddim (q.v.) which were destroyed by fire (Gen 10:19; Gen 13:10; Gen 19:24, Gen 19:28). These cities probably stood close together, and were near the northern extremity of what is now the Dead Sea. This city is always mentioned next after Sodom, both of which were types of impiety and wickedness (Gen 18:20; Rom 9:29). Their destruction is mentioned as an “ensample unto those that after should live ungodly” (2 Pet. 2:6; Jud 1:1:4-7). Their wickedness became proverbial (Deu 32:32; Isa 1:9-10; Jer 23:14). But that wickedness may be exceeded (Mat 10:15; Mrk 6:11).

Goshen: Region · position approximate · 30.73°N 31.80°E 11 verses · Show on map Gen 45:10, Gen 46:28-29, Gen 46:34, Gen 47:1, Gen 47:4, Gen 47:6, Gen 47:27, Gen 50:8, Exo 8:22, Exo 9:26 A district in Egypt where Jacob and his family settled, and in which they remained till the Exodus (Gen 45:10; Gen 46:28-29, Gen 46:31, etc.). It is called “the land of Goshen” (47:27), and also simply “Goshen” (46:28), and “the land of Rameses” (47:11; Exo 12:37), for the towns Pithom and Rameses lay within its borders; also Zoan or Tanis (Psa 78:12). It lay on the east of the Nile, and apparently not far from the royal residence. It was “the best of the land” (Gen 47:6, Gen 47:11), but is now a desert. It is first mentioned in Joseph’s message to his father. It has been identified with the modern Wady Tumilat, lying between the eastern part of the Delta and the west border of Palestine. It was a pastoral district, where some of the king’s cattle were kept (Gen 47:6). The inhabitants were not exclusively Israelites (Exo 3:22; Exo 11:2; Exo 12:35-36).

Goshen: Region · position approximate · 31.45°N 34.92°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 10:41, Jos 11:16, Jos 15:51 A district in Palestine (Jos 10:41; Jos 11:16). It was a part of the maritime plain of Judah, and lay between Gaza and Gibeon.

Gozan: Region · position approximate · 36.84°N 40.07°E 5 verses · Show on map 2Ki 17:6, 2Ki 18:11, 2Ki 19:12, 1Ch 5:26, Isa 37:12 A region in Central Asia to which the Israelites were carried away captive (2Ki 17:6; 1Ch 5:26; 2Ki 19:12; Isa 37:12). It was situated in Mesopotamia, on the river Habor (2Ki 17:6; 2Ki 18:11), the Khabur, a tributary of the Euphrates. The “river of Gozan” (1Ch 5:26) is probably the upper part of the river flowing through the province of Gozan, now Kizzel-Ozan.

Great Sea: Water · approximate position · 33.24°N 33.47°E 12 verses · Show on map Num 34:6-7, Jos 1:4, Jos 9:1, Jos 15:12, Jos 15:47, Jos 23:4, Ezk 47:10, Ezk 47:15, Ezk 47:19-20, Ezk 48:28 (Jol 2:20; Ezk 47:18), the Dead Sea, which lay on the east side of the Holy Land. The Mediterranean, which lay on the west, was hence called the “great sea for the west border” (Num 34:6).

Greece: Region · Country · approximate position · 37.98°N 23.73°E 5 verses · Show on map Dan 8:21, Dan 10:20, Dan 11:2, Zec 9:13, Act 20:2 Orginally consisted of the four provinces of Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia, and Peleponnesus. In Act 20:2 it designates only the Roman province of Macedonia. Greece was conquered by the Romans B.C. 146. After passing through various changes it was erected into an independent monarchy in 1831. Moses makes mention of Greece under the name of Javan (Gen 10:2); and this name does not again occur in the Old Testament till the time of Joel (3:6). Then the Greeks and Hebrews first came into contact in the Tyrian slave-market. Prophetic notice is taken of Greece in Dan 8:21. The cities of Greece were the special scenes of the labours of the apostle Paul.

Gudgodah: Place · approximate position · 30.36°N 35.19°E 1 verse · Show on map Deu 10:7

Gur: Place · approximate position · 32.45°N 35.28°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ki 9:27 A whelp, a place near Ibleam where Jehu’s servants overtook and mortally wounded king Ahaziah (2Ki 9:27); an ascent from the plain of Jezreel.

Gurbaal: Place · approximate position · 30.73°N 35.61°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 26:7 Sojourn of Baal, a place in Arabia (2Ch 26:7) where there was probably a temple of Baal.

Habor: Water · River · position approximate · 36.34°N 40.79°E 3 verses · Show on map 2Ki 17:6, 2Ki 18:11, 1Ch 5:26 The united stream, or, according to others, with beautiful banks, the name of a river in Assyria, and also of the district through which it flowed (1Ch 5:26). There is a river called Khabur which rises in the central highlands of Kurdistan, and flows south-west till it falls into the Tigris, about 70 miles above Mosul. This was not, however, the Habor of Scripture. There is another river of the same name (the Chaboras) which, after a course of about 200 miles, flows into the Euphrates at Karkesia, the ancient Circesium. This was, there can be little doubt, the ancient Habor.

Hachilah: Mountain · position approximate · 31.47°N 35.22°E 3 verses · Show on map 1Sa 23:19, 1Sa 26:1, 1Sa 26:3 The darksome hill, one of the peaks of the long ridge of el-Kolah, running out of the Ziph plateau, “on the south of Jeshimon” (i.e., of the “waste”), the district to which one looks down from the plateau of Ziph (1Sa 23:19). After his reconciliation with Saul at Engedi (24:1-8), David returned to Hachilah, where he had fixed his quarters. The Ziphites treacherously informed Saul of this, and he immediately (26:1-4) renewed his pursuit of David, and “pitched in the hill of Hachilah.” David and his nephew Abishai stole at night into the midst of Saul’s camp, when they were all asleep, and noiselessly removed the royal spear and the cruse from the side of the king, and then, crossing the intervening valley to the height on the other side, David cried to the people, and thus awoke the sleepers. He then addressed Saul, who recognized his voice, and expostulated with him. Saul professed to be penitent; but David could not put confidence in him, and he now sought refuge at Ziklag. David and Saul never afterwards met. (1Sa 26:13).

Hadad-rimmon: Landmark · position approximate · 32.52°N 35.21°E 1 verse · Show on map Zec 12:11 (composed of the names of two Syrian idols), the name of a place in the valley of Megiddo. It is alluded to by the prophet Zechariah (12:11) in a proverbial expression derived from the lamentation for Josiah, who was mortally wounded near this place (2Ch 35:22). It has been identified with the modern Rummaneh, a village “at the foot of the Megiddo hills, in a notch or valley about an hour and a half south of Tell Metzellim.”

Hadashah: City · position approximate · 31.68°N 34.70°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:37 New, a city in the valley of Judah (Jos 15:37).

Hadid: Place · position approximate · 31.96°N 34.95°E 3 verses · Show on map Ezr 2:33, Neh 7:37, Neh 11:34 Pointed, a place in the tribe of Benjamin near Lydda, or Lod, and Ono (Ezr 2:33; Neh 7:37). It is identified with the modern el-Haditheh, 3 miles east of Lydda.

Hadrach: Region · approximate position · 33.52°N 36.31°E 1 verse · Show on map Zec 9:1 The name of a country (Zec 9:1) which cannot be identified. Rawlinson would identify it with Edessa. He mentions that in the Assyrian inscriptions it is recorded that “Shalmanezer III. made two expeditions, the first against Damascus B.C. 773, and the second against Hadrach B.C. 772; and again that Asshurdanin-il II. made expeditions against Hadrach in B.C. 765 and 755.”

Haeleph: Place · position approximate · 31.79°N 35.20°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 18:28

Hahiroth: Place · approximate position · 29.95°N 32.43°E 1 verse · Show on map Num 33:8

Hakkephirim: Place · position approximate · 32.02°N 34.87°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 6:2

Halah: Region · approximate position · 36.34°N 40.79°E 3 verses · Show on map 2Ki 17:6, 2Ki 18:11, 1Ch 5:26 A district of Media to which captive Israelites were transported by the Assyrian kings (2Ki 17:6; 2Ki 18:11; 1Ch 5:26). It lay along the banks of the upper Khabur, from its source to its junction with the Jerujer. Probably the district called by Ptolemy Chalcitis.

Halhul: City · position approximate · 31.58°N 35.10°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:58 Full of hollows, a town in the highlands of Judah (Jos 15:58). It is now a small village of the same name, and is situated about 5 miles north-east of Hebron on the way to Jerusalem. There is an old Jewish tradition that Gad, David’s seer (2Sa 24:11), was buried here.

Hali: Place · approximate position · 32.93°N 35.27°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:25

Ham: Region · position approximate · 31.95°N 35.92°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 14:5 Warm, hot, and hence the south; also an Egyptian word meaning “black”, the youngest son of Noah (Gen 5:32; comp. 9:22, 24). The curse pronounced by Noah against Ham, properly against Canaan his fourth son, was accomplished when the Jews subsequently exterminated the Canaanites. One of the most important facts recorded in Gen. 10 is the foundation of the earliest monarchy in Babylonia by Nimrod the grandson of Ham (6, 8, 10). The primitive Babylonian empire was thus Hamitic, and of a cognate race with the primitive inhabitants of Arabia and of Ethiopia. The race of Ham were the most energetic of all the descendants of Noah in the early times of the post-diluvian world.

Ham: Place · approximate position · 30.11°N 31.34°E 0 verses · Show on map Warm, hot, and hence the south; also an Egyptian word meaning “black”, the youngest son of Noah (Gen 5:32; comp. 9:22, 24). The curse pronounced by Noah against Ham, properly against Canaan his fourth son, was accomplished when the Jews subsequently exterminated the Canaanites. One of the most important facts recorded in Gen. 10 is the foundation of the earliest monarchy in Babylonia by Nimrod the grandson of Ham (6, 8, 10). The primitive Babylonian empire was thus Hamitic, and of a cognate race with the primitive inhabitants of Arabia and of Ethiopia. The race of Ham were the most energetic of all the descendants of Noah in the early times of the post-diluvian world.

Hamath: City · position approximate · 35.14°N 36.75°E 23 verses · Show on map 2Sa 8:9, 2Ki 14:28, 2Ki 17:24, 2Ki 17:30, 2Ki 18:34, 2Ki 19:13, 2Ki 23:33, 2Ki 25:21, 1Ch 18:9, 2Ch 8:4, Isa 10:9, Isa 11:11, Isa 36:19, Isa 37:13, Jer 39:5, Jer 49:23, Jer 52:9, Jer 52:27, Ezk 47:16-17, Ezk 48:1, Amo 6:2, Zec 9:2 Fortress, the capital of one of the kingdoms of Upper Syria of the same name, on the Orontes, in the valley of Lebanon, at the northern boundary of Palestine (Num 13:21; Num 34:8), at the foot of Hermon (Jos 13:5) towards Damascus (Zec 9:2; Jer 49:23). It is called “Hamath the great” in Amo 6:2, and “Hamath-zobah” in 2Ch 8:3. Hamath, now Hamah, had an Aramaean population, but Hittite monuments discovered there show that it must have been at one time occupied by the Hittites. It was among the conquests of the Pharaoh Thothmes III. Its king, Tou or Toi, made alliance with David (2Sa 8:10), and in B.C. 740 Azariah formed a league with it against Assyria. It was, however, conquered by the Assyrians, and its nineteen districts placed under Assyrian governors. In B.C. 720 it revolted under a certain Yahu-bihdi, whose name, compounded with that of the God of Israel (Yahu), perhaps shows that he was of Jewish origin. But the revolt was suppressed, and the people of Hamath were transported to Samaria (2Ki 17:24, 2Ki 17:30), where they continued to worship their god Ashima. Hamah is beautifully situated on the Orontes, 32 miles north of Emesa, and 36 south of the ruins of Assamea. The kingdom of Hamath comprehended the great plain lying on both banks of the Orontes from the fountain near Riblah to Assamea on the north, and from Lebanon on the west to the desert on the east. The “entrance of Hamath” (Num 34:8), which was the north boundary of Palestine, led from the west between the north end of Lebanon and the Nusairiyeh mountains.

Hamath-zobah: Place · position approximate · 35.14°N 36.75°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 8:3 Fortress of Zobah, (2Ch 8:3) is supposed by some to be a different place from the foregoing; but this is quite uncertain.

Hammath: City · position approximate · 33.13°N 35.16°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 19:35, 1Ch 2:55 Warm springs, one of the “fenced cities” of Naphtali (Jos 19:35). It is identified with the warm baths (the heat of the water ranging from 136 degrees to 144 degrees) still found on the shore a little to the south of Tiberias under the name of Hummam Tabariyeh (“Bath of Tiberias”).

Hammon: City · position approximate · 33.13°N 35.16°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 19:28, 1Ch 6:76 A town in the tribe of Asher, near Zidon (Jos 19:28), identified with ‘Ain Hamul.

Hammoth-dor: City · position approximate · 33.13°N 35.16°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 21:32 Warm springs, a Levitical city of Naphtali (Jos 21:32); probably Hammath in 19:35.

Hamonah: Place · approximate position · 31.50°N 35.78°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezk 39:16 Multitude, a name figuratively assigned to the place in which the slaughter and burial of the forces of Gog were to take place (Ezk 39:16).

