Iron Sharpens Iron | The Silver Letter Edition

A: Fear a Gadite (1 Chronicles 5:13).

Aaron: the eldest Son of Amram and lochebed, a Daughter of Levi (Exo 6:20). Some explain the name as meaning mountaineer, others mountain of strength, illuminator. He was Born in Egypt three years before his Brother Moses and a number of years after his sister Miriam (Exo 2:1,Exo 2:4; Exo 7:7). He married Elisheba the Daughter of Amminadab of the House of Judah (Exo 6:23; Exo 6:1 Chronicles Exo 2:10), by whom he had four sons, Nadab and Abihu Eleazar and Ithamar When the time for the deliverance of Isarael out of Egypt drew nigh, he was sent by God (Exo 4:14,27 4:30) to Meet his long-absent Brother that he might co-operate with him in all that they were required to do in bringing about the Exodus He was to be the “mouth” or “prophet” of Moses i.e., was to speak for him, because he was a Man of a ready utterance (27 7:1,27 7:2,27 7:9,27 7:10,27 7:19). ... He was Faithful to his trust, and stood by Moses in all his interviews with Pharaoh

When the ransomed tribes fought their first battle with Amalek in Rephidim Moses stood on a Hill overlooking the scene of the conflict with the rod of God in his outstretched Hand On this occasion he was attended by Aaron and Hur, his sister’s Husband who held up his wearied hands till Joshua and the Chosen warriors of Israel gained the victory (27 17:8-13).

Afterwards, when encamped before Sinai, and when Moses at the command of God ascended the Mount to receive the Tables of the Law Aaron and his two sons, Nadab and Abihu along with Seventy of the elders of Israel were permitted to accompany him part of the way, and to behold afar off the manifestation of the Glory of Israel’s God (Exo 19:24; Exo 24:9-11). While Moses remained on the mountain with God Aaron returned unto the people; and yielding through Fear or ignorance, or instability of character, to their clamour, made unto them a Golden Calf and set it up as an object of Worship (Exo 32:4;Psa 106:19). On the return of Moses to the Camp Aaron was sternly rebuked by him for the part he had acted in this matter; but he interceded for him before God who forgave his sin (Deu 9:20).

On the Mount Moses received instructions regarding the system of Worship which was to be set up among the people; and in accordance therewith Aaron and his sons were consecrated to the priest’s office (Lev 9:8; Lev 9:9). Aaron as High Priest held henceforth the prominent Place appertaining to that office.

When Israel had reached Hazeroth in “the Wilderness of Paran ” Aaron joined with his sister Miriam in Murmuring against Moses “because of the Ethiopian Woman whom he had married,” probably after the Death of Zipporah. But the Lord vindicated his servant Moses and punished Miriam with Leprosy (Num 9:12). Aaron acknowledged his own and his sister’s guilt, and at the Intercession of Moses they were forgiven.

Twenty years after this, when the children of Israel were encamped in the Wilderness of Paran Korah, Dathan and Abiram conspired against Aaron and his sons; but a fearful Judgment from God fell upon them, and they were destroyed, and the next Day thousands of the people also perished by a fierce pestilence, the ravages of which were only stayed by the interposition of Aaron (Num 9:16). That there might be further evidence of the divine appointment of Aaron to the priestly office, the chiefs of the tribes were each required to bring to Moses a rod bearing on it the name of his Tribe And these, along with the rod of Aaron for the Tribe of Levi were laid up overnight in the Tabernacle and in the morning it was found that while the other rods remained unchanged, that of Aaron “for the House of Levi” budded, blossomed, and yielded almonds (Num 17:1-10). This rod was afterwards preserved in the Tabernacle (Heb 9:4) as a memorial of the divine attestation of his appointment to the priesthood.

Aaron was implicated in the sin of his Brother at Meribah (Num 20:8-13), and on that account was not permitted to enter the Promised Land. When the tribes arrived at Mount Hor “in the edge of the land of Edom ” at the command of God Moses led Aaron and his Son Eleazar to the top of that mountain, in the sight of all the people. There he stripped Aaron of his priestly vestments, and Put them upon Eleazar and there Aaron died on the top of the Mount Bei 20:123 years Old (Num 20:23-29. Comp.Deu 10:6; Deu 32:50), and was “gathered unto his people.” The people, “even all the House of Israel ” mourned for him thirty days. Of Aaron’s sons two survived him, Eleazar whose family held the high-priesthood till the time of Eli and Ithamar in whose family, beginning with Eli the high-priesthood was held till the time of Solomon Aaron’s other two sons had been struck Dead (Lev 10:1,Lev 10:2) for the daring impiety of Offering “strange fire” on the alter of Incense

The Arabs still show with veneration the traditionary site of Aaron’s Grave on one of the two summits of Mount Hor which is Marked by a Mohammedan Chapel His name is mentioned in the Koran, and there are found in the writings of the rabbins many fabulous stories regarding him.

He was the first anointed Priest His descendants, “the House of Aaron ” constituted the priesthood in general. In the time of David they were very numerous (Lev 10:1 Chronicles Lev 12:27). The other branches of the Tribe of Levi held subordinate positions in connection with the sacred office. Aaron was a type of Christ in his official character as the High Priest His priesthood was a “shadow of heavenly things,” and was intended to Lead the people of Israel to look forward to the time when “another priest” would arise “after the order of Melchizedek” (Heb 6:20). (See Moses )

Aaronites: the descendants of Aaron and therefore priests. Jehoiada the Father of Benaiah led 3,700 Aaronites as “fighting men” to the support of David at Hebron (1 Chronicles Led 12:27). Eleazar (Num 3:32), and at a later period Zadok (Num 3:1 Chronicles Num 27:17), was their Chief

Abaddon: destruction, the Hebrew name (equivalent to the Greek Apollyon i.e., destroyer) of “the Angel of the bottomless pit” (Rev 9:11). It is rendered “destruction”In 28:22; In 31:12; In 26:6;Pro 15:11; Pro 27:20. In the last three of these passages the Revised Version retains the Word “Abaddon.” We may regard this Word as a personification of the idea of Destruction or as Sheol the realm of the Dead

Abagtha: one of the Seven eunuchs in Ahasuerus’s Court (Est 1:10;

Est 2:21 ).

Abana: stony (Hebrews marg. “Amanah,” perennial), the Chief River of Damascus (2Ki 5:12). Its modem name is Barada, the Chrysorrhoas, or “golden Stream ” of the Greeks. It rises in a cleft of the Anti-Lebanon range,Abo 5:23 miles north-west of Damascus and after flowing southward for a little way parts into three smaller streams, the central one flowing through Damascus and the other two on each side of the City diffusing beauty and fertility where otherwise there would be barrenness.

Abarim: ruins of Abarim the forty-seventh station of the Israelites in the Wilderness “in the border of Moab” (Num 33:44).

Abba: This Syriac or Chaldee Word is found three times in the New Testament (Mrk 14:36; Romans Mrk 8:15; Galatians Mrk 4:6), and in each case is followed by its Greek equivalent, which is translated “father.” It is a term expressing warm Affection and filial confidence. It has no perfect equivalent in our language. It has passed into European languages as an ecclesiastical term, “abbot.”

Abda: servant. (1.) The Father of Adoniram whom Solomon set over the Tribute (1Ki 4:6); i.e., the forced labour (R.V., “levy”).

(1Ki 4:2.) A Levite of the family of Jeduthun (Neh 11:17), also called Obadiah (Neh 11:1 Chronicles Neh 9:16).

Abdeel: servant of God (Jer 36:26), the Father of Shelemiah

Abdi: my servant. (1.) 1 Chronicles 6:44. (2.) 2 Chronicles 29:12. (3.)Ezr 10:26.

Abdiel: servant of God (1 Chronicles 5:15), a Gadite Chief

Abdon: servile. (1.) The Son of Hillel, a Pirathonite, the Tenth Judge of Israel (Jdg 12:13-15).He 12:1Sam 12:11.

(Sam 12:2.) The first-born of Gibeon of the Tribe of Benjamin (1Ch 8:30; 1Ch 9:36).

(1Ch 9:3.) The Son of Micah, one of those whom Josiah sent to the prophetess Huldah to ascertain from her the meaning of the recently discovered book of the Law (2Ch 34:20).He 34:2Kin 22:12.

(Kin 22:4.) One of the “sons” of Shashak (1Ch 8:23).

This is the name also of a Levitical town of the Gershonites, in the Tribe of Asher (Jos 21:30;1Ch 6:74). The ruins of Abdeh,Som 6:8 miles north-east of Accho probably Mark its site.

Abednego: servant of Nego=Nebo, the Chaldee name given to Azariah one of Daniel’s three companions (Dan 2:49). With Shadrach and Meshach he was delivered from the burning fiery Furnace (Dan 3:12-30).

Ab: IEEZE R Father of help; i.e., “helpful.” (1.) The second of the three sons of Hammoleketh the sister of Gilead. He was the grandson of Manasseh (1 Chronicles 7:18). From his family Gideon sprang (Joshua 17:2; comp. Judges 6:34; 8:2). He was also called Jeezer (Numbers 26:30).

(2.) One of David’s thirty warriors (2 Samuel 23:27; comp. 1 Chronicles 27:12).

(3.) The Prince of the Tribe of Dan at the Exodus (Numbers 1:12).

Maachah: oppression, a small Syrian Kingdom near Geshur East of the Hauran the district of Batanea (Jos 13:13;2Sa 10:6,2Sa 10:8; 2Sa 10:1 Chronicles 2Sa 19:7).

(2Sa 19:2.) A Daughter of Talmai King of the Old native population of Geshur She became one of David’s wives, and was the mother of Absalom (2Sa 3:3).

(2Sa 3:3.) The Father of Hanan who was one of David’s body-guard (2Sa 3:1 Chronicles 2Sa 11:43).

(2Sa 11:4.) The Daughter of Abishalom (called Absalom 2Sa 11:2 Chronicles 2Sa 11:20-22), the third Wife of Rehoboam and mother of Abijam (1Ki 15:2). She is called “Michaiah the Daughter of Uriel ” who was the Husband of Absalom’s Daughter Tamar (1Ki 15:2 Chronicles 1Ki 13:2). Her Son Abijah or Abijam was Heir to the Throne

(1Ki 13:5.) The Father of Achish the King of Gath (1Ki 2:39), called also Maoch (1Sa 27:2).

MAALEH-

Cheramim: (Jdg 11:33, R.V.; A. V., “plain of the vineyards”), a village of the Ammonites, whither Jephthah pursued their Forces

ABEL-

Meholah: meadow of dancing, or the dancing-meadow, the birth-place and residence of the Prophet Elisha, not far from Beth-shean (1Ki 4:12), in the Tribe of Issachar near where the Wady el-Maleh emerges into the Valley of the Jordan “the rich meadow-Lan 4:4 miles South of Beth-shean; moist and luxuriant.” Here Elisha was found at his plough by Elijah on his return up the Jordan Valley from Horeb (1Ki 19:16). It is now called ‘Ain Helweh.

ABEL-

Mizraim: meadow of Egypt or mourning of Egypt a Place “beyond,” i.e., on the west of Jordan at the “threshing-floor of Atad ” Here the Egyptians mourned Seventy days for Jacob (Gen 50:4-11). Its site is unknown.

AbEL-

Shittim: acacias, also called “Abel-shittim” (Num 33:49), a Plain or Valley in the land of Moab where the Israelites were encamped after their two victories over Sihon and Og, at the close of their Desert wanderings, and from which Joshua sent forth two Spies (q.v.) “secretly” to “view” the land and Jericho (Jos 2:1).

Abez: tin, or white, a town in the Tribe of Issachar (Jos 19:20), at the North of the Plain of Esdraelon It is probably identified with the ruins of el-Beida.

Abia: my Father is the Lord the Greek form of Abijah or Abijam (Mat 1:7), instead of Abiah (Mat 1:1 Chronicles Mat 7:8).In 1:5, the name refers to the head of the eighth of the twenty-four Courses into which David divided the priests (In 1:1 Chronicles In 24:10).

ABI-

Albon: father of strength; i.e., “valiant”, one of David’s body-guard of thirty mighty men (2 Samuel 23:31); called also Abiel (1 Chronicles 11:32).

Abiasaph: father of gathering; the gatherer, the youngest of the three sons of Korah the Levite head of a family of Korhites (Exo 6:24); called Ebisaph (1Ch 6:37).

Abiathar: father of abundance, or my Father excels, the Son of Ahimelech the High Priest He was the Tenth High Priest and the fourth in descent from Eli When his Father was slain with the priests of Nob he escaped, and bearing with him the Ephod he joined David who was then in the Cave of Adullam (1Sa 22:20-23; 1Sa 23:6). He remained with David and became Priest of the party of which he was the leader (1Sa 30:7). When David ascended the Throne of Judah Abiathar was appointed High Priest (1Sa 30:1 Chronicles 1Sa 15:11;1Ki 2:26) and the “king’s companion” (1Ki 2:1 Chronicles 1Ki 27:34). ... Meanwhile Zadok of the House of Eleazar had been made High Priest These appointments continued in force till the End of David’s reign (1Ki 4:4). Abiathar was deposed (the sole historical instance of the deposition of a High priest) and banished to his home at Anathoth by Solomon because he took part in the attempt to raise Adonijah to the Throne The priesthood thus passed from the House of Ithamar (1Sa 2:30-36;1Ki 1:19; 1Ki 2:26, 1Ki 2:27). Zadok now became sole High Priest In 2:26, reference is made to an occurrence in “the days of Abiathar the High Priest ”But 2:1Sam 2:22, we learn explicitly that this event took Place when Ahimelech the Father of Abiathar was High Priest The apparent discrepancy is satisfactorily explained by interpreting the words in Mark as referring to the life-time of Abiathar and not to the term of his holding the office of High Priest It is not implied in Mark that he was actual High Priest at the time referred to. Others, however, think that the loaves belonged to Abiathar who was at that time (Lev 24:9) a Priest and that he either himself gave them to David or persuaded his Father to give them.

Abib: hill of corn, a Place on the River Chebar the residence of Ezekiel (Ezk 3:15). The site is unknown.

Abida: or Abi’dah, Father of knowledge; knowing, one of the five sons of Midian, who was the Son of Abraham by Keturah (1 Chronicles 1:33), and apparently the Chief of an Arab Tribe

Arid: AN Father of Judgment Judge head of the Tribe of Benjamin at the Exodus (Num 1:11; Num 2:22).

Ariel: the lion of God (1.) One of the Chief men sent by Ezra to procure Levites for the Sanctuary (Ezr 8:16).

(Ezr 8:2.) A symbolic name for Jerusalem (Isa 29:1, Isa 29:2, Isa 29:7) as “victorious under God ”And 43:15, And 43:16, for the Altar (marg., Hebrews ‘ariel) of Burnt offerings, the secret of Israel’s lion-like strength.

Abiezrite: father of help, a descendant of Abiezer (Jdg 6:11,Jdg 6:24; Jdg 8:32).

Abigail: father (i.e., “leader”) of the Dance or “of joy.” (1.) The sister of David and Wife of Jether an Ishmaelite (1Ch 2:16,1Ch 2:17). She was the mother of Amasa (2Sa 17:25).

(2Sa 17:2.) The Wife of the churlish Nabal who dwelt in the district of Carmel (1Sa 25:3). She showed great prudence and delicate management at a critical period of her husband’s Life She was “a Woman of good understanding, and of a Beautiful countenance.” After Nabal’ s Death she became the Wife of David (1Sa 25:14-42), and was his companion in all his future fortunes (1Sa 27:3; 1Sa 30:5;2Sa 2:2). By her David had a Son called Chileab (2Sa 3:3), elsewhere called Daniel (1Ch 3:1).

Abihail: father of might. (1.)Num 3:35. (Num 3:2.)1Ch 2:29. (1Ch 2:3.)1Ch 5:14.

(1Ch 5:4.) The second Wife of King Rehoboam (2Ch 5:1 2Ch 1:18), a descendant of Eliab David’s eldest Brother

(2Ch 1:5.) The Father of Esther and uncle of Mordecai (Est 2:15).

Abihu: father of Him; i.e., “worshipper of God”, the second of the sons of Aaron (Exo 6:23;Num 3:2; Num 26:60; Num 26:1 Chronicles Num 6:3). Along with his three brothers he was consecrated to the priest’s office (Exo 28:1). With his Father and elder Brother he accompanied the Seventy elders part of the way up the Mount with Moses (Exo 24:1,Exo 24:9). On one occasion he and Nadab his Brother offered Incense in their censers filled with “strange” (i.e., common) Fire i.e., not with Fire taken from the great brazen Altar (Lev 6:9, etc.), and for this Offence they were struck Dead and were taken out and buried without the Camp (Lev 10:1-11; comp.Num 3:4; Num 26:61; Num 26:1 Chronicles Num 24:2). It is probable that when they committed this Offence they were intoxicated, for immediately after is given the Law prohibiting the use of wine or strong Drink to the priests.

Abihud: father (i.e., “possessor”) of renown. (1.) One of the sons of Bela the Son of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 8:3); called also Ahihud (ver. 7).

(2.) A descendant of Zerubbabel and Father of Eliakim (Mat 1:13, “Abiud”); called also Juda (Luk 3:26), and Obadiah (Luk 3:1 Chronicles Luk 3:21).

Abijah: father (i.e., “possessor or worshipper”) of Jehovah (1.) 1 Chronicles 7:8. (2.) 1 Chronicles 2:24.

(3.) The second Son of Samuel (1 Samuel 8:2; 1 Chronicles 6:28). His conduct, along with that of his Brother as a Judge in Beer-sheba, to which office his Father had appointed him, led to popular discontent, and ultimately provoked the people to demand a royal form of government.

(4.) A descendant of Eleazar the Son of Aaron a Chief of one of the twenty-four orders into which the priesthood was divided by David (1 Chronicles 24:10). The order of Abijah was one of those which did not return from the Captivity (Ezr 2:36-39; Nehemiah Ezr 7:39-42; Ezr 12:1). ...

(Ezr 12:5.) The Son of Rehoboam whom he succeeded on the Throne of Judah (Ezr 12:1 Chronicles Ezr 3:10). He is also called Abijam (1Ki 14:31; 1Ki 15:1-8). He began his three years’ reign (1Ki 15:2 Chronicles 1Ki 12:16; 1Ki 13:1,1Ki 13:2) with a strenuous but unsuccessful effort to bring back the ten tribes to their allegiance. His address to “Jeroboam and all Israel ” before encountering them in battle, is worthy of being specially noticed (1Ki 13:2 Chronicles 1Ki 13:5-12). It was a very Bloody battle,No 13:500,No 13:000 of the Army of Israel having perished on the field. He is described as having walked “in all the sins of his father” (1Ki 15:3; 1Ki 15:2 Chronicles 1Ki 11:20-22).It 11:1Kin 15:2 that “his mother’s name was Maachah the Daughter of Abishalom;”But 15:2 Chronicles But 13:2 we read, “his mother’s name was Michaiah, the Daughter of Uriel of Gibeah.” The explanation is that Maachah is just a variation of the name Michaiah, and that Abishalom is probably the same as Absalom the Son of David It is probable that “Uriel of Gibeah” married Tamar the Daughter of Absalom (But 13:2 Samuel But 14:27), and by her had Maachah The Word “daughter”In 14:1Kin 15:2 Will thus, as it frequently elsewhere does, mean grand-daughter.

(Kin 15:6.) A Son of Jeroboam the first King of Israel On account of his severe illness when a youth, his Father sent his Wife to consult the Prophet Ahijah regarding his recovery. The Prophet though Blind with Old Age knew the Wife of Jeroboam as soon as she approached, and under a divine impulse he announced to her that inasmuch as in Abijah alone of all the House of Jeroboam there was found “some good thing toward the Lord ” he only would come to his Grave in Peace As his mother crossed the Threshold of the door on her return, the youth died, and “all Israel mourned for him” (1Ki 14:1-18).

(1Ki 14:7.) The Daughter of Zechariah (1Ki 14:2 Chronicles 1Ki 29:1; comp. Isaiah 1Ki 8:2), and afterwards the Wife of Ahaz She is also called Abi (2Ki 18:2).

(2Ki 18:8.) One of the sons of Becher the Son of Benjamin (2Ki 18:1 Chronicles 2Ki 7:8). “Abiah,” A.V.

Abijam: father of the Sea i.e., “seaman” the name always used in Kings of the King of Judah the Son of Rehoboam elsewhere called Abijah (1Ki 15:1,1Ki 15:7,1Ki 15:8). (See Abijah 1Ki 15:5.)

Abilene: a Plain a district lying on the East slope of the Anti-Lebanon range; so called from its Chief town, Abila (Luk 3:1), which stood in the Suk Wady Barada, between Heliopolis (Baalbec) and Damascus 38 3:18 from the latter. Lysanias was Governor or Tetrarch of this province.

Abemael: father of Mael, one of the sons or descendants of Joktan in Northern Arabia (Gen 10:28; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:22).

Abimelech: my Father a King or Father of a King a common name of the Philistine kings, as “Pharaoh” was of the Egyptian kings. (1.) The Philistine King of Gerar in the time of Abraham (Gen 20:1-18). By an interposition of Providence Sarah was delivered from his harem, and was restored to her Husband Abraham As a Mark of respect he gave to Abraham valuable Gifts and offered him a settlement in any part of his country; while at the same time he delicately and yet severely rebuked him for having practised a deception upon him in pretending that Sarah was only his sister. Among the Gifts presented by the King were a thousand Pieces of Silver as a “covering of the eyes” for Sarah; i.e., either as an atoning Gift and a Testimony of her innocence in the sight of all, or rather for the purpose of procuring a Veil for Sarah to conceal her beauty, and thus as a reproof to her for not having worn a Veil which, as a married Woman she ought to have done. ... A few years after this Abimelech visited Abraham who had removed southward Beyond his territory, and there entered into a League of Peace and friendship with him. This League was the first of which we have any record. It was confirmed by a mutual Oath at Beer-sheba (Gen 21:22-34).

(Gen 21:2.) A King of Gerar in the time of Isaac probably the Son of the preceeding (Gen 26:1-22). Isaac sought Refuge in his territory during a Famine and there he acted a part with reference to his Wife Rebekah similar to that of his Father Abraham with reference to Sarah. Abimelech rebuked him for the deception, which he accidentally discovered. Isaac settled for a while here, and prospered. Abimelech desired him, however, to leave his territory, which Isaac did. Abimelech afterwards visited him when he was encamped at Beer-sheba, and expressed a Desire to renew the Covenant which had been entered into between their fathers (Gen 26:26-31).

(Gen 26:3.) A Son of Gideon (Jdg 9:1), who was proclaimed King after the Death of his Father (Jdg 8:33-9:Jdg 8:6). One of his first Acts was to Murder his brothers, Seventy in number, “on one Stone ” at Ophrah Only one named Jotham escaped. He was an unprincipled, ambitious ruler, often engaged in war with his own subjects. When engaged in reducing the town of Thebez which had revolted, he was struck mortally on his head by a mill-stone, thrown by the Hand of a Woman from the Wall above. Perceiving that the wound was mortal, he desired his armour-bearer to thrust him through with his Sword that it might not be said he had perished by the Hand of a Woman (Jdg 9:50-57).

(Jdg 9:4.) The Son of Abiathar and High Priest in the time of David (Jdg 9:1 Chronicles Jdg 18:16). In the parallel Passage Jdg 18:2 Samuel Jdg 8:17, we have the name Ahimelech and Abiathar the Son of Ahimelech This most authorities consider the more correct reading. (Jdg 8:5.) Achish King of GathIn 8:34. (Comp. In 8:1 Samuel In 21:10-15.)

Abinadab: father of nobleness; i.e., “noble.” (1.) A Levite of Kirjath-jearim, in whose House the Ark of the Covenant was deposited after having been brought back from the land of the Philistines (1Sa 7:1). It remained there twenty years, till it was at length removed by David (1Sa 7:1,1Sa 7:2;1Ch 13:7).

(1Ch 13:2.) The second of the eight sons of Jesse (1Sa 16:8). He was with Saul in the campaign against the Philistines in which Goliath was slain (1Sa 17:13).

(1Sa 17:3.) One of Saul’s sons, who peristed with his Father in the battle of Gilboa (1Sa 31:2;1Ch 10:2).

(1Ch 10:4.) One of Solomon’s officers, who “provided victuals for the King and his household.” He presided, for this purpose, over the district of Dor (1Ki 4:11).

Abinoam: father of kindness, the Father of Barak (Jdg 4:6; Jdg 5:1).

Abiram: father of height; i.e., “proud.” (1.) One of the sons of Eliab who joined Korah in the conspiracy against Moses and Aaron He and all the conspirators, with their families and possessions (except the children of Korah), were swallowed up by an Earthquake (Num 16:1-27; Num 26:9;Psa 106:17).

(Psa 106:2.) The eldest Son of Hiel the Bethelite, who perished prematurely in consequence of his father’s undertaking to rebuild Jericho (1Ki 16:34), according to the words of Joshua (1Ki 6:26). (See Jericho )

Abishag: father of (i.e., “given to”) error, a young Woman of Shunem distinguished for her beauty. She was Chosen to Minister to David in his Old Age She became his Wife (1Ki 1:3,1Ki 1:4,1Ki 1:15). After David’s Death Adonijah persuaded Bathsheba, Solomon’s mother, to entreat the King to permit him to marry Abishag Solomon suspected in this request an aspiration to the Throne and therefore caused him to be Put to Death (1Ki 2:17-25).

Abishai: father of (i.e., “desirous of’) a Gift the eldest Son of Zeruiah David’s sister. He was the Brother of Joab and Asahel (2Sa 2:18; 2Sa 2:1 Chronicles 2Sa 2:16). Abishai was the only one who accompanied David when he went to the Camp of Saul and took the spear and the cruse of Water from Saul’s Bolster (1Sa 26:5-12). He had the command of one of the three divisions of David’s Army at the battle with Absalom (2Sa 18:2,2Sa 18:5,2Sa 18:12). He slew the Philistine giant Ishbi-benob, who threatened David’s Life (2Sa 21:15-17). He was the Chief of the second rank of the three “mighties” (2Sa 23:18, 2Sa 23:19; 2Sa 23:1 Chronicles 2Sa 11:20,2Sa 11:21);And 11:300 men, and slew them with his own spear (2Sa 23:18). Abishai is the name of the Semitic Chief who offers Gifts to the Lord of Beni-Hassan.See 23:10.

Ishua: Father of welfare; i.e., “fortunate.” (1.) The grandson of Benjamin (1Ch 8:4).

(1Ch 8:2.) The Son of Phinehas the High Priest (1Ch 6:4,1Ch 6:5,1Ch 6:50;Ezr 7:5).

Ishur: Father of the Wall i.e., “mason”, one of the two sons of Shammai of the Tribe of Judah (1 Chronicles 2:28,29).

Abital: father of Dew i.e., “fresh”, David’s fifth Wife (2Sa 3:4).

Abitub: father of Goodness a Benjamite (1 Chronicles 8: 1 1).

Abjects: (Psa 35:15), the translation of a Hebrew Word meaning smiters; probably, in allusion to the tongue, slanderers. (Comp.Jer 18:18.)

Ablution: or Washing was practised, (1.) When a person was initiated into a higher state: e.g., when Aaron and his sons were set apart to the priest’s office, they were washed with Water previous to their investiture with the priestly robes (Lev 8:6).

(Lev 8:2.) Before the priests approached the Altar of God they were required, on pain of Death to wash their hands and their feet to cleanse them from the soil of common Life (Exo 30:17-21). To this practice the Psalmist alludes,Psa 26:6.

(Psa 26:3.) There were washings prescribed for the purpose of cleansing from positive defilement contracted by particular Acts Of such washings eleven different species are prescribed in the Levitical Law (Lev 26:15). ...

(Lev 26:4.) A fourth class of ablutions is mentioned, by which a person purified or absolved himself from the guilt of some particular act. For example, the elders of the nearest village where some Murder was committed were required, when the murderer was unknown, to wash their hands over the expiatory heifer which was beheaded, and in doing so to say, “Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it” (Deu 21:1-9). So also Pilate declared himself innocent of the blood of Jesus by Washing his hands (Mat 27:24). This act of Pilate may not, however, have been borrowed from the Custom of the Jews. The same practice was common among the Greeks and Romans

The Pharisees carried the practice of Ablution to great excess, thereby claiming extraordinary purity (Mat 23:25). Mark (Mat 7:1-5) refers to the ceremonial ablutions. The Pharisees washed their hands “oft,” more correctly, “with the fist” (R.V., “diligently”), or as an Old Father Theophylact, explains it, “up to the elbow.” (Com 7:4;Lev 6:28; Lev 11:32-36; Lev 15:22) (See Washing )

Abner: father of Light i.e., “enlightening”, the Son of Ner and uncle of Saul He was commander-in-chief of Saul’s Army (1 Samuel 14:50; 17:55; 20:25). He first introduced David to the Court of Saul after the victory over Goliath (1 Samuel 17:57). After the Death of Saul David was made King over Judah and reigned in Hebron Among the other tribes there was a feeling of hostility to Judah and Abner at the head of Ephraim fostered this hostility in the interest of the House of Saul whose Son Ish-bosheth he caused to be proclaimed King (2 Samuel 2:8). A state of war existed between these two kings. A battle fatal to Abner who was the leader of Ish-boseth’s Army was fought with David’s Army under Joab at Gibeon (2 Samuel 2:12). ... Abner escaping from the field, was overtaken by Asahel who was “light of foot as a wild Roe ” the Brother of Joab and Abishai whom he thrust through with a back stroke of his spear (2 Samuel 2: 18-32).

Being rebuked by Ish-bosheth for the impropriety of taking to Wife Rizpah, who had been a Concubine of King Saul he found an excuse for going over to the side of David whom he now professed to regard as anointed by the Lord to reign over all Israel David received him favourably, and promised that he would have command of the armies. At this time Joab was absent from Hebron but on his return he found what had happened. Abner had just Left the City but Joab by a stratagem recalled him, and meeting him at the Gate of the City on his return, thrust him through with his Sword (2 Samuel 3:27,31 3:39; 31 4:12. Comp.1Ki 2:5, 1Ki 2:32). David lamented in pathetic words the Death of Abner “Know ye not that there is a Prince and a great Man fallen this Day in Israel?” (1Ki 2:2 Samuel 1Ki 3:33-38.)

Abomination: This Word is used, (1.) To express the idea that the Egyptians considered themselves as defiled when they ate with strangers (Gen 43:32). The Jews subsequently followed the same practice, holding it unlawful to eat or Drink with foreigners (Jhn 18:28; Acts Jhn 10:28; Jhn 11:3).

(Jhn 11:2.) Every Shepherd was “an abomination” unto the Egyptians (Gen 46:34). This aversion to shepherds, such as the Hebrews arose probably from the fact that Lower and Middle Egypt had formerly been held in oppressive subjection by a Tribe of nomad shepherds (the Hyksos), who had only recently been expelled, and partly also perhaps from this other fact that the Egyptians detested the lawless habits of these Wandering shepherds. ...

(Gen 46:3.) Pharaoh was so moved by the fourth Plague that while he refused the demand of Moses he offered a compromise, granting to the Israelites permission to hold their festival and offer their sacrifices in Egypt This permission could not be accepted, because Moses said they would have to Sacrifice “the Abomination of the Egyptians” (Exo 8:26); i.e., the cow or ox, which all the Egyptians held as sacred, and which they regarded it as sacrilegious to kill.

(Exo 8:4.) Daniel (Exo 11:31), in that section of his prophecies which is generally interpreted as referring to the fearful calamities that were to Fall on the Jews in the time of Antiochus Epiphanes, says, “And they shall Place the Abomination that maketh desolate.” Antiochus Epiphanes caused an Altar to be erected on the Altar of bumt-offering, on which sacrifices were offered to Jupiter Olympus. (Comp. Exo 11:1 Mace. Exo 1:57). This was the Abomination of the desolation of Jerusalem The same language is employed in Daniel Exo 9:27 (comp. Matthew Exo 24:15), where the reference is probably to the image-crowned standards which the Romans set up at the East Gate of the Temple (A.D. Exo 24:70), and to which they paid idolatrous honours. “Almost the entire religion of the Roman Camp consisted in worshipping the Ensign swearing by the Ensign and in preferring the Ensign before all other gods.” These ensigns were an “abomination” to the Jews, the “abomination of desolation.”

This Word is also used symbolically of sin in general (Isa 66:3); an Idol (Isa 44:19); the ceremonies of the apostate Church of Rome (Rev 17:4); a detestable act (Ezk 22:11).

Abraham: ’S BOSOM (Luk 16:22,Luk 16:23) refers to the Custom of reclining on couches at table, which was prevalent among the Jews, an arrangement which brought the head of one person almost into the bosom of the one who sat or reclined above him. To “be in Abraham’s bosom” thus meant to enjoy happiness and Rest (Mat 8:11; Luke Mat 16:23) at the Banquet in Paradise (See Banquet Meals )

Abram: exalted Father (see Abraham )

Abronah: R.V., one of Israel’s halting-places in the Desert (Num 33:34,Num 33:35), just before Ezion-gaber. In A.V., “Ebronah.”

Absalom: father of Peace i.e., “peaceful” David’s Son by Maacah (2Sa 3:3; comp.1Ki 1:6). He was noted for his personal beauty and for the extra-ordinary profusion of the Hair of his head (2Sa 14:25,2Sa 14:26). The first public act of his Life was the blood-revenge he executed against Amnon David’s eldest Son who had basely wronged Absalom’s sister Tamar This revenge was executed at the time of the festivities connected with a great sheep-shearing at Baal-hazor. David’s other sons fled from the Place in horror, and brought the tidings of the Death of Amnon to Jerusalem Alarmed for the consequences of the act, Absalom fled to his grandfather at Geshur and there abode for three years (2Sa 3:3; 2Sa 13:23-38). ...

David mourned his absent Son now branded with the guilt of fratricide. As the result of a stratagem carried out by a Woman of Tekoah, Joab received David’s sanction to invite Absalom back to Jerusalem He returned accordingly, but two years elapsed before his Father admitted him into his presence (2Sa 14:28). Absalom was now probably the oldest surviving Son of David and as he was of royal descent by his mother as well as by his Father he began to aspire to the Throne His pretensions were favoured by the people. By many arts he gained their Affection and after his return from Geshur (2Sa 15:7; marg., R.V.) he went up to Hebron the Old capital of Judah along with a great body of the people, and there proclaimed himself King The revolt was so successful that David found it necessary to quit Jerusalem and flee to Mahanaim Beyond Jordan where upon Absalom returned to Jerusalem and took possession of the Throne without opposition. Ahithophel who had been David’s Chief Counsellor deserted him and joined Absalom whose Chief Counsellor he now became. Hushai also joined Absalom but only for the purpose of trying to counteract the counsels of Ahithophel and so to advantage David’s cause. He was so far successful that by his advice, which was preferred to that of Ahithophel Absalom delayed to march an Army against his Father who thus gained time to prepare for the defence.

Absalom at length marched out against his Father whose Army under the command of Joab he encountered on the borders of the Forest of Ephraim Twenty thousand of Absalom’s Army were slain in that fatal battle, and the Rest fled. Absalom fled on a swift Mule but his long flowing Hair or more probably his head, was caught in the bough of an oak, and there he was Left suspended till Joab came up and pierced him through with three darts. His body was then taken down and cast into a Pit dug in the Forest and a Heap of Stones was raised over his Grave When the tidings of the result of that battle were brought to David as he sat impatiently at the Gate of Mahanaim and he was told that Absalom had been slain, he gave way to the Bitter Lamentation “O my Son Absalom my Son my Son Absalom! would God I had died for thee, O Absalom my Son my son!” (2Sa 18:33. Comp. Exodus 2Sa 32:32;Rom 9:3).