Hanes: City · position approximate · 29.09°N 30.93°E 1 verse · Show on map Isa 30:4 A place in Egypt mentioned only in Isa 30:4 in connection with a reproof given to the Jews for trusting in Egypt. It was considered the same as Tahpanhes, a fortified town on the eastern frontier, but has been also identified as Ahnas-el-Medeeneh, 70 miles from Cairo.

Hannathon: Place · position approximate · 32.92°N 35.43°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:14

Hapharaim: Place · position approximate · 32.61°N 35.29°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:19

Hara: Region · approximate position · 36.34°N 40.79°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 5:26 Mountainous land, a province of Assyria (1Ch 5:26), between the Tigris and the Euphrates, along the banks of the Khabur, to which some of the Israelite captives were carried. It has not been identified. Some think the word a variation of Haran.

Haradah: Place · approximate position · 30.32°N 35.41°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 33:24-25 Fright; fear, the twenty-fifth station of the Israelites in their wanderings (Num 33:24).

Haran: City · position approximate · 36.86°N 39.03°E 10 verses · Show on map Gen 11:31-32, Gen 12:4-5, Gen 27:43, Gen 28:10, Gen 29:4, 2Ki 19:12, Isa 37:12, Ezk 27:23 Heb. haran, i.e., “parched;” or probably from the Accadian charana, meaning “a road.” A celebrated city of Western Asia, now Harran, where Abram remained, after he left Ur of the Chaldees, till his father Terah died (Gen 11:31-32), when he continued his journey into the land of Canaan. It is called “Charran” in the LXX. and in Act 7:2. It is called the “city of Nahor” (Gen 24:10), and Jacob resided here with Laban (30:43). It stood on the river Belik, an affluent of the Euphrates, about 70 miles above where it joins that river in Upper Mesopotamia or Padan-aram, and about 600 miles northwest of Ur in a direct line. It was on the caravan route between the east and west. It is afterwards mentioned among the towns taken by the king of Assyria (2Ki 19:12; Isa 37:12). It was known to the Greeks and Romans under the name Carrhae.

Harmon: Place · approximate position · 32.28°N 35.20°E 1 verse · Show on map Amo 4:3

Harod: Place · position approximate · 32.55°N 35.36°E 2 verses · Show on map Jdg 7:1, 2Sa 23:25 An epithet applied to two of David’s heroes (2Sa 23:25). (Comp. 1Ch 11:27.)

Harosheth-hagoyim: City · position approximate · 32.69°N 35.11°E 3 verses · Show on map Jdg 4:2, Jdg 4:13, Jdg 4:16 (Jdg 4:2) or nations, a city near Hazor in Galilee of the Gentiles, or Upper Galilee, in the north of Palestine. It was here that Jabin’s great army was marshalled before it went forth into the great battlefield of Esdraelon to encounter the army of Israel, by which it was routed and put to flight (Judg. 4). It was situated “at the entrance of the pass to Esdraelon from the plain of Acre” at the base of Carmel. The name in the Hebrew is Harosheth ha Gojim, i.e., “the smithy of the nations;” probably, as is supposed, so called because here Jabin’s iron war-chariots, armed with scythes, were made. It is identified with el-Harithiyeh.

Hashmonah: Place · approximate position · 30.32°N 35.41°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 33:29-30 Fatness, the thirtieth halting-place of the Israelites during their wanderings in the wilderness, not far from Mount Hor (Num 33:29-30).

Hauran: Region · approximate position · 32.80°N 35.94°E 2 verses · Show on map Ezk 47:16, Ezk 47:18 Cave-land, mentioned only in Ezk 47:16, Ezk 47:18. It was one of the ancient divisions of Bashan (q.v.), and lay on the south-east of Gaulanitis or the Jaulan, and on the south of Lejah, extending from the Arnon to the Hieromax. It was the most fertile region in Syria, and to this day abounds in the ruins of towns, many of which have stone doors and massive walls. It retains its ancient name. It was known by the Greeks and Romans as “Auranitis.”

Havilah (of Arabia): Region · approximate position · 30.14°N 35.22°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 25:18, 1Sa 15:7 A district in Arabia-Felix. It is uncertain whether the tribe gave its name to this region or derived its name from it, and whether it was originally a Cushite (Gen 10:7) or a Joktanite tribe (10:29; comp. 25:18), or whether there were both a Cushite and a Joktanite Havilah. It is the opinion of Kalisch, however, that Havilah “in both instances designates the same country, extending at least from the Persian to the Arabian Gulf, and on account of its vast extent easily divided into two distinct parts.” This opinion may be well vindicated.

Havvoth-jair: Place · approximate position · 32.04°N 35.72°E 4 verses · Show on map Num 32:41, Deu 3:14, Jdg 10:4, 1Ch 2:23

Hazar-addar: City · approximate position · 30.95°N 34.72°E 1 verse · Show on map Num 34:4 Village of Addar, a place in the southern boundary of Palestine (Num 34:4), in the desert to the west of Kadesh-barnea. It is called Adar in Jos 15:3.

Hazar-enan: City · position approximate · 34.23°N 37.24°E 4 verses · Show on map Num 34:9-10, Ezk 47:17, Ezk 48:1 Village of fountains, a place on the north-east frontier of Palestine (Num 34:9-10). Some have identified it with Ayan ed-Dara in the heart of the central chain of Anti-Libanus. More probably, however, it has been identified with Kuryetein, about 60 miles east-north-east of Damascus. (Comp. Ezk 47:17; Ezk 48:1.)

Hazar-gaddah: City · approximate position · 31.16°N 35.06°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:27 Village of fortune, a city on the south border of Judah (Jos 15:27), midway between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

Hazar-shual: City · position approximate · 31.22°N 34.94°E 4 verses · Show on map Jos 15:28, Jos 19:3, 1Ch 4:28, Neh 11:27 Village or enclosure of the jackal, a city on the south border of Judah (Jos 15:28; Neh 11:27). It has been identified with the ruins of Saweh, half-way between Beersheba and Moladah.

Hazar-susah: City · approximate position · 31.39°N 34.94°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:5 Village of the horse, the same as Sansannah, one of Solomon’s “chariot cities” (Jos 15:31; 2Ch 1:14), a depot in the south border of Judah.

Hazar-susim: Place · approximate position · 31.39°N 34.94°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 4:31

Hazazon-tamar: Place · position approximate · 31.46°N 35.39°E 2 verses · Show on map Gen 14:7, 2Ch 20:2

Hazer-hatticon: Place · approximate position · 35.14°N 36.75°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezk 47:16

Hazeroth: Place · position approximate · 28.92°N 34.50°E 5 verses · Show on map Num 11:35, Num 12:16, Num 33:17-18, Deu 1:1 Fenced enclosures consisting of “a low wall of stones in which thick bundles of thorny acacia are inserted, the tangled branches and long needle-like spikes forming a perfectly impenetrable hedge around the encampment” of tents and cattle which they sheltered. Such like enclosures abound in the wilderness of Paran, which the Israelites entered after leaving Sinai (Num 11:35; Num 12:16; Num 33:17-18). This third encampment of the Israelites has been identified with the modern ‘Ain el-Hudhera, some 40 miles north-east of Sinai. Here Miriam (q.v.), being displeased that Moses had married a Cushite wife (Num 12:1), induced Aaron to join with her in rebelling against Moses. God vindicated the authority of his “servant Moses,” and Miriam was smitten with leprosy. Moses interceded for her, and she was healed (Num 12:4). From this encampment the Israelites marched northward across the plateau of et-Tih, and at length reached KADESH.

Hazor: City · position approximate · 33.02°N 35.57°E 11 verses · Show on map Jos 11:1, Jos 11:10-11, Jos 11:13, Jos 12:19, Jos 19:36, Jdg 4:2, Jdg 4:17, 1Sa 12:9, 1Ki 9:15, 2Ki 15:29 A stronghold of the Canaanites in the mountains north of Lake Merom (Jos 11:1). Jabin the king with his allied tribes here encountered Joshua in a great battle. Joshua gained a signal victory, which virtually completed his conquest of Canaan (11:10-13). This city was, however, afterwards rebuilt by the Canaanites, and was ruled by a king with the same hereditary name of Jabin. His army, under a noted leader of the name of Sisera, swept down upon the south, aiming at the complete subjugation of the country. This powerful army was met by the Israelites under Barak, who went forth by the advice of the prophetess Deborah. The result was one of the most remarkable victories for Israel recorded in the Old Testament (Jos 19:36; Jdg 4:2; 1Sa 12:9). The city of Hazor was taken and occupied by the Israelites. It was fortified by Solomon to defend the entrance into the kingdom from Syria and Assyria. When Tiglath-pileser, the Assyrian king, invaded the land, this was one of the first cities he captured, carrying its inhabitants captive into Assyria (2Ki 15:29). It has been identified with Khurbet Harrah, 2 1/2 miles south-east of Kedesh.

Hazor: City · approximate position · 30.69°N 34.49°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:23 A city in the south of Judah (Jos 15:23). The name here should probably be connected with the word following, Ithnan, HAZOR-ITHNAN instead of “Hazor and Ithnan.”

Hazor: Place · approximate position · 31.16°N 35.06°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:25

Hazor: Place · approximate position · 31.83°N 35.20°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 11:33

Hazor-hadattah: City · approximate position · 31.16°N 35.06°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:25 New Hazor, a city in the south of Judah (Jos 15:25). It is probably identified with the ruins of el-Hazzarah, near Beit Jebrin.

Hebron: City · position approximate · 31.54°N 35.09°E 56 verses · Show on map Gen 13:18, Gen 23:2, Gen 23:19, Gen 35:27, Num 13:22, Jos 10:3, Jos 10:5, Jos 10:23, Jos 10:36, Jos 10:39, Jos 11:21, Jos 12:10, Jos 14:13-15, Jos 15:13, Jos 15:54, Jos 20:7, Jos 21:11, Jos 21:13, Jdg 1:10, Jdg 1:20, Jdg 16:3, 1Sa 30:31, 2Sa 2:1, 2Sa 2:3, 2Sa 2:11, 2Sa 2:32, 2Sa 3:2, 2Sa 3:5, 2Sa 3:19-20, 2Sa 3:22, 2Sa 3:27, 2Sa 3:32, 2Sa 4:1, 2Sa 4:8, 2Sa 4:12, 2Sa 5:1, 2Sa 5:3, 2Sa 5:5, 2Sa 5:13, 2Sa 15:7, 2Sa 15:9-10, 1Ki 2:11, 1Ch 3:1, 1Ch 3:4, 1Ch 6:55, 1Ch 6:57, 1Ch 11:1, 1Ch 11:3, 1Ch 12:23, 1Ch 12:38, 1Ch 29:27, 2Ch 11:10 A city in the south end of the valley of Eshcol, about midway between Jerusalem and Beersheba, from which it is distant about 20 miles in a straight line. It was built “seven years before Zoan in Egypt” (Gen 13:18; Num 13:22). It still exists under the same name, and is one of the most ancient cities in the world. Its earlier name was Kirjath-arba (Gen 23:2; Jos 14:15; Jos 15:3). But “Hebron would appear to have been the original name of the city, and it was not till after Abraham’s stay there that it received the name Kirjath-arba, who [i.e., Arba] was not the founder but the conqueror of the city, having led thither the tribe of the Anakim, to which he belonged. It retained this name till it came into the possession of Caleb, when the Israelites restored the original name Hebron” (Keil, Com.). The name of this city does not occur in any of the prophets or in the New Testament. It is found about forty times in the Old. It was the favorite home of Abraham. Here he pitched his tent under the oaks of Mamre, by which name it came afterwards to be known; and here Sarah died, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah (Gen 23:17), which he bought from Ephron the Hittite. From this place the patriarch departed for Egypt by way of Beersheba (37:14; 46:1). It was taken by Joshua and given to Caleb (Jos 10:36-37; 12:10; 14:13). It became a Levitical city and a city of refuge (20:7; 21:11). When David became king of Judah this was his royal residence, and he resided here for seven and a half years (2Sa 5:5); and here he was anointed as king over all Israel (2Sa 2:1, 2Sa 2:11; 1Ki 2:11). It became the residence also of the rebellious Absalom (2Sa 15:10), who probably expected to find his chief support in the tribe of Judah, now called el-Khulil. In one part of the modern city is a great mosque, which is built over the grave of Machpelah. The first European who was permitted to enter this mosque was the Prince of Wales in 1862. It was also visited by the Marquis of Bute in 1866, and by the late Emperor Frederick of Germany (then Crown-Prince of Prussia) in 1869. One of the largest oaks in Palestine is found in the valley of Eshcol, about 3 miles north of the town. It is supposed by some to be the tree under which Abraham pitched his tent, and is called “Abraham’s oak.”

Helam: Place · approximate position · 32.18°N 35.70°E 2 verses · Show on map 2Sa 10:16-17 Place of abundance, a place on the east of Jordan and west of the Euphrates where David gained a great victory over the Syrian army (2Sa 10:16), which was under the command of Shobach. Some would identify it with Alamatta, near Nicephorium.

Helbah: City · approximate position · 34.07°N 35.87°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 1:31 Fatness, a town of the tribe of Asher (Jdg 1:31), in the plain of Phoenicia.

Helbon: Place · position approximate · 33.66°N 36.25°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezk 27:18 Fat; i.e., “fertile”, (Ezek. 27: 18 only), a place whence wine was brought to the great market of Tyre. It has been usually identified with the modern Aleppo, called Haleb by the native Arabs, but is more probably to be found in one of the villages in the Wady Helbon, which is celebrated for its grapes, on the east slope of Anti-Lebanon, north of the river Barada (Abana).

Helech: Place · approximate position · 34.86°N 35.86°E 1 verse · Show on map Ezk 27:11

Heleph: City · position approximate · 33.13°N 35.33°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:33 Exchange, a city on the north border of Naphtali (Jos 19:33).

Heliopolis: Place · position approximate · 30.11°N 31.34°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 43:13

Helkath: City · position approximate · 32.96°N 35.21°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 19:25, Jos 21:31 Smoothness, a town of Asher, on the east border (Jos 19:25; Jos 21:31); called also Hukok (1Ch 6:75).

Helkath-hazzurim: Place · position approximate · 31.88°N 35.28°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Sa 2:16 Plot of the sharp blades, or the field of heroes, (2Sa 2:16). After the battle of Gilboa, so fatal to Saul and his house, David, as divinely directed, took up his residence in Hebron, and was there anointed king over Judah. Among the fugitives from Gilboa was Ish-bosheth, the only surviving son of Saul, whom Abner, Saul’s uncle, took across the Jordan to Mahanaim, and there had him proclaimed king. Abner gathered all the forces at his command and marched to Gibeon, with the object of wresting Judah from David. Joab had the command of David’s army of trained men, who encamped on the south of the pool, which was on the east of the hill on which the town of Gibeon was built, while Abner’s army lay on the north of the pool. Abner proposed that the conflict should be decided by twelve young men engaging in personal combat on either side. So fiercely did they encounter each other that “they caught every man his fellow by the head, and thrust his sword in his fellow’s side; so they fell down together: wherefore that place was called Helkath-hazzurim.” The combat of the champions was thus indecisive, and there followed a severe general engagement between the two armies, ending in the total rout of the Israelites under Abner. The general result of this battle was that “David waxed stronger and stronger, and the house of Saul waxed weaker and weaker” (2Sa 3:1).

Hena: City · position approximate · 34.47°N 41.96°E 3 verses · Show on map 2Ki 18:34, 2Ki 19:13, Isa 37:13 One of the cities of Mesopotamia destroyed by sennacherib (2Ki 18:34; 2Ki 19:13). It is identified with the modern Anah, lying on the right bank of the Euphrates, not far from Sepharvaim.

Hepher: Place · position approximate · 32.37°N 34.88°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 12:17, 1Ki 4:10

Heres: Place · approximate position · 32.20°N 35.63°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 8:13

Hereth: Landmark · position approximate · 31.62°N 35.03°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Sa 22:5 Thicket, a wood in the mountains of Judah where David hid when pursued by Saul (1Sa 22:5). It was possibly while he was here that the memorable incident narrated in 2Sa 23:14, 1Ch 11:16 occurred. This place has not been identified, but perhaps it may be the modern Kharas, on the borders of the chain of mountains some 3 miles east of Keilah.

Hermon: Mountain · position approximate · 33.42°N 35.86°E 7 verses · Show on map Deu 3:9, Deu 4:48, Jos 11:3, Psa 42:6, Psa 89:12, Psa 133:3, Sos 4:8 A peak, the eastern prolongation of the Anti-Lebanon range, reaching to the height of about 9,200 feet above the Mediterranean. It marks the north boundary of Palestine (Deu 3:8, Deu 3:4:48; Jos 11:3, Jos 11:17; 13:11; 12:1), and is seen from a great distance. It is about 40 miles north of the Sea of Galilee. It is called “the Hermonites” (Psa 42:6) because it has more than one summit. The Sidonians called it Sirion, and the Amorites Shenir (Deu 3:9; Sos 4:8). It is also called Baal-hermon (Jdg 3:3; 1Ch 5:23) and Sion (Deu 4:48). There is every probability that one of its three summits was the scene of the transfiguration (q.v.). The “dew of Hermon” is referred to (Ps. 89: 12). Its modern name is Jebel-esh-Sheikh, “the chief mountain.” It is one of the most conspicuous mountains in Palestine or Syria. “In whatever part of Palestine the Israelite turned his eye northward, Hermon was there, terminating the view. From the plain along the coast, from the Jordan valley, from the heights of Moab and Gilead, from the plateau of Bashan, the pale, blue, snow-capped cone forms the one feature in the northern horizon.” Our Lord and his disciples climbed this “high mountain apart” one day, and remained on its summit all night, “weary after their long and toilsome ascent.” During the night “he was transfigured before them; and his face did shine as the sun.” The next day they descended to Caesarea Philippi.

Heshbon: City · position approximate · 31.80°N 35.81°E 37 verses · Show on map Num 21:25-28, Num 21:30, Num 21:34, Num 32:3, Num 32:37, Deu 1:4, Deu 2:24, Deu 2:26, Deu 2:30, Deu 3:2, Deu 3:6, Deu 4:46, Deu 29:7, Jos 9:10, Jos 12:2, Jos 12:5, Jos 13:10, Jos 13:17, Jos 13:21, Jos 13:26-27, Jos 21:39, Jdg 11:19, Jdg 11:26, 1Ch 6:81, Neh 9:22, Sos 7:4, Isa 15:4, Isa 16:8-9, Jer 48:2, Jer 48:34, Jer 48:45, Jer 49:3 Intelligence, a city ruled over by Sihon, king of the Amorites (Jos 3:10; Jos 13:17). It was taken by Moses (Num 21:23), and became afterwards a Levitical city (Jos 21:39) in the tribe of Reuben (Num 32:37). After the Exile it was taken possession of by the Moabites (Isa 15:4; Jer 48:2, Jer 48:34, Jer 48:45). The ruins of this town are still seen about 20 miles east of Jordan from the north end of the Dead Sea. There are reservoirs in this district, which are probably the “fishpools” referred to in Sos 7:4.

Heshmon: City · approximate position · 31.22°N 34.94°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:27 Fatness, a town in the south of Judah (Jos 15:27).

Hethlon: Place · position approximate · 34.74°N 36.34°E 2 verses · Show on map Ezk 47:15, Ezk 48:1 Wrapped up, a place on the north border of Palestine. The “way of Hethlon” (Ezk 47:15; Ezk 48:1) is probably the pass at the end of Lebanon from the Mediterranean to the great plain of Hamath (q.v.), or the “entrance of Hamath.”

Hezron: Landmark · position approximate · 33.02°N 35.57°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:3 A plain in the south of Judah, west of Kadesh-barnea (Jos 15:3).

Hierapolis: City · position approximate · 37.92°N 29.12°E 1 verse · Show on map Col 4:13 Sacred city, a city of Phrygia, where was a Christian church under the care of Epaphras (Col 4:12-13). This church was founded at the same time as that of Colosse. It now bears the name of Pambuk-Kalek, i.e., “Cotton Castle”, from the white appearance of the cliffs at the base of which the ruins are found.

Highway: Place · approximate position · 31.18°N 35.70°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 20:17, Num 21:22

Hilen: Place · position approximate · 31.58°N 34.95°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 6:58

Hill Mizar: Mountain · approximate position · 33.42°N 35.86°E 1 verse · Show on map Psa 42:6 Smallness, a summit on the eastern ridge of Lebanon, near which David lay after escaping from Absalom (Psa 42:6). It may, perhaps, be the present Jebel Ajlun, thus named, “the little”, in contrast with the greater elevation of Lebanon and Hermon.

Hobah: Place · position approximate · 33.50°N 36.47°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 14:15 Hiding-place, a place to the north of Damascus, to which Abraham pursued Chedorlaomer and his confederates (Gen 14:15).

Holon: Place · position approximate · 31.58°N 34.95°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:51, Jos 21:15

Holon: Place · approximate position · 31.50°N 35.92°E 1 verse · Show on map Jer 48:21

Holy Place: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 14 verses · Show on map 1Ki 8:8, 1Ki 8:10, 2Ch 5:9, 2Ch 5:11, 2Ch 6:2, 2Ch 29:5, 2Ch 29:7, 2Ch 35:5, Ezk 41:21, Ezk 41:23, Ezk 42:14, Ezk 44:27, Ezk 45:4, Heb 9:2 One of the two portions into which the tabernacle was divided (Exo 26:31; Exo 37:17; Heb 9:2). It was 20 cubits long and 10 in height and breadth. It was illuminated by the golden candlestick, as it had no opening to admit the light. It contained the table of showbread (Exo 25:23) and the golden altar of incense (30:1-11). It was divided from the holy of holies by a veil of the most costly materials and the brightest colours. The arrangement of the temple (q.v.) was the same in this respect. In it the walls of hewn stone were wainscotted with cedar and overlaid with gold, and adorned with beautiful carvings. It was entered from the porch by folding doors overlaid with gold and richly embossed. Outside the holy place stood the great tank or “sea” of molten brass, supported by twelve oxen, three turned each way, capable of containing two thousand baths of water. Besides this there were ten lavers and the brazen altar of burnt sacrifice.

Hor-haggidgad: Place · approximate position · 30.36°N 35.19°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 33:32-33

Horeb: Place · position approximate · 28.54°N 33.97°E 16 verses · Show on map Exo 3:1, Exo 17:6, Deu 1:2, Deu 1:6, Deu 1:19, Deu 4:10, Deu 4:15, Deu 5:2, Deu 9:8, Deu 18:16, Deu 29:1, 1Ki 8:9, 1Ki 19:8, 2Ch 5:10, Psa 106:19, Mal 4:4 Desert or mountain of the dried-up ground, a general name for the whole mountain range of which Sinai was one of the summits (Exo 3:1; Exo 17:6; Exo 33:6; Psa 106:19, etc.). The modern name of the whole range is Jebel Musa. It is a huge mountain block, about 2 miles long by about 1 in breadth, with a very spacious plain at its north-east end, called the Er Rahah, in which the Israelites encamped for nearly a whole year.

Horem: City · position approximate · 33.17°N 35.43°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:38 Consecrated, one of the fenced cities of Naphtali (Jos 19:38).

Horesh: Place · position approximate · 31.45°N 35.09°E 4 verses · Show on map 1Sa 23:15-16, 1Sa 23:18-19

Hormah: Place · position approximate · 30.88°N 34.63°E 9 verses · Show on map Num 14:45, Num 21:3, Deu 1:44, Jos 12:14, Jos 15:30, Jos 19:4, Jdg 1:17, 1Sa 30:30, 1Ch 4:30 Banning; i.e., placing under a “ban,” or devoting to utter destruction. After the manifestation of God’s anger against the Israelites, on account of their rebellion and their murmurings when the spies returned to the camp at Kadesh, in the wilderness of Paran, with an evil report of the land, they quickly repented of their conduct, and presumed to go up “to the head of the mountain,” seeking to enter the Promised Land, but without the presence of the Lord, without the ark of the convenant, and without Moses. The Amalekites and the Canaanites came down and “smote and discomfited them even unto Hormah” (Num 14:45). This place, or perhaps the watch-tower commanding it, was originally called Zephath (Jdg 1:17), the modern Sebaiteh. Afterwards (Num 21:1) Arad, the king of the Canaanites, at the close of the wanderings, when the Israelites were a second time encamped at Kadesh, “fought against them, and took some of them prisoners.” But Israel vowed a vow unto the Lord utterly to destroy the cities of the Canaanites; they “banned” them, and hence the place was now called Hormah. But this “ban” was not fully executed till the time of Joshua, who finally conquered the king of this district, so that the ancient name Zephath became “Hormah” (Jos 12:14; Jdg 1:17).

Horonaim: City · position approximate · 31.29°N 35.52°E 4 verses · Show on map Isa 15:5, Jer 48:3, Jer 48:5, Jer 48:34 Two caverns, a city of Moab to the south of the Arnon, built, apparently, upon an eminence, and a place of some importance (Isa 15:5; Jer 48:3, Jer 48:5, Jer 48:34).

Horse Gate: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 2 verses · Show on map Neh 3:28, Jer 31:40 A gate in the wall of Jerusalem, at the west end of the bridge, leading from Zion to the temple (Neh 3:28; Jer 31:40).

Hosah: Place · position approximate · 32.18°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:29 A place on the border of the tribe of Asher (Jos 19:29), a little to the south of Zidon.

Hukkok: City · position approximate · 32.88°N 35.50°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:34 Decreed, a town near Zebulun, not far from Jordan, on the border of Naphtali (Jos 19:34).

Hukok: City · position approximate · 32.96°N 35.21°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 6:75 Decreed, a town near Zebulun, not far from Jordan, on the border of Naphtali (Jos 19:34).

Humtah: Place · approximate position · 31.54°N 35.09°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:54

Ibleam: City · position approximate · 32.45°N 35.28°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 17:11, Jdg 1:27, 2Ki 9:27 People-waster, a city assigned to Manasseh (Jos 17:11), from which the Israelites, however, could not expel the Canaanites (Jdg 1:27). It is also called Bileam (1Ch 6:70). It was probably the modern Jelamah, a village 2 1/2 miles north of Jenin.