Absalom’s three sons (2Sa 14:27; comp. 2Sa 18:18) had all died before him, so that he Left only a Daughter Tamar who became the grandmother of Abijah

Acacia: (Hebrews shittim) Exodus 25:5, R.V. probably the Acacia seyal (the gum-arabic tree); called the “shittah” Tree (Isa 41:19). Its Wood is called Shittim Wood (Exo 26:15,Exo 26:26; Exo 25:10,Exo 25:13,Exo 25:23,Exo 25:28, etc.). This species (A. seyal) is like the hawthorn, a gnarled and thorny Tree It yields the gum-arabic of commerce. It is found in abundance in the Sinaitic peninsula.

Accad: the High land or mountains, a City in the land of Shinar It has been identified with the mounds of Akker Kuf, some 50 miles to the North of Babylon but this is doubtful. It was one of the cities of Nimrod’s Kingdom (Ge 10:10). It stood close to the Euphrates opposite Sippara. (See SEPHARVAIM.)

It is also the name of the country of which this City was the capital, namely, northern or upper Babylonia. The Accadians who came from the “mountains of the East ” where the Ark rested, attained to a High degree of civilization. In the Babylonian inscriptions they are called “the Black heads” and “the Black faces,” in contrast to “the white race” of Semitic descent. They invented the form of Writing in pictorial hieroglyphics, and also the cuneiform system, in which they wrote many books partly on papyrus and partly on Clay The Semitic Babylonians (“the white race”), or, as some scholars think, first the Cushites, and afterwards, as a second immigration, the Semites, invaded and conquered this country; and then the Accadian language ceased to be a spoken language, although for the sake of its literary treasures it continued to be studied by the educated classes of Babylonia. ... A large portion of the Ninevite tablets brought to Light by Oriental research consists of interlinear or parallel translations from Accadian into Assyrian; and thus that long-forgotten language has been recovered by scholars. It belongs to the class of languages called agglutinative, common to the Tauranian race; i.e., it consists of words “glued together,” without declension of conjugation. These tablets in a remarkable manner illustrate Ancient history. Among other notable records,

they contain an account of the Creation which closely resembles that given in the book of Genesis of the Sabbath as a Day of Rest and of the Deluge and its cause. (See Babylon Chaldea )

Accho: sultry or sandy, a town and harbour of Phoenicia in the Tribe of Asher but never acquired by them (Jdg 1:31). It was known to the Ancient Greeks and Romans by the name of Ptolemais from Ptolemy the King of Egypt who rebuilt it about B.C. Jdg 1:100. Here Paul landed on his last Journey to Jerusalem (Act 21:7). During the crusades of the Middle Ages it was called Acra; and subsequently, on account of its being occupied by the Knights Hospitallers of Jerusalem it was called St. Jean d’Acre, or simply Acre.

Accuser: Satan is styled the “accuser of the brethren” (Rev 12:10. Comp.Job 1:6; Zechariah Job 3:1), as seeking to uphold his influence among men by bringing false charges against Christians, with the view of weakening their influence and injuring the cause with which they are identified. He was regarded by the Jews as the Accuser of men before God laying to their charge the violations of the Law of which they were guilty, and demanding their Punishment The same Greek Word rendered “accuser,” is found in John Job 8:10 (but omitted in the Revised Version); Acts Job 23:30, Job 23:35; Job 24:8; Job 25:16, Job 25:18, in all of which places it is used of one who brings a charge against another.

Aceldama: the name which the Jews gave in their proper tongue, i.e., in Aramaic, to the field which was purchased with the Money which had been given to the betrayer of our Lord The Word means “field of blood.” It was previously called “the potter’s field” (Mat 27:7, Mat 27:8; Acts Mat 1:19), and was appropriated as the burial-place for strangers. It lies on a narrow level terrace on the South Face of the Valley of Hinnom. Its modern name is Hak ed-damm.

Achaia: the name originally of a narrow strip of territory in Greece on the north-west of the Peloponnesus. Subsequently it was applied by the Romans to the whole Peloponnesus, now called the Morea, and the South of Greece It was then one of the two provinces (Macedonia being the other) into which they divided the country when it fell under their dominion. It is in this latter enlarged meaning that the name is always used in the New Testament (Act 18:12,Act 18:27; Act 19:21;Rom 15:26; Rom 16:5, etc.). It was at the time when Luke wrote the Acts of the Apostles under the proconsular form of government; hence the appropriate title given to Gallio as the “deputy,” i.e., proconsul, of Achaia (Act 18:12).

Achaichus: (1Co 16:17), one of the members of the Church of Corinth who, with Fortunatus and Stephanas visited Paul while he was at Ephesus for the purpose of consulting him on the affairs of the Church These three probably were the bearers of the Letter from Corinth to the ApostleTo 16:1Cor 7:1.

Achan: called also Achar, i.e., one who troubles (1 Chronicles 2:7), in commemoration of his crime, which brought upon him an awful Destruction (Jos 7:1). On the occasion of the Fall of Jericho he seized, contrary to the divine command, an ingot of Gold a quantity of Silver and a costly Babylonish garment, which he hid in his Tent Joshua was convinced that the defeat which the Israelites afterwards sustained before Ai was a proof of the divine displeasure on account of some crime, and he at once adopted means by the use of the Lot for discovering the criminal. It was then found that Achan was guilty, and he was stoned to Death in the Valley of Achor. He and all that belonged to him were then consumed by Fire and a Heap of Stones was raised over the Ashes

Achbor: gnawing = Mouse (1.) An Edomitish King (Gen 36:38; Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:49).

(Gen 1:2.) One of Josiah’s officers sent to the prophetess Huldah to inquire regarding the newly-discovered book of the Law (2Ki 22:12, 2Ki 22:14). He is also called Abdon (2Ki 22:2 Chronicles 2Ki 34:20).

Achish: angry, perhaps only a general title of royalty applicable to the Philistine kings. (1.) The King with whom David sought Refuge when he fled from Saul (1Sa 21:10-15).He 21:34. It was probably this same KingTo 21:600 warriors, and who assigned him Ziklag, whence he carried on war against the surrounding tribes (1Sa 27:5-12). Achish had great confidence in the valour and fidelity of David (1Sa 28:1,1Sa 28:2), but at the instigation of his courtiers did not permit him to go up to battle along with the Philistine hosts (1Sa 29:2-11). David remained with Achish a Year and four months. (1Sa 29:2.) Another King of Gath probably grandson of the foregoing, to whom the two servants of Shimei fled. This led Shimei to go to Gath in pursuit of them, and the consequence was that Solomon Put him to Death (1Ki 2:39-46).

Achmetha: (Ezr 6:2), called Ecbatana by classical writers, the capital of northern Media Here was the Palace which was the residence of the Old Median monarchs, and of Cyrus and Cambyses. In the time of Ezra, the Persian kings resided usually at Susa of Babylon But Cyrus held his Court at Achmetha and Ezra, Writing a century after, correctly mentions the Place where the decree of Cyrus was found.

Achor

: . (1.) A Son of Salu, slain by Phinehas the Son of Eleazar because of his wickedness in bringing a Midianitish Woman into his Tent (Numbers 25:6-15).

(2.) Murdered Elah at Tirzah, and succeeded him on the Throne of Israel (1 Kings 16:8-10). He reigned only Seven days, for Omri whom the Army elected as King laid siege to Tirzah, whereupon Zimri set Fire to the Palace and perished amid its ruins (1 1-20). Omri succeeded to the Throne only after four years of fierce war with Tibni, another claimant to the Throne

Achshaph: fascination, a royal City of the Canaanites in the North of Palestine (Jos 11:1; Jos 12:20; Jos 19:25). It was in the eastern boundary of the Tribe of Asher and is identified with the modern ruined village of Kesaf or Yasif, N.E. of Accho

Achzib: falsehood. (1.) A town in the Shephelah, or Plain country of Judah (Jos 15:44); probably the same as Chezib of Genesis Jos 38:5 = Ain Kezbeh.

(Jos 38:2.) A Phoenician City (the Gr. Ecdippa), always retained in their possession though assigned to the Tribe of Asher (Jos 19:29;Jdg 1:31). It is identified with the modern es-Zib, on the Mediterranean,Abo 1:8 miles North of Accho

Acre

Acts: OF THE Apostles the title now given to the fifth and last of the historical books of the New Testament The author styles it a “treatise” (1:1). It was early called “The Acts ” “The Gospel of the Holy Ghost,” and “The Gospel of the Resurrection ” It contains properly no account of any of the apostles except Peter and Paul John is noticed only three times; and all that is recorded of James the Son of Zebedee is his execution by Herod It is properly therefore not the history of the “Acts of the Apostles,” a title which was given to the book at a later Date but of “Acts of Apostles,” or more correctly, of “Some Acts of Certain Apostles.”

As regards its authorship, it was certainly the work of Luke the “beloved physician” (comp.Luk 1:1-4; Acts Luk 1:1). ... This is the uniform Tradition of antiquity, although the writer nowhere makes mention of himself by name. The style and idiom of the Gospel of Luke and of the Acts and the usage of words and phrases common to both, strengthen this opinion.The 16:11, and then disappears till Paul’s return to Philippi two years afterwards, when he and Paul Left that Place together (The 20:6), and the two seem henceforth to have been constant companions to the End He was certainly with Paul at Rome (The 20:28; Colossians The 4:14). Thus he wrote a great portion of that history from personal observation. For what lay Beyond his own experience he had the instruction of Paul If, as is very probable, The 4:2 Timothy was written during Paul’ s second imprisonment at Rome Luke was with him then as his Faithful companion to the last (The 4:2 Timothy The 4:1 The 4:1). Of his subsequent history we have no certain information.

The design of Luke’s Gospel was to give an exhibition of the character and work of Christ as seen in his history till he was taken up from his disciples into Heaven and of the Acts as its sequel, to give an illustration of the power and working of the gospel when preached among all nations, “beginning at Jerusalem ” The opening sentences of the Acts are just an expansion and an explanation of the closing words of the Gospel. In this book we have just a continuation of the history of the Church after Christ’s ascension. Luke here carries on the history in the same Spirit in which he had commenced it. It is only a book of beginnings, a history of the founding of churches, the initial steps in the formation of the Christian society in the different places visited by the apostles. It records a cycle of “representative events.”

All through the narrative we see the ever-present, all-controlling power of the ever-living Saviour He worketh all and in all in spreading abroad his Truth among men by his Spirit and through the instrumentality of his apostles.

The time of the Writing of this history may be gathered from the fact that the narrative extends down to the close of the second Year of Paul’s first imprisonment at Rome It could not therefore have been written earlier than A.D.61 4:62, nor later than about the End of A.D. 61 4:63. Paul was probably Put to Death during his second imprisonment, about A.D. 61 4:64, or, as some think, 61 4:66.

The Place where the book was written was probably Rome to which Luke accompanied Paul

The 1:8, “Ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem and in all Judea and in Samaria and unto the uttermost part of the earth.” After referring to what had been recorded in a “former treatise” of the sayings and doings of Jesus Christ before his ascension, the author proceeds to give an account of the circumstances connected with that event, and then records the leading facts with reference to the spread and triumphs of Christianity over the world during a period of about thirty years. The record begins with Pentecost (A.D. The 1:33) and ends with Paul’s first imprisonment (A.D.63 1:64). The whole contents of the book may be divided into these three parts:

(63 1:1.) Chaps.1 1:12, describing the first twelve years of the Christian Church This section has been entitled “From Jerusalem to Antioch ” It contains the history of the planting and extension of the Church among the Jews by the ministry of Peter

(1 1:2.) Chaps.13 1:21, Paul’s missionary journeys, giving the history of the extension and planting of the Church among the Gentiles

(13 1:3.) Chaps.21 1:28, Paul at Rome and the events which led to this. Chaps.13 1:28 have been entitled “From Antioch to Rome ”

In this book it is worthy of note that no mention is made of the Writing by Paul of any of his Epistles This may be accounted for by the fact that the writer confined himself to a history of the planting of the Church and not to that of its training or edification. The relation, however, between this history and the Epistles of Paul is of such a kind, i.e., brings to Light so many undesigned coincidences, as to prove the genuineness and authenticity of both, as is so ably shown by Paley in his Horae Paulinae. “No Ancient work affords so many tests of veracity; for no other has such numerous points of contact in all directions with contemporary history, politics, and topography, whether Jewish, or Greek, or Roman.” Lightfoot. (See Paul )

Adah: ornament. (1.) The first of Lamech’s two wives, and the mother of Jabal and Jubal (Gen 4:19, Gen 4:20, Gen 4:23).

(Gen 4:2.) The first of Esau’s three wives, the Daughter of Elon the Hittite (Gen 36:2,Gen 36:4), called also Bashemath (Gen 26:34).

Adam: , THE City OF is referred to in Joshua 3:16. It stood “beside Zarethan,” on the west bank of Jordan (1Ki 4:12). At this City the flow of the Water was arrested and Rose up “upon an heap” at the time of the Israelites’ passing over (Jos 3:16).

Adamah: red earth, a fortified City of Naphtali probably the modern Damieh, on the west side of the Sea of Tiberias (Jos 19:33, Jos 19:36).

Adamant: (Hebrews shamir),Ezk 3:9. The Greek Word adamas means Diamond This Stone is not referred to, but corundum or some kind of hard steel. It is an emblem of firmness in resisting adversaries of the Truth (Zec 7:12), and of hard-heartedness against the Truth (Jer 17:1).

Adar: large, the sixth Month of the civil and the twelfth of the ecclesiastical Year of the Jews (Est 3:7, Est 3:13; Est 8:12; Est 9:1, Est 9:15, Est 9:17, Est 9:19, Est 9:21). It included the days extending from the New moon of our March to the New moon of April. The name was first used after the Captivity When the season was backward, and the lambs not yet of a paschal size, or the Barley not forward enough for Abib then a Month called Veadar, i.e., a second Adar was intercalated.

Adbeel: miracle of God the third of the twelve sons of Ishmael and head of an Arabian Tribe (Gen 25:13; Gen 25:1 Chronicles Gen 1:29).

Addar: village of Addar a Place in the southern boundary of Palestine (Num 34:4), in the Desert to the west of Kadesh-barnea. It is called AdarIn 15:3.

HAZAR-

Adder: (Psa 140:3;Rom 3:13, “asp”) is the rendering of, (Rom 3:1.) Akshub (“coiling” or “lying in wait”), properly an Asp or Viper found only in this Passage (Rom 3:2.) Pethen (“twisting”), a Viper or venomous Serpent identified with the cobra (Naja haje) (Psa 58:4; Psa 91:13); elsewhere “asp.” (Psa 91:3.) Tziphoni (“hissing”) (Pro 23:32); elsewhere rendered “cockatrice,”Isa 11:8; Isa 14:29; Isa 59:5; Jeremiah Isa 8:17, as it is here in the margin of the Authorized Version The Revised Version has “basilisk.” This may have been the yellow Viper the Daboia xanthina, the largest and most dangerous of the vipers of Palestine (Isa 8:4.) Shephiphon (“creeping”),Occ 49:17, the small speckled venomous snake, the “horned snake,” or cerastes. Dan is compared to this Serpent which springs from its hiding-place on the passer-by.

Addi: ornament, (Luk 3:28), the Son of Cosam, and Father of Melchi, one of the progenitors of Christ

Addon: low, one of the persons named in Nehemiah 7:61 who could not “shew their father’s house” on the return from Captivity This, with similar instances (ver. 63), indicates the importance the Jews attached to their genealogies.

Adin: effeminate. (1.)Ezr 8:6. (Ezr 8:2.) Nehemiah Ezr 10:16.

Adina: slender, one of David’s warriors (1 Chronicles 11:42), a Reubenite.

Adino: the Eznite, one of David’s mighty men (2Sa 23:8). (See Jashobeam )

Adjuration: a Solemn Appeal whereby one person imposes on another the obligation of speaking or acting as if under an Oath (1Sa 14:24; Joshua 1Sa 6:26;1Ki 22:16).

We have in the New Testament a striking example of this (Mat 26:63;Mrk 5:7), where the High Priest calls upon Christ to avow his true character. It would seem that in such a case the person so adjured could not refuse to give an answer.

The Word “adjure”, i.e., cause to swear is used with reference to the casting out of demons (Act 19:13).

Admah: earth, one of the five cities of the vale of Siddim (Gen 10:19). It was destroyed along with Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen 19:24;Deu 29:23). It is supposed by some to be the same as the Adam of Joshua Deu 3:16, the name of which still lingers in Damieh, the ford of Jordan (See Zeboim )

Adnah: delight. (1.) A Chief of the Tribe of Manasseh who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:20). (2.) A general under Jehoshaphat ChiefOve 12:300,Ove 12:000 men (Ove 12:2 Chronicles Ove 17:14).

Adonibezek: Lord of Bezek a Canaanitish King who, having subdued Seventy of the chiefs that were around him, made an attack against the armies of Judah and Simeon but was defeated and brought as a Captive to Jerusalem where his thumbs and great toes were cut off. He confessed that God had requited him for his like cruelty to the Seventy kings whom he had subdued (Jdg 1:4-7; comp.1Sa 15:33).

Adonijah: good is Jehovah my Lord a Levite sent out by Jehoshaphat to instruct the people of Judah in the Law (2 Chronicles 17:8).

Adonikam: whom the Lord sets up, one of those “which came with Zerubbabel” (Ezr 2:13). His “children,” or retainers,To 2:666, came up to Jerusalem (To 8:13).

Adoniram: (Adoram,1Ki 12:18), the Son of Abda was “over the Tribute ” i.e., the Levy or forced labour. He was stoned to Death by the people of Israel (1Ki 4:6; 1Ki 5:14)

ADONI-

Zedec: Lord of Justice or righteousness, was King in Jerusalem at the time when the Israelites invaded Palestine (Jos 10:1,Jos 10:3). He formed a confederacy with the other Canaanitish kings against the Israelites, but was utterly routed by Joshua when he was engaged in besieging the Gibeonites. The history of this victory and of the treatment of the five confederated kings is recorded in Joshua Jos 10:1-27. (Comp. Deuteronomy Jos 21:23). Among the Tell Amarna tablets (see EGYPT) are some very interesting letters from Adoni-zedec to the King of Egypt These illustrate in a very remarkable manner the history recorded in Joshua Jos 21:10, and indeed throw Light on the wars of conquest gene ... rally, so that they may be read as a kind of commentary on the book of Joshua Here the conquering career of the Abiri (i.e., Hebrews) is graphically described: “Behold, I say that the land of the King my Lord is ruined”, “The wars are mighty against me”, “The Hebrew chiefs plunder all the king’s lands”, “Behold, I the Chief of the Amorites am breaking to Pieces ” Then he implores the King of Egypt to send soldiers to help him, directing that the Army should come by Sea to Ascalon or Gaza and thence march to Wru-sa-lim (Jerusalem) by the Valley of Elah

Adoption: the giving to any one the name and Place and privileges of a Son who is not a Son by Birth

(1.) Natural. Thus Pharaoh’s Daughter adopted Moses (Exo 2:10), and Mordecai Esther (Est 2:7).

(Est 2:2.) National. God adopted Israel (Exo 4:22;Deu 7:6; Hos. Deu 11:1;Rom 9:4).

(Rom 9:3.) Spiritual. An act of God’s Grace by which he brings men into the number of his redeemed family, and makes them partakers of all the blessings he has provided for them. Adoption represents the New relations into which the believer is introduced by Justification and the privileges connected therewith, viz., an interest in God’s Peculiar Love (Jhn 17:23;Rom 5:5-8), a spiritual nature (Rom 5:2 Peter Rom 1:4;Jhn 1:13), the possession of a Spirit becoming children of God (Jhn 1:1 Peter Jhn 1:14;2Jn 1:4;Rom 8:15-21; Galatians Rom 5:1; Hebrews Rom 2:15), present protection, Consolation supplies (Luk 12:27-32;Jhn 14:18;1Co 3:21-23;2Co 1:4), fatherly chastisements (Heb 12:5-11), and a future glorious inheritance (Rom 8:17,Rom 8:23; James Rom 2:5; Phil. ... Rom 3:21).

Adoram: See Adoniram

Adore: to Worship to express reverence and homage. The forms of adoration among the Jews were putting off the shoes (Exo 3:5; Joshua Exo 5:15), and prostration (Gen 17:3;Psa 95:6; Isaiah Psa 44:15, Psa 44:17, Psa 44:19; Psa 46:6). To “kiss the Son”In 2:12 is to Adore and Worship him. (See 3:5, See 3:6.) The Word itself does not occur in Scripture

Adrammelech: Adar the King (1.) An Idol a form of the sun-God worshipped by the inhabitants of Sepharvaim (2Ki 17:31), and brought by the Sepharvite colonists into Samaria (2Ki 17:2.) A Son of Sennacherib King of Assyria (2Ki 19:37; Isaiah 2Ki 37:38).

Adramyttium: a City of Asia Minor on the coast of Mysia, which in early times was called AEolis. The ship in which Paul embarked at Caesarea belonged to this City (Act 27:2). He was conveyed in it only to Myra, in Lycia, whence he sailed in an Alexandrian ship to Italy It was a rare thing for a ship to sail from any port of Palestine direct for Italy It still bears the name Adramyti, and is a Place of some traffic.

Adria: (Act 27:27; R.V., “the Sea of Adria”), the Adriatic Sea including in Paul’s time the whole of the Mediterranean lying between Crete and Sicily. It is the modern Gulf of Venice, the Mare Superum of the Romans as distinguished from the Mare Inferum or Tyrrhenian Sea

Adriel: flock of God the Son of Barzillai the Meholathite, to whom Saul gave in marriage his Daughter Merab (1Sa 18:19). The five sons that sprang from this union were Put to Death by the Gibeonites (2Sa 21:8, 2Sa 21:9. Here it is said that Michal “brought up” [R.V., “bare”] these five sons, either that she treated them as if she had been their own mother, or that for “Michal” we should read “Merab,”As 21:1Sam 18:19).

Adullam: one of the royal cities of the Canaanites now ‘Aid-el-ma (Jos 12:15; Jos 15:35). It stood on the Old Roman Road in the Valley of Elah (q.v.), which was the scene of David’s memorable victory over Goliath (1Sa 17:2), and not far from Gath It was one of the towns which Rehoboam fortified against Egypt (1Sa 17:2 Chronicles 1Sa 11:7). It was called “the Glory of Israel” (Mic 1:15).

The Cave of AdullamHas 1:2 miles South of the scene of David’s triumph,And 1:13 miles west from Bethlehem At this Place is a HillSom 1:500 feet High pierced with numerous caverns, in one of which David gathered together “every one that was in distress, and every one that was in Debt and every one that was discontented” (1Sa 22:2).Som 22:200Or 22:300 men. According to Tradition this Cave was at Wady Khureitun, between Bethlehem and the Dead Sea but this view cannot be well maintained.

Adullamite: an inhabitant of the City of Adullam (Gen 38:1, Gen 38:12,

Gen 38:20 ).

Adultery: conjugal infidelity. An adulterer was a Man who had illicit intercourse with a married or a betrothed Woman and such a Woman was an adulteress. Intercourse between a married Man and an unmarried Woman was Fornication Adultery was regarded as a great social wrong, as well as a great sin.

The Mosaic Law (Num 5:11-31) prescribed that the suspected Wife should be tried by the ordeal of the “water of Jealousy ” There is, however, no recorded instance of the application of this Law In subsequent times the Rabbis made various regulations with the view of discovering the guilty party, and of bringing about a Divorce It 8:1-11 that this sin became very common during the Age preceding the Destruction of Jerusalem

Idolatry, Covetousness and apostasy are spoken of as Adultery spiritually (Jer 3:6, Jer 3:8, Jer 3:9;Ezk 16:32; Hos. ... Ezk 1:2:Ezk 1:3;Rev 2:22). An apostate Church is an adulteress (Isa 1:21;Ezk 23:4, Ezk 23:7, Ezk 23:37), and the Jews are styled “an adulterous generation” (Mat 12:39). (Comp.Rev 12:12.)

Adummim: the Red ones, a Place apparently on the Road between Jericho and Jerusalem “on the South side of the torrent” Wady Kelt, looking toward Gilgal mentioned Joshua 15:7; 18:17. It was nearly half-way between Jerusalem and Jericho and now bears the name of Tal-at-ed-Dumm. It is supposed to have been the Place referred to in the Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luk 10:30-37). Recently a New carriage-road has been completed, and carriages for the first time have come along this Road from Jerusalem

Adversary: (Hebrews satan), an opponent or foe (1Ki 5:4;1 1:14, 1 1:23, 1 1:25;Luk 13:17); one that speaks against another, a complainant (Mat 5:25;Luk 12:58); an enemy (Luk 18:3), and specially the Devil (1Pe 5:8).

Advocate: (Gr. parakletos), one who pleads another’s cause, who Helps another by defending or comforting him. It is a name given by Christ three times to the Holy Ghost (Jhn 14:16; Jhn 15:26; Jhn 16:7, where the Greek Word is rendered “Comforter,” q.v.). It is applied to ChristIn 16:1 John In 2:1, where the same Greek Word is rendered “Advocate,” the rendering which it should have in all the places where it occurs. Tertullus “the orator” (Act 24:1) was a Roman Advocate whom the Jews employed to accuse Paul before Felix.

Aenon: springs, a Place near Salim where John baptized (Jhn 3:23). It was probably near the upper source of the Wady Far’ah, an Open Valley extending from Mount Ebal to the Jordan It is full of springs. A Place has been found called ‘Ainun, four miles North of the springs.

Affection: feeling or emotion. Mention is made of “vile affections” (Rom 1:26) and “inordinate affection” (Col 3:5). Christians are exhorted to set their affections on things above (Col 3:2). There is a distinction between natural and spiritual or gracious affections (Ezk 33:32).

Affinity

Afflictions: common to all (Job 5:7; Job 14:1;Psa 34:19); are for the good of men (Jas 1:2, Jas 1:3, Jas 1:12;2Co 12:7) and the Glory of God (2Co 12:7-10; 2Co 12:1 Peter 2Co 4:14), and are to be borne with patience by the Lord’s people (Psa 94:12;Pro 3:12). They are all directed by God (Lam 3:33), and Will result in the Everlasting good of his people (2Co 4:16-18) in Christ Jesus (Rom 8:35-39).

Agabus: a “prophet,” probably one of the Seventy disciples of Christ He prophesied at Antioch of an approaching Famine (Act 11:27, Act 11:28). Many years afterwards he met Paul at Caesarea and warned him of the bonds and affliction that awaited him at Jerusalem should he persist in going thither (Act 21:10-12).

Agagite: a name applied to Haman and also to his Father (Est 3:1, Est 3:10; Est 8:3, Est 8:5). Probably it was equivalent to Amalekite.

Agate: (Hebrews shebo), a precious Stone in the breast-plate of the High Priest (Exo 28:19; Exo 39:12), the second in the third row. This may be the Agate properly so called, a semi-transparent crystallized quartz, probably brought from Sheba whence its name. In Isaiah Exo 54:12And 27:16, this Word is the rendering of the Hebrew cadcod, which means “ruddy,” and denotes a variety of minutely crystalline silica more or less in Bands of different tints.

This Word is from the Greek name of a Stone found in the River Achates in Sicily.

Age: used to denote the period of a man’s Life (Gen 47:28), the maturity of Life (Jhn 9:21), the latter End of Life (Job 11:17), a Generation of the human race (Job 8:8), and an indefinite period (Eph 2:7; Eph 3:5, Eph 3:21; Colossians Eph 1:26). Respect to be shown to the aged (Lev 19:32). It is a blessing to communities when they have Old men among them (Isa 65:20;Zec 8:4). The aged supposed to excel in understanding (Job 12:20; Job 15:10; Job 32:4, Job 32:9;1Ki 12:6, 1Ki 12:8). A full Age the reward of Piety (Job 5:26;Gen 15:15).

Agee: fugitive, the Father of Shammah who was one of David’s mighty men (2Sa 23:1 2Sa 23:1)

Agony: contest; wrestling; severe struggling with pain and suffering. Anguish is the reflection on evil that is already past, while Agony is a struggle with evil at the time present. It is only used in the New Testament by Luke (22:44) to describe our Lord’s fearful struggle in Gethsemane

The verb from which the noun “agony” is derived is used to denote an Earnest endeavour or striving, as “Strive [agonize] to enter” (Luk 13:24); “Then would my servants fight” [agonize] (Jhn 18:36). Comp.1Co 9:25; Colossians 1Co 1:29; 1Co 4:12; 1Co 4:1 Timothy 1Co 6:12; 1Co 6:2 Timothy 1Co 4:7, where the words “striveth,” “labour,” “conflict,” “fight,” are the renderings of the same Greek verb.

Agriculture: Tilling the Ground (Gen 2:15; Gen 4:2, Gen 4:3, Gen 4:12) and rearing Cattle were the Chief employments in Ancient times. The Egyptians excelled in Agriculture And after the Israelites entered into the possession of the Promised Land, their circumstances favoured in the highest degree a remarkable development of this art. Agriculture became indeed the basis of the Mosaic commonwealth.

The Year in Palestine was divided into six agricultural periods:-

I. SOWING TIME. Tisri, latter half (beginning about the autumnal equinox.) Marchesvan. Kisleu, former half. Early rain due = first showers of autumn.

II. UNRIPE TIME. Kisleu, latter half. Tebet. Sebat former half.

ITT. COLD SEASON. ... Sebat latter half. Adar [Veadar.] Nisan, former half. Latter rain due (Deu 11:14; Jeremiah Deu 5:24; Hos. Deu 6:3; Zechariah Deu 10:1; James Deu 5:7; Job Deu 29:23).

IV. Harvest TIME. Nisan, latter half. (Beginning about vernal equinox. Barley green. Passover ) Ijar. Sivan, former half., Wheat ripe. Pentecost

V. SUMMER (total absence of rain) Sivan, latter half. Tammuz Ab, former half.

VI. SULTRY SEASON Ab, latter half. Elul Tisri, former half., Ingathering of Fruits

The six months from the middle of Tisri to the middle of Nisan were occupied with the work of cultivation, and the Rest of the Year mainly with the gathering in of the Fruits The extensive and easily-arranged system of Irrigation from the rills and streams from the mountains made the soil in every part of Palestine richly productive (Psa 1:3; Psa 65:10;Pro 21:1; Isaiah Pro 30:25; Pro 32:2, Pro 32:20; Hos. Pro 12:11), and the appliances of careful cultivation and of manure increased its fertility to such an extent that in the days of Solomon when there was an abundant population, “Pro 12:20,Pro 12:000 measures of wheat Year by year” were sent to Hiram in exchange for timber (1Ki 5:11), and in large quantities also wheat was sent to the Tyrians for the merchandise in which they traded (Ezk 27:17). The wheat sometimes produced an hundredfold (Gen 26:12; Matthew Gen 13:23). Figs and pomegranates were very plentiful (Num 13:23), and the Vine and the Olive grew luxuriantly and produced abundant Fruit (Deu 33:24).

Lest the productiveness of the soil should be exhausted, it was enjoined that the whole land should Rest every seventh Year when all agricultural labour would entirely cease (Lev 25:1-7; Deuteronomy Lev 15:1-10).

It was forbidden to sow a field with divers seeds (Deu 22:9). A passer-by was at liberty to eat any quantity of corn or grapes, but he was not permitted to carry away any (Deu 23:24, Deu 23:25; Matthew Deu 12:1). The poor were permitted to claim the corners of the fields and the gleanings. A forgotten sheaf in the field was to be Left also for the poor. (See Leviticus Deu 19:9, Deu 19:10; Deuteronomy Deu 24:19.)

Agricultural implements and operations.

The sculptured monuments and painted tombs of Egypt and Assyria throw much Light on this subject, and on the general operations of Agriculture Ploughs of a simple construction were known in the time of Moses (Deu 22:10; comp. Job Deu 1:14). They were very Light and required great attention to keep them in the Ground (Luk 9:62). They were drawn by oxen (Job 1:14), cows (Job 1:1 Samuel Job 6:7), and asses (Isa 30:24); but an ox and an Ass must not be yoked together in the same plough (Deu 22:10). Men sometimes followed the plough with a hoe to break the clods (Isa 28:24). The oxen were urged on by a “goad,” or long staff pointed at the End so that if occasion arose it could be used as a spear also (Jdg 3:31; Jdg 3:1 Samuel Jdg 13:21).

When the soil was prepared, the seed was sown broadcast over the field (Mat 13:3-8). The “harrow” mentioned in Job Mat 39:10 was not used to cover the seeds, but to break the clods, being little more than a thick block of Wood In highly irrigated spots the seed was trampled in by Cattle (Isa 32:20); but doubtless there was some kind of Harrow also for Covering in the seed scattered in the furrows of the field.

The reaping of the corn was performed either by pulling it up by the roots, or Cutting it with a species of Sickle according to circumstances. The corn when cut was generally Put up in sheaves (Gen 37:7; Leviticus Gen 23:10-15; Ruth Gen 2:7, Gen 2:15; Job Gen 24:10; Jeremiah Gen 9:22;Mic 4:12), which were afterwards gathered to the threshing-floor or stored in barns (Mat 6:26).

The process of threshing was performed generally by spreading the sheaves on the threshing-floor and causing oxen and Cattle to tread repeatedly over them (Deu 25:4; Isaiah Deu 28:28). On occasions flails or sticks were used for this purpose (Rut 2:17; Isaiah Rut 28:27). There was also a “threshing instrument” (Isa 41:15; Amos Isa 1:3) which was drawn over the corn. It was called by the Hebrews a moreg, a threshing roller or sledge (Isa 1:2 Samuel Isa 24:22; Isa 24:1 Chronicles Isa 21:23; Isaiah Isa 3:15). It was somewhat like the Roman tribulum, or threshing instrument.

When the Grain was threshed, it was winnowed by being thrown up against the wind (Jer 4:11), and afterwards tossed with wooden scoops (Isa 30:24).The 35:5, Job The 21:18, Isaiah The 17:13. The refuse of Straw and Chaff was burned (Isa 5:24). Freed from impurities, the Grain was then laid up in granaries till used (Deu 28:8;Pro 3:10; Matthew Pro 6:26; Pro 13:30; Luke Pro 12:18).

Agrippa: II. Son Of The Foregoing, Was Born At Rome A.D. 27. He Was The Brother Of Bernice And Drusilla The Emperor Claudius (A.D. 48) Invested Him With The Office Of Superintendent Of The Temple Of Jerusalem And Made Him Governor (A.D. 50) Of Chalcis. He Was Afterwards Raised To The Rank Of King And Made Governor Over The Tetrarchy Of Philip And Lysanias (Act 25:13; Act 26:2, Act 26:7). It Was Before Him That Paul Delivered (A.D. Act 26:59) His Speech Recorded In Acts Act 26:26. His Private Life Was Very Profligate. He Died (The Last Of His Race) At Rome At The Age Of About Seventy Years, A.D. Act 26:100.

Ague: The 26:16 (R.V., “fever”) of the Hebrew Word kaddah’ath, meaning “kindling”, i.e., an inflammatory or burning Fever In 28:22 the Word is rendered “fever.”

Agur: gatherer; the collector, mentioned as author of the sayings in Proverbs 30. Nothing is known of him Beyond what is there recorded.