Iconium: City · position approximate · 37.88°N 32.49°E 6 verses · Show on map Act 13:51, Act 14:1, Act 14:19, Act 14:21, Act 16:2, 2Ti 3:11 The capital of ancient Lycaonia. It was first visited by Paul and Barnabas from Antioch-in-Pisidia during the apostle’s first missionary journey (Act 13:50-51). Here they were persecuted by the Jews, and being driven from the city, they fled to Lystra. They afterwards returned to Iconium, and encouraged the church which had been founded there (14:21, 22). It was probably again visited by Paul during his third missionary journey along with Silas (18:23). It is the modern Konieh, at the foot of Mount Taurus, about 120 miles inland from the Mediterranean.

Idalah: City · position approximate · 32.73°N 35.17°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:15 Snares(?), a city near the west border of Zebulun (Jos 19:15). It has been identified with the modern Jeida, in the valley of Kishon.

Idumea: Place · approximate position · 30.73°N 35.61°E 1 verse · Show on map Mrk 3:8 The Greek form of Edom (Isa 34:5-6; Ezk 35:15; Ezk 36:5, but in R.V. “Edom”).

Iim: City · approximate position · 32.05°N 35.73°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:29 A city in the south of Judah (Jos 15:29).

Ijon: City · position approximate · 33.33°N 35.61°E 3 verses · Show on map 1Ki 15:20, 2Ki 15:29, 2Ch 16:4 A ruin, a city of Naphtali, captured by Ben-hadad of Syria at the instance of Asa (1Ki 15:20), and afterwards by Tiglath-pileser of Assyria (2Ki 15:29) in the reign of Pekah; now el-Khiam.

Illyricum: Region · approximate position · 43.52°N 16.07°E 1 verse · Show on map Rom 15:19 A country to the north-west of Macedonia, on the eastern shores of the Adriatic, now almost wholly comprehended in Dalmatia, a name formerly given to the southern part of Illyricum (2Ti 4:10). It was traversed by Paul in his third missionary journey (Rom 15:19). It was the farthest district he had reached in preaching the gospel of Christ. This reference to Illyricum is in harmony with Act 20:2, inasmuch as the apostle’s journey over the parts of Macedonia would bring him to the borders of Illyricum.

Immer: Place · approximate position · 36.36°N 43.15°E 2 verses · Show on map Ezr 2:59, Neh 7:61 Ezr 2:59; Neh 7:61.

India: Place · approximate position · 22.00°N 77.00°E 2 verses · Show on map Est 1:1, Est 8:9 Occurs only in Est 1:1 and 8:9, where the extent of the dominion of the Persian king is described. The country so designated here is not the peninsula of Hindustan, but the country surrounding the Indus, the Punjab. The people and the products of India were well known to the Jews, who seem to have carried on an active trade with that country (Ezk 27:15, Ezk 27:24).

Iphtah: Place · approximate position · 31.81°N 34.94°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:43

Ir-shemesh: Place · position approximate · 31.75°N 34.98°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:41

Irpeel: Place · position approximate · 31.87°N 35.20°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 18:27

Italy: Region · approximate position · 41.90°N 12.48°E 4 verses · Show on map Act 18:2, Act 27:1, Act 27:6, Heb 13:24 Act 18:2; Act 27:1, Act 27:6; Heb 13:24), like most geographical names, was differently used at different periods of history. As the power of Rome advanced, nations were successively conquered and added to it till it came to designate the whole country to the south of the Alps. There was constant intercourse between Palestine and Italy in the time of the Romans.

Ithlah: City · position approximate · 31.82°N 35.08°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:42 Suspended; high, a city on the borders of Dan (Jos 19:42).

Ithnan: Place · approximate position · 31.16°N 35.06°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:23

Ituraea: Region · approximate position · 33.42°N 35.86°E 1 verse · Show on map Luk 3:1 A district in the north-east of Palestine, forming, along with the adjacent territory of Trachonitis, the tetrarchy of Philip (Luk 3:1). The present Jedur comprehends the chief part of Ituraea. It is bounded on the east by Trachonitis, on the south by Gaulanitis, on the west by Hermon, and on the north by the plain of Damascus.

Ivvah: City · approximate position · 34.47°N 41.96°E 3 verses · Show on map 2Ki 18:34, 2Ki 19:13, Isa 37:13 Overturning, a city of the Assyrians, whence colonists were brought to Samaria (2Ki 18:34; 2Ki 19:13). It lay on the Euphrates, between Sepharvaim and Henah, and is supposed by some to have been the Ahava of Ezra (8:15).

Iye-abarim: Place · approximate position · 31.50°N 35.78°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 21:11, Num 33:44

Iyim: Place · approximate position · 31.50°N 35.78°E 1 verse · Show on map Num 33:45 One of the stations of the Israelites in the wilderness (Num 33:45).

Jaar: Place · approximate position · 31.77°N 34.99°E 0 verses · Show on map

Jabbok: Water · River · position approximate · 32.19°N 35.68°E 7 verses · Show on map Gen 32:22, Num 21:24, Deu 2:37, Deu 3:16, Jos 12:2, Jdg 11:13, Jdg 11:22 A pouring out, or a wrestling, one of the streams on the east of Jordan, into which it falls about midway between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea, or about 45 miles below the Sea of Galilee. It rises on the eastern side of the mountains of Gilead, and runs a course of about 65 miles in a wild and deep ravine. It was the boundary between the territory of the Ammonites and that of Og, king of Bashan (Jos 12:1; Num 21:24); also between the tribe of Reuben and the half tribe of Manasseh (21:24; Deu 3:16). In its course westward across the plains it passes more than once underground. “The scenery along its banks is probably the most picturesque in Palestine; and the ruins of town and village and fortress which stud the surrounding mountain-side render the country as interesting as it is beautiful.” This river is now called the Zerka, or blue river.

Jabesh: Place · position approximate · 32.38°N 35.61°E 8 verses · Show on map 1Sa 11:1, 1Sa 11:3, 1Sa 11:5, 1Sa 11:9-10, 1Sa 31:12-13, 1Ch 10:12 For Jabesh-Gilead (1Sa 11:3, 1Sa 11:9, 1Sa 11:10).

Jabesh-gilead: City · position approximate · 32.38°N 35.61°E 12 verses · Show on map Jdg 21:8-10, Jdg 21:12, Jdg 21:14, 1Sa 11:1, 1Sa 11:9, 1Sa 31:11, 2Sa 2:4-5, 2Sa 21:12, 1Ch 10:11 A town on the east of Jordan, on the top of one of the green hills of Gilead, within the limits of the half tribe of Manasseh, and in full view of Beth-shan. It is first mentioned in connection with the vengeance taken on its inhabitants because they had refused to come up to Mizpeh to take part with Israel against the tribe of Benjamin (Jdg 21:8). After the battles at Gibeah, that tribe was almost extinguished, only six hundred men remaining. An expedition went against Jabesh-Gilead, the whole of whose inhabitants were put to the sword, except four hundred maidens, whom they brought as prisoners and sent to “proclaim peace” to the Benjamites who had fled to the crag Rimmon. These captives were given to them as wives, that the tribe might be saved from extinction (Judg. 21). This city was afterwards taken by Nahash, king of the Ammonites, but was delivered by Saul, the newly-elected king of Israel. In gratitude for this deliverance, forty years after this, the men of Jabesh-Gilead took down the bodies of Saul and of his three sons from the walls of Beth-shan, and after burning them, buried the bones under a tree near the city (1Sa 31:11). David thanked them for this act of piety (2Sa 2:4), and afterwards transferred the remains to the royal sepulchre (21:14). It is identified with the ruins of ed-Deir, about 6 miles south of Pella, on the north of the Wady Yabis.

Jabez: Place · approximate position · 31.71°N 35.21°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 2:55 A place inhabited by several families of the scribes (1Ch 2:55).

Jabneel: City · position approximate · 31.87°N 34.75°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:11 A town in the north boundary of Judah (Jos 15:11), called afterwards by the Greeks Jamnia, the modern Yebna, 11 miles south of Jaffa. After the fall of Jerusalem (A.D. 70), it became one of the most populous cities of Judea, and the seat of a celebrated school.

Jabneel: City · position approximate · 32.70°N 35.50°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:33 A town on the border of Naphtali (Jos 19:33). Its later name was Kefr Yemmah, “the village by the sea,” on the south shore of Lake Merom.

Jabneh: Place · position approximate · 31.87°N 34.75°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 26:6 Building, (2Ch 26:6), identical with Jabneel (Jos 15:11).

Jagur: City · approximate position · 31.19°N 34.97°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:21 Place of sojourn, a city on the southern border of Judah (Jos 15:21).

Jahaz: City · position approximate · 31.50°N 35.92°E 5 verses · Show on map Num 21:23, Deu 2:32, Jdg 11:20, Isa 15:4, Jer 48:34 Trodden down (called also Jahaza, Jos 13:18; Jahazah, 21:36; Jahzah, 1Ch 6:78), a town where Sihon was defeated, in the borders of Moab and in the land of the Ammonites beyond Jordan, and north of the river Arnon (Num 21:23; Deu 2:32). It was situated in the tribe of Reuben, and was assigned to the Merarite Levites (Jos 13:18; Jos 21:36). Here was fought the decisive battle in which Sihon (q.v.) was completely routed, and his territory (the modern Belka) came into the possession of Israel. This town is mentioned in the denunciations of the prophets against Moab (Isa 15:4; Jer 48:34).

Jahzah: Place · position approximate · 31.50°N 35.92°E 2 verses · Show on map 1Ch 6:78, Jer 48:21

Jair: Region · approximate position · 32.04°N 35.72°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 13:30

Janim: City · position approximate · 31.52°N 35.17°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:53 Slumber, a town in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:53).

Janoah: City · position approximate · 33.26°N 35.30°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 16:6-7 A town on the north-eastern border of Ephraim, in the Jordan valley (Jos 16:6-7). Identified with the modern Yanun, 8 miles south-east of Nablus.

Janoah: City · position approximate · 32.16°N 35.36°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ki 15:29 A town of Northern Palestine, within the boundaries of Naphtali. It was taken by the king of Assyria (2Ki 15:29).

Japhia: City · position approximate · 32.69°N 35.27°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:12 A town in the southern boundary of Zebulum (Jos 19:12); now Yafa, 2 miles south-west of Nazareth.

Jarmuth: City · position approximate · 31.71°N 34.97°E 6 verses · Show on map Jos 10:3, Jos 10:5, Jos 10:23, Jos 12:11, Jos 15:35, Neh 11:29 A town in the plain of Judah (Jos 15:35), originally the residence of one of the Canaanitish kings (10:3, 5, 23). It has been identified with the modern Yarmuk, a village about 7 miles north-east of Beit-Jibrin.

Jarmuth: City · approximate position · 32.56°N 35.33°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 21:29 A Levitical city of the tribe of Issachar (Jos 21:29), supposed by some to be the Ramah of Samuel (1Sa 19:22).

Jattir: City · position approximate · 31.40°N 35.07°E 4 verses · Show on map Jos 15:48, Jos 21:14, 1Sa 30:27, 1Ch 6:57 Pre-eminent, a city in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:48; Jos 21:14).

Javan: Place · approximate position · 37.95°N 27.37°E 2 verses · Show on map Isa 66:19, Ezk 27:13

Jazer: City · position approximate · 31.94°N 35.73°E 12 verses · Show on map Num 21:32, Num 32:1, Num 32:3, Num 32:35, Jos 13:25, Jos 21:39, 2Sa 24:5, 1Ch 6:81, 1Ch 26:31, Isa 16:8-9, Jer 48:32 He (God) helps, a city of the Amorites on the east of Jordan, and assigned, with neighbouring places in Gilead, to Gad (Num 32:1, Num 32:35; Jos 13:25). It was allotted to the Merarite Levites (21:39). In David’s time it was occupied by the Hebronites, i.e., the descendants of Kohath (1Ch 26:31). It is mentioned in the “burdens” proclaimed over Moab (Isa 16:8-9; Jer 48:32). Its site is marked by the modern ruin called Sar or Seir, about 10 miles west of Amman, and 12 from Heshbon. “The vineyards that once covered the hill-sides are gone; and the wild Bedawin from the eastern desert make cultivation of any kind impossible.”

Jebus: City · position approximate · 31.78°N 35.23°E 5 verses · Show on map Jos 18:28, Jdg 19:10-11, 1Ch 11:4-5 Trodden hard, or fastness, or “the waterless hill”, the name of the Canaanitish city which stood on Mount Zion (Jos 15:8; Jos 18:16, Jos 18:28). It is identified with Jerusalem (q.v.) in Jdg 19:10, and with the castle or city of David (1Ch 11:4, 1Ch 11:5). It was a place of great natural strength, and its capture was one of David’s most brilliant achievements (2Sa 5:8).

Jebusite: Place · position approximate · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:8 The name of the original inhabitants of Jebus, mentioned frequently among the seven nations doomed to destruction (Gen 10:16; Gen 15:21; Exo 3:8, Exo 3:17; 13:5, etc.). At the time of the arrival of the Israelites in Palestine they were ruled by Adonizedek (Jos 10:1, Jos 10:23). They were defeated by Joshua, and their king was slain; but they were not entirely driven out of Jebus till the time of David, who made it the capital of his kingdom instead of Hebron. The site on which the temple was afterwards built belonged to Araunah, a Jebusite, from whom it was purchased by David, who refused to accept it as a free gift (2Sa 24:16; 1Ch 21:24, 1Ch 21:25).

Jegar-sahadutha: Place · position approximate · 32.57°N 36.01°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 31:47 Pile of testimony, the Aramaic or Syriac name which Laban gave to the pile of stones erected as a memorial of the covenant between him and Jacob (Gen 31:47), who, however, called it in Hebrew by an equivalent name, Galeed (q.v.).

Jehud: Place · position approximate · 32.03°N 34.89°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:45

Jekabzeel: Place · approximate position · 31.19°N 34.97°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 11:25

Jericho: City · position approximate · 31.87°N 35.44°E 58 verses · Show on map Num 22:1, Num 26:3, Num 26:63, Num 31:12, Num 33:48, Num 33:50, Num 34:15, Num 35:1, Num 36:13, Deu 32:49, Deu 34:1, Jos 2:1-3, Jos 3:16, Jos 4:13, Jos 4:19, Jos 5:10, Jos 5:13, Jos 6:1-2, Jos 6:25-26, Jos 7:2, Jos 8:2, Jos 9:3, Jos 10:1, Jos 10:28, Jos 10:30, Jos 12:9, Jos 13:32, Jos 16:1, Jos 16:7, Jos 18:12, Jos 18:21, Jos 20:8, Jos 24:11, 2Sa 10:5, 1Ki 16:34, 2Ki 2:4-5, 2Ki 2:15, 2Ki 2:18, 2Ki 25:5, 1Ch 6:78, 1Ch 19:5, 2Ch 28:15, Ezr 2:34, Neh 3:2, Neh 7:36, Jer 39:5, Jer 52:8, Mat 20:29, Mrk 10:46, Luk 10:30, Luk 18:35, Luk 19:1, Heb 11:30 Place of fragrance, a fenced city in the midst of a vast grove of palm trees, in the plain of Jordan, over against the place where that river was crossed by the Israelites (Jos 3:16). Its site was near the ‘Ain es-Sultan, Elisha’s Fountain (2Ki 2:19), about 5 miles west of Jordan. It was the most important city in the Jordan valley (Num 22:1; Num 34:15), and the strongest fortress in all the land of Canaan. It was the key to Western Palestine. This city was taken in a very remarkable manner by the Israelites (Josh. 6). God gave it into their hands. The city was “accursed” (Heb. herem, “devoted” to Jehovah), and accordingly (Jos 6:17; comp. Lev 27:28-29; Deu 13:16) all the inhabitants and all the spoil of the city were to be destroyed, “only the silver, and the gold, and the vessels of brass and of iron” were reserved and “put into the treasury of the house of Jehovah” (Jos 6:24; comp. Num 31:22-23, Num 31:50-54). Only Rahab “and her father’s household, and all that she had,” were preserved from destruction, according to the promise of the spies (Jos 2:14). In one of the Amarna tablets Adoni-zedec (q.v.) writes to the king of Egypt informing him that the ‘Abiri (Hebrews) had prevailed, and had taken the fortress of Jericho, and were plundering “all the king’s lands.” It would seem that the Egyptian troops had before this been withdrawn from Palestine. This city was given to the tribe of Benjamin (Jos 18:21), and it was inhabited in the time of the Judges (Jdg 3:13; 2Sa 10:5). It is not again mentioned till the time of David (2Sa 10:5). “Children of Jericho” were among the captives who returned under Zerubbabel Ezr 2:34; Neh 7:36). Hiel (q.v.) the Bethelite attempted to make it once more a fortified city (1Ki 16:34). Between the beginning and the end of his undertaking all his children were cut off. In New Testament times Jericho stood some distance to the south-east of the ancient one, and near the opening of the valley of Achor. It was a rich and flourishing town, having a considerable trade, and celebrated for the palm trees which adorned the plain around. It was visited by our Lord on his last journey to Jerusalem. Here he gave sight to two blind men (Mat 20:29; Mrk 10:46), and brought salvation to the house of Zacchaeus the publican (Luk 19:2). The poor hamlet of er-Riha, the representative of modern Jericho, is situated some two miles farther to the east. It is in a ruinous condition, having been destroyed by the Turks in 1840. “The soil of the plain,” about the middle of which the ancient city stood, “is unsurpassed in fertility; there is abundance of water for irrigation, and many of the old aqueducts are almost perfect; yet nearly the whole plain is waste and desolate...The climate of Jericho is exceedingly hot and unhealthy. This is accounted for by the depression of the plain, which is about 1,200 feet below the level of the sea.” There were three different Jerichos, on three different sites, the Jericho of Joshua, the Jericho of Herod, and the Jericho of the Crusades. Er-Riha, the modern Jericho, dates from the time of the Crusades. Dr. Bliss has found in a hollow scooped out for some purpose or other near the foot of the biggest mound above the Sultan’s Spring specimens of Amorite or pre-Israelitish pottery precisely identical with what he had discovered on the site of ancient Lachish. He also traced in this place for a short distance a mud brick wall in situ, which he supposes to be the very wall that fell before the trumpets of Joshua. The wall is not far from the foot of the great precipice of Quarantania and its numerous caverns, and the spies of Joshua could easily have fled from the city and been speedily hidden in these fastnesses.

Jeruel: Region · approximate position · 31.57°N 35.41°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 20:16 Founded by God, a “desert” on the ascent from the valley of the Dead Sea towards Jerusalem. It lay beyond the wilderness of Tekoa, in the direction of Engedi (2Ch 20:16, 2Ch 20:20). It corresponds with the tract of country now called el-Hasasah.

Jerusalem: City · precise position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 754 verses · Show on map Jos 10:1, Jos 10:3, Jos 10:5, Jos 10:23, Jos 12:10, Jos 15:8, Jos 15:63, Jos 18:28, Jdg 1:7-8, Jdg 1:21, Jdg 19:10, 1Sa 17:54, 2Sa 5:5-6, 2Sa 5:13-14, 2Sa 8:7, 2Sa 9:13, 2Sa 10:14, 2Sa 11:1, 2Sa 11:12, 2Sa 12:31, 2Sa 14:23, 2Sa 14:28, 2Sa 15:8, 2Sa 15:11, 2Sa 15:14, 2Sa 15:29, 2Sa 15:37, 2Sa 16:3, 2Sa 16:15, 2Sa 17:20, 2Sa 19:19, 2Sa 19:25, 2Sa 19:33-34, 2Sa 20:2-3, 2Sa 20:7, 2Sa 20:22, 2Sa 24:8, 2Sa 24:16, 1Ki 2:11, 1Ki 2:36, 1Ki 2:38, 1Ki 2:41, 1Ki 3:1, 1Ki 3:15, 1Ki 8:1, 1Ki 9:15, 1Ki 9:19, 1Ki 10:2, 1Ki 10:26-27, 1Ki 11:7, 1Ki 11:13, 1Ki 11:29, 1Ki 11:32, 1Ki 11:36, 1Ki 11:42, 1Ki 12:18, 1Ki 12:21, 1Ki 12:27-28, 1Ki 14:21, 1Ki 14:25 … +566 more Called also Salem, Ariel, Jebus, the “city of God,” the “holy city;” by the modern Arabs el-Khuds, meaning “the holy;” once “the city of Judah” (2Ch 25:28). This name is in the original in the dual form, and means “possession of peace,” or “foundation of peace.” The dual form probably refers to the two mountains on which it was built, viz., Zion and Moriah; or, as some suppose, to the two parts of the city, the “upper” and the “lower city.” Jerusalem is a “mountain city enthroned on a mountain fastness” (comp. Psa 68:15-16; 87:1; 125:2; 76:1, 2; 122:3). It stands on the edge of one of the highest table-lands in Palestine, and is surrounded on the south-eastern, the southern, and the western sides by deep and precipitous ravines. It is first mentioned in Scripture under the name Salem (Gen 14:18; comp. Psa 76:2). When first mentioned under the name Jerusalem, Adonizedek was its king (Jos 10:1). It is afterwards named among the cities of Benjamin (Jdg 19:10; 1Ch 11:4); but in the time of David it was divided between Benjamin and Judah. After the death of Joshua the city was taken and set on fire by the men of Judah (Jdg 1:1); but the Jebusites were not wholly driven out of it. The city is not again mentioned till we are told that David brought the head of Goliath thither (1Sa 17:54). David afterwards led his forces against the Jebusites still residing within its walls, and drove them out, fixing his own dwelling on Zion, which he called “the city of David” (2Sa 5:5; 1Ch 11:4). Here he built an altar to the Lord on the threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebusite (2Sa 24:15), and thither he brought up the ark of the covenant and placed it in the new tabernacle which he had prepared for it. Jerusalem now became the capital of the kingdom. After the death of David, Solomon built the temple, a house for the name of the Lord, on Mount Moriah (B.C. 1010). He also greatly strengthened and adorned the city, and it became the great centre of all the civil and religious affairs of the nation (Deu 12:5; comp. 12:14; 14:23; 16:11-16; Ps. 122). After the disruption of the kingdom on the accession to the throne of Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, Jerusalem became the capital of the kingdom of the two tribes. It was subsequently often taken and retaken by the Egyptians, the Assyrians, and by the kings of Israel (2Ki 14:13, 2Ki 14:14; 18:15, 16; 23:33-35; 24:14; 2Ch 12:9; 2Ch 26:9; 2Ch 27:3, 2Ch 27:4; 2Ch 29:3; 2Ch 32:30; 2Ch 33:11), till finally, for the abounding iniquities of the nation, after a siege of three years, it was taken and utterly destroyed, its walls razed to the ground, and its temple and palaces consumed by fire, by Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon (2 Kings 25; 2 Chr. 36; Jer. 39), B.C. 588. The desolation of the city and the land was completed by the retreat of the principal Jews into Egypt (Jer. 40-44), and by the final carrying captive into Babylon of all that still remained in the land (52:3), so that it was left without an inhabitant (B.C. 582). Compare the predictions, Deut. 28; Lev 26:14. But the streets and walls of Jerusalem were again to be built, in troublous times (Dan 9:16, Dan 9:19, Dan 9:25), after a captivity of seventy years. This restoration was begun B.C. 536, “in the first year of Cyrus” (Ezr 1:2-3, Ezr 1:5-11). The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah contain the history of the re-building of the city and temple, and the restoration of the kingdom of the Jews, consisting of a portion of all the tribes. The kingdom thus constituted was for two centuries under the dominion of Persia, till B.C. 331; and thereafter, for about a century and a half, under the rulers of the Greek empire in Asia, till B.C. 167. For a century the Jews maintained their independence under native rulers, the Asmonean princes. At the close of this period they fell under the rule of Herod and of members of his family, but practically under Rome, till the time of the destruction of Jerusalem, A.D. 70. The city was then laid in ruins. The modern Jerusalem by-and-by began to be built over the immense beds of rubbish resulting from the overthrow of the ancient city; and whilst it occupies certainly the same site, there are no evidences that even the lines of its streets are now what they were in the ancient city. Till A.D. 131 the Jews who still lingered about Jerusalem quietly submitted to the Roman sway. But in that year the emperor (Hadrian), in order to hold them in subjection, rebuilt and fortified the city. The Jews, however, took possession of it, having risen under the leadership of one Bar-Chohaba (i.e., “the son of the star”) in revolt against the Romans. Some four years afterwards (A.D. 135), however, they were driven out of it with great slaughter, and the city was again destroyed; and over its ruins was built a Roman city called Aelia Capitolina, a name which it retained till it fell under the dominion of the Mohammedans, when it was called el-Khuds, i.e., “the holy.” In A.D. 326 Helena, mother of the emperor Constantine, made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem with the view of discovering the places mentioned in the life of our Lord. She caused a church to be built on what was then supposed to be the place of the nativity at Bethlehem. Constantine, animated by her example, searched for the holy sepulchre, and built over the supposed site a magnificent church, which was completed and dedicated A.D. 335. He relaxed the laws against the Jews till this time in force, and permitted them once a year to visit the city and wail over the desolation of “the holy and beautiful house.” In A.D. 614 the Persians, after defeating the Roman forces of the emperor Heraclius, took Jerusalem by storm, and retained it till A.D. 637, when it was taken by the Arabians under the Khalif Omar. It remained in their possession till it passed, in A.D. 960, under the dominion of the Fatimite khalifs of Egypt, and in A.D. 1073 under the Turcomans. In A.D. 1099 the crusader Godfrey of Bouillon took the city from the Moslems with great slaughter, and was elected king of Jerusalem. He converted the Mosque of Omar into a Christian cathedral. During the eighty-eight years which followed, many churches and convents were erected in the holy city. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was rebuilt during this period, and it alone remains to this day. In A.D. 1187 the sultan Saladin wrested the city from the Christians. From that time to the present day, with few intervals, Jerusalem has remained in the hands of the Moslems. It has, however, during that period been again and again taken and retaken, demolished in great part and rebuilt, no city in the world having passed through so many vicissitudes. In the year 1850 the Greek and Latin monks residing in Jerusalem had a fierce dispute about the guardianship of what are called the “holy places.” In this dispute the emperor Nicholas of Russia sided with the Greeks, and Louis Napoleon, the emperor of the French, with the Latins. This led the Turkish authorities to settle the question in a way unsatisfactory to Russia. Out of this there sprang the Crimean War, which was protracted and sanguinary, but which had important consequences in the way of breaking down the barriers of Turkish exclusiveness. Modern Jerusalem “lies near the summit of a broad mountain-ridge, which extends without interruption from the plain of Esdraelon to a line drawn between the southern end of the Dead Sea and the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean.” This high, uneven table-land is everywhere from 20 to 25 geographical miles in breadth. It was anciently known as the mountains of Ephraim and Judah. “Jerusalem is a city of contrasts, and differs widely from Damascus, not merely because it is a stone town in mountains, whilst the latter is a mud city in a plain, but because while in Damascus Moslem religion and Oriental custom are unmixed with any foreign element, in Jerusalem every form of religion, every nationality of East and West, is represented at one time.” Jerusalem is first mentioned under that name in the Book of Joshua, and the Tell-el-Amarna collection of tablets includes six letters from its Amorite king to Egypt, recording the attack of the Abiri about B.C. 1480. The name is there spelt Uru-Salim (“city of peace”). Another monumental record in which the Holy City is named is that of Sennacherib’s attack in B.C. 702. The “camp of the Assyrians” was still shown about A.D. 70, on the flat ground to the north-west, included in the new quarter of the city. The city of David included both the upper city and Millo, and was surrounded by a wall built by David and Solomon, who appear to have restored the original Jebusite fortifications. The name Zion (or Sion) appears to have been, like Ariel (“the hearth of God”), a poetical term for Jerusalem, but in the Greek age was more specially used of the Temple hill. The priests’ quarter grew up on Ophel, south of the Temple, where also was Solomon’s Palace outside the original city of David. The walls of the city were extended by Jotham and Manasseh to include this suburb and the Temple (2Ch 27:3; 2Ch 33:14). Jerusalem is now a town of some 50,000 inhabitants, with ancient mediaeval walls, partly on the old lines, but extending less far to the south. The traditional sites, as a rule, were first shown in the 4th and later centuries A.D., and have no authority. The results of excavation have, however, settled most of the disputed questions, the limits of the Temple area, and the course of the old walls having been traced.