Ahab: father’s Brother (1.) The Son of Omri whom he succeeded as the seventh King of Israel His history is recorded in 1 Kings 16-22. His Wife was Jezebel (q.v.), who exercised a very evil influence over him. To the calf-worship introduced by Jeroboam he added the Worship of Baal He was severely admonished by Elijah (q.v.) for his wickedness. His Anger was on this account kindled against the Prophet and he sought to kill him. He undertook three campaigns against Ben-hadad II., King of Damascus In the first two, which were defensive, he gained a complete victory over Ben-hadad, who fell into his hands, and was afterwards released on the condition of his restoring all the cities of Israel he then held, and granting certain other concessions to Ahab After three years of Peace for some cause Ahab renewed war (1Ki 22:3) with Ben-hadad by assaulting the City of Ramoth-gilead, although the Prophet Micaiah warned him that he would not succeed,And 22:400 false prophets who encouraged him were only leading him to his ruin. ... Micaiah was imprisoned for thus venturing to dissuade Ahab from his purpose. Ahab went into the battle disguised, that he might if possible escape the notice of his enemies; but an arrow from a Bow “drawn at a venture” pierced him, and though stayed up in his Chariot for a time he died towards Evening and Elijah’s Prophecy (1Ki 21:19) was fulfilled. He reigned twenty-three years. Because of his Idolatry lust, and Covetousness Ahab is referred to as pre-eminently the type of a wicked King (2Ki 8:18; 2Ki 8:2 Chronicles 2Ki 22:3;Mic 6:16).

(Mic 6:2.) A false Prophet referred to by Jeremiah (Jer 29:21), of whom nothing further is known.

Ahasuerus: There are three kings designated by this name in Scripture (1.) The Father of Darius the Mede Men 9:1. This was probably the Cyaxares I. known by this name in profane history, the King of Media and the conqueror of Nineveh

(Men 9:2.)The 4:6, probably the Cambyses of profane history, the Son and successor of Cyrus (B.C. The 4:529).

(The 4:3.) The Son of Darius Hystaspes, the King named in the Book of Esther He ruled over the kingdoms of Persia, Media and Babylonia, “from India to Ethiopia ” This was in all probability the Xerxes of profane history, who succeeded his Father Darius (B.C. The 4:485). In the LXX. Version of the Book of Esther the name Artaxerxes occurs for Ahasuerus He reigned for twenty-one years (B.C.486 4:465). ... He invaded Greece with an Army it is said,Of 4:2,Of 4:000,Of 4:000 soldiers,Onl 4:5,Onl 4:000 of whom returned with him. Leonidas,Wit 4:300, arrested his progress at the Pass of Thermopylae, and then he was defeated disastrously by Themistocles at Salamis It was after his return from this invasion that Esther was Chosen as his Queen

Ava: a Place in Assyria from which colonies were brought to Samaria (2Ki 17:24). It is probably the same with Ivah (2Ki 18:34; 2Ki 19:13;Isa 37:13). It has been identified with Hit on the Euphrates

Ahaz: possessor. (1.) A grandson of Jonathan (1Ch 8:35; 1Ch 9:42).

(1Ch 9:2.) The Son and successor of Jotham King of Judah (2Ki 9:16;Isa 9:9;2Ch 9:28). He gave himself up to a Life of wickedness and Idolatry Notwithstanding the remonstrances and warnings of Isaiah Hosea and Micah, he appealed for help against Rezin, King of Damascus and Pekah King of Israel who threatened Jerusalem to Tiglath-pileser, the King of Assyria to the great injury of his Kingdom and his own humilating subjection to the Assyrians (2Ki 16:7, 2Ki 16:9; 2Ki 15:29). He also introduced among his people many Heathen and idolatrous customs (Isa 8:19; Isa 38:8;2Ki 23:12). He died at the Age of thirty-five years, after reigning sixteen years (B.C.740 23:724), and was succeeded by his Son Hezekiah. Because of his wickedness he was “not brought into the Sepulchre of the kings.”

Ahaziah: held by Jehovah (1.) The Son and successor of Ahab He followed the counsels of his mother Jezebel and imitated in wickedness the ways of his Father In his reign the Moabites revolted from under his authority (2Ki 3:5-7). He united with Jehoshaphat in an attempt to revive maritime trade by the Red Sea which proved a failure (2Ki 3:2 Chronicles 2Ki 20:35-37). His messengers, sent to consult the God of Ekron regarding his recovery from the effects of a Fall from the roof-gallery of his Palace were met on the way by Elijah who sent them back to tell the King that he would never rise from his Bed (1Ki 22:51;2Ki 1:18).

(2Ki 1:2.) The Son of Joram or Jehoram and sixth King of Judah Called Jehoahaz (2Ki 1:2 Chronicles 2Ki 21:17; 2Ki 25:23), and Azariah (2Ki 25:2 Chronicles 2Ki 22:6). ... Guided by his idolatrous mother Athaliah his reign was disastrous (2Ki 8:24-29; 2Ki 9:29). He joined his uncle Jehoram King of Israel in an expedition against Hazael King of Damascus but was wounded at the pass of Gur when attempting to escape, and had strength only to reach Megiddo where he died (2Ki 9:22-28). He reigned only one Year

Ahiam: mother’s Brother one of David’s thirty heroes (2Sa 23:33; 2Sa 23:1 Chronicles 2Sa 11:35).

■A fflEZE R Brother of help; i.e., “helpful.” (2Sa 11:1.) The Chief of the Tribe of Dan at the time of the Exodus (Num 1:12; Num 2:25; Num 10:25).

(Num 10:2.) The Chief of the Benjamite slingers that repaired to David at Ziklag (Num 10:1 Chronicles Num 12:3).

Ahihud: brother (i.e., “friend”) of union. (1.) A Son of Bela the Son of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 8:7).

(2.) Name different in Hebrew meaning Brother of Judah Chief of the Tribe of Asher one of those appointed by Moses to superintend the division of Canaan among the Tribe (Num 34:27).

Ahijah: brother (i.e., “friend”) of Jehovah (1.) One of the sons of Bela (1 Chronicles 8:7, R.V.). In A.V. called “Ahiah.”

(2.) One of the five sons of Jerahmeel who was great-grandson of Judah (1 Chronicles 2:25).

(3.) Son of Ahitub (1 Samuel 14:3, 18), Ichabod’s Brother the same probably as Ahimelech who was High Priest at Nob in the reign of Saul (1 Samuel 22:11). Some, however, suppose that Ahimelech was the Brother of Ahijah and that they both officiated as High priests, Ahijah at Gibeah or Kirjath-jearim, and Ahimelech at Nob

(4.) A Pelonite, one of David’s heroes (1 Chronicles 11:36); called also Eliam (2 Samuel 23:34). ...

(5.) A Levite having charge of the sacred Treasury in the Temple (1 Chronicles 26:20).

(6.) One of Solomon’s secretaries (1Ki 4:3).

(1Ki 4:7.) A Prophet of Shiloh (1Ki 11:29; 1Ki 14:2), called the “Shilonite,” in the days of Rehoboam We have on record two of his remarkable prophecies,1Ki 14:1 1Ki 1:31-39, announcing the rending of the ten tribes from SolomonAnd 1:1Kin 14:6-16, delivered to Jeroboam’s Wife foretelling the Death of Abijah the king’s Son the Destruction of Jeroboam’s House and the Captivity of Israel “beyond the River ” Jeroboam bears Testimony to the High esteem in which he was held as a Prophet of God (1Ki 14:2,1Ki 14:3).

Affl

Kam: Brother of support = helper, one of the five whom Josiah sent to consult the prophetess Huldah in connection with the discovery of the book of the Law (2Ki 22:12-14; 2Ki 22:2 Chronicles 2Ki 34:20). He was the Son of Shaphan the royal secretary, and the Father of Gedaliah Governor of Judea after the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians (2Ki 25:22; Jeremiah 2Ki 40:5-16; 2Ki 43:6). On one occasion he protected Jeremiah against the Fury of Jehoiakim (Jer 26:24). It was in the Chamber of another Son (Germariah) of Shaphan that Baruch read in the ears of all the people Jeremiah’s roll.

Ahimaaz: brother of Anger = irascible. (1.) The Father Ahinoam the Wife of Saul (1Sa 14:50).

(1Sa 14:2.) The Son and successor of Zadok in the office of High Priest (1Ch 6:8, 1Ch 6:53). On the occasion of the revolt of Absalom he remained Faithful to David and was of service to him in conveying to him tidings of the proceedings of Absalom in Jerusalem (2Sa 15:24-37; 2Sa 17:15-21). He was swift of foot, and was the first to carry to David tidings of the defeat of Absalom although he refrained, from delicacy of feeling, from telling him of his Death (2Sa 18:19-33).

Ahiman: brother of a Gift = liberal. (1.) One of the three giant Anakim brothers whom Caleb and the Spies saw in Mount Hebron (Num 13:22) when they went in to explore the land. They were afterwards driven out and slain (Jos 15:14;Jdg 1:10).

(Jdg 1:2.) One of the guardians of the Temple after the Exile (Jdg 1:1 Chronicles Jdg 9:17).

Ahimelech: brother of the King the Son of Ahitub and Father of Abiathar (1 Samuel 22:20-23). He descended from Eli in the line of IthamarIn 22:1 Chronicles In 18:16 he is called Abimelech and is probably the same as Ahiah (In 18:1 Samuel In 14:3, In 14:18). He was the twelfth High Priest and officiated at Nob where he was visited by David (to whom and his companions he gave five loaves of the showbread) when he fled from Saul (In 14:1 Samuel In 21:1-9). He was summoned into Saul’s presence, and accused, on the information of Doeg the Edomite, of disloyalty because of his kindness to David whereupon the King commanded that he, with the other priests who stood beside him (In 21:86 in all), should be Put to Death This sentence was carried into execution by Doeg in the most cruel manner (In 21:1 Samuel In 22:9-23). ... Possibly Abiathar had a Son also called Ahimelech or the two names, as some think,May 22:2 Samuel May 8:17; May 8:1 Chronicles May 18:16, marg.; May 24:3, May 24:6, May 24:31.

Affl

Nadab: liberal, generous. (1.) The eldest of Aaron’s four sons (Exo 6:23;Num 3:2). He with his brothers and their Father were consecrated as priests of Jehovah (Exo 28:1). He afterwards perished with Abihu for the sin of Offering strange Fire on the Altar of burnt-offering (Lev 10:1,Lev 10:2;Num 3:4; Num 26:60).

(Num 26:2.) The Son and successor of Jeroboam the King of Israel (1Ki 14:20). While engaged with all Israel in laying siege to Gibbethon, a town of southern Dan (Jos 19:44), a conspiracy broke out in his Army and he was slain by Baasha (1Ki 15:25-28), after a reign of two years (B.C.955 15:953). The assassination of Nadab was followed by that of his whole House and thus this great Ephraimite family became extinct (1Ki 15:29).

(1Ki 15:3.) One of the sons of Shammai in the Tribe of Judah (1Ch 2:28, 1Ch 2:30).

Ahinoam: brother of pleasantness = pleasant. (1.) The Daughter of Ahimaaz and Wife of Saul (1Sa 14:50).

(1Sa 14:2.) A Jezreelitess, the first Wife of David (1Sa 25:43; 1Sa 27:3). She was the mother of Amnon (2Sa 3:2). (See 3:1Sam 30:5, Sam 30:18;2Sa 2:2 .)

Ahio: brotherly. (1.) One of the sons of Beriah (1Ch 8:14).

(1Ch 8:2.) One of the sons of Jehiel the Gibeonite (1Ch 8:31; 1Ch 9:37).

(1Ch 9:3.) One of the sons of Abinadab the Levite While Uzzah went by the side of the Ark he walked before it guiding the oxen which drew the Cart on which it was carried, after having brought it from his father’s House in Gibeah (1Ch 13:7;2Sa 6:3, 2Sa 6:4).

Affl

Ra: Brother of evil = unlucky, or my Brother is friend, Chief of the Tribe of Naphtali at the Exodus (Numbers 1:15; 2:29).

Ahishar: brother of song = singer, the officer who was “over the household” of Solomon (1Ki 4:6).

Ahithophel: brother of insipidity or impiety, a Man greatly renowned for his sagacity among the Jews. At the time of Absalom’s revolt he deserted David (Psa 41:9; Psa 55:12-14) and espoused the cause of Absalom (2Sa 15:12). David sent his Old friend Hushai back to Absalom in order that he might counteract the counsel of Ahithophel (2Sa 15:31-37). This End was so far gained that Ahithophel saw he had no longer any influence, and accordingly he at once Left the Camp of Absalom and returned to Giloh, his native Place where, after arranging his wordly affairs, he hanged himself, and was buried in the Sepulchre of his fathers (2Sa 17:1-23). He was the type of Judas (Psa 41:9).

Ahitub: brother of Goodness = good. (1.) The Son of Phinehas On the Death of his grandfather Eli he succeeded to the office of High Priest and was himself succeeded by his Son Ahijah (1Sa 14:3; 1Sa 22:9, 1Sa 22:11, 1Sa 22:12, 1Sa 22:20).

(1Sa 22:2.) The Father of Zadok who was made High Priest by Saul after the extermination of the family of Ahimelech (1Ch 6:7, 1Ch 6:8;2Sa 8:17).

Ahlab: fatness, a town of Asher lying within the unconquered Phoenician border (Jdg 1:31), north-west of the Sea of Galilee; commonly identified with Giscala, now el-Jish.

Ahoah: brotherly, one of the sons of Bela the Son of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 8:4). He is also called Ahiah (ver. 7) and Iri (1 Chronicles 7:7). His descendants were called Ahohites (2 Samuel 23:9, 28).

Ahohite: an epithet applied to Dodo one of Solomon’s captains (1 Chronicles 27:4); to his Son Eleazar one of David’s three mightiest heroes (2Sa 23:9; 2Sa 23:1 Chronicles 2Sa 11:12); and to Zalmon one of the thirty (2Sa 23:28; 2Sa 23:1 Chronicles 2Sa 11:29), from their descent from Ahoah

Aholah: she has her own Tent a name used by Ezekiel (23:4, 5, 36, 44) as a symbol of the Idolatry of the Kingdom of Israel This Kingdom is described as a lewdwoman, an adulteress, given up to the abominations and idolatries of the Egyptians and Assyrians. Because of her crimes, she was carried away Captive and ceased to be a Kingdom (Comp.Psa 78:67-69;1Ki 12:25-33;2Ch 11:13-16.)

Aholiab: tent of the Father an artist of the Tribe of Dan appointed to the work of preparing materials for the Tabernacle (Exo 31:6; Exo 35:34; Exo 36:1, Exo 36:2; Exo 38:23).

Aholibah: my Tent is in her, the name of an imaginary Harlot applied symbolically to Jerusalem because she had abandoned the Worship of the true God and given herself up to the idolatries of foreign nations. (Ezk 23:4, Ezk 23:11,Ezk 23:22, Ezk 23:36, Ezk 23:44).

Aholibamah: tent of the height, the name given to Judith the Daughter of Been = Anah (Gen 26:34; Gen 36:2), when she became the Wife of Esau A district among the mountains of Edom probably near Mount Hor was called after her name, or it may be that she received her name from the district. From her descended three tribes of Edomites, founded by her three sons.

Jeleth: Shahar Hind of the dawn, a name found in the title of Psalm 22. It is probably the name of some song or tune to the Measure of which the psalm was to be chanted. Some, however, understand by the name some instrument of Music or an allegorical allusion to the subject of the psalm.

R: EZIN firm; a Prince a King of Syria who joined Pekah (q.v.) in an invasion of the Kingdom of Judah (2 Kings 15:37; 16:5-9; Isaiah 7:1-8). Ahaz induced Tiglath-pileser III. to attack Damascus and this caused Rezin to withdraw for the purpose of defending his own Kingdom Damascus was taken, and Rezin was slain in battle by the Assyrian King and his people carried into Captivity B.C. 732 (2 Kings 16:9).

Alon: and Aij’alon, Place of Deer (1.) A town and Valley originally assigned to the Tribe of Dan from which, however, they could not drive the Amorites (Jdg 1:35). It was one of the Levitical cities given to the Kohathites (Jdg 1:1 Chronicles Jdg 6:69). It was not far from Beth-shemesh (Jdg 6:2 Chronicles Jdg 28:18). It was the boundary between the kingdoms of Judah and Israel and is frequently mentioned in Jewish history (Jdg 28:2 Chronicles Jdg 11:10;1Sa 14:31; 1Sa 14:1 Chronicles 1Sa 8:13). With reference to the Valley named after the town, Joshua uttered the celebrated command, “Sun, stand thou still on Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the Valley of Ajalon” (Jos 10:12). ... It has been identified as the modern Yalo, at the foot of the Beth-horon pass (q.v.). In the Tell Amarna letters Adoni-zedek (q.v.) speaks of the Destruction of the “city of Ajalon” by the invaders, and describes himself as “afflicted, greatly afflicted” by the calamities that had come on the land, urging the King of Egypt to hasten to his help.

(Jos 10:2.) A City in the Tribe of Zebulun (Jdg 12:12), the modern Jalun, three miles North of Cabul

Akkub: (another form of Jacob). (1.) The head of one of the families of Nethinim (Ezr 2:45).

(Ezr 2:2.) A Levite who kept the Gate of the Temple after the return from Babylon (1Ch 9:17;Ezr 2:42;Neh 7:45).

(Neh 7:3.) A descendant of David (1Ch 3:24).

Akrabbim: scorpions, probably the general name given to the ridge containing the pass between the South of the Dead Sea and Zin, es-Sufah, by which there is an ascent to the level of the land of Palestine Scorpions are said to abound in this whole district, and hence the name (Num 34:4). It is called “Maaleh-acrabbim”In 15:3, and “the ascent of Ak rabbim”In 34:4.

Alabaster: occurs only in the New Testament in connection with the Box of “ointment of Spikenard very precious,” with the contents of which a Woman anointed the head of Jesus as he sat at Supper in the House of Simon the leper (Mat 26:7;Mrk 14:3;Luk 7:37). These boxes were made from a Stone found near Alabastron in Egypt and from this circumstance the Greeks gave them the name of the City where they were made. The name was then given to the Stone of which they were made; and finally to all perfume vessels, of whatever material they were formed. The Woman “broke” the vessel; i.e., she broke off, as was usually done, the long and narrow Neck so as to reach the contents. This Stone resembles Marble but is softer in its texture, and hence very easily wrought into boxes. ... Mark says (Luk 14:5) that this BoxOf 14:300 pence, i.e., denarii, each of the value of sevenpence halfpenny of our Money And 14:10 pounds. But if we take the denarius as the day’s wage of a labourer (Mat 20:2), say two shillings of our Money The 20:30 pounds, so costly was Mary’s Offering

Alamoth: virgins, a musical term (1 Chronicles 15:20), denoting that the psalm which bears this inscription (Psa 15:46) was to be sung by soprano or female voices.

Alarm: a particular quivering sound of the Silver Trumpets to give warning to the Hebrews on their Journey through the Wilderness (Num 10:5, Num 10:6), a Call to arms, or a war-note (Jer 4:19; Jer 49:2;Zep 1:16).

Alemeth: covering. (1.) One of the nine sons of Becher the Son of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 7:8).

(2.) One of the sons of Jehoadah, or Jarah, Son of Ahaz (1 Chronicles 8:36).

(3.) A sacerdotal City of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 6:60), called also Almon (Jos 21:18), now Almit, a mile north-east of the Ancient Anathoth

Alexander: THE Great the King of Macedonia, the great conqueror; probably represented in Daniel by the “belly of brass” (Dan 2:32), and the Leopard and the he-goat (Dan 7:6;1 1:3,1 1:4). He succeeded his Father Philip and died at the Age of thirty-two from the effects of intemperance, B.C. 1 1:323. His empire was divided among his four generals.

Alexandria: the Ancient metropolis of Lower Egypt so called from its founder, Alexander the Great (about B.C. 333). It was for a long period the greatest of existing cities, for both Nineveh and Babylon had been destroyed, and Rome had not yet risen to greatness. It was the residence of the kings of Egypt for 200 years. It is not mentioned in the Old Testament and only incidentally in the New Apollos eloquent and mighty in the Scriptures, was a native of this City (Act 18:24). Many Jews from Alexandria were in Jerusalem where they had a Synagogue (Act 6:9), at the time of Stephen’s martyrdom.At 6:10,At 6:000 Jews resided in this City It 6:700,It 6:000 volumes, which was burned by the Saracens (A.D. It 6:642). It was here that the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek. This is called the Septuagint Version from the Tradition that Seventy learned men were engaged in executing it. It was, however, not all translated at one time. It was begun B.C. It 6:280, and finished about B.C.200 6:150. (See Version )

Algum: (2 Chronicles 2:8; 9:10,11), the same as Almug (1Ki 10:11).

Alien: a Foreigner or person Born in another country, and therefore not entitled to the rights and privileges of the country where he resides. Among the Hebrews there were two classes of aliens.

(1.) Those who were strangers generally, and who owned no landed property.

(2.) Strangers dwelling in another country without being naturalized (Lev 22:10;Psa 39:12).

Both of these classes were to enjoy, under certain conditions, the same rights as other citizens (Lev 19:33, Lev 19:34; Deuteronomy Lev 10:19). They might be naturalized and permitted to enter into the Congregation of the Lord by submitting to Circumcision and abandoning Idolatry (Deu 23:3-8).

This term is used (Eph 2:12) to denote persons who have no interest in Christ

Allegory: Use 4:24, where the Apostle refers to the history of Isaac the free-born, and Ishmael the slave-born, and makes use of it allegorically.

Every Parable is an Allegory Nathan (2Sa 12:1-4) addresses David in an allegorical narrative. In the eightieth Psalm there is a Beautiful Allegory “Thou broughtest a Vine out of Egypt ” etc.In 12:2-6, there is a striking allegorical description of Old Age

Alleluia: the Greek form (Rev 19:1, Rev 19:3, Rev 19:4, Rev 19:6) of the Hebrew Hallelujah = Praise ye Jehovah which begins or ends several of the Psalms (Rev 19:106, Rev 19:111, Rev 19:112, Rev 19:113, etc.).

Alliance: a treaty between nations, or between individuals, for their mutual advantage.

Abraham formed an Alliance with some of the Canaanitish princes (Gen 14:13), also with Abimelech (Gen 21:22-32). Joshua and the elders of Israel entered into an Alliance with the Gibeonites (Jos 9:3-27). When the Israelites entered Palestine they were forbidden to enter into alliances with the inhabitants of the country (Lev 18:3, Lev 18:4; Lev 20:22, Lev 20:23).

Solomon formed a League with Hiram (1Ki 5:12). This “brotherly covenant”Is 5:250 years afterwards (Amo 1:9). He also appears to have entered into an Alliance with Pharaoh (1Ki 10:28, 1Ki 10:29). ...

In the subsequent history of the kingdoms of Judah and Israel various alliances were formed between them and also with neighbouring nations at different times.

From patriarchal times a Covenant of Alliance was sealed by the blood of some sacrificial victim. The Animal sacrificed was cut in two (except birds), and between these two parts the persons contracting the Alliance passed (Gen 15:10). There are frequent allusions to this practice (Jer 34:18). Such alliances were called “covenants of salt” (Num 18:19;2Ch 13:5), Salt being the symbol of perpetuity. A Pillar was set up as a memorial of the Alliance between Laban and Jacob (Gen 31:52). The Jews throughout their whole history attached great importance to fidelity to their engagements. Divine wrath fell upon the violators of them (Jos 9:18;2Sa 21:1, 2Sa 21:2;Ezk 17:16).

Allon: oak. (1.)The 19:33, “from Allon to Zaanannim ” is more correctly rendered in the Revised Version “from the oak in Zaanannim ” The Word denotes some remarkable Tree which stood near Zaanannim and which served as a Landmark

(The 19:2.) The Son of Jedaiah of the family of the Simeonites, who expelled the Hamites from the Valley of Gedor (1Ch 4:37).

ALLON-

Bachuth: oak of weeping, a Tree near Bethel, at the spot where Deborah Rebekah’s nurse, was buried (Gen 35:8). Large trees, from their rarity in the plains of Palestine were frequently designated as landmarks. This particular Tree was probably the same as the “palm Tree of Deborah” (Jdg 4:5).

Almodad: immeasurable, the first named of the sons of Joktan (Gen 10:26), the founder of an Arabian Tribe

Almon: hidden, one of the sacerdotal cities of Benjamin (Jos 21:18), called also Alemeth (1Ch 6:60).

Almond: a native of Syria and Palestine In form, blossoms, and Fruit it resembles the peach Tree Its blossoms are of a very pale pink Colour and appear before its leaves. Its Hebrew name, shaked, signifying “wakeful, hastening,” is given to it on account of its putting forth its blossoms so early, generally in February, and sometimes even in January. In Ecclesiastes 12:5, it is referred to as illustrative, probably, of the haste with which Old Age comes. There are others, however, who still contend for the Old interpretation here. “The Almond Tree bears its blossoms in the midst of winter, on a Naked leafless stem, and these blossoms (reddish or flesh-coloured in the beginning) seem at the time of their Fall exactly like white snow-flakes. ... In this way the Almond blossom is a very fitting symbol of Old Age with its silvery Hair and its wintry, dry, Barren unfruitful condition.” In Jeremiah 1:11 “I see a rod of an Almond Tree [shaked]... for I Will hasten [shaked] my Word to perform it” the Word is used as an emblem of promptitude. Jacob desired his sons (Gen 43:11) to take with them into Egypt of the best Fruits of the land, almonds, etc., as a present to Joseph probably because this Tree was not a native of Egypt Aaron’s rod yielded almonds (Num 17:8; Hebrews Num 9:4). Moses was directed to make certain parts of the Candlestick for the Ark of carved work “like unto almonds” (Exo 25:33, Exo 25:34). The Hebrew Word Luz translated “hazel” in the Authorized Version (Gen 30:37), is rendered in the Revised Version “almond.” It is probable that Luz denotes the wild Almond while shaked denotes the cultivated variety.

Alms: Not found in the Old Testament but repeatedly in the New The Mosaic legislation (Lev 25:35;Deu 15:7) tended to promote a Spirit of Charity and to prevent the occurrence of destitution among the people. Such passages as these,Psa 41:1; Psa 112:9;Pro 4:31;Isa 10:2;Amo 2:7; Jeremiah Amo 5:28;Ezk 22:29, would also naturally foster the same benevolent Spirit

In the time of our Lord begging was common (Mrk 10:46; Acts Mrk 3:2). The Pharisees were very ostentatious in their almsgivings (Mat 6:2). The Spirit by which the ChristianOug 6:1Jhn 3:17. A regard to the state of the poor and needy is enjoined as a Christian duty (Luk 3:11; Luk 6:30; Matthew Luk 6:1; Acts Luk 9:36; Luk 10:2, Luk 10:4), a duty which was not neglected by the early Christians (Luk 14:13; Acts Luk 20:35; Galatians Luk 2:10;Rom 15:25-27;1Co 16:1-4). ... They cared not only for the poor among themselves, but contributed also to the necessities of those at a distance (Act 11:29; Act 24:17;2Co 9:12). Our Lord and his attendants showed an example also in this (Jhn 13:29).

In modem times the “poor-laws” have introduced an element which modifies considerably the form in which we may discharge this Christian duty.

Almug: (1Ki 10:11, 1Ki 10:12) = Algum (1Ki 10:2 Chronicles 1Ki 2:8; 1Ki 9:10, 1Ki 9:11), in the Hebrew occurring only in the plural almuggim (indicating that the Wood was brought in planks), the name of a Wood brought from Ophir to be used in the Building of the Temple and for other purposes. Some suppose it to have been the white sandal-wood of India the Santalum album of botanists, a native of the mountainous parts of the Malabar coasts. It is a fragrant Wood and is used in China for Incense in idol-worship. Others, with some probability, think that it was the Indian Red sandal-wood, the pterocarpus santalinus, a heavy, fine-grained Wood the Sanscrit name of which is valguka. It is found on the Coromandel coast and in Ceylon.

Aloes: (only in pi., Hebrews ‘ahalim), a perfume derived from some Oriental Tree (Num 24:6), probably the agallochum or aloe-wood. (See ALOES).

Alphaeus: (1.) The Father of James the Less, the Apostle and writer of the epistle (Mat 10:3; Mark Mat 3:18; Luke Mat 6:15; Acts Mat 1:13), and the Husband of Mary (Jhn 19:25). The Hebrew form of this name is Cleopas or Clopas (q.v.).

(Jhn 19:2.) The Father of Levi or Matthew (Mrk 2:14).

Altar: (Hebrews mizbe’ah, from a Word meaning “to slay”), any structure of earth (Exo 20:24) or unwrought Stone (Exo 20:25) on which sacrifices were offered. Altars were generally erected in conspicuous places (Gen 22:9;Ezk 6:3;2Ki 23:12; 2Ki 16:4; 2Ki 23:8; Acts 2Ki 14:13). The Word is used in Hebrews 2Ki 13:10 for the Sacrifice offered upon it— the Sacrifice Christ offered.

Paul found among the many altars erected in Athens one bearing the inscription, “To the unknown God” (Act 17:23), or rather “to an [i.e., some] unknown God ” The reason for this inscription cannot now be accurately determined. It afforded the Apostle the occasion of proclaiming the gospel to the “men of Athens ”

The first Altar we read of is that erected by Noah (Gen 8:20). ... Altars were erected by Abraham (Gen 12:7; Gen 13:4; Gen 22:9), by Isaac (Gen 26:25), by Jacob (Gen 33:20; Gen 35:1, Gen 35:3), and by Moses (Exo 17:15, “Jehovah-nissi”).

In the Tabernacle and afterwards in the Temple two altars were erected.

(Exo 17:1.) The Altar of Burnt Offering (Exo 30:28), called also the “brasen altar” (Exo 39:39) and “the table of the Lord” (Mal 1:7).

This Altar as erected in the Tabernacle is described in Exodus Mal 27:1-8. It was a hollow square, Mal 27:5 cubits in length and in breadth,And 27:3 cubits in height. It was made of Shittim Wood and was overlaid with plates of Brass Its comers were ornamented with “horns” (Exo 29:12; Leviticus Exo 4:18).

In Exodus Exo 27:3 the various utensils appertaining to the Altar are enumerated. They were made of Brass (Comp.1Sa 2:13, 1Sa 2:14; Leviticus 1Sa 16:12;Num 16:6, Num 16:7.)

In Solomon’s Temple the Altar was of larger dimensions (Num 16:2 Chronicles Num 4:1. Comp.1Ki 8:22, 1Ki 8:64; 1Ki 9:25), and was made wholly of Brass Covering a structure of Stone or earth. This Altar was renewed by Asa (1Ki 9:2 Chronicles 1Ki 15:8). It was removed by Ahaz (2Ki 16:14), and “cleansed” by Hezekiah, in the latter part of whose reign it was rebuilt. It was finally broken up and carried away by the Babylonians (Jer 52:17).

After the return from Captivity it was re-erected (Ezr 3:3, Ezr 3:6) on the same Place where it had formerly stood. (Comp. Ezr 3:1 Macc. Ezr 4:47.) When Antiochus Epiphanes pillaged Jerusalem the Altar of Burnt Offering was taken away.

Again the Altar was erected by Herod and remained in its Place till the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (Ezr 4:70 A.D.).

The Fire on the Altar was not permitted to go out (Lev 6:9).

In the Mosque of Omar immediately underneath the great dome, which occupies the site of the Old Temple there is a rough projection of the natural RockOf 6:60 feet in its extreme length,And 6:50 in its greatest breadth,And 6:4 feet above the general pavement. This Rock seems to have been Left intact when Solomon’s Temple was built. It was in all probability the site of the Altar of Burnt Offering Underneath this Rock is a Cave which may probably have been the granary of Araunah’s threshing-floor (And 6:1 Chronicles And 21:22).

(And 21:2.) The Altar of Incense (Exo 30:1-10), called also “the Golden altar” (Exo 39:38;Num 4:11), stood in the Holy Place “before the vail that is by the Ark of the Testimony ” On this Altar sweet Spices were continually burned with Fire taken from the brazen Altar The morning and the Evening services were commenced by the High Priest Offering Incense on this Altar The burning of the Incense was a type of Prayer (Psa 141:2; Revelation Psa 5:8; Psa 8:3,Psa 8:4).

This Altar was a small movable table, made of Acacia Wood overlaid with Gold (Exo 37:25, Exo 37:26).It 37:1 Cubit in length and breadth,And 37:2 cubits in height.

In Solomon’s Temple the Altar was similar in size, but was made of cedar-wood (1Ki 6:20; 1Ki 7:48) overlaid with Gold In 41:22 it is called “the Altar of Wood ” (Comp. Exodus In 30:1-6.)

In the Temple built after the Exile the Altar was restored. Antiochus Epiphanes took it away, but it was afterwards restored by Judas Maccabaeus (In 30:1 Mace. In 1:23; In 4:49). Among the trophies carried away by Titus on the Destruction of Jerusalem the Altar of Incense is not found, nor is any mention made of it in Hebrews In 4:9. It was at this Altar Zacharias ministered when an Angel appeared to him (Luk 1:11). It is the only Altar which appears in the heavenly Temple (Isa 6:6; Revelation Isa 8:3,Isa 8:4).

Altaschith: destroy not, the title of Psalm 57, 58, 59, and 75. It was probably the name of some song to the melody of which these Psalms were to be chanted.

Alush: one of the places, the last before Rephidim at which the Hebrews rested on their way to Sinai (Num 33:13, Num 33:14). It was probably situated on the shore of the Red Sea

Amalek: dweller in a Valley the Son of Eliphaz and grandson of Esau (Gen 36:12; Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:36); the Chief of an Idumean Tribe (Gen 36:16). His mother was a Horite, a Tribe whose territory the descendants of Esau had seized.

Amana: perennial. (1.) The Hebrew margin of 2Kin 5:12 gives this as another reading of Abana (q.v.), a Stream near Damascus

(Kin 5:2.) A mountain (Cant. Kin 4:8), probably the southern summit of Anti-Libanus, at the base of which are the sources of the Abana

Amariah: said by Jehovah (1.) One of the descendants of Aaron by Eleazar (1 Chronicles 6:7,52). He was probably the last of the High priests of Eleazar’s line prior to the transfer of that office to Eli of the line of Ithamar

(2.) A Levite Son of Hebron of the lineage of Moses (1 Chronicles 23: 19; 24:23).

(3.) A “chief priest” who took an active part in the reformation under Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 19:11);Pro 19:1 Chronicles Pro 6:9.

(Pro 6:4.) Pro 6:1 Chronicles Pro 6:1 Pro 6:1;Ezr 7:3. (Ezr 7:5.) One of the High priests in the time of Hezekiah (Ezr 7:2 Chronicles Ezr 31:15). (Ezr 31:6.)Zep 1:1. (Zep 1:7.) Nehemiah Zep 11:4. (Zep 11:8.) Nehemiah Zep 10:3. (Zep 10:9.)Ezr 10:42.

Amasa: burden. (1.) The Son of Abigail a sister of King David (1 Chronicles 2:17;2Sa 17:25). He was appointed by David to command the Army in room of his cousin Joab (2Sa 19:13), who afterwards treacherously Put him to Death as a dangerous rival (2Sa 20:4-12).

(2Sa 20:2.) A Son of Hadlai and Chief of Ephraim (2Sa 20:2 Chronicles 2Sa 28:12) in the reign of Ahaz

Amasai: burdensome. (1.) A Levite Son of Elkanah of the ancestry of Samuel (1Ch 6:25, 1Ch 6:35).

(1Ch 6:2.) The leader of a body of men who joined David in the “stronghold,” probably of Adullam (1Ch 12:18).

(1Ch 12:3.) One of the priests appointed to precede the Ark with blowing of Trumpets on its removal from the House of Obed-edom (1Ch 15:24).