Jerusalem's: Place · position approximate · 31.78°N 35.23°E 0 verses · Show on map Called also Salem, Ariel, Jebus, the “city of God,” the “holy city;” by the modern Arabs el-Khuds, meaning “the holy;” once “the city of Judah” (2Ch 25:28). This name is in the original in the dual form, and means “possession of peace,” or “foundation of peace.” The dual form probably refers to the two mountains on which it was built, viz., Zion and Moriah; or, as some suppose, to the two parts of the city, the “upper” and the “lower city.” Jerusalem is a “mountain city enthroned on a mountain fastness” (comp. Psa 68:15-16; 87:1; 125:2; 76:1, 2; 122:3). It stands on the edge of one of the highest table-lands in Palestine, and is surrounded on the south-eastern, the southern, and the western sides by deep and precipitous ravines. It is first mentioned in Scripture under the name Salem (Gen 14:18; comp. Psa 76:2). When first mentioned under the name Jerusalem, Adonizedek was its king (Jos 10:1). It is afterwards named among the cities of Benjamin (Jdg 19:10; 1Ch 11:4); but in the time of David it was divided between Benjamin and Judah. After the death of Joshua the city was taken and set on fire by the men of Judah (Jdg 1:1); but the Jebusites were not wholly driven out of it. The city is not again mentioned till we are told that David brought the head of Goliath thither (1Sa 17:54). David afterwards led his forces against the Jebusites still residing within its walls, and drove them out, fixing his own dwelling on Zion, which he called “the city of David” (2Sa 5:5; 1Ch 11:4). Here he built an altar to the Lord on the threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebusite (2Sa 24:15), and thither he brought up the ark of the covenant and placed it in the new tabernacle which he had prepared for it. Jerusalem now became the capital of the kingdom. After the death of David, Solomon built the temple, a house for the name of the Lord, on Mount Moriah (B.C. 1010). He also greatly strengthened and adorned the city, and it became the great centre of all the civil and religious affairs of the nation (Deu 12:5; comp. 12:14; 14:23; 16:11-16; Ps. 122). After the disruption of the kingdom on the accession to the throne of Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, Jerusalem became the capital of the kingdom of the two tribes. It was subsequently often taken and retaken by the Egyptians, the Assyrians, and by the kings of Israel (2Ki 14:13, 2Ki 14:14; 18:15, 16; 23:33-35; 24:14; 2Ch 12:9; 2Ch 26:9; 2Ch 27:3, 2Ch 27:4; 2Ch 29:3; 2Ch 32:30; 2Ch 33:11), till finally, for the abounding iniquities of the nation, after a siege of three years, it was taken and utterly destroyed, its walls razed to the ground, and its temple and palaces consumed by fire, by Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon (2 Kings 25; 2 Chr. 36; Jer. 39), B.C. 588. The desolation of the city and the land was completed by the retreat of the principal Jews into Egypt (Jer. 40-44), and by the final carrying captive into Babylon of all that still remained in the land (52:3), so that it was left without an inhabitant (B.C. 582). Compare the predictions, Deut. 28; Lev 26:14. But the streets and walls of Jerusalem were again to be built, in troublous times (Dan 9:16, Dan 9:19, Dan 9:25), after a captivity of seventy years. This restoration was begun B.C. 536, “in the first year of Cyrus” (Ezr 1:2-3, Ezr 1:5-11). The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah contain the history of the re-building of the city and temple, and the restoration of the kingdom of the Jews, consisting of a portion of all the tribes. The kingdom thus constituted was for two centuries under the dominion of Persia, till B.C. 331; and thereafter, for about a century and a half, under the rulers of the Greek empire in Asia, till B.C. 167. For a century the Jews maintained their independence under native rulers, the Asmonean princes. At the close of this period they fell under the rule of Herod and of members of his family, but practically under Rome, till the time of the destruction of Jerusalem, A.D. 70. The city was then laid in ruins. The modern Jerusalem by-and-by began to be built over the immense beds of rubbish resulting from the overthrow of the ancient city; and whilst it occupies certainly the same site, there are no evidences that even the lines of its streets are now what they were in the ancient city. Till A.D. 131 the Jews who still lingered about Jerusalem quietly submitted to the Roman sway. But in that year the emperor (Hadrian), in order to hold them in subjection, rebuilt and fortified the city. The Jews, however, took possession of it, having risen under the leadership of one Bar-Chohaba (i.e., “the son of the star”) in revolt against the Romans. Some four years afterwards (A.D. 135), however, they were driven out of it with great slaughter, and the city was again destroyed; and over its ruins was built a Roman city called Aelia Capitolina, a name which it retained till it fell under the dominion of the Mohammedans, when it was called el-Khuds, i.e., “the holy.” In A.D. 326 Helena, mother of the emperor Constantine, made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem with the view of discovering the places mentioned in the life of our Lord. She caused a church to be built on what was then supposed to be the place of the nativity at Bethlehem. Constantine, animated by her example, searched for the holy sepulchre, and built over the supposed site a magnificent church, which was completed and dedicated A.D. 335. He relaxed the laws against the Jews till this time in force, and permitted them once a year to visit the city and wail over the desolation of “the holy and beautiful house.” In A.D. 614 the Persians, after defeating the Roman forces of the emperor Heraclius, took Jerusalem by storm, and retained it till A.D. 637, when it was taken by the Arabians under the Khalif Omar. It remained in their possession till it passed, in A.D. 960, under the dominion of the Fatimite khalifs of Egypt, and in A.D. 1073 under the Turcomans. In A.D. 1099 the crusader Godfrey of Bouillon took the city from the Moslems with great slaughter, and was elected king of Jerusalem. He converted the Mosque of Omar into a Christian cathedral. During the eighty-eight years which followed, many churches and convents were erected in the holy city. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was rebuilt during this period, and it alone remains to this day. In A.D. 1187 the sultan Saladin wrested the city from the Christians. From that time to the present day, with few intervals, Jerusalem has remained in the hands of the Moslems. It has, however, during that period been again and again taken and retaken, demolished in great part and rebuilt, no city in the world having passed through so many vicissitudes. In the year 1850 the Greek and Latin monks residing in Jerusalem had a fierce dispute about the guardianship of what are called the “holy places.” In this dispute the emperor Nicholas of Russia sided with the Greeks, and Louis Napoleon, the emperor of the French, with the Latins. This led the Turkish authorities to settle the question in a way unsatisfactory to Russia. Out of this there sprang the Crimean War, which was protracted and sanguinary, but which had important consequences in the way of breaking down the barriers of Turkish exclusiveness. Modern Jerusalem “lies near the summit of a broad mountain-ridge, which extends without interruption from the plain of Esdraelon to a line drawn between the southern end of the Dead Sea and the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean.” This high, uneven table-land is everywhere from 20 to 25 geographical miles in breadth. It was anciently known as the mountains of Ephraim and Judah. “Jerusalem is a city of contrasts, and differs widely from Damascus, not merely because it is a stone town in mountains, whilst the latter is a mud city in a plain, but because while in Damascus Moslem religion and Oriental custom are unmixed with any foreign element, in Jerusalem every form of religion, every nationality of East and West, is represented at one time.” Jerusalem is first mentioned under that name in the Book of Joshua, and the Tell-el-Amarna collection of tablets includes six letters from its Amorite king to Egypt, recording the attack of the Abiri about B.C. 1480. The name is there spelt Uru-Salim (“city of peace”). Another monumental record in which the Holy City is named is that of Sennacherib’s attack in B.C. 702. The “camp of the Assyrians” was still shown about A.D. 70, on the flat ground to the north-west, included in the new quarter of the city. The city of David included both the upper city and Millo, and was surrounded by a wall built by David and Solomon, who appear to have restored the original Jebusite fortifications. The name Zion (or Sion) appears to have been, like Ariel (“the hearth of God”), a poetical term for Jerusalem, but in the Greek age was more specially used of the Temple hill. The priests’ quarter grew up on Ophel, south of the Temple, where also was Solomon’s Palace outside the original city of David. The walls of the city were extended by Jotham and Manasseh to include this suburb and the Temple (2Ch 27:3; 2Ch 33:14). Jerusalem is now a town of some 50,000 inhabitants, with ancient mediaeval walls, partly on the old lines, but extending less far to the south. The traditional sites, as a rule, were first shown in the 4th and later centuries A.D., and have no authority. The results of excavation have, however, settled most of the disputed questions, the limits of the Temple area, and the course of the old walls having been traced.

Jeshanah: City · position approximate · 31.98°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ch 13:19 A city of the kingdom of Israel (2Ch 13:19).

Jeshimon: Place · approximate position · 31.46°N 35.39°E 4 verses · Show on map 1Sa 23:19, 1Sa 23:24, 1Sa 26:1, 1Sa 26:3 The waste, probably some high waste land to the south of the Dead Sea (Num 21:20; Num 23:28; 1Sa 23:19, 1Sa 23:24); or rather not a proper name at all, but simply “the waste” or “wilderness,” the district on which the plateau of Ziph (q.v.) looks down.

Jeshua: City · approximate position · 31.16°N 35.06°E 1 verse · Show on map Neh 11:26 A city of Judah (Neh 11:26).

Jetur: Place · approximate position · 33.42°N 35.86°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 5:19 An enclosure, one of the twelve sons of Ishmael (Gen 25:15).

Jezreel: City · approximate position · 31.54°N 35.09°E 8 verses · Show on map Jos 15:56, 1Sa 25:43, 1Sa 27:3, 1Sa 29:1, 1Sa 29:11, 1Sa 30:5, 2Sa 2:2, 2Sa 3:2 A town in Judah (Jos 15:56), to the south-east of Hebron. Ahinoam, one of David’s wives, probably belonged to this place (1Sa 27:3).

Jezreel: Place · position approximate · 32.56°N 35.33°E 22 verses · Show on map Jos 19:18, 2Sa 2:9, 1Ki 4:12, 1Ki 18:45-46, 1Ki 21:1, 1Ki 21:23, 2Ki 8:29, 2Ki 9:10, 2Ki 9:15-17, 2Ki 9:30, 2Ki 9:36-37, 2Ki 10:6-7, 2Ki 10:11, 2Ch 22:6, Hos 1:4, Hos 1:11, Hos 2:22 A town of Issachar (Jos 19:18), where the kings of Israel often resided (1Ki 18:45; 1Ki 21:1; 2Ki 9:30). Here Elijah met Ahab, Jehu, and Bidkar; and here Jehu executed his dreadful commission against the house of Ahab (2Ki 9:14; 2Ki 10:1). It has been identified with the modern Zerin, on the most western point of the range of Gilboa, reaching down into the great and fertile valley of Jezreel, to which it gave its name.

Jezreel: Place · approximate position · 32.56°N 35.33°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Sa 4:4

Jogbehah: Place · position approximate · 32.03°N 35.86°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 32:35, Jdg 8:11

Jokdeam: City · approximate position · 31.37°N 35.00°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:56 A city in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:56).

Jokmeam: City · position approximate · 32.66°N 35.11°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ki 4:12 Gathering of the people, a city of Ephraim, which was given with its suburbs to the Levites (1Ch 6:68). It lay somewhere in the Jordan valley (1Ki 4:12, R.V.; but in A.V. incorrectly “Jokneam”).

Jokmeam: City · position approximate · 31.83°N 35.30°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 6:68 Gathering of the people, a city of Ephraim, which was given with its suburbs to the Levites (1Ch 6:68). It lay somewhere in the Jordan valley (1Ki 4:12, R.V.; but in A.V. incorrectly “Jokneam”).