(1Ch 15:4.) The Father of a Levite one of the two Kohathites who took a prominent part at the instance of Hezekiah in the cleansing of the Temple (2Ch 29:12).

Amashai: the Son of Azareel, appointed by Nehemiah to reside at Jerusalem and do the work of the Temple (Neh 11:13).

Amasiah: burden of (i.e., “sustained by”) Jehovah the “son of Zichri, who willingly offered himself unto the Lord ” a Captain over thousands under Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 17:16; comp.Jdg 5:9).

Amaziah: strengthened by Jehovah (1.) A Levite Son of Hilkiah, of the descendants of Ethan the Merarite (1 Chronicles 6:45).

(2.) The Son and successor of Joash and eighth King of the separate Kingdom of Judah (2Ki 14:1-4). He began his reign by punishing the murderers of his Father (5 14:7; 5 14:2 Chronicles 5 25:3-5). He was the first to employ a mercenary ArmyOf 25:100,Of 25:000 Israelite soldiers, which he did in his attempt to bring the Edomites again under the Yoke of Judah (Of 25:2 Chronicles Of 25:5, Of 25:6). He was commanded by a Prophet of the Lord to send back the mercenaries, which he did (Of 25:2 Chronicles Of 25:7-10, Of 25:13), much to their annoyance. ... His obedience to this command was followed by a decisive victory over the Edomites (Of 25:2 Chronicles Of 25:14-16). Amaziah began to Worship some of the idols he took from the Edomites, and this was his ruin, for he was vanquished by Joash King of Israel whom he challenged to battle. The disaster he thus brought upon Judah by his infatuation in proclaiming war against Israel probably occasioned the conspiracy by which he lost his Life (2Ki 14:8-14, 2Ki 14:19). He was slain at Lachish whither he had fled, and his body was brought upon horses to Jerusalem where it was buried in the royal Sepulchre (2Ki 14:19, 2Ki 14:20; 2Ki 14:2 Chronicles 2Ki 25:27, 2Ki 25:28).

(2Ki 25:3.) A Priest of the Golden calves at Bethel (Amo 7:10-17).

(Amo 7:4.) The Father of Joshah, one of the Simeonite chiefs in the time of Hezekiah (Amo 7:1 Chronicles Amo 4:34).

Ambassador: In the Old Testament the Hebrew Word tsir, meaning “one who goes on an errand,” is rendered thus (Jos 9:4;Pro 13:17; Isaiah Pro 18:2; Jeremiah Pro 49:14; Obad. Pro 1:1). This is also the rendering of melits, meaning “an interpreter,”In 1:2 Chronicles In 32:31; and of malak, a “messenger,”In 32:2 Chronicles In 35:21; Isaiah In 30:4; In 33:7;Ezk 17:15. This is the name used by the Apostle as designating those who are appointed by God to declare his Will (2Co 5:20; Ephesians 2Co 6:20).

The Hebrews on various occasions and for various purposes had recourse to the services of ambassadors, e.g., to contract alliances (Jos 9:4), to solicit favours (Num 20:14), to remonstrate when wrong was done (Jdg 20:1 Jdg 1:12), to condole with a young King on the Death of his Father (Jdg 1:2 Samuel Jdg 10:2), and to congratulate a King on his accession to the Throne (1Ki 5:1). ...

To do injury to an Ambassador was to insult the King who sent him (1Ki 5:2 Samuel 1Ki 10:5).

Amber: (Ezk 1:4, Ezk 1:27; Ezk 8:2. Hebrews hashmal, rendered by the LXX. elektron, and by the Vulgate electrum), a metal compounded of Silver and Gold Some translate the Word by “polished Brass ” others “fine Brass ” as in Revelation Ezk 1:15; Ezk 2:18. It was probably the mixture now called electrum. The Word has no connection, however, with what is now called Amber which is a gummy substance, reckoned as belonging to the mineral Kingdom though of vegetable origin, a fossil resin.

Ambush: Joshua at the capture of Ai lay in Ambush and so deceived the inhabitants that he gained an easy victory (Jos 8:4-26). Shechem was taken in this manner (Jdg 9:30-45. Comp. Jeremiah Jdg 51:12).

Amen: This Hebrew Word means firm, and hence also Faithful (Rev 3:14). In Isaiah Rev 65:16, the Authorized Version has “the God of Truth ” which in Hebrew is “the God of Amen ” It is frequently used by our Saviour to give emphasis to his words, where it is translated “verily.” Sometimes, only, however, in John’s Gospel, it is repeated, “Verily, verily.” It is used as an epithet of the Lord Jesus Christ (Rev 3:14).

It is found singly and sometimes doubly at the End of prayers (Psa 41:13; Psa 72:19; Psa 89:52), to confirm the words and invoke the fulfilment of them. It is used in token of being bound by an Oath (Num 5:22; Deuteronomy Num 27:15-26; Nehemiah Num 5:13; Num 8:6; Num 8:1 Chronicles Num 16:36). In the primitive churches it was common for the general audience to say “Amen” at the close of the Prayer (1Co 14:16).

The promises of God are Amen i.e., they are all true and sure (2Co 1:20).

Amethyst: one of the precious Stones in the Breastplate of the High Priest (Exo 28:19; Exo 39:12), and in the foundation of the New Jerusalem (Rev 21:20). The ancients thought that this Stone had the power of dispelling drunkenness in all who wore or touched it, and hence its Greek name formed from a, “privative,” and methuo, “to get Drunk ” Its Jewish name, ahlamah’, was derived by the rabbins from the Hebrew Word halam , “to Dream ” from its supposed power of causing the wearer to Dream

It is a pale-blue crystallized quartz, varying to a dark purple Blue It is found in Persia and India also in different parts of Europe.

Tttai: true, the Father of Jonah the Prophet a native of Gath-hepher (2Ki 14:25; Jonah 2Ki 1:1).

Ammah: bridle of the mother, a figurative name for a Chief City as in 2Sam 8:1, “David took Metheg-ammah out of the Hand of the Philistines” (R.V., “took the Bridle of the mother-city”); i.e., subdued their capital or strongest City viz., Gath (Sam 8:1 Chronicles Sam 18:1).

Ammi: son of my kindred; i.e., “born of incest”, the Son of Lot by his youngest Daughter (Gen 19:38).

Bench

Iee: people of God (1.) One of the twelve Spies sent by Moses to search the land of Canaan (Num 13:12). He was one of the ten who perished by the Plague for their unfavourable report (Num 14:37).

(Num 14:2.) The Father of Machir of Lo-debar, in whose House Mephibosheth resided (2Sa 9:4, 2Sa 9:5; 2Sa 17:27).

(2Sa 17:3.) The Father of Bathsheba, the Wife of Uriah and afterwards of David (2Sa 17:1 Chronicles 2Sa 3:5).He 3:2Sam 11:3.

(Sam 11:4.) One of the sons of Obed-edom the Levite (Sam 11:1 Chronicles Sam 26:5).

Ammihud: people of Glory i.e., “renowned.” (1.) The Father of the Ephraimite Chief Elishama at the time of the Exodus (Num 1:10; Num 2:18; Num 7:48,Num 7:53).

(Num 7:2.)Num 34:20. (Num 34:3.)Num 34:28.

(Num 34:4.) The Father of Talmai King of Geshur to whom Absalom fled after the Murder of Amnon (2Sa 13:37).

(2Sa 13:5.) The Son of Omri and the Father of Uthai (1Ch 9:4).

Amminadab: kindred of the Prince (1.) The Father of Nahshon who was Chief of the Tribe of Judah (Num 1:7; Num 2:3; Num 7:12, Num 7:17; Num 10:14). His Daughter Elisheba was married to Aaron (Exo 6:23).

(Exo 6:2.) A Son of Kohath the second Son of Levi (1Ch 6:22), called also Izhar (1Ch 6:2, 1Ch 6:18).

(1Ch 6:3.) ChiefOf 6:112 descendants of Uzziel the Levite (1Ch 15:10,

1Ch 15:11 ).

Amminadib: a person mentioned in Cant. 6: 12, whose chariots were famed for their swiftness. It is rendered in the margin “my willing people,” and in the Revised Version “my princely people.”

Ammishaddai: people of the Almighty, the Father of Ahiezer, who was Chief of the Danites at the time of the Exodus (Num 1:12; Num 2:25). This is one of the few names compounded with the name of God Shaddai “Almighty.”

Ammizabad: people of the giver, the Son of Benaiah who was the third and Chief Captain of the Host under David (1 Chronicles 27:6).

Ammon: another form of the name Ben-ammi, the Son of Lot (Gen 19:38). This name is also used for his posterity (Psa 83:7).

Ammonite: the usual name of the descendants of Ammon the Son of Lot (Gen 19:38). From the very beginning (Deu 2:16-20) of their history till they are lost sight of (Jdg 5:2), this Tribe is closely associated with the Moabites (Jdg 10:11; Jdg 10:2 Chronicles Jdg 20:1;Zep 2:8). Both of these tribes hired Balaam to curse Israel (Deu 23:4). The Ammonites were probably more of a predatory Tribe moving from Place to Place while the Moabites were more settled. They inhabited the country East of the Jordan and North of Moab and the Dead Sea from which they had expelled the Zamzummims or Zuzims (Deu 2:20;Gen 14:5). They are known as the Beni-ammi (Gen 19:38), Ammi or Ammon being worshipped as their Chief God They were of Semitic origin, and closely related to the Hebrews in blood and language. ... They showed no kindness to the Israelites when passing through their territory,

and therefore they were prohibited from “entering the Congregation of the Lord to the Tenth generation” (Deu 23:3). They afterwards became hostile to Israel (Jdg 3:13). Jephthah waged war against them, and “took twenty cities with a very great slaughter” (Jdg 11:33). They were again signally defeated by Saul (1Sa 11:11). David also defeated them and their allies the Syrians (2Sa 10:6-14), and took their Chief City Rabbah with much spoil (2Sa 10:14; 2Sa 12:26-31).The 12:2 Chronicles The 20:25; The 26:8; Jeremiah The 49:1;Ezk 25:3, Ezk 25:6. One of Solomon’s wives was Naamah an Ammonite She was the mother of Rehoboam (1Ki 14:31; 1Ki 14:2 Chronicles 1Ki 12:13).

The prophets predicted fearful Judgments against the Ammonites because of their hostility to Israel (Zep 2:8; Jeremiah Zep 49:1-6;Ezk 25:1-5, Ezk 25:10; Amos Ezk 1:13-15).

The national Idol worshipped by this people was Molech or Milcom, at whose Altar they offered human sacrifices (1Ki 11:5, 1Ki 11:7). The High places built for this Idol by Solomon at the instigation of his Ammonitish wives, were not destroyed till the time of Josiah (2Ki 23:13).

Amnon: faithful. (1.) One of the sons of Shammai, of the children of Ezra (1 Chronicles 4:20; comp. 17).

(2.) The eldest Son of David by Ahinoam of Jezreel (1 Chronicles 3:1;2Sa 3:2). Absalom caused him to be Put to Death for his great crime in the matter of Tamar (2Sa 13:28, 2Sa 13:29).

Amon: builder. (1.) The Governor of Samaria in the time of Ahab The Prophet Micaiah was committed to his custody (1Ki 22:26; 1Ki 22:2 Chronicles 1Ki 18:25).

(1Ki 18:2.) The Son of Manasseh and fourteenth King of Judah He restored Idolatry and set up the images which his Father had cast down. Zephaniah (1Ki 1:4; 1Ki 3:4, 1Ki 3:11) refers to the moral depravity prevailing in this king’s reign.

He was assassinated (2Ki 21:18-26: 2Ki 21:2 Chronicles 2Ki 33:20-25) by his own servants, who conspired against him.

(2Ki 33:3.) An Egyptian God usually depicted with a human body and the head of a Ram referred to in Jeremiah 2Ki 46:25, where the Word “multitudes” in the Authorized Version is more appropriately rendered “Amon” in the Revised Version In Nah 2Ki 3:8 the expression “populous No” of the Authorized Version is rendered in the Revised Version “No-amon.” Amon is identified with Ra, the sun-God of Heliopolis.

(2Ki 3:4.)Neh 7:59.

Amorites: highlanders, or hillmen, the name given to the descendants of one of the sons of Canaan (Gen 14:7), called Amurra or Amurri in the Assyrian and Egyptian inscriptions. On the early Babylonian monuments all Syria including Palestine is known as “the land of the Amorites ” The southern slopes of the mountains of Judea are called the “mount of the Amorites” (Deu 1:7, Deu 1:19, Deu 1:20). They seem to have originally occupied the land stretching from the heights west of the Dead Sea (Gen 14:7) to Hebron (Gen 14:13. Comp. Gen 13:8; Deuteronomy Gen 3:8; Gen 4:46-48), embracing “all Gilead and all Bashan” (Deu 3:10), with the Jordan Valley on the East of the River (Deu 4:49), the land of the “two kings of the Amorites ” Sihon and Og (Deu 31:4; Joshua Deu 2:10; Deu 9:10). ... The five kings of the Amorites were defeated with great slaughter by Joshua (Deu 10:10). They were again defeated at the waters of Merom by Joshua who smote them till there were none remaining (Jos 11:8). It is mentioned as a surprising circumstance that in the days of Samuel there was Peace between them and the Israelites (Jos 11:1 Samuel Jos 7:14). The discrepancy supposed to exist between Deuteronomy Jos 1:44 and Numbers Jos 14:45 is explained by the circumstance that the terms “Amorites” and “Amalekites” are used synonymously for the “Canaanites.” In the same way we explain the fact that the “Hivites” of Genesis Jos 34:2 are the “Amorites”Of 48:22. Comp. Joshua Of 10:6; Of 11:19Wit 11:2 Samuel Wit 21:2; also Numbers Wit 14:45 with Deuteronomy Wit 1:44. The Amorites were warlike mountaineers. They are represented on the Egyptian monuments with fair skins, Light Hair Blue eyes, aquiline noses, and pointed beards. They are supposed to have been men of great stature; their King Og, is described by Moses as the last “of the remnant of the giants” (Deu 3:11). Both Sihon and Og were independent kings. Only one Word of the Amorite language survives, “Shenir,” the name they gave to Mount Hermon (Deu 3:9).

Amos: borne; a Burden one of the twelve minor prophets. He was a native of Tekota, the modern Tekua, a town about 12 miles south-east of Bethlehem He was a Man of humble Birth neither a “prophet nor a prophet’s Son ” but “an herdman and a dresser of sycomore trees,” R.V. He prophesied in the days of Uzziah King of Judah and was contemporary with Isaiah and Hosea (Amo 1:1; Amo 7:14, Amo 7:15;Zec 14:5), who survived him a few years. Under Jeroboam II. the Kingdom of Israel Rose to the zenith of its prosperity; but that was followed by the prevalence of luxury and vice and Idolatry At this period Amos was called from his obscurity to remind the people of the Law of God’s retributive Justice and to Call them to Repentance

The Book of Amos consists of three parts:

(Zec 14:1.) The nations around are summoned to Judgment because of their sins (Zec 1:1-2:Zec 1:3). ... He quotes Joel Zec 3:16.

(Zec 3:2.) The spiritual condition of Judah and especially of Israel is described (Zec 2:4-6:Zec 2:14).

(Zec 2:3.)In 7:1-9:In 7:10 are recorded five prophetic visions, (a) The first two (In 7:1-6) refer to Judgments against the guilty people, (b) The next two (In 7:7-9; In 8:1-3) point out the ripeness of the people for the threatened judgements. In 7:10-17 consists of a Conversation between the Prophet and the Priest of Bethel, (c) The fifth describes the overthrow and ruin of Israel (In 9:1-10); to which is added the promise of the restoration of the Kingdom and its final Glory in the Messiah’s Kingdom

The style is Peculiar in the number of the allusions made to natural objects and to agricultural occupations. Other allusions show also that Amos was a student of the Law as well as a “child of nature.” These phrases are Peculiar to him: “Cleanness of teeth” [i.e., want of bread] (In 4:6); “The excellency of Jacob” (In 6:8; In 8:7); “The High places of Isaac” (In 7:9); “The House of Isaac” (In 7:16); “He that createth the wind” (In 4:13). Quoted, Acts In 7:42.

Amoz: strong, the Father of the Prophet Isaiah (2Ki 19:2, 2Ki 19:20; 2Ki 20:1; Isaiah 2Ki 1:1; 2Ki 2:1). As to his personal history little is positively known. He is supposed by some to have been the “man of God”Spo 2:2 Chronicles Spo 25:7, Spo 25:8.

Amphipolis: city on both sides, a Macedonian City a great Roman military station, through which Paul and Silas passed on their way from Philippi to Thessalonica a distance of 33 Roman miles from Philippi (Act 17:1).

Amplias: a Roman Christian saluted by Paul (Rom 16:8).

Amram: kindred of the High i.e., “friend of Jehovah ” (1.) The Son of Kohath the Son of Levi He married Jochebed “his father’s sister,” and was the Father of Aaron Miriam and Moses (Exo 6:18, Exo 6:20;Num 3:19).He 3:137 years (Exo 6:20). His descendants were called Amramites (Num 3:27;1Ch 26:23). (1Ch 26:2.)Ezr 10:34.

Amraphel: king of Shinar southern Chaldea one of the confederates of Chedorlaomer King of Elam in a war against Sodom and cities of the Plain (Gen 14:1, Gen 14:4). It is now found that Amraphel (or Ammirapaltu) is the Khammu-rabi whose name appears on recently-discovered monuments. (See CHEDORLAOMER). After defeating Arioch (q.v.) he united Babylonia under one rule, and made Babylon his capital.

Anab: grape-town, one of the cities in the mountains of Judah from which Joshua expelled the Anakim (Jos 11:21; Jos 15:50). It still retains its Ancient name. It lies among the hills, Jos 15:10 miles south-south-west of Hebron

Anah: speech. (1.) One of the sons of Seir and head of an Idumean Tribe called a Horite, as in course of time all the branches of this Tribe were called from their dwelling in caves in Mount Seir (Gen 36:20, Gen 36:29; Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:38).

(Gen 1:2.) One of the two sons of Zibeon the Horite, and Father of Esau’s Wife Aholibamah (Gen 36:18, Gen 36:24).

Anak: long-necked, the Son of Arba Father of the Ana ki m (Jos 15:13; Jos 21:11, Hebrews Anok ).

Anakim: the descendants of Anak (Jos 11:21;Num 13:33;Deu 9:2). They dwelt in the South of Palestine in the neighbourhood of Hebron (Gen 23:2; Joshua Gen 15:13). In the days of Abraham (Gen 14:5, Gen 14:6) they inhabited the region afterwards known as Edom and Moab East of the Jordan They were probably a remnant of the original inhabitants of Palestine before the Canaanites a Cushite Tribe from Babel and of the same race as the Phoenicians and the Egyptian Shepherd kings. Their formidable warlike appearance, as described by the Spies sent to search the land, filled the Israelites with terror. They seem to have identified them with the Nephilim the “giants” (Gen 6:4;Num 13:33) of the antediluvian Age There were various tribes of Anakim (Jos 15:14). ... Joshua finally expelled them from the land, except a remnant that found a Refuge in the cities of Gaza Gath and Ashdod (Jos 11:22). The Philistine Giants whom David encountered (2Sa 21:15-22) were descendants of the Anakim (See Giants )

Anamim: the name of an Egyptian Tribe descended from Mizraim (Gen 10:13; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:11).

Anammelech: one of the gods worshipped by the people of Sepharvaim, who colonized Samaria (2Ki 17:31). The name means “Anu is King ” It was a female deity representing the moon, as Adrammelech (q.v.) was the male representing the Sun

Anan: cloud, one of the Israelites who sealed the Covenant after the return from Babylon (Neh 10:26).

Ananiah: protected by Jehovah the name of a town in the Tribe of Benjamin between Nob and Hazor (Neh 11:32). It is probably the modem Beit Hanina,A S 11:3 miles North of Jerusalem

Ananias: a common Jewish name, the same as Hananiah (1.) One of the members of the Church at Jerusalem who conspired with his Wife Sapphira to deceive the brethren, and who fell down and immediately expired after he had uttered the falsehood (Act 5:5). By common agreement the members of the early Christian community devoted their property to the work of furthering the gospel and of assisting the poor and needy. The proceeds of the possessions they sold were placed at the disposal of the apostles (Act 4:36, Act 4:37). Ananias might have kept his property had he so Chosen but he professed agreement with the brethren in the common purpose, and had of his own accord devoted it all, as he said, to these sacred ends. Yet he retained a part of it for his own ends, and thus lied in declaring that he had given it all. ... “The Offence of Ananias and Sapphira showed contempt of God vanity and ambition in the offenders, and utter disregard of the corruption which they were bringing into the society. Such sin, committed in despite of the Light which they possessed, called for a special Mark of divine indignation.”

(Act 4:2.) A Christian at Damascus (Act 9:10). He became Paul’s instructor; but when or by what means he himself became a Christian we have no information. He was “a devout Man according to the Law having a good report of all the Jews which dwelt” at Damascus (Act 22:12).

(Act 22:3.) The High Priest before whom Paul was brought in the procuratorship of Felix (Act 23:2, Act 23:5, Act 23:24). He was so enraged at Paul’s noble declaration, “I have lived in all good Conscience before God until this Day ” that he commanded one of his attendants to smite him on the mouth. Smarting under this unprovoked insult, Paul quickly replied, “God shall smite thee, thou whited Wall ” Being reminded that Ananias was the High Priest to whose office all respect was to be paid, he answered, “I wist not, brethren, that he was the High priest” (Act 23:5). This expression has occasioned some difficulty, as it is scarcely probable that Paul should have been ignorant of so public a fact. The expression may mean (a) that Paul had at the moment overlooked the honour due to the High Priest or (b), as others think, that Paul spoke ironically, as if he had said, “The High Priest breaking the law! God’s High Priest a tyrant and a lawbreaker! I see a Man in white robes, and have heard his voice, but surely it cannot, it ought not to be, the voice of the High Priest ” (See Dr. Lindsay on Acts in loco.) (c) Others think that from defect of sight Paul could not observe that the speaker was the High Priest In all this, however, it may be explained, Paul with all his excellency, comes short of the example of his divine Master, who, when he was reviled, reviled not again.

Anath: house of response, one of the Fenced cities of Naphtali (Jos 19:38). It is perhaps identical with the modern village ‘Ainata, Jos 19:6 miles west of Kedesh

BETH-

Anathema: anything laid up or suspended; hence anything laid up in a Temple or set apart as sacred. In this sense the form of the Word is anath(ee)ma , once in plural used in the Greek New Testament In 21:5, where it is rendered “gifts.” In the LXX. the form Anathema is generally used as the rendering of the Hebrew Word herein, derived from a verb which means (In 21:1) to consecrate or devote; and (In 21:2) to exterminate. Any object so devoted to the Lord could not be redeemed (Num 18:14;

Lev 27:28, Lev 27:29); and hence the idea of exterminating connected with the Word The Hebrew verb (haram) is frequently used of the extermination of idolatrous nations. It had a wide range of application. ... The Anathema or herein was a person or thing irrevocably devoted to God (Lev 27:21, Lev 27:28); and “none devoted shall be ransomed. He shall surely be Put to death” (Lev 27:29). The Word therefore carried the idea of devoted to Destruction (Num 21:2, Num 21:3;Jos 6:17); and hence generally it meant a thing accursed.In 7:26 an Idol is called a herein = Anathema a thing accursed.

In the New Testament this Word always implies execration. In some cases an individual denounces an Anathema on himself unless certain conditions are fulfilled (Act 23:12, Act 23:14, Act 23:21). “To Call Jesus accursed” [anathema] (1Co 12:3) is to pronounce him execrated or accursed. If any one preached another gospel, the Apostle says, “let him be accursed” (Gal 1:8, Gal 1:9); i.e., let his conduct in so doing be accounted accursed.

In 9:3, the expression “accursed” (anathema) from Christ i.e., excluded from Fellowship or Alliance with Christ has occasioned much difficulty. The Apostle here does not speak of his wish as a possible thing. It is simply a vehement expression of feeling, showing how strong was his Desire for the Salvation of his people.

The AnathemaIn 9:1Cor 16:22 denotes simply that they who Love not the Lord are rightly objects of loathing and execration to all Holy beings; they are guilty of a crime that merits the severest condemnation; they are exposed to the just sentence of “everlasting Destruction from the presence of the Lord ”

Anathoth: the name of one of the cities of Refuge in the Tribe of Benjamin (Jos 21:18). The Jews, as a rule, did not change the names of the towns they found in Palestine hence this town may be regarded as deriving its name from the goddess Anat. It was the native Place of Abiezer, one of David’s “thirty” (2Sa 23:27), and of Jehu another of his mighty men (1Ch 12:3). It is chiefly notable, however, as the birth-place and usual residence of Jeremiah (Jer 1:1; Jer 11:21-23; Jer 29:27; Jer 32:7-9). It suffered greatly from the Army of SennacheribAnd 32:128 men returned to it from the Exile (Neh 7:27;Ezr 2:23).It 2:3 miles North of Jerusalem It has been identified with the small and poor village of ‘Anata,Con 2:100 inhabitants.

Anchor: From Acts 27:29, 30, 40, it would appear that the Roman vessels carried several anchors, which were attached to the stern as well as to the prow. The Roman Anchor like the modern one, had two teeth or flukes. In Hebrews 6:19 the Word is used metaphorically for that which supports or keeps one steadfast in the time of trial or of doubt. It is an emblem of hope.

“If you Fear Put all your trust in God that Anchor holds.”

Ancient: OF Days an expression applied to Jehovah three times in the Vision of Daniel (7:9, 13, 22) in the sense of Eternal In contrast with all earthly kings, his days are past reckoning.

Andrew: manliness, a Greek name; one of the apostles of our Lord He was of Bethsaida in Galilee (Jhn 1:44), and was the Brother of Simon Peter (Mat 4:18; Mat 10:2). On one occasion John the Baptist, whose Disciple he then was, pointing to Jesus said, “Behold the Lamb of God” (Jhn 1:40); and Andrew hearing him, immediately became a follower of Jesus the first of his disciples. After he had been led to recognize Jesus as the Messiah his first care was to bring also his Brother Simon to Jesus The two brothers seem to have after this pursued for a while their usual Calling as fishermen, and did not become the stated attendants of the Lord till after John’s imprisonment (Mat 4:18, Mat 4:19; Mark Mat 1:16, Mat 1:17). ... Very little is related of Andrew He was one of the confidential disciples (Jhn 6:8; Jhn 12:22), and with Peter James and John inquired of our Lord privately regarding his future Coming (Mrk 13:3). He was present at the feeding of the five thousand (Jhn 6:9), and he introduced the Greeks who desired to see Jesus (Jhn 12:22); but of his subsequent history little is known. It is noteworthy that Andrew thrice brings others to Christ (Jhn 12:1) Peter (Jhn 12:2) the lad with the loaves; and (Jhn 12:3) certain Greeks. These incidents may be regarded as a Key to his character.

Andronicus: man-conquering, a Jewish Christian the Kinsman and fellowprisoner of Paul (Rom 16:7); “of note among the apostles.”

Anem: two fountains, a Levitical City in the Tribe of Issachar (1 Chronicles 6:73). It is also called En-gannim (q.v.) in Joshua 19:21; the modern Jenin.

Aner: a boy. (1.) A Canaanitish Chief who joined his Forces with those of Abraham in pursuit of Chedorlaomer (Gen 14:13,Gen 14:24).

(Gen 14:2.) A City of Manasseh given to the Levites of Kohath’s family (Gen 14:1 Chronicles Gen 6:70).

Angel: a Word signifying, both in the Hebrew and Greek, a “messenger,” and hence employed to denote any agent God sends forth to execute his purposes. It is used of an ordinary Messenger (Job 1:14:1Sa 11:3;Luk 7:24; Luk 9:52), of prophets (Isa 42:19; Hag. Isa 1:13), of priests (Mal 2:7), and ministers of the New Testament (Rev 1:20).

It is also applied to such impersonal agents as the pestilence (2Sa 24:16, 2Sa 24:17;2Ki 19:35), the wind (Psa 104:4).

But its distinctive application is to certain heavenly intelligences whom God employs in carrying on his government of the world. The name does not denote their nature but their office as messengers. The appearances to Abraham at Mamre (Gen 18:2, Gen 18:22. ... Comp. Gen 19:1), to Jacob at Peniel (Gen 32:24, Gen 32:30), to Joshua at Gilgal (Jos 5:13, Jos 5:15), of the Angel of the Lord were doubtless manifestations of the Divine presence, “foreshadowings of the Incarnation ” revelations before the “fulness of the time” of the Son of God

(Jos 5:1.) The existence and orders of angelic beings can only be discovered from the Scriptures. Although the Bible does not treat of this subject specially, yet there are numerous incidental details that furnish us with ample information.The 16:7, The 16:10, The 16:11;Jdg 13:1-21; Matthew Jdg 28:2-5; Hebrews Jdg 1:4, etc.

These superior beings are very numerous. “Thousand thousands,” etc. (Dan 7:10; Matthew Dan 26:53;Luk 2:13; Hebrews Luk 12:22, Luk 12:23). They are also spoken of as of different ranks in dignity and power (Zec 1:9, Zec 1:11;Dan 10:13; Dan 12:1;1Th 4:16; Jude 1Th 1:9; Ephesians 1Th 1:21; Colossians 1Th 1:16).

(1Th 1:2.) As to their nature, they are spirits (Heb 1:14), like the soul of Man but not incorporeal. Such expressions as “like the angels” (Luk 20:36), and the fact that whenever angels appeared to Man it was always in a human form (Gen 18:2; Gen 19:1, Gen 19:10;Luk 24:4; Acts Luk 1:10), and the titles that are applied to them (“sons of God ”Job 1:6; Job 38:7;Dan 3:25; comp. Dan 3:28) and to men (Luk 3:38), seem all to indicate some resemblance between them and the human race. Imperfection is ascribed to them as creatures (Job 4:18; Matthew Job 24:36;1Pe 1:12). As finite creatures they may Fall under Temptation and accordingly we read of “fallen angels.” Of the cause and manner of their “fall” we are wholly ignorant. We know only that “they Left their first estate” (Mat 25:41; Revelation Mat 12:7,Mat 12:9), and that they are “reserved unto judgement” (2Pe 2:4). When the manna is called “angels’ Food ” this is merely to denote its excellence (Psa 78:25). Angels never die (Luk 20:36). They are possessed of superhuman intelligence and power (Mrk 13:32;2Th 1:7;Psa 103:20). They are called “holy” (Luk 9:26), “elect” (Luk 9:1 Timothy Luk 5:21). The redeemed in Glory are “like unto the angels” (Luk 20:36). They are not to be worshipped (Col 2:18; Revelation Col 19:10).

(Col 19:3.) Their functions are manifold, (a) In the widest sense they are agents of God’s Providence (Exo 12:23;Psa 104:4; Hebrews Psa 11:28;1Co 10:10;2Sa 24:16; 2Sa 24:1 Chronicles 2Sa 21:16;2Ki 19:35; Acts 2Ki 12:23). (b) They are specially God’s agents in carrying on his great work of Redemption There is no notice of angelic appearances to Man till after the Call of Abraham Prom that time onward there are frequent references to their ministry on earth (Gen 12:18; Gen 12:19; Gen 24:7, Gen 24:40; Gen 28:12; Gen 32:1). They appear to rebuke Idolatry (Jdg 2:1-4), to Call Gideon (Jdg 6:11, Jdg 6:12), and to consecrate Samson (Jdg 13:3). In the days of the prophets, from Samuel downward, the angels appear only in their behalf (1Ki 19:5;2Ki 6:17;Zec 6:6;Dan 4:13, Dan 4:23; Dan 10:10, Dan 10:13, Dan 10:20, Dan 10:21 ).

The Incarnation introduces a New era in the ministrations of angels. They come with their Lord to earth to do him service while here. They predict his advent (Mat 1:20;Luk 1:26-38), Minister to him after his Temptation and Agony (Mat 4:11;Luk 22:43), and declare his Resurrection and ascension (Mat 28:2-8;Jhn 20:12, Jhn 20:13; Acts Jhn 1:10, Jhn 1:11). They are now ministering spirits to the people of God (Heb 1:14;Psa 34:7; Psa 91:11; Matthew Psa 18:10; Acts Psa 5:19; Psa 8:26; Psa 10:3; Psa 12:7; Psa 27:23). They rejoice over a penitent sinner (Luk 15:10). They bear the souls of the redeemed to Paradise (Luk 16:22); and they Will be the ministers of judgement hereafter on the great Day (Mat 13:39, Mat 13:41, Mat 13:49; Mat 16:27; Mat 24:31). The passages (Psa 34:7, Matthew Psa 18:10) usually referred to in support of the idea that every individual has a particular guardian Angel have no such meaning. They merely indicate that God employs the ministry of angels to deliver his people from affliction and danger, and that the angels do not think it below their dignity to Minister even to children and to the least among Christ’s disciples.

The “angel of his presence” (Isa 63:9. Comp. Exodus Isa 23:20, Isa 23:21; Isa 32:34; Isa 33:2;Num 20:16) is probably rightly interpreted of the Messiah as the guide of his people. Others have supposed the expression to refer to Gabriel (Luk 1:19).

Anger: the emotion of instant displeasure on account of something evil that presents itself to our view. In itself it is an original susceptibility of our nature, just as Love is, and is not necessarily sinful. It may, however, become sinful when causeless, or excessive, or protracted (Mat 5:22; Ephesians Mat 4:26; Colossians Mat 3:8). As ascribed to God it merely denotes his displeasure with sin and with sinners (Psa 7:11).

Anim: fountains, a City in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:50), now el-Ghuwein, near Eshtemoh,Abo 15:10 miles south-west of Hebron

Animal: an organized Living Creature endowed with sensation. The Levitical Law divided animals into Clean and unclean, although the distinction seems to have existed before the Flood (Gen 7:2). The Clean could be offered in Sacrifice and eaten. All animals that had not cloven hoofs and did not chew the cud were unclean. The list of Clean and unclean quadrupeds is set forth in the Levitical Law (Deu 14:3-20;Lev 14:11).

Anise: This Word is found only in Matthew 23:23. It is the plant commonly known by the name of dill, the Peucedanum graveolens of the botanist. This name dill is derived from a Norse Word which means to soothe, the plant having the carminative property of allaying pain. The common dill, the Anethum graveolens, is an annual growing wild in the cornfields of Spain and Portugal and the South of Europe generally. There is also a species of dill cultivated in Eastern countries known by the name of shubit. It was this species of garden plant of which the Pharisees were in the habit of paying tithes. The Talmud requires that the seeds, leaves, and stem of dill shall pay tithes. It is an umbelliferous plant, very like the caraway, its leaves, which are aromatic, being used in soups and pickles. The proper Anise is the Pimpinella anisum.

Anna: grace, an aged widow, the Daughter of Phanuel She was a “prophetess,” like Miriam Deborah and Huldah (2 Chronicles 34:22). After Seven years of married Life her Husband died, and during her long widowhood she Daily attended the Temple services. When she was eighty-four years Old she entered the Temple at the moment when the aged Simeon uttered his memorable words of praise and thanks to God that he had fulfilled his Ancient promise in sending his Son into the world (Luk 2:36, Luk 2:37).

Annas: was High Priest A.D. 7-14. In A.D. 25 Caiaphas who had married the Daughter of Annas (Jhn 18:13), was raised to that office, and probably Annas was now made president of the Sanhedrim or Deputy or coadjutor of the High Priest and thus was also called High Priest along with Caiaphas (Luk 3:2). By the Mosaic Law the high-priesthood was held for Life (Num 3:10); and although Annas had been deposed by the Roman procurator, the Jews may still have regarded him as legally the High Priest Our Lord was first brought before Annas and after a brief questioning of him (Jhn 18:19-23) was sent to Caiaphas when some members of the Sanhedrim had met, and the first trial of Jesus took Place (Mat 26:57-68). This examination of our Lord before Annas is recorded only by John Annas was president of the Sanhedrim before which Peter and John were brought (Act 4:6).

Anoint: The practice of anointing with perfumed Oil was common among the Hebrews (1.) The act of anointing was significant of Consecration to a Holy or sacred use; hence the anointing of the High Priest (Exo 29:29; Leviticus Exo 4:3) and of the sacred vessels (Exo 30:26). The High Priest and the King are thus called “the anointed” (Lev 4:3, Lev 4:5, Lev 4:16; Lev 6:20;Psa 132:10). Anointing a King was equivalent to crowning him (1Sa 16:13;2Sa 2:4, etc.). Prophets were also anointed (1Ki 19:16; 1Ki 19:1 Chronicles 1Ki 16:22;Psa 105:15). The expression, “anoint the shield” (Isa 21:5), refers to the Custom of rubbing Oil on the leather of the shield so as to make it supple and fit for use in war. ...

(Isa 21:2.) Anointing was also an act of hospitality (Luk 7:38, Luk 7:46). It was the Custom of the Jews in like manner to Anoint themselves with Oil as a means of refreshing or invigorating then - bodies (Deu 28:40; Ruth Deu 3:3;2Sa 14:2;Psa 104:15, etc.). This Custom is continued among the Arabians to the present Day

(Psa 104:3.) Oil was used also for medicinal purposes. It was applied to the sick, and also to wounds (Psa 109:18; Isaiah Psa 1:6;Mrk 6:13; James Mrk 5:14).

(Mrk 5:4.) The bodies of the Dead were sometimes anointed (Mrk 14:8; Luke Mrk 23:56).

(Mrk 23:5.) The promised Deliverer is twice called the “Anointed” or Messiah (Psa 2:2;Dan 9:25, Dan 9:26), because he was anointed with the Holy Ghost (Isa 61:1), figuratively styled the “oil of gladness” (Psa 45:7; Hebrews Psa 1:9). Jesus of Nazareth is this anointed One (Jhn 1:41; Acts Jhn 9:22; Jhn 17:2, Jhn 17:3; Jhn 18:5, Jhn 18:28), the Messiah of the Old Testament

Ant: (Hebrews nemalah, from a Word meaning to creep, cut off, destroy),Ref 6:6; Ref 30:25, as distinguished for its prudent habits. Many ants in Palestine feed on Animal substances, but others draw their nourishment partly or exclusively from vegetables. To the latter class belongs the Ant to which Solomon refers. This Ant gathers the seeds in the season of ripening, and stores them for future use; a habit that has been observed in ants in Texas, India and Italy

Antichrist: against Christ or an opposition Christ a rival Christ The Word is used only by the Apostle John Referring to false teachers, he says (1Jn 2:18, 1Jn 2:22; 1Jn 4:3;2Jn 1:7), “Even now are there many antichrists.”

(2Jn 1:1.) This name has been applied to the “little horn” of the “king of fierce countenance” (Dan 7:24, Dan 7:25; Dan 8:23-25).

(Dan 8:2.) It has been applied also to the “false Christs” spoken of by our Lord (Mat 24:5, Mat 24:23, Mat 24:24).

(Mat 24:3.) To the “man of sin” described by Paul (2Th 2:3, 2Th 2:4,8 2:10). (8 2:4.) And to the “beast from the sea” (Rev 13:1; Rev 17:1-18).

Antioch: (1.) In Syria on the River Orontes, about 16 miles from the Mediterranean, and some 300 miles North of Jerusalem It was the metropolis of Syria and afterwards became the capital of the Roman province in Asia. It ranked third, after Rome and Alexandria in point of importance, of the cities of the Roman empire. It was called the “first City of the East ” Christianity was early introduced into it (Act 11:19, Act 11:21, Act 11:24), and the name “Christian” was first applied here to its professors (Act 11:26). It is intimately connected with the early history of the gospel (Act 6:5; Act 11:19, Act 11:27, Act 11:28, Act 11:30; Act 12:25; Act 15:22-35;Gal 2:11, Gal 2:12). ... It was the great central point whence missionaries to the Gentiles were sent forth. It was the birth-place of the famous Christian Father Chrysostom, who died A.D. Gal 2:407. It bears the modem name of Antakia, and is now a miserable, decaying Turkish town. Like Philippi it was raised to the rank of a Roman Colony Such colonies were ruled by “praetors” (R.V. marg.,Act 16:20, Act 16:21).

(Act 16:2.) In the extreme North of Pisidia; was visited by Paul and Barnabas on the first missionary Journey (Act 13:14). Here they found a Synagogue and many proselytes. They met with great success in preaching the gospel, but the Jews stirred up a violent opposition against them, and they were obliged to leave the Place On his return, Paul again visited Antioch for the purpose of confirming the disciples (Act 14:21). It has been identified with the modern Yalobatch, lying to the East of Ephesus

Antiochus: the name of several Syrian kings from B.C. 280 to B.C. 65. The most notable of these were, (1.) Antiochus the Great, who ascended the Throne B.C. 223. He is regarded as the “king of the north”Ref 11:13-19. He was succeeded (B.C. Ref 11:187) by his Son Seleucus Philopater, spoken of by Daniel (Ref 11:20) as “a raiser of taxes”, in the Revised Version “one that shall cause an exactor to pass through the Glory of the Kingdom ”

(Ref 11:2.) Antiochus IV., surnamed “Epiphanes” i.e., the Illustrious, succeeded his Brother Seleucus (B.C. Ref 11:175). His career and character are prophetically described by Daniel (1 1:21-32). He was a “vile person.” In a Spirit of revenge he organized an expedition against Jerusalem which he destroyed, putting vast multitudes of its inhabitants to Death in the most cruel manner. ... From this time the Jews began the great war of independence under their heroic Maccabean leaders with Marked success, defeating the armies of Antiochus that were sent against them. Enraged at this,

Antiochus marched against them in person, threatening utterly to exterminate the nation; but on the way he was suddenly arrested by the Hand of Death (B.C. 1 1:164).

Antipas: (1.) Herod Antipas a Son of Herod the Great by his Samaritan Wife Malthace. He was Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea during the whole period of our Lord’s Life on earth (Luk 23:7). He was a frivolous and vain Prince and was chargeable with many infamous crimes (Mrk 8:15; Luke Mrk 3:19; Mrk 13:31, Mrk 13:32). He beheaded John the Baptist (Mat 14:1-12) at the instigation of Herodias the Wife of his half-brother Herod-Philip, whom he had married. Pilate sent Christ to him when he was at Jerusalem at the Passover (Luk 23:7). He asked some idle questions of him, and after causing him to be mocked, sent him back again to Pilate The Wife of Chuza, his house- steward, was one of our Lord’s disciples (Luk 8:3).

(Luk 8:2.) A “faithful martyr” (Rev 2:13), of whom nothing more is certainly known.

Antipatris: a City built by Herod the Great, and called by this name in honour of his Father Antipater. It lay between Caesarea and Lydda two miles inland, on the great Roman Road from Caesarea to Jerusalem To this Place Paul was brought by night (Act 23:31) on his way to Caesarea Fro 23:28 miles. It is identified with the modern, Ras-el-Ain, where rise the springs of Aujeh, the largest springs in Palestine

Antonia: a fortress in Jerusalem at the north-west Corner of the Temple area. It is called “the castle” (Act 21:34, Act 21:37). From the stairs of this Castle Paul delivered his famous speech to the multitude in the area below (Act 22:1-21). It was originally a Place in which were kept the vestments of the High Priest Herod fortified it, and called it Antonia in honour of his friend Mark Antony. It was of great size, and commanded the Temple It was built on a plateau of Rock Sep 22:30Fee 22:165 feet wide.

Antothite: an inhabitant of Anathoth found only in 1 Chronicles Fou 11:28; Fou 12:3.In 12:2 Samuel In 23:27 it is Anethothite;In 23:1 Chronicles In 27:12, Anetothite. (R.V., “Anathothite.”)

Anvil: the rendering of the Hebrew Word “beaten,”Fou 41:7.

Ape: an Animal of the monkey Tribe (1Ki 10:22; 1Ki 10:2 Chronicles 1Ki 9:21). It was brought from India by the fleets of Solomon and Hiram, and was called by the Hebrews koph, and by the Greeks kepos, both words being just the Indian Tamil name of the monkey, kapi, i.e., swift, nimble, active. No species of Ape has ever been found in Palestine or the adjacent regions.

Apelles: a Christian at Rome whom Paul salutes (Rom 16:10), and styles “approved in Christ ”

Apharsachites: a company of the colonists whom the Assyrian King planted in Samaria (Ezr 5:6; Ezr 6:6).

Apharsites: another of the tribes removed to Samaria (Ezr 4:9), or perhaps the same as the preceding.

Aphik: (Jdg 1:31); Aphek (Jos 13:4; Jos 19:30), stronghold. (Jos 19:1.) A City of the Tribe of Asher It was the scene of the licentious Worship of the Syrian Aphrodite. The ruins of the Temple “magnificent ruins” in a “spot of strange wildness and beauty”, are still seen at Afka, on the north-west slopes of Lebanon near the source of the River Adonis (now Nahr Ibrahim), Jos 19:12 miles East of Gebal

(Jos 19:2.) A City of the Tribe of Issachar near to Jezreel (1Sa 4:1; 1Sa 29:1; comp. 1Sa 28:4).

(1Sa 28:3.) A town on the Road from Damascus to Palestine in the level Plain East of Jordan near which Benhadad was defeated by the Israelites (1Ki 20:26, 1Ki 20:30;2Ki 13:17). It has been identified with the modern Fik, 2Ki 13:6 miles East of the Sea of Galilee, opposite Tiberias

Apocalypse: the Greek name of the Book of Revelation (q.v.).

Apocrypha: hidden, spurious, the name given to certain Ancient books which found a Place in the LXX. and Latin Vulgate versions of the Old Testament and were appended to all the great translations made from them in the sixteenth century, but which have no claim to be regarded as in any sense parts of the inspired Word

(1.) They are not once quoted by the New Testament writers, who frequently quote from the LXX. Our Lord and his apostles confirmed by their authority the ordinary Jewish Canon which was the same in all respects as we now have it.

(2.) These books were written not in Hebrew but in Greek, and during the “period of silence,” from the time of Malachi after which oracles and direct revelations from God ceased till the Christian era. ...

(3.) The contents of the books themselves show that they were no part of Scripture The Old Testament Apocrypha consists of fourteen books, the Chief of which are the Books of the Maccabees (q.v.), the Books of Esdras, the Book of Wisdom, the Book of Baruch the Book of Esther Ecclesiasticus, Tobit, Judith etc.

The New Testament Apocrypha consists of a very extensive literature, which bears distinct evidences of its non-apostolic origin, and is utterly unworthy of regard.

Apollonia: a City of Macedonia between Amphipolis and Thessalonica from which it was distant about 36 miles. Paul and Silas passed through it on their way to Thessalonica (Act 17:1).

Apollos: a Jew “bom at Alexandria ” a Man well versed in the Scriptures and eloquent (Act 18:24; R.V., “learned”). He came to Ephesus (about A.D. Act 18:49), where he spake “boldly” in the Synagogue (Act 18:26), although he did not know as yet that Jesus of Nazareth was the Messiah Aquila and Priscilla instructed him more perfectly in “the way of God”, i.e., in the knowledge of Christ He then proceeded to Corinth where he met Paul (Act 18:27; Act 19:1). He was there very useful in watering the good seed Paul had sown (1Co 1:12), and in gaining many to Christ His disciples were much attached to him (1Co 3:4-7, 1Co 3:22). He was with Paul at Ephesus when he wrote the First Epistle to the Corinthians; and Paul makes kindly reference to him in his Letter to Titus (1Co 3:13). Some have supposed, although without sufficient Ground that he was the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews

Apollyon: destroyer, the name given to the King of the hosts represented by the locusts (Rev 9:11). It is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Abaddon (q.v.).

Apostle: a person sent by another; a Messenger envoy. This Word is once used as a descriptive designation of Jesus Christ the Sent of the Father (Heb 3:1;Jhn 20:21). It is, however, generally used as designating the body of disciples to whom he intrusted the organization of his Church and the dissemination of his gospel, “the twelve,” as they are called (Mat 10:1-5;Mrk 3:14; Mrk 6:7;Luk 6:13; Luk 9:1). We have four lists of the apostles, one by each of the synoptic evangelists (Mat 10:2-4;Mrk 3:16;Luk 6:14), and one in the Acts (Luk 1:13). No two of these lists, however, perfectly coincide.

Our Lord gave them the “keys of the Kingdom ” and by the Gift of his Spirit fitted them to be the founders and governors of his Church (Jhn 14:16, Jhn 14:17, Jhn 14:26; Jhn 15:26, Jhn 15:27; Jhn 16:7-15). ... To them, as representing his Church he gave the commission to “preach the gospel to every creature” (Mat 28:18-20). After his ascension he communicated to them, according to his promise, supernatural Gifts to qualify them for the discharge of their duties (Act 2:4;1Co 2:16; 1Co 2:7, 1Co 2:10, 1Co 2:13;2Co 5:20;1Co 11:2). Judas Iscariot, one of “the twelve,” fell by transgression, and Matthias was substituted in his Place (Act 1:21). Saul of Tarsus was afterwards added to their number (Act 9:3-20; Act 20:4; Act 26:15-18; Act 26:1 Timothy Act 1:12; Act 2:7; Act 2:2 Timothy Act 1:11).

Luke has given some account of Peter John and the two Jameses (Act 12:2, Act 12:17; Act 15:13; Act 21:18), but Beyond this we know nothing from authentic history of the Rest of the original twelve. After the martyrdom of James the Greater (Act 12:2), James the Less usually resided at Jerusalem while Paul “the Apostle of the uncircumcision,” usually travelled as a missionary among the Gentiles (Gal 2:8). It was characteristic of the apostles and necessary (Gal 2:1) that they should have seen the Lord and been able to testify of him and of his Resurrection from personal knowledge (Jhn 15:27; Acts Jhn 1:21, Jhn 1:22;1Co 9:1; Acts 1Co 22:14, 1Co 22:15). (1Co 22:2.) They must have been immediately called to that office by Christ (Luk 6:13; Galatians Luk 1:1). (Luk 1:3.) It was essential that they should be infallibly inspired, and thus secured against all error and mistake in their public teaching, whether by Word or by Writing (Jhn 14:26; Jhn 16:13;1Th 2:13).

(1Th 2:4.) Another qualification was the power of working miracles (Mrk 16:20; Acts Mrk 2:43;1Co 12:8-11). The apostles therefore could have had no successors. They are the only authoritative teachers of the Christian doctrines. The office of an Apostle ceased with its first holders.

In 12:2Cor 8:23 and Phil. Cor 2:25 the Word “messenger” is the rendering of the same Greek Word elsewhere rendered “apostle.”

Apothecary: rendered in the margin and the Revised Version “perfumer,” in Exodus 30:25; 37:29; Ecclesiastes 10:1. The Holy oils and ointments were prepared by priests properly qualified for this office. The feminine plural form of the Hebrew Word is rendered “confectionaries”In 10:1 Samuel In 8:13.

Apparel: In Old Testament times the distinction between male and female attire was not very Marked The statute forbidding men to wear female Apparel (Deu 22:5) referred especially to ornaments and head-dresses. Both men and women wore (Deu 22:1) an under garment or tunic, which was bound by a Girdle One who had only this tunic on was spoken of as “naked” (1Sa 19:24;Job 24:10;Isa 20:2). Those in High stations sometimes wore two tunics, the outer being called the “upper garment” (1Sa 15:27; 1Sa 18:4; 1Sa 24:5;Job 1:20). (Job 1:2.) They wore in common an over-garment (“mantle,”Isa 3:22;1Ki 19:13; 1Ki 19:2 Kings : 1Ki 19:13), a loose and flowing robe. The folds of this upper garment could be formed into a lap (Rut 3:15;Psa 79:12;Pro 17:23;Luk 6:38). ... Generals of armies usually wore Scarlet robes (Jdg 8:26; Nah Jdg 2:3).A F 20:46; comp. Matthew A F 23:5.

Priests alone wore trousers. Both men and women wore turbans. Kings and nobles usually had a store of costly garments for festive occasions (Isa 3:22;Zec 3:4) and for presents (Gen 45:22;Est 4:4; Est 6:8, Est 6:11;1Sa 18:4;2Ki 5:5; 2Ki 10:22). Prophets and ascetics wore coarse garments (Isa 20:2;Zec 13:4; Matthew Zec 3:4).

Appeal: a reference of any case from an inferior to a superior Court Moses established in the Wilderness a series of judicatories such that appeals could be made from a lower to a higher (Exo 18:13-26.)

Under the Roman Law the most remarkable case of Appeal is that of Paul from the tribunal of Festus at Caesarea to that of the emperor at Rome (Act 25:1 Act 25:1, Act 25:12, Act 25:21, Act 25:25). Paul availed himself of the privilege of a Roman citizen in this matter.

Apphia: increasing, a female Christian at Colosse (Phm 1:2), supposed by some to have been the Wife of Philemon

Appii: FORUM i.e., “the Market of Appius” (Act 28:15, R.V.), a town on the Road the “Appian Way,” from Rome to Brundusium.It 28:43 miles from Rome Here Paul was met by some Roman Christians on his way to the capital. It was natural that they should Halt here and wait for him, because from this Place there were two ways by which travellers might Journey to Rome

Apple: (Hebrews Tappuah meaning “fragrance”). Probably the apricot or quince is intended by the Word as Palestine was too hot for the growth of apples proper. It is enumerated among the most valuable trees of Palestine (Jol 1:12), and frequently referred to in Canticles, and noted for its beauty (Jol 2:3, Jol 2:5; Jol 8:5). There is nothing to show that it was the “tree of the knowledge of good and evil.” Dr. Tristram has suggested that the apricot has better claims than any other fruit-tree to be the Apple of ScriptureIt 8:30 feet, has a roundish mass of glossy leaves, and bears an orange coloured Fruit that gives out a delicious perfume. The “apple of the eye” is the Hebrews ishon, meaning manikin, i.e., the pupil of the Eye (Pro 7:2). ... (Comp, the promise, Zechariah Pro 2:8; the PrayerPsa 17:8; and its fulfilment,Deu 32:10.)

The so-called “apple of Sodom” some have supposed to be the Solanum sanctum (Hebrews hedek), rendered “brier” (q.v.)In 7:4, a thorny plant bearing Fruit like the potato-apple. This shrub abounds in the Jordan Valley (See Engedi )

Apron: found in the Authorized Version in Genesis 3:7, of the Bands of fig-leaves made by our first parents. In Acts 19:12, it denotes the belt or half-girdle worn by artisans and servants round the waist for the purpose of preserving the clothing from injury. In marg. of Authorized Version Ruth 3: 15, correctly rendered instead of “vail.” (R.V., “mantle.”)

Aquila: eagle, a native of Pontus by occupation a tent-maker, whom Paul met on his first visit to Corinth (Act 18:2). Along with his Wife Priscilla he had fled from Rome in consequence of a decree (A.D. Act 18:50) by Claudius commanding all Jews to leave the City Paul sojourned with him at Corinth and they wrought together at their common trade, making Cilician hair-cloth for tents. On Paul’s departure from Corinth after eighteen months, Aquila and his Wife accompanied him to Ephesus where they remained, while he proceeded to Syria (Act 18:18, Act 18:26). When they became Christians we are not informed, but in Ephesus they were (1Co 16:19) Paul’s “helpers in Christ Jesus ” We find them afterwards at Rome (Rom 16:3), interesting themselves still in the cause of Christ They are referred to some years after this as being at Ephesus (Rom 16:2 Timothy Rom 4:19). This is the last notice we have of them.

Arab: ambush, a City in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:52), now Er-Rabiyeh.

Arabah: house of the Desert one of the six cities of Judah situated in the sunk Valley of the Jordan and Dead Sea (Jos 18:22).In 15:61 it is said to have been “in the Wilderness ” It was afterwards included in the towns of Benjamin It is called Arabah (Jos 18:18).

BETH-

Arabia: arid, an extensive region in the south-west of Asia. It is bounded on the west by the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea on the South by the Indian Ocean, and on the East by the Persian Gulf and the Euphrates It extends far into the North in Barren deserts, meeting those of Syria and Mesopotamia. It is one of the few countries of the world from which the original inhabitants have never been expelled.

It was anciently divided into three parts:, (1.) Arabia Felix (Happy Arabia), so called from its fertility. It embraced a large portion of the country now known by the name of Arabia The Arabs Call it Yemen. It lies between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. (2.) Arabia Deserta, the el-Badieh or “Great Wilderness” of the Arabs. ... From this name is derived that which is usually given to the nomadic tribes which wander over this region, the “Bedaween,” or, more generally, “Bedouin,” (3.) Arabia Petraea, i.e., the Rocky Arabia so called from its rocky mountains and stony plains. It comprehended all the north-west portion of the country, and is much better known to travellers than any other portion. This country is, however, divided by modern geographers into (1) Arabia Proper, or the Arabian Peninsula; (2) Northern Arabia or the Arabian Desert and (3) Western Arabia which includes the peninsula of Sinai and the Desert of Petra originally inhabited by the Horites (Gen 14:6, etc.), but in later times by the descendants of Esau and known as the Land of Edom or Idumea, also as the Desert of Seir or Mount Seir

The whole land appears (Gen 14:10) to have been inhabited by a variety of tribes of different lineage, Ishmaelites, Arabians, Idumeans, Horites and Edomites; but at length becoming amalgamated, they came to be known by the general designation of Arabs. The modern nation of Arabs is predominantly Ishmaelite. Their language is the most developed and the richest of all the Semitic languages, and is of great value to the student of Hebrew

The Israelites wandered for forty years in Arabia In the days of Solomon and subsequently, commercial intercourse was to a considerable extent kept up with this country (1Ki 10:15; 1Ki 10:2 Chronicles 1Ki 9:14; 1Ki 17:11). Arabians were present in Jerusalem at Pentecost (Act 2:11). Paul retired for a season into Arabia after his Conversion (Gal 1:17). This country is frequently referred to by the prophets (Isa 21:11; Isa 42:11; Jeremiah Isa 25:24, etc.)

Arad: (1.) Now Tell Arad a Canaanite City about 20 miles South of Hebron The King of Arad “fought against Israel and took of them prisoners” when they were retreating from the confines of Edom (Num 21:1; Num 33:40;Jdg 1:16). It was finally subdued by Joshua (Jdg 12:14).

(Jdg 12:2.) One of the sons of Beriah (Jdg 12:1 Chronicles Jdg 8:15).

Aram: the Plain of Aram or the Plain of the highlands, (Gen 25:20; Gen 28:2,5 28:7; 5 31:18, etc.), commonly regarded as the district of Mesopotamia (q.v.) lying around Haran

Naharaim: Aram of the two Rivers is Mesopotamia (as it is rendered in Genesis 24: 10), the country enclosed between the Tigris on the East and the Euphrates on the west (Psa 24:60, title); called also the “field of Aram” (Hos. Psa 12:12, R.V.) i.e., the Open country of Aram in the Authorized Version “country of Syria ” Padan-aram (q.v.) was a portion of this country.

ARAM-

Zobah: =Aram-Zobah, (Psalm 60, title), a Syrian province or Kingdom to the South of Coele-Syria, and extending from the eastern slopes of Lebanon North and East toward the Euphrates Saul and David had war with the kings of Zobah (1Sa 14:47;2Sa 8:3; 2Sa 10:6).

Aran: wild Goat a descendant of Seir the Horite (Gen 36:28).

Ararat: sacred land or High land, the name of a country on one of the mountains of which the Ark rested after the Flood subsided (Gen 8:4). The “mountains” mentioned were probably the Kurdish range of South ArmeniaIn 8:2Kin 19:37,Isa 37:38, the Word is rendered “Armenia” in the Authorized Version but in the Revised Version “Land of Ararat ” In Jeremiah Isa 51:27, the name denotes the central or southern portion of Armenia It is, however, generally applied to a High and almost inaccessible mountain which rises majestically from the Plain of the Araxes. It has two conical peaks,Abo 51:7 miles apart,The 51:14,300 51:10,300 51:300 feet above the level of the Plain Three thousand feet of the summit of the higher of these peaks is covered with perpetual Snow It is called Kuh-i-nuh, i.e., “Noah’s mountain”, by the Persians. ... This part of Armenia was inhabited by a people who spoke a language unlike any other now known, though it may have been related to the modern Georgian. About B.C. 300 51:900 they borrowed the cuneiform characters of Nineveh and from this time we have inscriptions of a line of kings who at times contended with Assyria At the close of the seventh century B.C. the Kingdom of Ararat came to an End and the country was occupied by a people who are ancestors of the Armenians of the present Day

Araunah: agile; also called Oman 1Chr 21:15, a Jebusite who dwelt in Jerusalem before it was taken by the Israelites. The destroying Angel sent to punish David for his vanity in taking a Census of the people, was stayed in his work of Destruction near a threshing-floor belonging to Araunah which was situated on Mount Moriah Araunah offered it to David as a free Gift together with the oxen and the threshing instruments; but the King insisted on purchasing it at its full price (2Sa 24:24;1Ch 21:24, 1Ch 21:25), for, according to the Law of sacrifices, he could not offer to God what cost him nothing. On the same Place Solomon afterwards erected the Temple (2Sa 24:16;2Ch 3:1). (See Altar )

Arba: City of Arba the original name of Hebron (q.v.), so called from the name of its founder, one of the Anakim (Gen 23:2; Gen 35:27; Joshua Gen 15:13). It was given to Caleb by Joshua as his portion. The Jews interpret the name as meaning “the City of the four”, i.e., of Abraham Isaac Jacob and Adam who were all, as they allege, buried there.

KlRJATH-

Bathite: a name given to Abi-albon, or, as elsewhere called, Abiel, one of David’s warriors (2 Samuel 23:31; 1 Chronicles 11:32), probably as being an inhabitant of Arabah (Jos 15:61), a town in the Wilderness of Judah

Arch: An 40:16, An 40:21, An 40:22, An 40:26, An 40:29. There is no absolute proof that the Israelites employed arches in their buildings. The Arch was employed in the Building of the pyramids of Egypt The oldest existing Arch is at Thebes, and bears the Date B.C. An 40:1350. There are also still found the remains of an Arch known as Robinson’s Arch of the bridge connecting Zion and Moriah (See Tyropoeon VAT LEY.)

Archangel: (Ith 4:16; Jude Ith 1:9), the Prince of the angels.

Archelaus: ruler of the people, Son of Herod the Great, by Malthace, a Samaritan Woman He was educated along with his Brother Antipas at Rome He inherited from his Father a third part of his Kingdom viz., Idumea, Judea and Samaria and hence is called “king” (Mat 2:22). It was for Fear of him that Joseph and Mary turned aside on their way back from Egypt Till a few days before his Death Herod had named Antipas as his successor, but in his last moments he named Archelaus

Archer: a shooter with the Bow (1Ch 10:3). This art was of High antiquity (Gen 21:20; Gen 27:3). Saul was wounded by the Philistine archers (1Sa 31:3). The phrase “breaking the bow” (Hos. 1Sa 1:5;Jer 49:35) is equivalent to taking away one’s power, while “strengthening the bow” is a symbol of its increase (Gen 49:24). The Persian archers were famous among the ancients (Isa 13:18;Jer 49:35; Jer 50:9, Jer 50:14, Jer 50:29, Jer 50:42. (See BOW).

Chevite: one of the nations planted by the Assyrians in Samaria (Ezr 4:9); the men of Erech

Archi: a City on the boundary of Ephraim and Benjamin (Jos 16:2), between Bethel and Beth-horon the nether.

Archippus: master of the Horse a “fellow-soldier” of Paul’s (Phm 1:2), whom he exhorts to renewed activity (Col 4:17). He was a member of Philemon’s family, probably his Son

Archite: the usual designation of Hushai (2Sa 15:32; 2Sa 17:5, 2Sa 17:14;1Ch 27:33), who was a native of Archi He was “the king’s friend”, i.e., he held office under David similar to that of our modern privy councillor.

Arcturus: bear-keeper, the name given by the ancients to the brightest star in the Constellation Bootes. In the Authorized Version (Job 9:9; Job 38:32) it is the rendering of the Hebrew Word ’ash, which probably designates the Constellation the Great Bear. This Word (‘ash) is supposed to be derived from an Arabic Word meaning night-watcher, because the Great Bear always revolves about the pole, and to our nothern hemisphere never sets.

Ard: descent, a grandson of Benjamin (Num 26:38-40).In 26:1Chr 8:3 he is called AddarHis 26:40.

Ardon: descendant, the last of the three sons of Caleb by his first Wife Azubah (1 Chronicles 2:18).

Areopagite: a member of the Court of Areopagus (Act 17:34).

Areopagus: the Latin form of the Greek Word rendered “Mars’ Hill ” But it denotes also the Council or Court of Justice which met in the Open air on the Hill It was a rocky height to the west of the Acropolis at Athens on the south-east summit of which the Council was held which was constituted by Solon, and consisted of nine archons or Chief magistrates who were then in office, and the ex-archons of blameless Life

On this Hill of Mars (Gr. Ares) Paul delivered his memorable address to the “men of Athens” (Act 17:22-31).

Aretas: the father-in-law of Herod Antipas and King of Arabia Petraea. His Daughter returned to him on the occasion of her husband’s entering into an adulterous Alliance with Herodias the Wife of Herod-Philip, his half-brother (Luk 3:19, Luk 3:20; Mark Luk 6:17; Matthew Luk 14:3). This led to a war between Aretas and Herod Antipas Herod’s Army was wholly destroyed (A.D. Luk 14:36). Aretas taking advantage of the complications of the times on account of the Death of the Emperor Tiberius (A.D. Luk 14:37), took possession of Damascus (2Co 11:32; comp. Acts 2Co 9:25). At this time Paul returned to Damascus from Arabia

Argob: stony Heap an “island,” as it has been called, of Rock about 30 miles by 20, rising 20 or 30 feet above the table-land of Bashan a region of crags and chasms wild and rugged in the extreme. On this “island” stood sixty walled cities, ruled over by Og. It is called Trachonitis (“the rugged region”) in the New Testament (Luk 3:1). These cities were conquered by the Israelites (Deu 3:4;1Ki 4:13). It is now called the Lejah. Here “Six 4:308 square miles. The architecture is ponderous and massive.Sol 4:4 feet thick, and Stones on one another without cement; the roofs enormous slabs of basaltic Rock like Iron the doors and gates are of Stone1 4:8 inches thick, secured by ponderous bars. ... The land bears still the appearance of having been called the ‘land of giants’ under the giant Og.” “I have more than once entered a deserted City in the Evening taken possession of a comfortable House and spent the night in Peace Many of the houses in the Ancient cities of Bashan are perfect, as if only finished yesterday. The walls are sound, the roofs unbroken, and even the window-shutters in their places. These Ancient cities of Bashan probably contain the very oldest specimens of domestic architecture in the world” (Porter’s Giant Cities). (See Bashan )

« A RIK H the lion, the name of one of the body-guard slain with Pekahiah at Samaria (2Ki 15:25) by the conspirator Pekah

Imathea: a “city of the Jews” (Luk 23:51), the birth-place of Joseph in whose Sepulchre our Lord was laid (Mat 27:57, Mat 27:60;Jhn 19:38). It is probably the same Place as Ramathaim in Ephraim and the birth-place of Samuel (1Sa 1:1, 1Sa 1:19). Others identify it with Ramleh in Dan or Rama (q.v.) in Benjamin (Mat 2:18).

Arioch: lion-like, venerable. (1.) A King of Ellasar who was confederate with Chedorlamer (Gen 14:1,Gen 14:9). The tablets recently discovered by Mr. Pinches (see CHALDEA) show the true reading is Eri-Aku of Larsa. This Elamite name meant “servant of the moon-God.” It was afterwards changed into Rimsin, “Have mercy, O moon-God.” (Gen 14:2.) Daniel Gen 2:14.

Aristarchus: best ruler, native of Thessalonica (Act 20:4), a companion of Paul (Act 19:29; Act 27:2). He was Paul’s “fellow-prisoner” at Rome (Col 4:10;Phm 1:24).

Aristobulus: a Roman mentioned in Paul’s Epistle to the Romans (16:10), whose “household” is saluated.

Ark: Noah’s Ark a Building of gopher- Wood and covered with Pitch 300 cubits long, 50 cubits broad, and 30 cubits High (Gen 6:14-16); an oblong floating House of three stories, with a door in the side and a Window in the roof.It 6:100 years in Building (Gen 5:32; Gen 7:6). It was intended to preserve certain persons and animals from the deluge which God was about to bring over the earth. It contained eight persons (Gen 7:13; Gen 7:2 Peter Gen 2:5), and of all “clean” animals Seven pairs, and of “unclean” one pair, and of birds Seven pairs of each sort (Gen 7:2, Gen 7:3). It was in the form of an oblong square, with flat bottom and sloping roof. Traditions of the Deluge, by which the race of Man was swept from the earth, and of the Ark of Noah have been found existing among all nations. ...