Jokneam: City · position approximate · 32.66°N 35.11°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 12:22, Jos 19:11, Jos 21:34 Gathered by the people, (Jos 19:11; Jos 21:34), a city “of Carmel” (12:22), i.e., on Carmel, allotted with its suburbs to the Merarite Levites. It is the modern Tell Kaimon, about 12 miles south-west of Nazareth, on the south of the river Kishon.

Joktheel: Place · approximate position · 31.56°N 34.85°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:38

Joktheel: Place · position approximate · 30.32°N 35.46°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ki 14:7

Joppa: City · position approximate · 32.05°N 34.75°E 14 verses · Show on map Jos 19:46, 2Ch 2:16, Ezr 3:7, Jon 1:3, Act 9:36, Act 9:38, Act 9:42-43, Act 10:5, Act 10:8, Act 10:23, Act 10:32, Act 11:5, Act 11:13 Beauty, a town in the portion of Dan (Jos 19:46; A.V., “Japho”), on a sandy promontory between Caesarea and Gaza, and at a distance of 30 miles north-west from Jerusalem. It is one of the oldest towns in Asia. It was and still is the chief sea-port of Judea. It was never wrested from the Phoenicians. It became a Jewish town only in the second century B.C. It was from this port that Jonah “took ship to flee from the presence of the Lord” (Jon 1:3). To this place also the wood cut in Lebanon by Hiram’s men for Solomon was brought in floats (2Ch 2:16); and here the material for the building of the second temple was also landed (Ezr 3:7). At Joppa, in the house of Simon the tanner, “by the sea-side,” Peter resided “many days,” and here, “on the house-top,” he had his “vision of tolerance” (Act 9:36). It bears the modern name of Jaffa, and exibituds all the decrepitude and squalor of cities ruled over by the Turks. “Scarcely any other town has been so often overthrown, sacked, pillaged, burned, and rebuilt.” Its present population is said to be about 16,000. It was taken by the French under Napoleon in 1799, who gave orders for the massacre here of 4,000 prisoners. It is connected with Jerusalem by the only carriage road that exists in the country, and also by a railway completed in 1892. It is noticed on monuments B.C. 1600-1300, and was attacked by Sannacharib B.C. 702.

Jordan: Water · River · precise position · 32.31°N 35.56°E 177 verses · Show on map Gen 32:10, Gen 50:10-11, Num 13:29, Num 22:1, Num 26:3, Num 26:63, Num 31:12, Num 32:5, Num 32:19, Num 32:21, Num 32:29, Num 32:32, Num 33:48-51, Num 34:12, Num 34:15, Num 35:1, Num 35:10, Num 35:14, Num 36:13, Deu 1:1, Deu 1:5, Deu 2:29, Deu 3:8, Deu 3:17, Deu 3:20, Deu 3:25, Deu 3:27, Deu 4:21-22, Deu 4:26, Deu 4:41, Deu 4:46-47, Deu 4:49, Deu 9:1, Deu 11:30-31, Deu 12:10, Deu 27:2, Deu 27:4, Deu 27:12, Deu 30:18, Deu 31:2, Deu 31:13, Deu 32:47, Jos 1:2, Jos 1:11, Jos 1:14-15, Jos 2:7, Jos 2:10, Jos 3:1, Jos 3:8, Jos 3:11, Jos 3:13-15, Jos 3:17, Jos 4:1, Jos 4:3, Jos 4:5, Jos 4:7-10, Jos 4:16-20, Jos 4:22-23, Jos 5:1, Jos 7:7 … +90 more But besides these two historical fountains there is a third, called the Hasbany, which rises in the bottom of a valley at the western base of Hermon, 12 miles north of Tell-el-Kady. It joins the main stream about a mile below the junction of the Leddan and the Banias. The river thus formed is at this point about 45 feet wide, and flows in a channel from 12 to 20 feet below the plain. After this it flows, “with a swift current and a much-twisted course,” through a marshy plain for some 6 miles, when it falls into the Lake Huleh, “the waters of Merom” (q.v.). During this part of its course the Jordan has descended about 1,100 feet. At Banias it is 1,080 feet above sea-level. Flowing from the southern extremity of Lake Huleh, here almost on a level with the sea, it flows for 2 miles “through a waste of islets and papyrus,” and then for 9 miles through a narrow gorge in a foaming torrent onward to the Sea of Galilee (q.v.). “In the whole valley of the Jordan from the Lake Huleh to the Sea of Galilee there is not a single settled inhabitant. Along the whole eastern bank of the river and the lakes, from the base of Hermon to the ravine of Hieromax, a region of great fertility, 30 miles long by 7 or 8 wide, there are only some three inhabited villages. The western bank is almost as desolate. Ruins are numerous enough. Every mile or two is an old site of town or village, now well nigh hid beneath a dense jungle of thorns and thistles. The words of Scripture here recur to us with peculiar force: ‘I will make your cities waste, and bring your sanctuaries unto desolation...And I will bring the land into desolation: and your enemies which dwell therein shall be astonished at it...And your land shall be desolate, and your cities waste. Then shall the land enjoy her sabbaths, as long as it lieth desolate’ (Lev 26:31).”, Dr. Porter’s Handbook. From the Sea of Galilee, at the level of 682 feet below the Mediterranean, the river flows through a long, low plain called “the region of Jordan” (Mat 3:5), and by the modern Arabs the Ghor, or “sunken plain.” This section is properly the Jordan of Scripture. Down through the midst of the “plain of Jordan” there winds a ravine varying in breadth from 200 yards to half a mile, and in depth from 40 to 150 feet. Through it the Jordan flows in a rapid, rugged, tortuous course down to the Dead Sea. The whole distance from the southern extremity of the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea is in a straight line about 65 miles, but following the windings of the river about 200 miles, during which it falls 618 feet. The total length of the Jordan from Banias is about 104 miles in a straight line, during which it falls 2,380 feet. There are two considerable affluents which enter the river between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea, both from the east.

Jotbah: Place · approximate position · 29.76°N 35.03°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Ki 21:19

Jotbathah: Place · approximate position · 29.76°N 35.03°E 3 verses · Show on map Num 33:33-34, Deu 10:7

Judea: Region · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 44 verses · Show on map Ezr 9:9, Mat 2:1, Mat 2:5, Mat 2:22, Mat 3:1, Mat 3:5, Mat 4:25, Mat 19:1, Mat 24:16, Mrk 1:5, Mrk 3:7, Mrk 10:1, Mrk 13:14, Luk 1:5, Luk 1:65, Luk 2:4, Luk 3:1, Luk 5:17, Luk 6:17, Luk 7:17, Luk 21:21, Jhn 4:3, Jhn 4:47, Jhn 4:54, Jhn 7:3, Jhn 11:7, Act 1:8, Act 2:9, Act 2:14, Act 8:1, Act 9:31, Act 10:37, Act 11:1, Act 11:29, Act 12:19, Act 15:1, Act 21:10, Act 26:20, Act 28:21, Rom 15:31, 2Co 1:16, Gal 1:22, 1Th 2:14, Jhn 3:22 After the Captivity this name was applied to the whole of the country west of the Jordan (Hag 1:1, Hag 1:14; 2:2). But under the Romans, in the time of Christ, it denoted the southernmost of the three divisions of Palestine (Mat 2:1, Mat 2:5; 3:1; 4:25), although it was also sometimes used for Palestine generally (Act 28:21). The province of Judea, as distinguished from Galilee and Samaria, included the territories of the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Dan, Simeon, and part of Ephraim. Under the Romans it was a part of the province of Syria, and was governed by a procurator.

Judea: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map Jhn 3:22 After the Captivity this name was applied to the whole of the country west of the Jordan (Hag 1:1, Hag 1:14; 2:2). But under the Romans, in the time of Christ, it denoted the southernmost of the three divisions of Palestine (Mat 2:1, Mat 2:5; 3:1; 4:25), although it was also sometimes used for Palestine generally (Act 28:21). The province of Judea, as distinguished from Galilee and Samaria, included the territories of the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Dan, Simeon, and part of Ephraim. Under the Romans it was a part of the province of Syria, and was governed by a procurator.

Judgment: Place · approximate position · 31.78°N 35.23°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ki 7:7

Juttah: City · position approximate · 31.45°N 35.08°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 15:55, Jos 21:16 Extended, a Levitical city in the mountains or hill-country of Judah (Jos 15:55; Jos 21:16). Its modern name is Yutta, a place about 5 1/2 miles south of Hebron. It is supposed to have been the residence of Zacharias and Elisabeth, and the birthplace of John the Baptist, and on this account is annually visited by thousands of pilgrims belonging to the Greek Church (Luk 1:39).

Kabzeel: City · approximate position · 31.19°N 34.97°E 3 verses · Show on map Jos 15:21, 2Sa 23:20, 1Ch 11:22 Gathering of God, a city in the extreme south of Judah, near to Idumaea (Jos 15:21), the birthplace of Benaiah, one of David’s chief warriors (2Sa 23:20; 1Ch 11:22). It was called also Jekabzeel (Neh 11:25), after the Captivity.

Kadesh: Place · position approximate · 30.69°N 34.49°E 15 verses · Show on map Gen 14:7, Gen 16:14, Gen 20:1, Num 13:26, Num 20:1, Num 20:14, Num 20:16, Num 20:22, Num 27:14, Num 33:36-37, Deu 1:46, Jdg 11:16-17, Psa 29:8 Holy, or Kadesh-Barnea, sacred desert of wandering, a place on the south-eastern border of Palestine, about 165 miles from Horeb. It lay in the “wilderness” or “desert of Zin” (Gen 14:7; Num 13:3; Num 14:29; Num 20:1; Num 27:14), on the border of Edom (20:16). From this place, in compliance with the desire of the people, Moses sent forth “twelve spies” to spy the land. After examining it in all its districts, the spies brought back an evil report, Joshua and Caleb alone giving a good report of the land (13:18-31). Influenced by the discouraging report, the people abandoned all hope of entering into the Promised Land. They remained a considerable time at Kadesh. Because of their unbelief, they were condemned by God to wander for thirty-eight years in the wilderness. They took their journey from Kadesh into the deserts of Paran, “by way of the Red Sea” (Deu 2:1). (One theory is that during these thirty-eight years they remained in and about Kadesh.) At the end of these years of wanderings, the tribes were a second time gathered together at Kadesh. During their stay here at this time Miriam died and was buried. Here the people murmured for want of water, as their forefathers had done formerly at Rephidim; and Moses, irritated by their chidings, “with his rod smote the rock twice,” instead of “speaking to the rock before their eyes,” as the Lord had commanded him (comp. Num 27:14; Deu 9:23; Psa 106:32-33). Because of this act of his, in which Aaron too was involved, neither of them was to be permitted to set foot within the Promised Land (Num 20:12, Num 20:24). The king of Edom would not permit them to pass on through his territory, and therefore they commenced an eastward march, and “came unto Mount Hor” (20:22). This place has been identified with ‘Ain el-Kadeis, about 12 miles east-south-east of Beersheba.

Tahtimhodshi: Place · position approximate · 34.56°N 36.52°E 1 verse · Show on map 2Sa 24:6 The land of the newly inhabited, (2Sa 24:6). It is conjectured that, instead of this word, the reading should be, “the Hittites of Kadesh,” the Hittite capital, on the Orontes. It was apparently some region east of the Jordan and north of Gilead.

Kadesh-barnea: Place · position approximate · 30.69°N 34.49°E 10 verses · Show on map Num 32:8, Num 34:4, Deu 1:2, Deu 1:19, Deu 2:14, Deu 9:23, Jos 10:41, Jos 14:6-7, Jos 15:3 Holy, or Kadesh-Barnea, sacred desert of wandering, a place on the south-eastern border of Palestine, about 165 miles from Horeb. It lay in the “wilderness” or “desert of Zin” (Gen 14:7; Num 13:3; Num 14:29; Num 20:1; Num 27:14), on the border of Edom (20:16). From this place, in compliance with the desire of the people, Moses sent forth “twelve spies” to spy the land. After examining it in all its districts, the spies brought back an evil report, Joshua and Caleb alone giving a good report of the land (13:18-31). Influenced by the discouraging report, the people abandoned all hope of entering into the Promised Land. They remained a considerable time at Kadesh. Because of their unbelief, they were condemned by God to wander for thirty-eight years in the wilderness. They took their journey from Kadesh into the deserts of Paran, “by way of the Red Sea” (Deu 2:1). (One theory is that during these thirty-eight years they remained in and about Kadesh.) At the end of these years of wanderings, the tribes were a second time gathered together at Kadesh. During their stay here at this time Miriam died and was buried. Here the people murmured for want of water, as their forefathers had done formerly at Rephidim; and Moses, irritated by their chidings, “with his rod smote the rock twice,” instead of “speaking to the rock before their eyes,” as the Lord had commanded him (comp. Num 27:14; Deu 9:23; Psa 106:32-33). Because of this act of his, in which Aaron too was involved, neither of them was to be permitted to set foot within the Promised Land (Num 20:12, Num 20:24). The king of Edom would not permit them to pass on through his territory, and therefore they commenced an eastward march, and “came unto Mount Hor” (20:22). This place has been identified with ‘Ain el-Kadeis, about 12 miles east-south-east of Beersheba.