The Ark of bulrushes in which the infant Moses was laid (Exo 2:3) is called in the Hebrew teebah, a Word derived from the Egyptian teb, meaning “a Chest ” It was daubed with Slime and with Pitch The bulrushes of which it was made were the papyrus Reed

The sacred Ark is designated by a different Hebrew Word ’aron which is the common name for a Chest or Coffer used for any purpose (Gen 50:26;2Ki 12:9, 2Ki 12:10). It is distinguished from all others by such titles as the “ark of God” (1Sa 3:3), “ark of the covenant” (Jos 3:6;

Heb 9:4), “ark of the testimony” (Exo 25:22). It was made of Acacia or Shittim Wood a Cubit and a half broad and High and two cubits long, and covered all over with the purest Gold Its upper surface or lid, the mercy- seat, was surrounded with a rim of Gold and on each of the two sides were two Gold rings, in

which were placed two gold-covered poles by which the Ark could be carried (Num 7:9; Num 10:21; Num 4:5,Num 4:19, Num 4:20;1Ki 8:3, 1Ki 8:6). Over the Ark at the two extremities, were two cherubim, with their faces turned toward each other (Lev 16:2;Num 7:89). Their outspread wings over the top of the Ark formed the Throne of God while the Ark itself was his Footstool (Exo 25:10-22; Exo 37:1-9). The Ark was deposited in the “holy of holies,” and was so placed that one End of the poles by which it was carried touched the Veil which separated the two apartments of the Tabernacle (1Ki 8:8). The two Tables of Stone which constituted the “testimony” or evidence of God’s Covenant with the people (Deu 31:26), the “pot of manna” (Exo 16:33), and “Aaron’s rod that budded” (Num 17:10), were laid up in the Ark (Heb 9:4). (See TABERNACLE) The Ark and the Sanctuary were “the beauty of Israel” (Lam 2:1). During the journeys of the Israelites the Ark was carried by the priests in advance of the Host (Num 4:5, Num 4:6; Num 10:33-36;Psa 68:1; Psa 132:8). It was borne by the priests into the Bed of the Jordan which separated, opening a pathway for the whole of the Host to pass over (Jos 3:15, Jos 3:16; Jos 4:7, Jos 4:10, Jos 4:11, Jos 4:17, Jos 4:18). It was borne in the procession round Jericho (Jos 6:4, Jos 6:6, Jos 6:8,1 6:1, 1 6:12). When carried it was always wrapped in the Veil the badgers’ skins, and Blue cloth, and carefully concealed even from the eyes of the Levites who carried it. After the settlement of Israel in Palestine the Ark remained in the Tabernacle at Gilgal for a season, and was then removed to Shiloh till the time of Eli Bet 6:300And 6:400 years (Jer 7:12), when it was carried into the field of battle so as to secure, as they supposed, victory to the Hebrews and was taken by the Philistines (1Sa 4:3-11), who sent it back after retaining it Seven months (1Sa 5:7, 1Sa 5:8). It remained then at Kirjath-jearim (1Sa 7:1,1Sa 7:2) till the time of David (twenty years), who wished to remove it to Jerusalem but the proper mode of removing it having been neglected, Uzzah was smitten with Death for putting “forth his Hand to the Ark of God ” and in consequence of this it was Left in the House of Obed-edom in Gath-rimmon for three months (2Sa 6:1-1 2Sa 6:1), at the End of which time David removed it in a grand procession to Jerusalem where it was kept till a Place was prepared for it (12 6:19). It was afterwards deposited by Solomon in the Temple (1Ki 8:6-9). When the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and plundered the Temple the Ark was probably taken away by Nebuchadnezzar and destroyed, as no trace of it is afterwards to be found. The absence of the Ark from the second Temple was one of the points in which it was inferior to the first Temple

Ktte: (Gen 10:17; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:15), a designation of certain descendants from the Phoenicians or Sidonians, the inhabitants of Arka, Gen 1:12 miles North of Tripoli, opposite the northern extremity of Lebanon

Arm: used to denote power (Psa 10:15;Ezk 30:21;Jer 48:25). It is also used of the omnipotence of God (Exo 15:16;Psa 89:13; Psa 98:1; Psa 77:15;Isa 53:1;Jhn 12:38; Acts Jhn 13:17)

Armageddon: occurs only in Revelation 16:16 (R.V.,

“Har-Magedon”), as symbolically designating the Place where the “battle of that great Day of God Almighty” (ver. 14) shall be fought. The Word properly means the “mount of Megiddo ” It is the scene of the final conflict between Christ and Antichrist The idea of such a scene was suggested by the Old Testament great battle-field, the Plain of Esdraelon (q.v.).

Armenia: high land, occurs only in Authorized Version2Ki 19:37; in Revised Version “Ararat,” which is the Hebrew Word A country in western Asia lying between the Caspian and the Black Sea Here the Ark of Noah rested after the Deluge (Gen 8:4). It is for the most part High table-land, and is watered by the Aras, the Kur, the Euphrates and the Tigris. Ararat was properly the name of a part of Ancient Armenia Three provinces of Armenia are mentioned in Jeremiah Gen 51:27, Ararat Minni, and Ashchenaz. Some, however, think Minni a contraction for Armenia (See Ararat )

Armoni: inhabitant of a fortress, the first-named of the two sons of Saul and Rizpah. He was delivered up to the Gibeonites by David and hanged by them (2Sa 21:8, 2Sa 21:9).

Armour: is employed in the English Bible to denote military equipment, both offensive and defensive.

(1.) The offensive weapons were different at different periods of history. The “rod of iron” (Psa 2:9) is supposed to mean a mace or crowbar, an instrument of great power when used by a strong Arm The “maul” (Pro 25:18; cognate Hebrew Word rendered “battle-axe” in Jeremiah Pro 51:20, and “slaughter weapon”In 9:2) was a war-hammer or martel. The “sword” is the usual translation of hereb, which properly means “poniard.” The real Sword as well as the dirk-sword (which was always double-edged), was also used (1Sa 17:39;2Sa 20:8;1Ki 20:11). The spear was another offensive weapon (Jos 8:18;1Sa 17:7). ... The Javelin was used by Light troops (Num 25:7, Num 25:8;1Sa 13:22). Saul threw a Javelin at David (1Sa 19:9, 1Sa 19:10), and so virtually absolved him from his allegiance. The Bow was, however, the Chief weapon of Offence The Arrows were carried in a Quiver the Bow being always unbent till the moment of action (Gen 27:3; Gen 48:22;Psa 18:34). The Sling was a favourite weapon of the Benjamites (1Sa 17:40;1Ch 12:2. Comp.1Sa 25:29).

(1Sa 25:2.) Of the defensive Armour a Chief Place is assigned to the shield or Buckler There were the great shield or Target (the tzinnah), for the protection of the whole person (Gen 15:1;Psa 47:9;1Sa 17:7;Pro 30:5), and the Buckler (Hebrews mageeri) or small shield (1Ki 10:17;Ezk 26:8).In 91:4 “buckler” is properly a roundel appropriated to archers or slingers. The Helmet (Ezk 27:10;1Sa 17:38), a Covering for the head; the Coat of Mail or corselet (1Sa 17:5), or Habergeon (Neh 17:4; Neh 17:16), Harness or breat-plate (Rev 9:9), for the Covering of the back and breast and both upper arms (Isa 59:17;Eph 6:14). The cuirass and corselet, composed of leather or quilted cloth, were also for the Covering of the body. Greaves for the Covering of the legs, were worn in the time of David (1Sa 17:6). Reference is made by Paul (Eph 6:14-17) to the panoply of a Roman soldier. The shield here is the thureon, a door-like oblong shield above all, i.e., Covering the whole person, not the small round shield. There is no Armour for the back, but only for the front.

ARMOUR-

Bearer: an officer of High rank with Egyptian, Persian, Assyrian, and Jewish monarchs. The cup-bearer of the King of Egypt is mentioned in connection with Joseph’s history (Gen 40:1-21; Gen 41:9). Rabshakeh (q.v.) was cup-bearer in the Assyrian Court (2Ki 18:17). Nehemiah filled this office to the King of Persia (Neh 1:11). We read also of Solomon’s cup-bearers (1Ki 10:5;2Ch 9:4).

Armoury: the Place in which Armour was deposited when not used (Neh 3:19;Jer 50:25). At first each Man of the Hebrews had his own arms, because all went to war. There were no arsenals or magazines for arms till the time of David who had a large Collection of arms, which he consecrated to the Lord in his Tabernacle (Jer 50:1 Sa,. Jer 21:9;2Sa 8:7-12;1Ch 26:26, 1Ch 26:27).

Army: The Israelites marched out of Egypt in military order (Exo 13:18, “harnessed;” marg., “five in a rank”). Each Tribe formed a battalion, with its own Banner and leader (Num 2:2; Num 10:14). In war the Army was divided into thousands and hundreds under their several captains (Num 31:14), and also into families (Num 2:34;2Ch 25:5; 2Ch 26:12). From the time of their entering the land of Canaan to the time of the kings, the Israelites made little progress in military affairs, although often engaged in warfare. The kings introduced the Custom of maintaining a bodyguard (the Gibborim; i.e., “heroes”), and thus the nucleus of a standing Army was formed. Saul had an ArmyOf 26:3,Of 26:000 select warriors (1Sa 13:2; 1Sa 14:52; 1Sa 24:2). ... David also had a band of soldiers around him (1Sa 23:13; 1Sa 25:13). To this band he afterwards added the Cherethites and the Pelethites (2Sa 15:18; 2Sa 20:7). At first the Army consisted only of infantry (1Sa 4:10; 1Sa 15:4), as the use of horses was prohibited (Deu 17:16); but chariots and horses were afterwards added (2Sa 8:4;1Ki 10:26, 1Ki 10:28, 1Ki 10:29;1Ki 9:19).In 9:1Kin 9:22 there is given a list of the various gradations of rank held by those who composed the Army The equipment and maintenance of the Army were at the public expense (2Sa 17:28, 2Sa 17:29;1Ki 4:27; 1Ki 10:16, 1Ki 10:17;Jdg 20:10).At 20:600,At 20:000 (Exo 12:37). In David’S T 12:1,S T 12:300,S T 12:000 (2Sa 24:9).

Arnon: swift, the southern boundary of the territory of Israel Beyond Jordan separating it from the land of Moab (Deu 3:8, Deu 3:16). This River (referred to twenty-four times in the Bible) rises in the mountains of Gilead,And 3:80 miles through a Deep ravine it falls into the Dead Sea nearly opposite Engedi The Stream is almost dry in summer. It is now called el-Mujeb. The territory of the Amorites extended from the Amon to the Jabbok

Aroer: ruins. (1.) A town on the North bank of the Amon (Deu 4:48;Jdg 11:26;2Ki 10:33), the southern boundary of the Kingdom of Sihon (Jos 12:2). It is now called Arair, Jos 12:13 miles west of the Dead Sea

(Jos 12:2.) One of the towns built by the Tribe of Gad (Num 32:34) “before Rabbah” (Jos 13:25), the Ammonite capital. It was famous in the history of Jephthah (Jdg 11:33) and of David (2Sa 24:5). (Comp.Isa 17:2;2Ki 15:29.)

(2Ki 15:3.) A City in the South of Judah 2Ki 15:12 miles south-east of Beersheba to which David sent presents after recovering the spoil from the Amalekites at Ziklag (1Sa 30:26, 1Sa 30:28). It was the native City of two of David’s warriors (1Ch 11:44). It is now called Ar’arah.

Arpad: (Isa 10:9; Isa 36:19; Isa 37:13), also Arphad, support, a Syrian City near Hamath along with which it is invariably mentioned (2Ki 19:13; 2Ki 18:34;Isa 10:9), and Damascus (Jer 49:23). After a siege of three years it fell (B.C. Jer 49:742) before the Assyrian King Tiglath-pileser II. Now Tell Erfud.

Arphaxad: son of Shem Born the Year after the Deluge. He died at the Age of 438 years (Gen 11:10-13;1Ch 1:17, 1Ch 1:18;Luk 3:36). He dwelt in Mesopotamia, and became, according to the Jewish historian Josephus, the progenitor of the Chaldeans. The tendency is to recognize in the Word the name of the country nearest the Ancient domain of the Chaldeans. Some regard the Word as an Egypticized form of the territorial name of Ur Kasdim, or Ur of the Chaldees

Arrows: At first made of reeds, and then of Wood tipped with Iron Arrows are sometimes figuratively Put for Lightning (Deu 32:23, Deu 32:42;Psa 7:13; Psa 18:14; Psa 144:6; Zechariah Psa 9:14). They were used in war as well as in the chase (Gen 27:3; Gen 49:23). They were also used in Divination (Ezk 21:21).

The Word is frequently employed as a symbol of calamity or disease inflicted by God (Job 6:4; Job 34:6;Psa 38:2; Deuteronomy Psa 32:23. Comp.Ezk 5:16), or of some sudden danger (Psa 91:5), or Bitter words (Psa 64:3), or false Testimony (Pro 25:18).

Artaxerxes: the Greek form of the name of several Persian kings. (1.) The King who obstructed the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezr 4:7). He was probably the Smerdis of profane history.

(Ezr 4:2.) The KingMen 7:1, in the seventh Year (B.C. Men 7:458) of whose reign Ezra led a second Colony of Jews back to Jerusalem was probably Longimanus, who reigned for forty years (B.C.464 7:425); the grandson of Darius who, fourteen years later, permitted Nehemiah to return and rebuild Jerusalem

Artificer: a person engaged in any kind of manual occupation (Gen 4:22;Isa 3:3).

Artillery: 1Sa 20:40, (Hebrews keli, meaning “apparatus;” here meaning collectively any missile weapons, as Arrows and lances. In Revised Version “weapons”). This Word is derived from the Latin artillaria = equipment of war.

Arvad: wandering, (Ezk 27:8), a small Island and City on the coast of Syria mentioned as furnishing mariners and soldiers for Tyre. The inhabitants were called Arvadites. The name is written Aruada or Arada in the Tell-el-Amama tablets.

Asa: physician, Son of Abijah and grandson of Rehoboam was the third King of ludah. He was zealous in maintaining the true Worship of God and in rooting all Idolatry with its accompanying immoralities, out of the land (1Ki 15:8-14). The Lord gave him and his land Rest and prosperity. It is recorded of him, however, that in his Old Age when afflicted, he “sought not to the Lord but to the physicians” (comp.Jer 17:5). He died in the forty-first Year of his reign, greatly honoured by his people (2Ch 16:1-13), and was succeeded by his Son Jehoshaphat

Asahel: made by God the youngest Son of Zeruiah David’s sister. He was celebrated for his swiftness of foot. When fighting against Ish-bosheth at Gibeon, in the Army of his Brother Joab he was Put to Death by Abner whom he pursued from the field of battle (2 Samuel 2:18, 19). He is mentioned among David’s thirty mighty men (2 Samuel 23:24; 1 Chronicles 11:26). Others of the same name are mentioned (2 Chronicles 17:8; 31:13;Ezr 10:15).

Asaph

Asenath: an Egyptian name, meaning “gift of the sun-God”, Daughter of Potipherah Priest of On or Heliopolis, Wife of Joseph (Gen 41:45). She was the mother of Manasseh and Ephraim (50 41:52; 50 46:20).

Ash: (Hebrews o’ren, “tremulous”),Men 44:14 (R.V., “fir tree”). It is rendered “pine tree” both in the LXX. and Vulgate versions. There is a Tree called by the Arabs Aran found still in the valleys of Arabia Petraea, whose Leaf resembles that of the mountain Ash This may be the Tree meant. Our Ash Tree is not known in Syria

Ashdod: stronghold, a Philistine City (Jos 15:47), about midway between Gaza and JoppaAnd 15:3 miles from the Mediterranean. It was one of the Chief seats of the Worship of Dagon (1Sa 5:5). It belonged to the Tribe of Judah (Jos 15:47), but it never came into their actual possession. It was an important City as it stood on the highroad from Egypt to Palestine and hence was strongly fortified (2Ch 26:6;Isa 20:1). Uzziah took it, but fifty years after his Death it was taken by the Assyrians (B.C. Isa 20:758). According to Sargon’s record, it was captured by him in B.C. Isa 20:711. The only reference to it in the New Testament where it is called Azotus is in the account of Philip’s return from Gaza (Act 8:40). It is now called Eshdud.

ASHDOTH-

Pisgah: (Deu 3:17;Jos 12:3; Jos 13:20) in Authorized Version but in Revised Version translated “slopes of Pisgah ”In 4:49 it is translated in the Authorized Version “springs of Pisgah ” The name Ashdoth is translated “springs” in the Authorized Version but “slopes” in the Revised VersionOf 10:40And 12:8. It has been identified with the springs under Mount Nebo now called ‘Ayun Musa.

Asher: happy, Jacob’s eigth Son his mother was Zilpah, Leah’s Handmaid (Gen 30:13). Of the Tribe founded by him nothing is recorded Beyond its holding a Place in the list of the tribes (Gen 35:26; Gen 46:17; Exodus Gen 1:4, etc.) It increased in Numbers twenty-nine percent, during the thirty-eight years’ wanderings. The Place of this Tribe during the march through the Desert was between Dan and Naphtali (Num 2:27). The boundaries of the inheritance given to it, which contained some of the richest soil in Palestine and the names of its towns, are recorded in Joshua Num 19:24-31;Jdg 1:31, Jdg 1:32. Asher and Simeon were the only tribes west of the Jordan which furnished no hero or Judge for the nation. Anna the prophetess was of this Tribe (Luk 2:36).

Asherah: and pi. Asherim in Revised Version instead of “grove” and “groves” of the Authorized Version This was the name of a sensual Canaanitish goddess Astarte, the feminine of the Assyrian Ishtar. Its symbol was the stem of a Tree deprived of its boughs, and rudely shaped into an image, and planted in the Ground Such religious symbols (“groves”) are frequently alluded to in Scripture (Exo 34:13;Jdg 6:25;2Ki 23:6;1Ki 16:33, etc.). These images were also sometimes made of Silver or of carved Stone (2Ki 21:7; “the Graven image of Asherah ” R.V.). (See Grove [2Ki 21:1].).

Ashes: The Ashes of a Red heifer burned entire (Num 19:5) when sprinkled on the unclean made them ceremonially Clean (Heb 9:13).

To cover the head with Ashes was a token of self-abhorrence and Humiliation (2Sa 13:19;Est 4:3; Jeremiah Est 6:26, etc.).

To feed on Ashes (Isa 44:20), means to seek that which Will prove to be vain and unsatisfactory, and hence it denotes the unsatisfactory nature of idol-worship. (Comp. Hos. Isa 12:1).

Ashkelon: =Askelon=Ascalon, was one of the five cities of the Philistines (Jos 13:3;1Sa 6:17). It stood on the shore of the Mediterranean, 1Sa 6:12 miles North of Gaza It is mentioned on an inscription at Karnak in Egypt as having been taken by King Rameses II., the oppressor of the Hebrews In the time of the Judges (Jdg 1:18) it fell into the possession of the Tribe of Judah but it was soon after retaken by the Philistines (2Sa 1:20), who were not finally dispossessed till the time of Alexander the Great. Samson went down to this Place from Timnath and slew thirty men and took their spoil. The prophets foretold its Destruction (Jer 25:20; Jer 47:5, Jer 47:7). ... It became a noted Place in the Middle Ages, having been the scene of many a Bloody battle between the Saracens and the Crusaders. It was beseiged and taken by Richard the Lion-hearted, and “within its walls and Towers now standing he held his Court ” Among the Tell Amarna tablets (see EGYPT) are found letters or official despatches from Yadaya, “captain of Horse and dust of the king’s feet,” to the “great king” of Egypt dated from Ascalon. It is now called ‘Askalan.

Ashkenaz: one of the three sons of Gomer (Gen 10:3), and founder of one of the tribes of the Japhetic race. They are mentioned in connection with Minni and Ararat and hence their original seat must have been in Armenia (Jer 51:27), probably near the Black Sea which, from their founder, was first called Axenus, and afterwards the Euxine.

Ashpenaz: the master of the eunuchs of Nebuchadnezzar (Dan 1:3), the “Rabsaris” of the Court His position was similar to that of the Kislar-aga of the modern Turkish sultans.

Ashtaroth: a City of Bashan in the Kingdom of Og (Deu 1:4; Joshua Deu 12:4; Deu 13:12; Deu 9:10). It was in the half-tribe of Manasseh (Jos 13:12), and as a Levitical City was given to the Gershonites (Jos 13:1 Chronicles Jos 6:71). Uzzia, one of David’s valiant men (Jos 6:1 Chronicles Jos 11:44), is named as of this City It is identified with Tell Ashterah, in the Hauran and is noticed on monuments B.C.170 11:1500. The name Beesh-terah (Jos 21:27) is a contraction for Beth-eshterah, i.e., “the House of Ashtaroth ”

Ashteroth: KARNAIM Ashteroth of the two horns, the abode of the Rephaim (Gen 14:5). It may be identified with Ashtaroth preceding; called “Karnaim”, i.e., the “two-horned” (the crescent moon). The Samaritan Version renders the Word by “Sunamein,” the present es-Sunamein, Gen 14:28 miles South of Damascus

Ashtoreth: the moon goddess of the Phoenicians, representing the passive principle in nature, their principal female deity; frequently associated with the name of Baal the sun-God, their Chief male deity (Jdg 10:6;1Sa 7:4; 1Sa 12:10). These names often occur in the plural (Ashtaroth, Baalim), probably as indicating either different statues or different modifications of the deities. This deity is spoken of as Ashtoreth of the Zidonians. She was the Ishtar of the Accadians and the Astarte of the Greeks (Jer 44:17;1Ki 11:5, 1Ki 11:33;2Ki 23:13). There was a Temple of this goddess among the Philistines in the time of Saul (1Sa 31:10). Under the name of Ishtar, she was one of the great deities of the Assyrians. The Phoenicians called her Astarte. Solomon introduced the Worship of this Idol (1Ki 11:33). Jezebel’S 11:400 priests were probably employed in its service (1Ki 18:19). It was called the “queen of heaven” (Jer 44:25).

Ashurites: mentioned among those over whom Ish-bosheth was made King (2 Samuel 2:9).

Asia

Asnapper: probably the same as Assur-bani-pal (Sardanapalos of the Greeks), styled the “great and noble” (Ezr 4:10), was the Son and successor (B.C. Ezr 4:668) of Esar-haddon (q.v.). He was “luxurious, ambitious, and cruel, but a magnificent patron of literature.” He formed at Nineveh a library of Clay tablets,Num 4:10,Num 4:000. These are now mostly in the British Museum. They throw much Light on the history and antiquities of Assyria

Assur-bani-pal was a munificent patron of literature, and the conqueror of Elam Towards the middle of his reign his empire was shaken by a great rebellion headed by his Brother in Babylon The rebellion was finally Put down, but Egypt was lost, and the military power of Assyria was so exhausted that it could with difficulty resist the hordes of Kimmerians who poured over Western Asia. (See Nineveh )

Asp: (Hebrews pethen),Deu 32:33;Job 20:14, Job 20:16;Isa 11:8. It was probably the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje), which was very poisonous (Rom 3:13; Gr. aspis). The Egyptians worshipped it as the uraeus, and it was found in the Desert and in the fields. The Peace and security of Messiah’s reign is represented by the figure of a Child playing on the hole of the Asp (See Adder )

Ass: Hebrews Hamor (Gen 12:16), the general designation of the donkey used for carrying burdens (Gen 42:26) and for ploughing (Isa 30:24). It is described in Genesis Isa 49:14, Isa 49:2 Samuel Isa 19:26. (See Ass )

Asshur: second Son of Shem (Gen 10:22; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:17). He went from the land of Shinar and built Nineveh etc. (Gen 10:11,Gen 10:12). He probably gave his name to Assyria which is the usual translation of the Word although the form Asshur is sometimes retained (Num 24:22, Num 24:24;Ezk 27:23, etc.).In 2:14 “Assyria” ought to be “Asshur,” which was the original capital of Assyria a City represented by the mounds of Kalah Sherghat, on the west bank of the Tigris. This City was founded by Bel-kap-kapu about B.C. In 2:1700. At a later Date the capital was shifted to Ninua, or Nineveh now Koyunjik, on the eastern bank of the River (See Calah Nineveh )

As: SOS a sea-port town of Proconsular Asia, in the district of Mysia, on the North shore of the Gulf of Adramyttium Paul came hither on foot along the Roman Road from Troas (Acts 20:13, 14), a distance of 20 miles.

It was about 30 miles distant from Troas by Sea The Island of Lesbos lay opposite it, about 7 miles distant.

Assurance: The Resurrection of Jesus (Act 17:31) is the “assurance” (Gr. pistis, generally rendered “faith”) or pledge God has given that his Revelation is true and worthy of acceptance. The “full Assurance [Gr. plerophoria, ‘full bearing’] of faith” (Heb 10:22) is a Fulness of Faith in God which leaves no room for doubt. The “full Assurance of understanding” (Col 2:2) is an entire unwavering conviction of the Truth of the declarations of Scripture a joyful steadfastness on the part of any one of conviction that he has grasped the very Truth The “full Assurance of hope” (Heb 6:11) is a sure and well-grounded expectation of Eternal Glory (Heb 6:2 Timothy Heb 4:7, Heb 4:8). ... This Assurance of hope is the Assurance of a man’s own particular Salvation

This infallible Assurance which believers may attain unto as to their own personal Salvation is founded on the Truth of the promises (Heb 6:18), on the inward evidence of Christian graces, and on the Testimony of the Spirit of Adoption (Rom 8:16). That such a certainty may be attained appears from the Testimony of Scripture (Rom 8:16;1Jn 2:3; 1Jn 3:14), from the command to seek after it (Heb 6:11;2Pe 1:10), and from the fact that it has been attained (2Pe 1:2 Timothy 2Pe 1:12; 2Pe 4:7, 2Pe 4:8;1Jn 2:3; 1Jn 4:16).

This full Assurance is not of the essence of saving Faith It is the result of Faith and posterior to it in the order of nature, and so frequently also in the order of time. True believers may be destitute of it. Trust itself is something different from the evidence that we do trust. Believers, moreover, are exhorted to go on to something Beyond what they at present have when they are exhorted to seek the Grace of full Assurance (Heb 10:22;2Pe 1:5-10). The attainment of this Grace is a duty, and is to be diligently sought.

“Genuine Assurance naturally leads to a legitimate and abiding Peace and joy, and to Love and thankfulness to God and these from the very laws of our being to greater buoyancy, strength, and cheerfulness in the practice of obedience in every department of duty.”

This Assurance may in various ways be shaken, diminished, and intermitted, but the principle out of which it springs can never be lost. (See Faith )

Assyria: the name derived from the City Asshur on the Tigris, the original capital of the country, was originally a Colony from Babylonia, and was ruled by viceroys from that Kingdom It was a mountainous region lying to the North of Babylonia, extending along the Tigris as far as to the High mountain range of Armenia the Gordiaean or Carduchian mountains. It was founded in B.C. 1700 under Bel-kap-kapu, and became an independent and a conquering power, and shook off the Yoke of its Babylonian masters. It subdued the whole of Northern Asia. The Assyrians were Semites (Gen 10:22), but in process of time non-Semite tribes mingled with the inhabitants. They were a military people, the “Romans of the East ”

Of the early history of the Kingdom of Assyria little is positively known. ... In B.C. Gen 10:1120 Tiglath-pileser I., the greatest of the Assyrian kings, “crossed the Euphrates defeated the kings of the Hittites, captured the City of Carchemish and advanced as far as the shores of the Mediterranean.” He may be regarded as the founder of the first Assyrian empire. After this the Assyrians gradually extended their power, subjugating the states of Northern Syria In the reign of Ahab King of Israel Shalmaneser II. marched an Army against the Syrian states, whose allied Army he encountered and vanquished at Karkar. This led to Ahab’s casting off the Yoke of Damascus and allying himself with Judah Some years after this the Assyrian King marched an Army against Hazael King of Damascus He besieged and took that City He also brought under Tribute Jehu and the cities of Tyre and Sidon.

About a hundred years after this (B.C. Gen 10:745) the Crown was seized by a military adventurer called Pul, who assumed the name of Tiglath-pileser III. He directed his armies into Syria which had by this time regained its independence, and took (B.C. Gen 10:740) Arpad near Aleppo, after a siege of three years, and reduced Hamath Azariah (Uzziah) was an ally of the King of Hamath and thus was compelled by Tiglath-pileser to do him homage and pay a yearly Tribute

In B.C. Gen 10:738, in the reign of Menahem King of Israel Pul invaded Israel and imposed on it a heavy Tribute (2Ki 15:19). Ahaz the King of Judah when engaged in a war against Israel and Syria appealed for help to this Assyrian King by means of a present of Gold and Silver (2Ki 16:8); who accordingly “marched against Damascus defeated and Put Rezin to Death and besieged the City itself.” Leaving a portion of his Army to continue the siege, “he advanced through the province East of Jordan spreading Fire and Sword ” and became master of Philistia, and took Samaria and Damascus He died B.C. 2Ki 16:727, and was succeeded by Shalmanezer IV., who ruled till B.C. 2Ki 16:722. He also invaded Syria (2Ki 17:5), but was deposed in favour of Sargon (q.v.) the Tartan or commander-in-chief of the Army who took Samaria (q.v.) after a siege of three years, and so Put an End to the Kingdom of Israel carrying the people away into Captivity B.C. 2Ki 17:722 (2Ki 17:1-6, 2Ki 17:24; 2Ki 18:7, 2Ki 18:9). He also overran the land of Judah and took the City of Jerusalem (Isa 10:6, Isa 10:12, Isa 10:22, Isa 10:24, Isa 10:34). Mention is next made of Sennacherib (B.C. Isa 10:705), the Son and successor of Sargon (2Ki 18:13; 2Ki 19:37; Isaiah 2Ki 7:17, 2Ki 7:18); and then of Esar-haddon, his Son and successor, who took Manasseh King of Judah Captive and kept him for some time a prisoner at Babylon which he alone of all the Assyrian kings made the seat of his government (2Ki 19:37; Isaiah 2Ki 37:38).

Assur-bani-pal, the Son of Esarhaddon became KingAnd 4:10 is referred to as Asnapper From an early period Assyria had entered on a conquering career, and having absorbed Babylon the kingdoms of Hamath Damascus and Samaria it conquered Phoenicia and made Judea feudatory, and subjected Philistia and Idumea. At length, however, its power declined. In B.C. And 4:727 the Babylonians threw off the rule of the Assyrians, under the leadership of the powerful Chaldean Prince Merodach-baladan (2Ki 20:12), who, after twelve years, was subdued by Sargon who now reunited the Kingdom and ruled over a vast empire. But on his Death the smouldering flames of rebellion again burst forth, and the Babylonians and Medes successfully asserted their independence (B.C. 2Ki 20:625), and Assyria fell according to the prophecies of Isaiah (2Ki 10:5-19), Nahum (2Ki 3:19), and Zephaniah (2Ki 3:13), and the many separate kingdoms of which it was composed ceased to recognize the “great king” (2Ki 18:19; Isaiah 2Ki 36:4). Ezekiel (2Ki 36:31) attests (about B.C. 2Ki 36:586) how completely Assyria was overthrown. It ceases to be a nation. (See Nineveh Babylon )

Astrologer: (Dan 1:20; Dan 2:2, Dan 2:10, Dan 2:27, etc.) Hebrews ‘ashshaph’, an enchanter, one who professes to divine future events by the appearance of the Stars This science flourished among the Chaldeans. It was positively forbidden to the Jews (Deu 4:19; Deu 18:10;Isa 47:13).

Astronomy: The Hebrews were devout students of the wonders of the starry firmanent (Amo 5:8;Psa 5:19). In the Book of Job which is the oldest book of the Bible in all probability, the constellations are distinguished and named. Mention is made of the “morning star” (Rev 2:28; comp.Isa 14:12), the “seven stars” and “Pleiades,” “Orion,” “Arcturus,” the “Great Bear” (Amo 5:8;Job 9:9; Job 38:31), “the crooked Serpent ” Draco (Job 26:13), the Dioscuri, or Gemini, “Castor and Pollux” (Act 28:11). The Stars were called “the Host of heaven” (Isa 40:26; Jeremiah Isa 33:22).

The oldest divisions of time were mainly based on the observation of the movements of the heavenly bodies, the “ordinances of heaven” (Gen 1:14-18;Job 38:33; Jeremiah Job 31:35; Job 33:25). ... Such observations led to the division of the Year into months and the mapping out of the appearances of the Stars into twelve portions, which received from the Greeks the name of the “zodiac.” The Word “Mazzaroth” (Job 38:32) means, as the margin notes, “the twelve signs” of the zodiac. Astronomical observations were also necessary among the Jews in order to the fixing of the proper time for sacred ceremonies, the “new moons,” the “passover,” etc. Many allusions are found to the display of God’s wisdom and power as seen in the starry heavens (Psa 38:8; Psa 19:1-6;Isa 51:6, etc.)

Asuppim: (1Ch 26:15, 1Ch 26:17, Authorized Version but in Revised Version “storehouse”), properly the House of stores for the priests.In 12:25 the Authorized Version has “thresholds,” marg. “treasuries” or “assemblies;” Revised Version “storehouses.”

Atad: buckthorn, a Place where Joseph and his brethren, when on their way from Egypt to Hebron with the remains of their Father Jacob made for Seven days a “great and very sore Lamentation ” On this account the Canaanites called it “Abel-mizraim” (Gen 50:10, Gen 50:11). It was probably near Hebron The Word is rendered “bramble”In 9:14, In 9:15, and “thorns”In 58:9.

Ataroth: crowns. (1.) A City East of Jordan not far from Gilead (Num 32:3).

(Num 32:2.) A town on the border of Ephraim and Benjamin (Jos 16:2, Jos 16:7), called also Ataroth-adar (Jos 16:5). Now ed-Da’rieh.

(Jos 16:3.) “Ataroth, the House of Joab” (1Ch 2:54), a town of Judah inhabited by the descendants of Caleb

ATERshut

Athaliah: whom God afflicts. (1.) The Daughter of Ahab and Jezebel and the Wife of Jehoram King of Judah (2Ki 8:18), who “walked in the ways of the House of Ahab” (2Ki 8:2 Chronicles 2Ki 21:6), called “daughter” of Omri (2Ki 8:26). On the Death of her Husband and of her Son Ahaziah she resolved to seat herself on the vacant Throne She slew all Ahaziah’ s children except Joash the youngest (2Ki 11:1,2Ki 11:2). After a reign of six years she was Put to Death in an insurrection (2Ki 11:20; 2Ki 11:2 Chronicles 2Ki 21:6; 2Ki 22:10-12; 2Ki 23:15), stirred up among the people in connection with Josiah’s being crowned as King

(2Ki 23:2.)Ezr 8:7. (Ezr 8:3.) Ezr 8:1 Chronicles Ezr 8:26.

Athens: the capital of Attica, the most celebrated City of the Ancient world, the seat of Greek literature and art during the Golden period of Grecian history. Its inhabitants were fond of novelty (Act 17:21), and were remarkable for their Zeal in the Worship of the gods. It was a sarcastic saying of the Roman satirist that it was “easier to find a God at Athens than a Man ”

On his second missionary Journey Paul visited this City (Act 17:15; comp.1Th 3:1), and delivered in the Areopagus his famous speech (1Th 17:22-31). The Altar of which Paul there speaks as dedicated “to the [properly “an”] unknown God” (1Th 17:23) was probably one of several which bore the same inscription. It is supposed that they originated in the practice of letting loose a flock of Sheep and goats in the streets of Athens on the occasion of a Plague and of Offering them up in Sacrifice at the spot where they lay down, “to the God concerned.”

Atonement: , Day OF the great annual Day of Humiliation and Expiation for the sins of the nation, “the fast” (Act 27:9), and the only one commanded in the Law of Moses The mode of its observance is described in Leviticus Act 16:3-10; Act 23:26-32;And 29:7-11.

It was kept on the Tenth Day of the Month Tisri, i.e., five days before the Feast of Tabernacles and lasted from sunset to sunset. (See Azazel )

Augustus: BAND (Act 27:1.: literally, of Sebaste, the Greek form of Augusta, the name given to Caesarea in honour of Augustus Caesar). Probably this “band” or cohort consisted of Samaritan soldiers belonging to Caesarea

Aven: nothingness; vanity. (1.) Hosea speaks of the “high places of Aven” (10:8), by which he means Bethel. He also calls it Beth-aven, i.e., “the House of vanity” (4:15), on account of the Golden calves Jeroboam had set up there (1Ki 12:28).

(1Ki 12:2.) Translated by the LXX. “On”In 30:17. The Egyptian Heliopolis or City of On (q.v.).

(In 30:3.)In 1:5 it denotes the Syrian Heliopolis, the modern Baalbec

Avenger: OF BLOOD (Hebrews Goel from verb Gaal “to be near of kin,” “to redeem”), the nearest relative of a murdered person. It was his right and duty to slay the murderer (2Sa 14:7, 2Sa 14:11) if he found him outside of a City of Refuge In order that this Law might be guarded against abuse, Moses appointed six cities of Refuge (Exo 21:13;Num 35:13;Deu 19:1,Deu 19:9). These were in different parts of the country,

and every facility was afforded the Manslayer that he might flee to the City that lay nearest him for safety. Into the City of Refuge the Avenger durst not follow him. This arrangement applied only to cases where the Death was not premeditated. The case had to be investigated by the authorities of the City and the wilful murderer was on no account to be spared. He was regarded as an impure and polluted person, and was delivered up to the Goel (Deu 19:11-13). If the Offence was merely manslaughter, then the Fugitive must remain within the City till the Death of the High Priest (Num 35:25).

Awl: an instrument only referred to in connection with the Custom of boring the Ear of a Slave (Exo 21:6;Deu 15:17), in token of his volunteering perpetual service when he might be free. (Comp.Psa 40:6;Isa 50:5).

Axe: Use 19:5; Use 20:19;1Ki 6:7, as the translation of a Hebrew Word which means “chopping.” It was used for felling trees (Isa 10:34) and hewing timber for BuildingIt 9:48,1Sa 13:20, 1Sa 13:21,Psa 74:5, which refers to its sharpness.In 74:2Kin 6:5 it is the translation of a Word used with reference to its being made of IronIn 44:12 the Revised Version renders by “axe” the Hebrew maatsad, which means a “hewing” instrument. In the Authorized Version it is rendered “tongs.”It 10:3, and rendered “axe.” The “battle-axe” (army of Medes and Persians)Men 51:20 was probably, as noted in the margin of the Revised Version a “maul” or heavy mace.In 74:6 the Word so rendered means “feller.” (See 3:10;Luk 3:9.)

Azal: (Zec 14:5) should perhaps be rendered “very near” = “the way of escape shall be made easy.” If a proper name, it may denote some Place near the western extremity of the Valley here spoken of near Jerusalem

Azariah: whom Jehovah Helps (1.) Son of Ethan of the Tribe of Judah (1Ch 2:8).

(1Ch 2:2.) Son of Ahimaaz who succeeded his grandfather Zadok as High Priest (1Ch 6:9;1Ki 4:2) in the days of Solomon He officiated at the Consecration of the Temple (1Ch 6:10).

(1Ch 6:3.) The Son of Johanan High Priest in the reign of Abijah and Asa (2Ch 6:10, 2Ch 6:11).

(2Ch 6:4.) High Priest in the reign of Uzziah King of Judah (2Ki 14:21;2Ch 26:17-20). He was contemporary with the prophets Isaiah Amos and Joel

(2Ch 26:5.) High Priest in the days of Hezekiah (2Ch 31:10-13). ... Of the House of Zadok

(2Ch 31:6.) Several other priests and Levites of this name are mentioned (1Ch 6:36;Ezr 7:1;1Ch 9:11;Neh 3:23, etc.).

(Neh 3:7.) The original name of Abed-nego (Dan 1:6, Dan 1:7, Dan 1:11, Dan 1:16). He was of the royal family of Judah and with his other two companions remarkable for his personal beauty and his intelligence as well as Piety

(Dan 1:8.) The Son of Oded a remarkable Prophet in the days of Asa (2Ch 15:1). He stirred up the King and the people to a great national reformation.

Azazel: (Lev 16:8, Lev 16:10, Lev 16:26, Revised Version only here; rendered “scape-goat” in the Authorized Version). This Word has given rise to many different views.Som 16:12 miles East of Jerusalem in the Wilderness Others take it to be the name of an evil Spirit or even of Satan But when we remember that the two goats together form a type of Christ on whom the Lord “laid the iniquity of us all,” and examine into the root meaning of this Word (viz., “separation”), the interpretation of those who regard the one Goat as representing the Atonement made, and the other, that “for Azazel ” as representing the effect of the great work of Atonement (viz., the complete removal of sin), is certainly to be preferred. ... The one Goat which was “for Jehovah” was offered as a sin-offering, by which Atonement was made. But the sins must also be visibly banished, and therefore they were symbolically laid by Confession on the other Goat which was then “sent away for Azazel” into the Wilderness The form of this Word indicates intensity, and therefore signifies the total separation of sin: it was wholly carried away. It was important that the result of the sacrifices offered by the High Priest alone in the Sanctuary should be embodied in a visible transaction, and hence the dismissal of the “scape-goat.” It was of no consequence what became of it, as the whole import of the transaction lay in its being sent into the Wilderness bearing away sin. As the Goat “for Jehovah” was to Witness to the demerit of sin and the need of the blood of Atonement so the Goat “for Azazel” was to Witness to the efficacy of the Sacrifice and the result of the shedding of blood in the taking away of sin.

Azaziah: whom Jehovah strengthened. (1.) One of the Levitical harpers in the Temple (1 Chronicles 15:21).

(2.) The Father of Hoshea, who was made ruler over the Ephraimites (1 Chronicles 27:20).

(3.) One who had charge of the Temple offerings (2 Chronicles 31:13).

Azekah: dug over, a town in the Shephelah or low hills of Judah (Jos 15:35), where the five confederated Amoritish kings were defeated by Joshua and their Army destroyed by a hailstrom (Jos 10:10, Jos 10:11). It was one of the places re-occupied by the Jews on their return from the Captivity (Neh 11:30).

Azel: noble, a descendant of King Saul (1Ch 8:37; 1Ch 9:43, 1Ch 9:44).

Azmaveth: strong as Death (1.) One of David’s thirty warriors (2Sa 23:31).

(2Sa 23:2.) An overseer over the royal Treasury in the time of David and Solomon (1Ch 27:25).

(1Ch 27:3.) A town in the Tribe of Judah near Jerusalem (Neh 12:29;Ezr 2:24).

(Ezr 2:4.)1Ch 8:36

Azotus: the Grecized form (Act 8:40, etc.) of Ashdod (q.v.).

Azubah: deserted. (1.) The Wife of Caleb (1Ch 2:18, 1Ch 2:19).

(1Ch 2:2.) The Daughter of Shilhi, and mother of King Jehoshaphat (1Ki 22:42).

Azur: AND AZZUR helper. (1.) The Father of Hananiah a false Prophet (Jer 28:1).

(Jer 28:2.) The Father of Jaazaniah (Ezk 11:1).

(Ezk 11:3.) One of those who sealed the Covenant with Jehovah on the return from Babylon (Neh 10:17).

Baal: contender with Baal (1Ch 8:34; 1Ch 9:40), elsewhere called Mephibosheth (2Sa 4:4), the Son of Jonathan

Baalath: a town of the Tribe of Dan (Jos 19:44). It was fortified by Solomon (1Ki 9:18;2Ch 8:6). Some have identified it with Bel’ain, in Wady Deir Balut.

BAALATH-

Beer: well. (1.) A Place where a well was dug by the direction of Moses at the forty-fourth station of the Hebrews in their wanderings (Num 21:16-18) in the Wilderness of Moab (See WELL.)

(Num 21:2.) A town in the Tribe of Judah to which Jotham fled for Fear of Abimelech (Jdg 9:21). Some have identified this Place with Beeroth

BEER-

Baalbec: called by the Greeks Heliopolis i.e., “the City of the sun”, because of its famous Temple of the Sun has by some been supposed to be Solomon’s “house of the Forest of Lebanon” (1Ki 7:2; 1Ki 10:17;2Ch 9:16); by others it is identified with Baal-gad (q.v.). It was a City of Coele-Syria, on the lowest declivity of Anti-Libanus,Abo 9:42 miles north-west of Damascus It was one of the most splendid of Syrian cities, existing from a remote antiquity. After sustaining several sieges under the Moslems and others,It 9:1759. Its ruins are of great extent.

BAAL-

Berith: covenant Lord the name of the God worshipped in Shechem after the Death of Gideon (Jdg 8:33; Jdg 9:4).In 9:46 he is called simply “the God Berith ” The name denotes the God of the Covenant into which the Israelites entered with the Canaanites contrary to the command of Jehovah (Exo 34:12), when they began to Fall away to the Worship of idols.

Baale: OF Judah lords of Judah a City in the Tribe of Judah from which David brought the Ark into Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6:2). Elsewhere (1 Chronicles 13:6) called Kirjath-jearim. (See BAALAH.)

BAAL-

Gad: tower of fortune, a town in the plains of Judah probably the modern el-Mejdel, a little to the north-east of Ascalon (Jos 15:37).

Migdol

Hamon: See BAAL-HAMON.

Hanan: merciful. (1.) A Benjamite (1 Chronicles 8:23). (2.) One of David’s heroes (1 Chronicles 11:43). (3.) Jeremiah 35:4. (4.) A descendant of Saul (1 Chronicles 8:38). (5.) One of the Nethinim (Ezr 2:46). (Ezr 2:6.) One of the Levites who assisted Ezra (Neh 8:7). (Neh 8:7.) One of the chiefs who subscribed the Covenant (Neh 10:22).

Hazor: enclosed; fortified. (1.) A stronghold of the Canaanites in the mountains North of Lake Merom (Jos 11:1-5). Jabin the King with his allied tribes here encountered Joshua in a great battle. Joshua gained a signal victory, which virtually completed his conquest of Canaan (Jos 11:10-13). This City was, however, afterwards rebuilt by the Canaanites and was ruled by a King with the same hereditary name of Jabin His Army under a noted leader of the name of Sisera, swept down upon the South aiming at the complete subjugation of the country. This powerful Army was met by the Israelites under Barak who went forth by the advice of the prophetess Deborah The result was one of the most remarkable victories for Israel recorded in the Old Testament (Jos 19:36;Jdg 4:2;1Sa 12:9). ... The City of Hazor was taken and occupied by the Israelites. It was fortified by Solomon to defend the entrance into the Kingdom from Syria and Assyria When Tiglath-pileser, the Assyrian King invaded the land, this was one of the first cities he captured, carrying its inhabitants Captive into Assyria (2Ki 15:29). It has been identified with Khurbet Harrah,2 15:1/2 15:2 miles south-east of Kedesh

(2 15:2.) A City in the South of Judah (Jos 15:23). The name here should probably be connected with the Word following, Ithnan, HAZOR-ITHNAN instead of “Hazor and Ithnan.”

(Jos 15:3.) A district in Arabia (Jer 49:28-33), supposed by some to be Jetor, i.e., Ituraea

(Jer 49:4.) “Kerioth and Hezron” (Jos 15:25) should be “Kerioth-hezron” (as in the R.V.), the two names being joined together as the name of one Place (e.g., like Kirjath-jearim), “the same is Hazor” (R.V.). This Place has been identified with el-Kuryetein, and has been supposed to be the home of Judas Iscariot. (See Kerioth )

HAZOR-

Hermon: a peak, the eastern prolongation of the Anti-Lebanon range, reaching to the height of about 9,200 feet above the Mediterranean. It marks the North boundary of Palestine (Deu 3:8, Deu 4:48; Joshua Deu 11:3, Deu 11:17; Deu 13:11; Deu 12:1), and is seen from a great distance.It 12:40 miles North of the Sea of Galilee. It is called “the Hermonites” (Psa 42:6) because it has more than one summit. The Sidonians called it Sirion, and the Amorites Shenir (Deu 3:9; Cant. Deu 4:8). It is also called Baal-hermon (Jdg 3:3; Jdg 3:1 Chronicles Jdg 5:23) and Sion (Deu 4:48). There is every probability that one of its three summits was the scene of the Transfiguration (q.v.). ... The “dew of Hermon” is referred to (Psa 89:12). Its modem name is Jebel-esh-Sheikh, “the Chief mountain.” It is one of the most conspicuous mountains in Palestine or Syria “In whatever part of Palestine the Israelite turned his Eye Northward Hermon was there, terminating the view. From the Plain along the coast, from the Jordan Valley from the heights of Moab and Gilead, from the plateau of Bashan the pale, Blue snow-capped cone forms the one feature in the northern horizon.”

Our Lord and his disciples climbed this “high mountain apart” one Day and remained on its summit all night, “weary after their long and toilsome ascent.” During the night “he was transfigured before them; and his Face did shine as the Sun ” The next Day they descended to Caesarea Philippi

Baalim: plural of Baal images of the God Baal (Jdg 2:11;1Sa 7:4).

Baalis: king of the Ammonites at the time of the Babylonian Captivity (Jer 40:14). He hired Ishmael to slay Gedaliah who had been appointed Governor over the cities of Judah

BAAL-

Meon: Lord of dwelling, a town of Reuben (Num 32:38), called also Beth-meon (Jer 48:23) and Beth-baal-meon (Jos 13:17). It is supposed to have been the birth-place of Elisha. It is identified with the modern M’ain,Abo 13:3 miles south-east of Heshbon

BAAL-

Peor: house of Peor i.e., “temple of Baal-peor”, a Place in Moab on the East of Jordan opposite Jericho It was in the Tribe of Reuben (Jos 13:20; Deuteronomy Jos 3:29; Jos 4:46). In the “ravine” or Valley over against Beth-peor Moses was probably buried (Deu 34:6).

BETH-

Perazim: , Mount mount of breaches, only in Isaiah 28:21. It is the same as BAAL-PERAZIM (q.v.), where David gained a victory over the Philistines (2Sa 5:20).

Peres

Shalisha: , LAND OF probably the district of Baal-shalisha (2Ki 4:42),Lyi 4:12 miles North of Lydda (1Sa 9:4).

Tamar: palm. (1.) A Place mentioned by Ezekiel (47:19; 48:28), on the southeastern border of Palestine Some suppose this was “Tadmor” (q.v.).

(2.) The daughter-in-law of Judah to whose eldest Son Er, she was married (Gen 38:6). After her husband’s Death she was married to Onan his Brother (Gen 38:8), and on his Death Judah promised to her that his third Son Shelah, would become her Husband This promise was not fulfilled, and hence Tamar’s revenge and Judah’s great guilt (Gen 38:12-30).

(Gen 38:3.) A Daughter of David (2Sa 13:1-32; 2Sa 13:1 Chronicles 2Sa 3:9), whom Amnon shamefully outraged and afterwards “hated exceedingly,” thereby illustrating the Law of human nature noticed even by the Heathen “Proprium humani ingenii est odisse quern laeseris”, i.e., “It is the property of human nature to hate one whom you have injured.”

(2Sa 3:4.) A Daughter of Absalom (2Sa 14:27).

Zebub: fly-Lord, the God of the Philistines at Ekron (2Ki 1:2, 2Ki 1:3, 2Ki 1:16). This name was given to the God because he was supposed to be able to avert the Plague of flies which in that region was to be feared. He was consulted by Ahaziah as to his recovery.

BAAL-

Zephon: Baal of the North an Egyptian town on the shores of the Gulf of Suez (Exo 14:2;Num 33:7), over against which the children of Israel encamped before they crossed the Red Sea It is probably to be identified with the modern Jebel Deraj or Kulalah, on the western shore of the Gulf of Suez. Baal-zapuna of the Egyptians was a Place of Worship

Baana: son of affliction. (1.) One of Solomon’s purveyors (1Ki 4:12).

(1Ki 4:2.) Son of Hushai another of Solomon’s purveyors (1Ki 4:16).

(1Ki 4:3.) Father of Zadok (Neh 3:4).

Baanah: son of affliction. (1.) One of the two sons of Rimmon the Beerothite, a Captain in Saul’s Army He and his Brother Rechab assassinated Ishbosheth (2 Samuel 4:2), and were on this account slain by David and their mutilated bodies suspended over the Pool at Hebron (5, 6, 12 ).

(2.) The Father of Heled who was one of David’s thirty heroes (2 Samuel 23:29; 1 Chronicles 11:30).

Baasha: bravery, the third King of the separate Kingdom of Israel and founder of its second dynasty (1 Kings 15; 16; 2 Chronicles 1Ki 16:1-6). He was the Son of Ahijah of the Tribe of Issachar The City of Tirzah he made the capital of his Kingdom and there he was buried, after an eventful reign of twenty-four years (1Ki 15:33). On account of his idolatries his family was exterminated, according to the Word of the Prophet Jehu (1Ki 16:3, 1Ki 16:4,10 16:13).

Babe: used of children generally (Mat 11:25; Mat 21:16;Luk 10:21;Rom 2:20). It is used also of those who are weak in Christian Faith and knowledge (1Co 3:1;Heb 5:13;1Pe 2:2).In 3:4 the Word “babes” refers to a succession of weak and wicked princes who reigned over Judah from the Death of Josiah downward to the Destruction of Jerusalem

Babel: , TOWER OF the name given to the tower which the primitive fathers of our race built in the land of Shinar after the Deluge (Gen 11:1-9). Their object in Building this tower was probably that it might be seen as a rallying-point in the extensive Plain of Shinar to which they had emigrated from the uplands of Armenia and so prevent their being scattered abroad. But God interposed and defeated their design by condounding their language, and hence the name Babel meaning “confusion.” In the Babylonian tablets there is an account of this event, and also of the Creation and the deluge. (See Chaldea )

The Temple of Belus, which is supposed to occupy its site, is described by the Greek historian Herodotus as a Temple of great extent and magnificence, erected by the Babylonians for their God Belus. ... The treasures Nebuchadnezzar brought from Jerusalem were laid up in this Temple (Gen 11:2 Chronicles Gen 36:7).

The Birs Nimrud, at Ancient Borsippa,Abo 36:7 miles south-west of Hillah, the modern town which occupies a part of the site of Ancient BabylonAnd 36:6 miles from the Euphrates is an immense mass of broken and fire-blasted fragments,Of 36:2,Of 36:300 feet in circumference,Ris 36:235 feet above the desert-plain, and is with probability regarded as the ruins of the tower of Babel This is “one of the most imposing ruins in the country.” Others think it to be the ruins of the Temple of Belus.

Babylon: , Kingdom OF called “the land of the Chaldeans” (Jer 24:5; Ezek, Jer 12:13), was an extensive province in Central Asia along the Valley of the Tigris from the Persian Gulf NorthwardFor 12:300 miles. It was famed for its fertility and its riches. Its capital was the City of Babylon a great commercial centre (Ezk 17:4; Isaiah Ezk 43:14). Babylonia was divided into the two districts of Accad in the North and Summer (probably the Shinar of the Old Testament) in the South Among its Chief cities may be mentioned Ur (now Mugheir or Mugayyar), on the western bank of the Euphrates Uruk, or Erech (Gen 10:10) (now Warka), between Ur and Babylon Larsa (now Senkereh), the Ellasar of Genesis Gen 14:1, a little to the East of Erech Nipur (now Niffer), south-east of Babylon Sepharvaim (2Ki 17:24), “the two Sipparas” (now Abu-Habba), considerably to the North of Babylon and Eridu, “the good city” (now Abu-Shahrein), which lay originally on the shore of the Persian Gulf, but is now, owing to the silting up of the sand,Abo 17:100 miles distant from it. ... Another City was Kulunu, or Calneh (Gen 10:10).

The salt-marshes at the mouths of the Euphrates and Tigris were called Marratu, “the bitter” or “salt”, the Merathaim of Jeremiah Gen 50:21. They were the original home of the Kalda, or Chaldeans.

The most famous of the early kings of Babylonia were Sargon of Accad (B.C.Gen 50:3800) and his Son Naram-Sin, who conquered a large pail of Western Asia, establishing their power in Palestine and even carrying their arms to the Sinaitic peninsula. A great Babylonian library was founded in the reign of Sargon Babylonia was subsequently again broken up into more than one state, and at one time fell under the domination of Elam This was Put an End to by Khammu-rabi (Amraphel), who drove the Elamites out of the country, and overcame Arioch the Son of an Elamite Prince From this time forward Babylonia was a united monarchy. About B.C. Gen 50:1750 it was conquered by the Kassi, or Kosseans, from the mountains of Elam And 50:576Yea 50:9 months.

In the time of Khammu-rabi, Syria and Palestine were subject to Babylonia and its Elamite suzerain; and after the overthrow of the Elamite supremacy, the Babylonian kings continued to Exercise their influence and power in what was called “the land of the Amorites ” In the epoch of the Kassite dynasty, however, Canaan passed into the hands of Egypt

In B.C. Yea 50:729, Babylonia was conquered by the Assyrian King Tiglath-pileser III.; but on the Death of Shalmaneser IV. it was seized by the Kalda or “Chaldean” Prince Merodach-baladan (2Ki 20:12-19), who held it till B.C. 2Ki 20:709, when he was driven out by Sargon

Under Sennacherib Babylonia revolted from Assyria several times, with the help of the Elamites, and after one of these revolts Babylon was destroyed by Sennacherib B.C. 2Ki 20:689. It was rebuilt by Esarhaddon who made it his residence during part of the Year and it was to Babylon that Manasseh was brought a prisoner (2Ki 20:2 Chronicles 2Ki 33:11). After the Death of Esarhaddon Saul-sumyukin, the viceroy of Babylonia, revolted against his Brother the Assyrian King and the revolt was suppressed with difficulty.

When Nineveh was destroyed, B.C. 2Ki 33:606, Nabopolassar, the viceroy of Babylonia, who seems to have been of Chaldean descent, made himself independent. His Son Nebuchadrezzar (Nabu-kudur-uzur), after defeating the Egyptians at Carchemish succeeded him as King B.C. 2Ki 33:604, and founded the Babylonian empire. He strongly fortified Babylon and adorned it with palaces and other buildings. His Son Evil-merodach, who succeeded him in B.C. 2Ki 33:561, was murdered after a reign of two years. The last monarch of the Babylonian empire was Nabonidus (Nabu-nahid), B.C.555 33:538, whose eldest Son Belshazzar (Bilu-sar-uzur), is mentioned in several inscriptions. Babylon was captured by Cyrus B.C. 555 33:538, and though it revolted more than once in later years, it never succeeded in maintaining its independence.

Babylonish: GARMENT a robe of rich colours fabricated at Babylon and hence of great value (Jos 7:21).

Baca: , Valley OF (Psa 84:6; R.V., “valley of weeping,” marg., “or balsam trees”), probably a Valley in some part of Palestine or generally some one of the valleys through which pilgrims had to pass on their way to the Sanctuary of Jehovah on Zion; or it may be figuratively “a Valley of weeping.”

Backbite: In 15:3, the rendering of a Word which means to run about tattling, calumniating;In 25:23, secret talebearing or slandering;In 1:30And 1:2Cor 12:20, evil-speaking, maliciously defaming the absent.

Backslide: to draw back or apostatize in matters of religion (Act 21:21;2Th 2:3; 2Th 2:1 Timothy 2Th 4:1). This may be either partial (Pro 14:14) or complete (Heb 6:4-6; Heb 10:38, Heb 10:39). The apostasy may be both doctrinal and moral.

Badger: this Word is found in Exodus 25:5; 26:14; 35:7, 23; 36:19; 39:34;Num 4:6, etc. The Tabernacle was covered with badgers’ skins; the shoes of women were also made of them (Ezk 16:10). Our translators seem to have been misled by the similarity in sound of the Hebrew tachash and the Latin taxus, “a Badger ” The revisers have correctly substituted “seal s ki ns.” The Arabs of the Sinaitic peninsula apply the name tucash to the seals and dugongs which are common in the Red Sea and the skins of which are largely used as leather and for Sandals Though the Badger is common in Palestine and might occur in the Wilderness its small hide would have been useless as a Tent Covering The dugong, very plentiful in the shallow waters on the shores of the Red Sea is a marine AnimalFro 16:12To 16:30 feet long, something between a Whale and a Seal never leaving the Water but very easily caught. It grazes on seaweed, and is known by naturalists as Halicore tabernaculi.

Bag: (1.) A pocket of a cone-like shape in which Naaman bound two Pieces of Silver for Gehazi (2Ki 5:23).The 3:22, where it is rendered “crisping-pins,” but denotes the reticules (or as R.V., “satchels”) carried by Hebrew women.

(The 3:2.) Another Word (kees) so rendered means a Bag for carrying weights (Deu 25:13;Pro 16:11;Mic 6:11). It also denotes apurse (Pro 1:14) and a cup (Pro 23:31).

(Pro 23:3.) Another Word rendered “bag”In 23:1Sam 17:40 is rendered “sack”In 42:25;And 42:1Sam 9:7; Sam 21:5 “vessel,” or wallet for carrying Food

(Sam 21:4.) The Word rendered in the Authorized Version “bags,” in which the priests bound up the Money contributed for the restoration of the Temple (2Ki 12:10), is also rendered “bundle” (Gen 42:35;1Sa 25:29). It denotes bags used by travellers for carrying Money during a Journey (Pro 7:20; Hag. Pro 1:6).

(Pro 1:5.) The “bag” of Judas was a small Box (Jhn 12:6; Jhn 13:29).

Bahurim: young men, a Place East of Jerusalem (2 Samuel 3:16; 19:16), on the Road to the Jordan Valley Here Shimei resided, who poured forth vile abuse against David and flung dust and Stones at him and his party when they were making their way down the eastern slopes of Olivet toward Jordan (16:5); and here Jonathan and Ahimaaz hid themselves (17:18).

With the exception of Shimei Azmaveth one of David’s heroes, is the only other native of the Place who is mentioned (2 Samuel 23:31; 1 Chronicles 11:33).

Bajith: house, probably a City of Moab which had a celebrated idol-temple (Isa 15:2). It has also been regarded as denoting simply the Temple of the Idol of Moab as opposed to the “high Place ”

Bake: The duty of preparing Bread was usually, in Ancient times, committed to the females or the slaves of the family (Gen 18:6; Leviticus Gen 26:26;1Sa 8:13); but at a later period we find a class of public bakers mentioned (Hos. 1Sa 7:4, 1Sa 7:6; Jeremiah 1Sa 37:21).

The Bread was generally in the form of long or round cakes (Exo 29:23;1Sa 2:36), of a thinness that rendered them easily broken (Isa 58:7; Matthew Isa 14:19; Isa 26:26; Acts Isa 20:11). Common ovens were generally used; at other times ajar was half-filled with hot pebbles, and the Dough was spread over them. Hence we read of “cakes baken on the coals” (1Ki 19:6), and “baken in the oven” (Lev 2:4). (See Bread )

BAKE-

Balaam: Lord of the people; Foreigner or Glutton as interpreted by others, the Son of Beor was a Man of some rank among the Midianites (Num 31:8; comp. Num 31:16). He resided at Pethor (Deu 23:4), in Mesopotamia (Num 23:7). It is evident that though dwelling among idolaters he had some knowledge of the true God and was held in such reputation that it was supposed that he whom he blessed was blessed, and he whom he cursed was cursed. When the Israelites were encamped on the plains of Moab on the East of Jordan by Jericho Balak sent for Balaam “from Aram out of the mountains of the East ” to curse them; but by the remarkable interposition of God he was utterly unable to fulfil Balak’ s wish, however desirous he was to do so. ... The Apostle Peter refers (2Pe 2:15, 2Pe 2:16) to this as an historical event.In 6:5 reference also is made to the relations between Balaam and Balak Though Balaam could not curse Israel yet he suggested a mode by which the divine displeasure might be caused to descend upon them (Num 6:25). In a battle between Israel and the Midianites (q.v.) Balaam was slain while fighting on the side of Balak (Num 31:8).

The “doctrine of Balaam” is spoken of in Revelation Num 2:14, in allusion to the fact that it was through the teaching of Balaam that Balak learned the way by which the Israelites might be led into sin. (See NICOLAITANES.) Balaam was constrained to utter prophecies regarding the future of Israel of wonderful magnificence and beauty of expression (Num 24:5-9, Num 24:17).

Baladan: Merodach has given a Son (Isa 39:1), “the hereditary Chief of the Chaldeans, a small Tribe at that time settled in the marshes at the mouth of the Euphrates but in consequence of his conquest of Babylon afterwards, they became the dominant caste in Babylonia itself.” One bearing this name sent ambassadors to Hezekiah (B.C. Isa 39:721). He is also called Berodach-baladan (2Ki 20:12; 2Ki 20:2 Chronicles 2Ki 20:31). (See HEZEKIAH.)

Balah: a City in the Tribe of Simeon (Jos 19:3), elsewhere called Bilhah (1Ch 4:29) and Baalah (Jos 15:29).

Balak: empty; spoiler, a Son of Zippor, and King of the Moabites (Num 22:2, Num 22:4). From Fear of the Israelites, who were encamped near the confines of his territory, he applied to Balaam (q.v.) to curse them; but in vain (Jos 24:9).

Balance: Occ 19:36And 46:6, as the rendering of the Hebrew kanch’, which properly means “a reed” or “a Cane ” then a rod or Beam of a Balance This same Word is translated “measuring reed”In 40:3,In 40:5; In 42:16-18. There is another Hebrew Word mozena’yim, i.e., “two poisers”, also so rendered (Dan 5:27). The balances as represented on the most Ancient Egyptian monuments resemble those now in use. A “pair of balances” is a symbol of Justice and fair dealing (Job 31:6;Psa 62:9;Pro 11:1).The 6:5.

Baldness

Balm: contracted from Bal’sam, a general name for many oily or resinous substances which flow or trickle from certain trees or plants when an incision is made through the bark.

(1.) This Word occurs in the Authorized Version (Gen 37:25; Gen 43:11;Jer 8:22; Jer 46:11; Jer 51:8;Ezk 27:17) as the rendering of the Hebrew Word tsori or tseri, which denotes the gum of a Tree growing in Gilead (q.v.), which is very precious. It was celebrated for its medicinal qualities, and was circulated as an article of merchandise by Arab and Phoenician merchants. The shrub so named was highly valued, and was almost Peculiar to Palestine In the time of Josephus it was cultivated in the neighbourhood of Jericho and the Dead Sea There is an Arab Tradition that the Tree yielding this Balm was brought by the Queen of Sheba as a present to Solomon and that he planted it in his Gardens at Jericho

(Ezk 27:2.) There is another Hebrew Word basam or bosem, from which our Word “balsam,” as well as the corresponding Greek balsamon, is derived. ... It is rendered “spice” (Cant. Ezk 5:1, Ezk 5:13; Ezk 6:2; margin of Revised Version “balsam;”Exo 35:28;1Ki 10:10), and denotes fragrance in general. Basam also denotes the true balsam-plant, a native of South Arabia (Cant. l.c.).

Bamah: a height, a name used simply to denote a High Place where the Jews worshipped idols (Ezk 20:29). The plural is translated “high places”In 22:41And 36:2.

Bamoth: heights, the forty-seventh station of the Israelites (Num 21:19,Num 21:20) in the territory of the Moabites.

BAMOTH-

Bands: (Hebrews kishshurim), properly girdles or belts for the waist (Isa 3:20, R.V., “sashes;” Jeremiah Isa 2:32, rendered “attire”, i.e., a Girdle round the waist).

HEAD-

Bani: built. (1.) 1 Chronicles 6:46. (2.) One of David’s thirty-seven warriors, a Gadite (2Sa 23:36). (2Sa 23:3.)Ezr 2:10; Ezr 10:29,Ezr 10:34,Ezr 10:38. (Ezr 10:4.) A Levite who was prominent in the reforms on the return from Babylon (Neh 8:7; Neh 9:4,Neh 9:5). His Son Rehum took part in rebuilding the Wall of Jerusalem (Neh 3:17).

Banner: (1.) The Flag or Banner of the larger kind, serving for three tribes marching together. These standards, of which there were four, were worked with embroidery and beautifully ornamented (Num 1:52; Num 2:2, Num 2:3, Num 2:10, Num 2:18, Num 2:25; Cant. Num 2:4; Num 6:4, Num 6:10).

(Num 6:2.) The Flag borne by each separate Tribe of a smaller form. Probably it bore on it the name of the Tribe to which it belonged, or some distinguishing device (Num 2:2,Num 2:34).

(Num 2:3.) A lofty signal-flag, not carried about, but stationary. It was usually erected on a mountain or other lofty Place As soon as it was seen the war-trumpets were blown (Psa 60:4;Isa 5:26; Isa 11:12; Isa 13:2; Isa 18:3; Isa 30:17; Jeremiah Isa 4:6 Isa 4:21;Ezk 27:7). ...

(Ezk 27:4.) A “sign of fire” (Jer 6:1) was sometimes used as a signal.

The banners and ensigns of the Roman Army had idolatrous images upon them, and hence they are called the “abomination of desolation” (q.v.). The principal Roman standard, however, was an eagle. (See Matthew Jer 24:28; Luke Jer 17:37, where the Jewish nation is compared to a Dead body, which the eagles gather together to devour.)

God’s setting up or giving a Banner (Psa 20:5; Psa 60:4; Cant. Psa 2:4) imports his presence and protection and aid extended to his people.

Banquet: a Feast provided for the entertainment of a company of guests (Esther 5; 7;1Pe 4:3); such as was provided for our Lord by his friends in Bethany (Mat 26:6;Mrk 14:3; comp.Jhn 12:2). These Meals were in the days of Christ usually called “suppers,” after the Custom of the Romans and were partaken of toward the close of the Day It was usual to send a second invitation (Mat 22:3;Luk 14:17) to those who had been already invited. When the whole company was assembled, the master of the House shut the door with his own hands (Luk 13:25; Matthew Luk 25:10).

The guests were first refreshed with Water and fragrant Oil (Luk 7:38;Mrk 7:4). A less frequent Custom was that of supplying each guest with a robe to be worn during the Feast (Ecc 9:8;Rev 3:4, Rev 3:5; Matthew Rev 22:11). ... At private banquets the master of the House presided; but on public occasions a “governor of the feast” was Chosen (Jhn 2:8). The guests were placed in order according to seniority (Gen 43:33), or according to the rank they held (Pro 25:6,Pro 25:7; Matthew Pro 23:6;Luk 14:7).

As spoons and knives and forks are a modem invention, and were altogether unknown in the East the hands alone were necessarily used, and were dipped in the dish, which was common to two of the guests (Jhn 13:26). In the days of our Lord the guests reclined at table; but the Ancient Israelites sat around low Tables cross-legged, like the modern Orientals. Guests were specially honoured when extra portions were set before them (Gen 43:34), and when their cup was filled with wine till it ran over (Psa 23:5). The hands of the guests were usually cleaned by being rubbed on Bread the crumbs of which fell to the Ground and were the portion for dogs (Mat 15:27;Luk 16:21).

At the time of the three annual Festivals at Jerusalem family banquets were common. To these the “widow, and the fatherless, and the stranger” were welcome (Deu 16:11). Sacrifices also included a Banquet (Exo 34:15;Jdg 16:23). Birthday banquets are mentioned (Gen 40:20;

Mat 14:6). They were sometimes protracted, and attended with revelry and excess (Gen 21:8; Gen 29:22;1Sa 25:2,1Sa 25:36;2Sa 13:23). Portions were sometimes sent from the table to poorer friends (Neh 8:10;Est 9:19, Est 9:22). (See Meals )

Baptism: OF Christ Christ had to be formally inaugurated into the public discharge of his offices. For this purpose he came to John who was the representative of the Law and the prophets, that by him he might be introduced into his offices, and thus be publicly recognized as the Messiah of whose Coming the prophecies and types had for many ages borne Witness

John refused at first to confer his Baptism on Christ for he understood not what he had to do with the “baptism of Repentance ” But Christ said, ‘“Suffer it to be so now,’ NOW as suited to my state of Humiliation my state as a substitute in the room of sinners.” His reception of Baptism was not necessary on his own account. It was a voluntary act, the same as his act of becoming incarnate. ... Yet if the work he had engaged to accomplish was to be completed, then it became him to take on him the likeness of a sinner, and to fulfil all righteousness (Mat 3:15).

The official duty of Christ and the sinless person of Christ are to be distinguished. It was in his official capacity that he submitted to Baptism In Coming to John our Lord virtually said, “Though sinless, and without any personal taint, yet in my public or official capacity as the Sent of God I stand in the room of many, and bring with me the sin of the world, for which I am the Propitiation ” Christ was not made under the Law on his own account. It was as Surety of his people, a position which he spontaneously assumed. The administration of the rite of Baptism was also a symbol of the Baptism of suffering before him in this official capacity (Luk 12:50). In thus presenting himself he in effect dedicated or consecrated himself to the work of fulfilling all righteousness.

Bar: used to denote the means by which a door is bolted (Neh 3:3); a Rock in the Sea (Jon 2:6); the shore of the Sea (Job 38:10); strong fortifications and powerful impediments, etc. (Isa 45:2; Amos Isa 1:5); defences of a City (1Ki 4:13). A Bar for a door was of Iron (Isa 45:2), Brass (Psa 107:16), or Wood (Nah. Psa 3:13).