Kain: City · position approximate · 31.50°N 35.17°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 24:22, Jos 15:57 A town of the Kenites, a branch of the Midianites (Jos 15:57), on the east edge of the mountain above Engedi; probably the “nest in a rock” mentioned by Balaam (Num 24:21). It is identified with the modern Yekin, 3 miles south-east of Hebron.

Kamon: City · approximate position · 32.04°N 35.72°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 10:5 Full of stalks, a place (Jdg 10:5) where Jair was buried. It has usually been supposed to have been a city of Gilead, on the east of Jordan. It is probably, however, the modern Tell-el-Kaimun, on the southern slopes of Carmel, the Jokneam of Carmel (Jos 12:22; 1Ki 4:12), since it is not at all unlikely that after he became judge, Jair might find it more convenient to live on the west side of Jordan; and that he was buried where he had lived.

Kanah: Water · River · position approximate · 32.14°N 35.04°E 2 verses · Show on map Jos 16:8, Jos 17:9 A stream forming the boundary between Ephraim and Manasseh, from the Mediterranean eastward to Tappuah (Jos 16:8). It has been identified with the sedgy streams that constitute the Wady Talaik, which enters the sea between Joppa and Caesarea. Others identify it with the river’ Aujeh.

Kanah: City · position approximate · 32.75°N 35.34°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:28 A town in the north of Asher (Jos 19:28). It has been identified with ‘Ain-Kana, a village on the brow of a valley some 7 miles south-east of Tyre. About a mile north of this place are many colossal ruins strown about. And in the side of a neighbouring ravine are figures of men, women, and children cut in the face of the rock. These are supposed to be of Phoenician origin.

Karka: Place · approximate position · 30.96°N 34.38°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:3 A floor; bottom, a place between Adar and Azmon, about midway between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea (Jos 15:3).

Karkor: Place · approximate position · 32.18°N 35.70°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 8:10 Foundation, a place in the open desert wastes on the east of Jordan (Jdg 8:10), not far beyond Succoth and Penuel, to the south. Here Gideon overtook and routed a fugitive band of Midianites under Zeba and Zalmunna, whom he took captive.

Karnaim: Place · position approximate · 32.77°N 36.02°E 1 verse · Show on map Gen 14:5

Kartah: City · position approximate · 32.75°N 35.28°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 21:34 City, a town in the tribe of Zebulun assigned to the Levites of the family of Merari (Jos 21:34). It is identical with Kattath (19:15), and perhaps also with Kitron (Jdg 1:30).

Kartan: City · approximate position · 33.13°N 35.16°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 21:32 Double city, a town of Naphali, assigned to the Gershonite Levites, and one of the cities of refuge (Jos 21:32). It was probably near the north-western shore of the Sea of Tiberias, identical with the ruined village el-Katanah.

Kattath: City · position approximate · 32.75°N 35.28°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 19:15 (Jos 19:15), a town of Asher, has been identified with Kana el Jelil.

Kedar: Place · approximate position · 27.40°N 37.70°E 9 verses · Show on map Psa 120:5, Sos 1:5, Isa 21:16-17, Isa 42:11, Isa 60:7, Jer 2:10, Jer 49:28, Ezk 27:21 Dark-skinned, the second son of Ishmael (Gen 25:13). It is the name for the nomadic tribes of Arabs, the Bedouins generally (Isa 21:16; Isa 42:11; Isa 60:7; Jer 2:10; Ezk 27:21), who dwelt in the north-west of Arabia. They lived in black hair-tents (Sos 1:5). To “dwell in the tents of Kedar” was to be cut off from the worship of the true God (Psa 120:5). The Kedarites suffered at the hands of Nebuchadnezzar (Jer 49:28-29).

Kedemoth: City · position approximate · 31.65°N 35.89°E 4 verses · Show on map Deu 2:26, Jos 13:18, Jos 21:37, 1Ch 6:79 Beginnings; easternmost, a city of Reuben, assigned to the Levites of the family of Merari (Jos 13:18). It lay not far north-east of Dibon-gad, east of the Dead Sea.

Kedesh: City · position approximate · 33.11°N 35.53°E 9 verses · Show on map Jos 12:22, Jos 19:37, Jos 20:7, Jos 21:32, Jdg 4:9-11, 2Ki 15:29, 1Ch 6:76 A “fenced city” of Naphtali, one of the cities of refuge (Jos 19:37; Jdg 4:6). It was assigned to the Gershonite Levites (Jos 21:32). It was originally a Canaanite royal city (Jos 12:22), and was the residence of Barak (Jdg 4:6); and here he and Deborah assembled the tribes of Zebulun and Naphtali before the commencement of the conflict with Sisera in the plain of Esdraelon, “for Jehovah among the mighty” (9, 10). In the reign of Pekah it was taken by Tiglath-Pileser (2Ki 15:29). It was situated near the “plain” (rather “the oak”) of Zaanaim, and has been identified with the modern Kedes, on the hills fully four miles north-west of Lake El Huleh. It has been supposed by some that the Kedesh of the narrative, where Barak assembled his troops, was not the place in Upper Galilee so named, which was 30 miles distant from the plain of Esdraelon, but Kedish, on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, 12 miles from Tabor.

Kedesh: Place · position approximate · 30.69°N 34.49°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:23

Kedesh: City · position approximate · 32.56°N 35.25°E 1 verse · Show on map 1Ch 6:72 A city of Issachar (1Ch 6:72). Possibly Tell Abu Kadeis, near Lejjun.

Kedesh-naphtali: Place · position approximate · 33.11°N 35.53°E 1 verse · Show on map Jdg 4:6

Kehelathah: Place · approximate position · 30.32°N 35.41°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 33:22-23 Assembly, one of the stations of the Israelites in the desert (Num 33:22-23).

Keilah: City · position approximate · 31.61°N 35.00°E 15 verses · Show on map Jos 15:44, 1Sa 23:1-8, 1Sa 23:10-13, Neh 3:17-18 Citadel, a city in the lowlands of Judah (Jos 15:44). David rescued it from the attack of the Philistines (1Sa 23:1); but the inhabitants proving unfaithful to him, in that they sought to deliver him up to Saul (13), he and his men “departed from Keilah, and went whithersoever they could go.” They fled to the hill Hareth, about 3 miles to the east, and thence through Hebron to Ziph (q.v.). “And David was in the wilderness of Ziph, in a wood” (1Sa 23:15). Here Jonathan sought him out, “and strengthened his hand in God.” This was the last interview between David and Jonathan (23:16-18). It is the modern Khurbet Kila. Others identify it with Khuweilfeh, between Beit Jibrin (Eleutheropolis) and Beersheba, mentioned in the Amarna tablets.

Kenath: City · position approximate · 32.76°N 36.62°E 2 verses · Show on map Num 32:42, 1Ch 2:23 Possession, a city of Gilead. It was captured by Nobah, who called it by his own name (Num 32:42). It has been identified with Kunawat, on the slopes of Jebel Hauran (Mount Bashan), 60 miles east from the south end of the Sea of Galilee.

Kerioth: City · position approximate · 31.58°N 35.70°E 2 verses · Show on map Jer 48:24, Amo 2:2 A city of Moab (Jer 48:24, Jer 48:41), called Kirioth (Amo 2:2).

Kerioth-hezron: City · approximate position · 31.16°N 35.06°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:25 A town in the south of Judah (Jos 15:25). Judas the traitor was probably a native of this place, and hence his name Iscariot. It has been identified with the ruins of el-Kureitein, about 10 miles south of Hebron.

Kibroth-hattaavah: Place · approximate position · 28.92°N 34.50°E 5 verses · Show on map Num 11:34-35, Num 33:16-17, Deu 9:22 The graves of the longing or of lust, one of the stations of the Israelites in the wilderness. It was probably in the Wady Murrah, and has been identified with the Erweis el-Ebeirig, where the remains of an ancient encampment have been found, about 30 miles north-east of Sinai, and exactly a day’s journey from ‘Ain Hudherah. “Here began the troubles of the journey. First, complaints broke out among the people, probably at the heat, the toil, and the privations of the march; and then God at once punished them by lightning, which fell on the hinder part of the camp, and killed many persons, but ceased at the intercession of Moses (Num 11:1-2). Then a disgust fell on the multitude at having nothing to eat but the manna day after day, no change, no flesh, no fish, no high-flavoured vegetables, no luscious fruits...The people loathed the ‘light food,’ and cried out to Moses, ‘Give us flesh, give us flesh, that we may eat.’” In this emergency Moses, in despair, cried unto God. An answer came. God sent “a prodigious flight of quails, on which the people satiated their gluttonous appetite for a full month. Then punishment fell on them: they loathed the food which they had desired; it bred disease in them; the divine anger aggravated the disease into a plague, and a heavy mortality was the consequence. The dead were buried without the camp; and in memory of man’s sin and of the divine wrath this name, Kibroth-hattaavah, the Graves of Lust, was given to the place of their sepulchre” (Num 11:34-35; 33:16, 17; Deu 9:22; comp. Psa 78:30-31)., Rawlinson’s Moses, p. 175. From this encampment they journeyed in a north-eastern direction to Hazeroth.

Kibzaim: City · position approximate · 31.83°N 35.30°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 21:22 Two heaps, a city of Ephraim, assigned to the Kohathite Levites, and appointed as a city of refuge (Josh. 21: 22). It is also called Jokmeam (1Ch 6:68).

Kidron: Valley · position approximate · 31.77°N 35.24°E 9 verses · Show on map 2Sa 15:23, 1Ki 2:37, 1Ki 15:13, 2Ki 23:4, 2Ki 23:6, 2Ki 23:12, 2Ch 15:16, 2Ch 29:16, Jer 31:40 '= Kedron = Cedron, turbid, the winter torrent which flows through the Valley of Jehoshaphat, on the eastern side of Jerusalem, between the city and the Mount of Olives. This valley is known in Scripture only by the name “the brook Kidron.” David crossed this brook bare-foot and weeping, when fleeing from Absalom (2Sa 15:23, 2Sa 15:30), and it was frequently crossed by our Lord in his journeyings to and fro (Jhn 18:1). Here Asa burned the obscene idols of his mother (1Ki 15:13), and here Athaliah was executed (2Ki 11:16). It afterwards became the receptacle for all manner of impurities (2Ch 29:16; 2Ch 30:14); and in the time of Josiah this valley was the common cemetery of the city (2Ki 23:6; comp. Jer 26:23). Through this mountain ravine no water runs, except after heavy rains in the mountains round about Jerusalem. Its length from its head to en-Rogel is 2 3/4 miles. Its precipitous, rocky banks are filled with ancient tombs, especially the left bank opposite the temple area. The greatest desire of the Jews is to be buried there, from the idea that the Kidron is the “valley of Jehoshaphat” mentioned in Jol 3:2. Below en-Rogel the Kidron has no historical or sacred interest. It runs in a winding course through the wilderness of Judea to the north-western shore of the Dead Sea. Its whole length, in a straight line, is only some 20 miles, but in this space its descent is about 3,912 feet. Recent excavations have brought to light the fact that the old bed of the Kidron is about 40 feet lower than its present bed, and about 70 feet nearer the sanctuary wall.

Kinah: City · approximate position · 31.19°N 34.97°E 1 verse · Show on map Jos 15:22 An elegy, a city in the extreme south of Judah (Jos 15:22). It was probably not far from the Dead Sea, in the Wady Fikreh.

Kir: Place · position approximate · 31.18°N 35.70°E 5 verses · Show on map 2Ki 16:9, Isa 15:1, Isa 22:6, Amo 1:5, Amo 9:7 A wall or fortress, a place to which Tiglath-pileser carried the Syrians captive after he had taken the city of Damascus (2Ki 16:9; Amo 1:5; Amo 9:7). Isaiah (22:6), who also was contemporary with these events, mentions it along with Elam. Some have supposed that Kir is a variant of Cush (Susiana), on the south of Elam.

Kir-hareseth: City · position approximate · 31.18°N 35.70°E 2 verses · Show on map 2Ki 3:25, Isa 16:7 Built fortress, a city and fortress of Moab, the modern Kerak, a small town on the brow of a steep hill about 6 miles from Rabbath-Moab and 10 miles from the Dead Sea; called also Kir-haresh, Kir-hareseth, Kir-heres (Isa 16:7, Isa 16:11; Jer 48:31, Jer 48:36). After the death of Ahab, Mesha, king of Moab, threw off allegiance to the king of Israel, and fought successfully for the independence of his kingdom. After this Jehoram, king of Israel, in seeking to regain his supremacy over Moab, entered into an alliance with Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, and with the king of Edom. The three kings led their armies against Mesha, who was driven back to seek refuge in Kir-haraseth. The Moabites were driven to despair. Mesha then took his eldest son, who would have reigned in his stead, and offered him as a burnt-offering on the wall of the fortress in the sight of the allied armies. “There was great indignation against Israel: and they departed from him, and returned to their own land.” The invaders evacuated the land of Moab, and Mesha achieved the independence of his country (2Ki 3:20).

Kiriath-arba: Place · position approximate · 31.54°N 35.09°E 7 verses · Show on map Gen 23:2, Gen 35:27, Jos 14:15, Jos 15:54, Jos 20:7, Jdg 1:10, Neh 11:25