Barabbas: i.e., Son of Abba or of a Father a notorious robber whom Pilate proposed to condemn to Death instead of Jesus whom he wished to release, in accordance with the Roman Custom (Jhn 18:40;Mrk 15:7; Luke Mrk 23:19). But the Jews were so bent on the Death of Jesus that they demanded that Barabbas should be pardoned (Mat 27:16-26; Acts Mat 3:14). This Pilate did.

Barachel: whom God has blessed, a Buzite, the Father of Elihu one of Job’s friends (Job 32:2, Job 32:6).

Barachias: , Berechiah 4 (q.v.), whom Jehovah Hath blessed, Father of the Prophet Zechariah (Zec 1:1,Zec 1:7; Matthew Zec 23:35).

Barak: lightning, the Son of Abinoam (Jdg 4:6). At the summons of Deborah he made war against Jabin She accompanied him into the battle, and gave the signal for the little Army to make the attack; in which the Host of Jabin was completely routed. The battle was fought (Jdg 4:16) in the Plain of Jezreel (q.v.). This deliverance of IsraelIs 4:5. Barak’s Faith is commended (Heb 11:32). “The character of Barak though pious, does not seem to have been heroic. Like Gideon and in a sense Samson he is an illustration of the words in Hebrews1 1:34, ‘Out of weakness were made strong.’” (See Deborah )

Barbarian: a Greek Word used in the New Testament (Rom 1:14) to denote one of another nation. In Colossians Rom 3:11, the Word more definitely designates those nations of the Roman empire that did not speak Greek.In 3:1Cor 14:11, it simply refers to one speaking a different language. The inhabitants of Malta are so called (Act 28:1,Act 28:2, Act 28:4). They were originally a Carthaginian Colony This Word nowhere in Scripture bears the meaning it does in modern times.

Barber: Found only once,In 5:1, where reference is made to the Jewish Custom of shaving the head as a sign of mourning. The Nazarites were untouched by the Razor from their Birth (Num 6:5). Comp.Jdg 16:19.

Barefoot: To go Barefoot was a sign of great distress (Isa 20:2, Isa 20:3, Isa 20:4), or of some great calamity having fallen on a person (2Sa 15:30).

Bariah: fugitive, one of Shemaiah’s five sons. Their Father is counted along with them in 1 Chronicles Is 3:22.

Bar-

Jona: son of Jonah the patronymic of Peter (Mat 16:17; John Mat 1:42), because his father’s name was Jonas (See Peter )

Barkos: painter, (Ezr 2:53; Nehemiah Ezr 7:55). The Father of some of the Nethinim

Barley: a Grain much cultivated in Egypt (Exo 9:31) and in Palestine (Lev 27:16;Deu 8:8). It was usually the Food of horses (1Ki 4:28). Barley Bread was used by the poorer people (Jdg 7:13;2Ki 4:42). Barley of the first crop was ready for the Harvest by the time of the Passover in the middle of April (Rut 1:22;2Sa 21:9). Mention is made of barley-meal (Num 5:15). Our Lord fed five thousand with “five Barley loaves and two small fishes” (Jhn 6:9).

Barn: a storehouse (Deu 28:8;Job 39:12; Hag. Job 2:19) for Grain which was usually under Ground although also sometimes above Ground (Luk 12:18).

Barnabas: son of Consolation the surname of Joses, a Levite (Act 4:36). His name stands first on the list of prophets and teachers of the Church at Antioch (Act 13:1). Luke speaks of him as a “good man” (Act 11:24). He was Born of Jewish parents of the Tribe of Levi He was a native of Cyprus where he had a possession of land (Act 4:36, Act 4:37), which he sold. His personal appearance is supposed to have been dignified and commanding (Act 14:1 Act 14:1, Act 14:12). When Paul returned to Jerusalem after his Conversion Barnabas took him and introduced him to the apostles (Act 9:27). They had probably been companions as students in the school of Gamaliel

The prosperity of the Church at Antioch led the apostles and brethren at Jerusalem to send Barnabas thither to superintend the movement. ... He found the work so extensive and weighty that he went to Tarsus in search of Saul to assist him. Saul returned with him to Antioch and laboured with him for a whole Year (Act 11:25, Act 11:26). The two were at the End of this period sent up to Jerusalem with the contributions the Church at Antioch had made for the poorer brethren there (Act 11:28-30). Shortly after they returned, bringing John Mark with them, they were appointed as missionaries to the Heathen world, and in this capacity visited Cyprus and some of the principal cities of Asia Minor (Act 13:14). Returning from this first missionary Journey to Antioch they were again sent up to Jerusalem to consult with the Church there regarding the relation of Gentiles to the Church (Act 15:2: Galatians Act 2:1). This matter having been settled, they returned again to Antioch bringing the decree of the Council as the rule by which Gentiles were to be admitted into the Church

When about to set forth on a second missionary Journey a dispute arose between Saul and Barnabas as to the propriety of taking John Mark with them again. The dispute ended by Saul and Barnabas taking separate routes. Saul took Silas as his companion, and journeyed through Syria and Cilicia; while Barnabas took his nephew John Mark and visited Cyprus (Act 15:36-41). Barnabas is not again mentioned by Luke in the Acts

Barrel: a vessel used for keeping Flour (1Ki 17:12, 1Ki 17:14, 1Ki 17:16). The same Word (cad) so rendered is also translated “pitcher,” a vessel for carrying Water (Gen 24:14;Jdg 7:16).

Barren: For a Woman to be Barren was accounted a severe Punishment among the Jews (Gen 16:2; Gen 30:1-23;1Sa 1:6, 1Sa 1:27;Isa 47:9; Isa 49:21;Luk 1:25). Instances of barrenness are noticed (Gen 11:30; Gen 25:21; Gen 29:31;Jdg 13:2, Jdg 13:3;Luk 1:7, Luk 1:36).

Barsabas: son of Saba, the surname (1) of Joseph also called Justus (Act 1:23), some identify him with Barnabas (Act 1:2) of Judas who was a “prophet.” Nothing more is known of him than what is mentioned in Acts Act 15:32.

Bartholomew: son of Tolmai, one of the twelve apostles (Mat 10:3; Acts Mat 1:13); generally supposed to have been the same as Nathanael In the synoptic Gospels Philip and Bartholomew are always mentioned together, while Nathanael is never mentioned; in the fourth gospel, on the other Hand Philip and Nathanael are similarly mentioned together, but nothing is said of Bartholomew He was one of the disciples to whom our Lord appeared at the Sea of Tiberias after his Resurrection (Jhn 21:2). He was also a Witness of the Ascension (Act 1:4, Act 1:12, Act 1:13). He was an “Israelite indeed” (Jhn 1:47).

Bartemaeus: son of Timaeus, one of the two Blind beggars of Jericho (Mrk 10:46; Matthew Mrk 20:30). His blindness was miraculously cured on the Ground of his Faith

Baruch: blessed. (1.) The secretary of the Prophet Jeremiah (32:12; 36:4). He was of the Tribe of Judah (51:59). To him Jeremiah dictated his prophecies regarding the invasion of the Babylonians and the Captivity These he read to the people from a Window in the Temple in the fourth Year of the reign of Jehoiakim, King of Judah (Jer 51:36). He afterwards read them before the counsellors of the King at a private interview; and then to the King himself, who, after hearing a part of the roll, cut it with a penknife, and threw it into the Fire of his winter Parlour where he was Sitting

During the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar he was the Keeper of the deed of purchase Jeremiah had made of the territory of Hanameel (Jer 32:12). Being accused by his enemies of favouring the Chaldeans, he was cast, with Jeremiah into prison, where he remained till the capture of Jerusalem (B.C. Jer 32:586). He probably died in Babylon

(Jer 32:2.) Nehemiah Jer 3:20; Jer 10:6; Jer 11:5.

Barzillai: of Iron (1.) A Meholathite, the Father of Adriel (2Sa 1:8).

(2Sa 1:2.) A Gileadite of Rogelim who was distinguished for his loyalty to David He liberally provided for the king’s followers (2Sa 17:27). David on his death-bed, remembering his kindness, commended Barzillai’s children to the care of Solomon (1Ki 2:7).

(1Ki 2:3.) A Priest who married a Daughter of the preceding (Ezr 2:61).

Bashan: , Hill OF (Psa 68:15), probably another name for Hermon which lies to the North of Bashan

Jair: enlightener. (1.) The Son of Segub He was brought up with his mother in Gilead, where he had possessions (1Ch 2:22). He distinguished himself in an expedition against Bashan and settled in the part of Argob on the borders of Gilead. The small towns taken by him there are called Havoth-jair, i.e., “Jair’s villages” (Num 32:41;Deu 3:14;Jos 13:30).

(Jos 13:2.) The eighth Judge of Israel which he ruled for twenty-two years.His 10:3-5. He had thirty sons, each riding on “ass colts.” They had possession of thirty of the sixty cities (1Ki 4:13;1Ch 2:23) which formed the Ancient Havoth-jair.

(1Ch 2:3.) A Benjamite, the Father of Mordecai, Esther’s uncle (Est 2:5).

(Est 2:4.) The Father of Elhanan who slew Lahmi, the Brother of Goliath (1Ch 20:5).

Bashemath: sweet-smelling. (1.) The Daughter of Ishmael the last of Esau’s three wives (Gen 36:3, Gen 36:4, Gen 36:13), from whose Son Reuel four tribes of the Edomites sprung. She is also called Mahalath (Gen 28:9). It is noticeable that Esau’s three wives receive different names in the genealogical table of the Edomites (Gen 28:36) from those given to them in the history (Gen 26:34; Gen 28:9).

(Gen 28:2.) A Daughter of Solomon and Wife of Ahimaaz one of his officers (1Ki 4:15).

Basilisk: (in R.V.,Isa 11:8; Isa 14:29; Isa 59:5; Jeremiah Isa 8:17), the “king Serpent ” as the name imports; a fabulous Serpent said to be three spans long, with a spot on its head like a Crown Probably the yellow snake is intended. (See Cockatrice )

Basin

Bastard: In the Old Testament the rendering of the Hebrew Word mamzer’, which means “polluted.” In Deuteronomy 23:2, it occurs in the ordinary sense of illegitimate offspring. In Zechariah 9:6, the Word is used in the sense of Foreigner From the history of Jephthah we learn that there were Bastard offspring among the Jews (Jdg 11:1-7). In Hebrews Jdg 12:8, the Word (Gr. nothoi) is used in its ordinary sense, and denotes those who do not share the privileges of God’s children.

Bastinado: beating, a mode of Punishment common in the East It is referred to by “the rod of correction” (Pro 22:15), “scourging” (Lev 19:20), “chastising” (Deu 22:18). The number of blows could not exceed forty (Deu 25:2, Deu 25:3).

Bat: The Hebrew Word (atalleph’) so rendered (Lev 11:19;Deu 14:18) implies “flying in the dark.” The Bat is reckoned among the birds in the list of unclean animals. To cast idols to the “moles and to the bats” means to carry them into dark caverns or desolate places to which these animals resort (Isa 2:20), i.e., to consign them to desolation or ruin.

Bath: a Hebrew liquid Measure the Tenth part of an Homer (1Ki 7:26, 1Ki 7:38;Ezk 45:10, Ezk 45:14).It 45:8Gal 45:3 quarts of our Measure “Ten acres of vineyard shall yield one bath” (Isa 5:10) denotes great unproductiveness.

BATH-

Rabbim: daughter of many, the name of one of the gates of the City of Heshbon near which were Pools (Cant.7:4).

Baths

Sheba: an Oath Seven (1.) Hebrews shebha, the Son of Raamah (Gen 10:7), whose descendants settled with those of Dedan on the Persian Gulf.

(Gen 10:2.) Hebrews id. A Son of Joktan (Gen 10:28), probably the founder of the Sabeans

(Gen 10:3.) Hebrews id. A Son of Jokshan who was a Son of Abraham by Keturah (Gen 25:3).

(Gen 25:4.) Hebrews id. A Kingdom in Arabia Felix. Sheba in fact, was Saba in Southern Arabia the Sabaeans of classical geography, who carried on the trade in Spices with the other peoples of the Ancient world. They were Semites, speaking one of the two main dialects of Himyaritic or South Arabic. ... Sheba had become a monarchy before the days of Solomon Its Queen brought him Gold Spices and precious Stones (1Ki 10:1-13). She is called by our Lord the “queen of the south” (Mat 12:42).

(Mat 12:5.) Hebrews shebha’, “seven” or “an oak.” A town of Simeon (Jos 19:2).

(Jos 19:6.) Hebrews id. A “son of Bichri,” of the family of Becher the Son of Benjamin and thus of the stem from which Saul was descended (2Sa 20:1-22). When David was returning to Jerusalem after the defeat of Absalom a strife arose between the ten tribes and the Tribe of Judah because the latter took the Lead in bringing back the King Sheba took advantage of this state of things, and raised the standard of revolt, proclaiming, “We have no part in David ” With his followers he proceeded Northward David seeing it necessary to check this revolt, ordered Abishai to take the gibborim, “mighty men,” and the body-guard and such troops as he could gather, and pursue Sheba Joab joined the expedition, and having treacherously Put Amasa to Death assumed the command of the Army Sheba took Refuge in Abel-Bethmaachah, a fortified town some miles North of Lake Merom While Joab was engaged in laying siege to this City Sheba’s head was, at the instigation of a “wise woman” who had held a parley with him from the City walls, thrown over the Wall to the besiegers, and thus the revolt came to an End

Ram: exalted. (1.) The Son of Hezron and one of the ancestors of the royal line (Rut 4:19).The 4:1 Chronicles The 2:9, also Matthew The 1:3, The 1:4 and Luke The 3:33, have “Aram.”

(The 3:2.) One of the sons of Jerahmeel (The 3:1 Chronicles The 2:25, The 2:27).

(The 2:3.)A P 32:2 as founder of a clan to which Elihu belonged. The same as Aram of Genesis A P 22:21.

Bow: The Bow was in use in early times both in war and in the chase (Gen 21:20; Gen 27:3; Gen 48:22). The Tribe of Benjamin were famous for the use of the Bow (Gen 48:1 Chronicles Gen 8:40; Gen 12:2; Gen 12:2 Chronicles Gen 14:8; Gen 17:17); so also were the Elamites (Isa 22:6) and the Lydians (Jer 46:9). The Hebrew Word commonly used for Bow means properly to tread (Jer 46:1 Chronicles Jer 5:18; Jer 8:40), and hence it is concluded that the foot was employed in bending the Bow Bows of steel (correctly “copper”) are mentioned (Jer 8:2 Samuel Jer 22:35;Psa 18:34).

The Arrows were carried in a Quiver (Gen 27:3; Isaiah Gen 22:6; Gen 49:2;Psa 127:5). ... They were apparently sometimes shot with some burning material attached to them (Psa 120:4).

The Bow is a symbol of victory (Psa 7:12). It denotes also falsehood, deceit (Psa 64:3, Psa 64:4; Hos. Psa 7:16; Jeremiah Psa 9:3).

“The use of the bow”In 9:2 Samuel In 1:18 (A.V.) ought to be “the song of the Bow ” as in the Revised Version

Battlement: a parapet Wall or balustrade surrounding the flat roofs of the houses, required to be built by a special Law (Deu 22:8). In Jeremiah Deu 5:10, it denotes the parapet of a City Wall

Bay: denotes the estuary of the Dead Sea at the mouth of the Jordan (Jos 15:5; Jos 18:19), also the southern extremity of the same Sea (Jos 15:2). The same Hebrew Word is rendered “tongue”In 11:15, where it is used with reference to the forked mouths of the Nile.

Bay 6:3, Bay 6:7 denotes the Colour of horses, but the original Hebrew means strong, and is here used rather to describe the horses as fleet or spirited.

Bay

Bdellium: Occ 2:12, where it designates a product of the land of Havilah And 11:7, where the manna is likened to it in Colour It was probably an aromatic gum like balsam which exuded from a particular Tree (Borassus flabelliformis) still found in Arabia Media and India It bears a resemblance in Colour to Myrrh Others think the Word denotes “pearls,” or some precious Stone

Beacon: a pole (Hebrews to’ren) used as a standard or Ensign set on the tops of mountains as a Call to the people to assemble themselves for some great national purpose (Isa 30:17).In 33:23And 27:5, the same Word is rendered “mast.” (See Banner )

Bealiah: whose Lord is Jehovah a Benjamite, one of David’s thirty heroes of the Sling and Bow (1 Chronicles 12:5).

Bealoth: citizens, a town in the extreme South of Judah (Jos 15:24); probably the same as Baalath-beer (Jos 19:8).In 19:1Kin 4:16, the Authorized Version has “in Aloth,” the Revised Version “Bealoth.”

Beam: occurs in the Authorized Version as the rendering of various Hebrew words. In 1 Samuel In 17:7, it means a weaver’s frame or principal Beam in Habakkuk In 2:11, a crossbeam or girder;2Ki 6:2, 2Ki 6:5, a cross-piece or rafter of a House1Ki 7:6, an architectural ornament as a projecting Step or moulding;Ezk 41:25, a thick plank. In the New Testament the Word occurs only in Matthew Ezk 7:3, Ezk 7:4, Ezk 7:5, and Luke Ezk 6:41, Ezk 6:42, where it means (Gr. dokos) a large piece of Wood used for Building purposes, as contrasted with “mote” (Gr. karphos), a small piece or mere splinter. “Mote” and “beam” became proverbial for little and great faults.

Beans: mentioned in 2Sam 17:28 as having been brought to David when flying from Absalom They formed a constituent in the Bread Ezekiel (Sam 4:9) was commanded to make, as they were in general much used as an article of diet. They are extensively cultivated in Egypt and Arabia and Syria

Bear

Beard: The mode of wearing it was definitely prescribed to the Jews (Lev 19:27; Lev 21:5). Hence the import of Ezekiel’s (Lev 5:1-4) description of the “razor” i.e., the agents of an angry Providence being used against the guilty nation of the Jews. It was a part of a Jew’s Daily toilet to Anoint his Beard with Oil and perfume (Psa 133:2). Beards were trimmed with the most fastidious care (2Sa 19:24), and their neglet was an indication of Deep sorrow (Isa 15:2; Jeremiah Isa 41:5). The Custom was to shave or pluck off the Hair as a sign of mourning (Isa 50:6; Jeremiah Isa 48:37;Ezr 9:3). The beards of David’s ambassadors were cut off by Hanun (2Sa 10:4) as a Mark of indignity.

On the other Hand the Egyptians carefully shaved the Hair off their faces, and they compelled their slaves to do so also (Gen 41:14).

Beast

Beaten: OIL (Exo 27:20; Exo 29:40), obtained by pounding olives in a Mortar not by crushing them in a mill. It was reckoned the best. (See Olive )

Beautiful: GATE the name of one of the gates of the Temple (Act 3:2). It is supposed to have been the door which led from the Court of the Gentiles to the Court of the women. It was of massive structure, and covered with plates of Corinthian Brass

Becher: first-born; a youth, the second Son of Benjamin (Gen 46:21), who came down to Egypt with Jacob It is probable that he married an Ephraimitish heiress, and that his descendants were consequently reckoned among the Tribe of Ephraim (Num 26:35; Num 26:1 Chronicles Num 7:20, Num 7:21). They are not reckoned among the descendants of Benjamin (Num 26:38).

Bed: (Hebrews mittah), for Rest at night (Exo 8:3;1Sa 19:13, 1Sa 19:15, 1Sa 19:16, etc.); during sickness (Gen 47:31; Gen 48:2; Gen 49:33, etc.); as a sofa for Rest (1Sa 28:23; Amos 1Sa 3:12). Another Hebrew Word (er’es) so rendered denotes a canopied Bed or a Bed with curtains (Deu 3:11;Psa 132:3), for sickness (Psa 6:6; Psa 41:3).

In the New Testament it denotes sometimes a Litter with a coverlet (Mat 9:2, Mat 9:6; Luke Mat 5:18; Acts Mat 5:15).

The Jewish Bedstead was frequently merely the divan or platform along the sides of the House sometimes a very slight portable frame, sometimes only a mat or one or more quilts. The only material for bed-Clo 5:1Sam 19:13. Sleeping in the Open air was not uncommon, the sleeper wrapping himself in his outer garment (Exo 22:26,Exo 22:27;Deu 24:12,Deu 24:13).

Bedan: one of the Judges of Israel (1Sa 12:11). It is uncertain who he was. Some suppose that Barak is meant, others Samson but most probably this is a contracted form of Abdon (Fud 12:13).

BED-

Chamber: the spare room on the upper floor of an Eastern dwelling (Mrk 14:14;Luk 22:11).In 2:7 the Word is translated “inn” (q.v.).

Bedstead: used in Deuteronomy 3:11, but elsewhere rendered “couch,” “bed.”In 3:2Kin 1:4; Kin 16:2;Psa 132:3; Amos Psa 3:12, the divan is meant by this Word

Bee: First mentioned in Deuteronomy 1:44. Swarms of bees, and the danger of their attacks,Are 118:12. Samson found a “swarm of bees” in the carcass of a lion he had slain (Jdg 14:8). Wild bees are described as laying up Honey in woods and in clefts of rocks (Deu 32:13;Psa 81:16). In Isaiah Psa 7:18 the “fly” and the “bee” are personifications of the Egyptians and Assyrians, the inveterate enemies of Israel

Beelzebub: (Gr. form Beel’zebul), the name given to Satan and found only in the New Testament (Mat 10:25; Mat 12:24, Mat 12:27;Mrk 3:22). It is probably the same as Baalzebub (q.v.), the God of Ekron meaning “the Lord of flies,” or, as others think, “the Lord of Dung ” or “the dung-God.”

Elem: well of heroes, probably the name given to Beer the Place where the chiefs of Israel dug a well (Num 21:16;Isa 15:8).

Beeri: illustrious, or the well-man. (1.) The Father of Judith one of the wives of Esau (Gen 26:34), the same as Adah (Gen 36:2). (Gen 36:2.) The Father of the Prophet Hosea (Gen 1:1).

BEER-LAHAI-

Roi: i.e., “the well of him that liveth and seeth me,” or, as some render it, “the well of the Vision of life”, the well where the Lord met with Hagar (Gen 16:7-14). Isaac dwelt beside this well (Gen 24:62; Gen 25:11). It has been identified with ‘Ain Muweileh, or Moilahhi, south-west of Beersheba And 25:12 miles W. from Kadesh-bamea.

Beeroth: OF THE CHILDREN OF Jaakan (Deu 10:6). The same as Bene-jaakan (Num 33:31).

Beersheba: well of the Oath or well of Seven a well dug by Abraham and so named because he and Abimelech here entered into a compact (Gen 21:31). On re-opening it, Isaac gave it the same name (Gen 26:31-33). It was a favourite Place of abode of both of these patriarchs (Gen 21:33-22:Gen 21:1, Gen 21:19; Gen 26:33; Gen 28:10). It is mentioned among the “cities” given to the Tribe of Simeon (Jos 19:2; Jos 19:1 Chronicles Jos 4:28). From Dan to BeershebaA D 4:144 miles (Jdg 20:1; Jdg 20:1 Chronicles Jdg 21:2; Jdg 21:2 Samuel Jdg 24:2), became the usual way of designating the whole Promised Land, and passed into a Proverb After the return from the Captivity the phrase is narrowed into “from Beersheba unto the Valley of Hinnom” (Neh 11:30). ... The Kingdom of the ten tribes extended from Beersheba to Mount Ephraim (Neh 11:2 Chronicles Neh 19:4). The name is not found in the New Testament It is still called by the Arabs Bir es-Seba, i.e., “well of the seven”, where there are to the present Day two principal wells and five smaller ones. It is nearly midway between the southern End of the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean.

Beetle: (Hebrews hargol, meaning “leaper”).Men 11:22, where it is obvious the Word cannot mean properly the Beetle It denotes some winged creeper with at least four feet, “which has legs above its feet, to leap withal.” The description plainly points to the locust (q.v.). This has been an article of Food from the earliest times in the East to the present Day The Word is rendered “cricket” in the Revised Version

Beeves: (an Old English plural of the Word beef), a name applicable to all ruminating animals except camels, and especially to the Bovidce, or homed Cattle (Lev 22:19, Lev 22:21;Num 31:28, Num 31:30, Num 31:33, Num 31:38, Num 31:44).

Beg

Behead: a method of taking away Life practised among the Egyptians (Gen 40:17-19). There are instances of this mode of Punishment also among the Hebrews (2Sa 4:8; 2Sa 20:21,2Sa 20:22;2Ki 10:6-8). It is also mentioned in the New Testament (Mat 14:8-12;Act 12:2).

Behemoth: (Job 40:15-24). Some have supposed this to be an Egyptian Word meaning a “water-ox.” The Revised Version has here in the margin “hippopotamus,” which is probably the correct rendering of the Word The Word occurs frequently in Scripture but, except here, always as a common name, and translated “beast” or “cattle.”

Bekah: Both the name and its explanation, “a half Shekel ” are given in Exodus 38:26. The Word properly means a “division,” a “part.” (R.V., “beka.”)

Bel: the Aramaic form of Baal the national God of the Babylonians (Isa 46:1; Jeremiah Isa 50:2; Isa 51:44). It signifies “Lord.” (See Baal )

Bela: a thing swallowed. (1.) A City on the shore of the Dead Sea not far from Sodom called also Zoar It was the only one of the five cities that was spared at Lot’s Intercession (Gen 19:20,Gen 19:23).It 14:2,It 14:8.

(It 14:2.) The eldest Son of Benjamin (Num 26:38; “Belah,”Gen 46:21).

(Gen 46:3.) The Son of Beor and a King of Edom (Gen 36:32, Gen 36:33; Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:43).

(Gen 1:4.) A Son of Azaz (Gen 1:1 Chronicles Gen 5:8).

B: E T HE R dissection or separation, certain mountains mentioned in Cant. 2:17; probably near Lebanon

Bellows: occurs only in Jeremiah 6:29, in relation to the casting of metal. Probably they consisted of leather bags similar to those common in Egypt

Belshazzar: Bel protect the king!, the last of the kings of Babylon (Dan 5:1). He was the Son of Nabonidus by Nitocris, who was the Daughter of Nebuchadnezzar and the widow of Nergal-sharezer. When still young he made a great Feast to a thousand of his lords, and when heated with wine sent for the sacred vessels his “father” (Dan 5:2), or grandfather, Nebuchadnezzar had carried away from the Temple in Jerusalem and he and his princes drank out of them. In the midst of their mad revelry a Hand was seen by the King tracing on the Wall the announcement of God’s Judgment which that night fell upon him. At the instance of the Queen (i.e., his mother) Daniel was brought in, and he interpreted the Writing That night the Kingdom of the Chaldeans came to an End and the King was slain (Dan 5:30). ... (See NERGAL-SHAREZER.)

The absence of the name of Belshazzar on the monuments was long regarded as an argument against the genuineness of the Book of Daniel In 5:1854 Sir Henry Rawlinson found an inscription of Nabonidus which referred to his eldest Son Quite recently, however, the side of a ravine undermined by heavy rains fell at Hillah, a suburb of Babylon A number of huge, coarse earthenware vases were laid bare. These were filled with tablets, the receipts and contracts of a firm of Babylonian bankers, which showed that Belshazzar had a household, with secretaries and stewards. One was dated in the third Year of the King Marduk-sar-uzur. As Marduk-sar-uzar was another name for Baal this Marduk-sar-uzur was found to be the Belshazzar of Scripture In one of these contract tablets, dated in the July after the defeat of the Army of Nabonidus, we find him paying tithes for his sister to the Temple of the sun-God at Sippara.

Belteshazzar: Beltis protect the king!, the Chaldee name given to Daniel by Nebuchadnezzar (Dan 1:7).

Benaiah: built up by Jehovah (1.) The Son of Jehoiada Chief Priest (1 Chronicles 27:5). He was set by David over his body-guard of Cherethites and Pelethites (2 Samuel 8:18;1Ki 1:32; 1Ki 1:1 Chronicles 1Ki 18:17).His 18:2 Samuel His 23:20, His 23:21, His 23:22; His 23:1 Chronicles His 11:22. He remained Faithful to Solomon (1Ki 1:8, 1Ki 1:10, 1Ki 1:26), by whom he was raised to the rank of commander-in-chief (1Ki 2:25, 1Ki 2:29, 1Ki 2:30, 1Ki 2:34, 1Ki 2:35; 1Ki 4:4).

(1Ki 4:2.) 1Ki 4:2 Samuel 1Ki 23:30; 1Ki 23:1 Chronicles 1Ki 11:31.

(1Ki 11:3.) A musical Levite (1Ki 11:1 Chronicles 1Ki 15:18, 1Ki 15:20).

(1Ki 15:4.) A Priest (1Ki 15:1 Chronicles 1Ki 15:24; 1Ki 16:6).

(1Ki 16:5.) The Son of Jeiel (1Ki 16:2 Chronicles 1Ki 20:14).

BEN-

Hadad: Adod, brave(?), the name of a Syrian God (1.) An Edomite King who defeated the Midianites (Gen 36:35; Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:46).

(Gen 1:2.) Another Edomite King (Gen 1:1 Chronicles Gen 1:50, Gen 1:51), called also Hadar (Gen 36:39; Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:51).

(Gen 1:3.) One of “the king’s seed in Edom ” He fled into Egypt where he married the sister of Pharaoh’s Wife (1Ki 11:14-22). He became one of Solomon’s adversaries.

Hadad, sharp, (a different name in Hebrew from the preceding), one of the sons of Ishmael (1Ki 11:1 Chronicles 1Ki 1:30). Called also Hadar (Gen 25:15).

Benjamin: son of my right Hand (1.) The younger Son of Jacob by Rachel (Gen 35:18). His Birth took Place at Ephrath, on the Road between Bethel and Bethlehem at a short distance from the latter Place His mother died in giving him Birth and with her last breath named him Ben-oni, Son of my pain, a name which was changed by his Father into Benjamin His posterity are called Benjamites (Gen 49:27;Deu 33:12;Jos 18:21).

The Tribe of Benjamin at the Exodus was the smallest but one (Num 1:36, Num 1:37;Psa 68:27). During the march its Place was along with Manasseh and Ephraim on the west of the Tabernacle At 68:45,At 68:600 warriors. ... It has been inferred by some from the words of Jacob (Gen 49:27) that the figure of a wolf was on the tribal standard.Thi 11:1; Phil. Thi 3:5.

The inheritance of this Tribe lay immediately to the South of that of Ephraim And 3:26Mil 3:12 in breadth. Its eastern boundary was the Jordan Dan intervened between it and the Philistines Its 18:21-28.

The history of the Tribe contains a sad record of a desolating civil war in which they were engaged with the other eleven tribes. By it they were almost exterminated (Jdg 20:20, Jdg 20:21; Jdg 21:10). (See GIBEAH.)

The first King of the Jews was Saul a Benjamite. A close Alliance was formed between this Tribe and that of Judah in the time of David (2Sa 19:16, 2Sa 19:17), which continued after his Death (1Ki 11:13; 1Ki 12:20). After the Exile these two tribes formed the great body of the Jewish nation (Ezr 1:5; Ezr 10:9).

The Tribe of Benjamin was famous for its archers (1Sa 20:20, 1Sa 20:36;2Sa 1:22;1Ch 8:40; 1Ch 12:2) and slingers (Judge. 1Ch 20:6).

The Gate of Benjamin on the North side of Jerusalem (Jer 37:13; Jer 38:7;Zec 14:10), was so called because it led in the direction of the territory of the Tribe of Benjamin It is called by Jeremiah (Zec 20:2) “the High Gate of Benjamin ” also “the Gate of the children of the people” (Zec 17:19). (Comp.2Ki 14:13.)

Beor: a torch. (1.) The Father of Bela one of the kings of Edom (Gen 36:32).

(Gen 36:2.) The Father of Balaam (Num 22:5; Num 24:3, Num 24:15; Num 31:8).In 31:2Pet 2:15 he is called Bosor.

Bera: gift, or Son of evil, King of Sodom at the time of the invasion of the four kings under Chedorlaomer (Gen 14:2, Gen 14:8, Gen 14:17, Gen 14:21).

Berachah: blessing. (1.) A Valley not far from Engedi where Jehoshaphat overthrew the Moabites and Ammonites (2Ch 20:26). It has been identified with the Valley of Bereikut. (R.V., “Beracah.”)

(2Ch 20:2.) One of the Benjamite warriors, Saul’s brethren, who joined David when at Ziklag (1Ch 12:3).

Berea: a City of Macedonia to which Paul with Silas and Timotheus went when persecuted at Thessalonica (Act 17:10, Act 17:13), and from which also he was compelled to withdraw, when he fled to the sea-coast and thence sailed to Athens (Act 17:14, Act 17:15). Sopater one of Paul’s companions belonged to this City and his Conversion probably took Place at this time (Act 20:4). It is now called Verria.

Berechiah: blessed by Jehovah (1.) Son of Shimea and Father of Asaph the Musician (1 Chronicles 6:39; 15:17).

(2.) One of the Seven Ephraimite chieftains, Son of Meshillemoth (2 Chronicles 28:12).

(3.) The fourth of the five sons of Zerubbabel of the royal family of Judah (1 Chronicles 3:20).

(4.) The Father of the Prophet Zechariah (1:1,7).

Bered: hail. (1.) A town in the South of Palestine (Gen 16:14), in the Desert of Shur near Lahai-roi.

(Gen 16:2.) A Son of Shuthelah, and grandson of Ephraim (1Ch 7:20).

Beriah: a Gift or in evil. (1.) One of Asher’s four sons, and Father of Heber (Gen 46:17).

(Gen 46:2.) A Son of Ephraim (1Ch 7:20-23), Born after the slaughter of his brothers, and so called by his Father “because it went evil with his house” at that time.

(1Ch 7:3.) A Benjamite who with his Brother Shema founded Ajalon and expelled the Gittites (1Ch 8:13).

Bernice: bearer of victory, the eldest Daughter of Agrippa I., the Herod Agrippa of Acts 12:20. After the early Death of her first Husband she was married to her uncle Herod King of Chalcis. After his Death (A.D. 40) she lived in incestuous connection with her Brother Agrippa II. (Act 25:13, Act 25:23; Act 26:30). They joined the Romans at the outbreak of the final war between them and the Jews, and lived afterwards at Rome

BERODACH-

Beryl: the rendering in the Authorized Version of the Hebrew Word Tarshish a precious Stone probably so called as being brought from Tarshish It was one of the Stones on the Breastplate of the High Priest (Exo 28:20; R.V. marg., “chalcedony;” Exo 39:13). The Colour of the wheels in Ezekiel’s Vision was as the Colour of a Beryl Stone (Exo 1:16; Exo 10:9; R.V., “stone of Tarshish”). It is mentioned in Cant. Exo 5:14;Dan 10:6;Rev 21:20.In 28:13 the LXX. render the Word by “chrysolite,” which the Jewish historian Josephus regards as its proper translation. This also is the rendering given in the Authorized Version in the margin. That was a gold-coloured gem, the Topaz of Ancient authors.

Besom: the rendering of a Hebrew Word meaning sweeper,Occ 14:23, of the sweeping away, the utter ruin, of Babylon

Besor

Bestead: the rendering in Isaiah 8:21, where alone it occurs, of a Hebrew Word meaning to oppress, or be in circumstances of hardship.

Betah: confidence, a City belonging to Hadadezer King of Zobah which yielded much spoil of Brass to David (2 Samuel 8:8).In 8:1 Chronicles In 18:8 it is called Tibhath.

Beth: occurs frequently as the appellation for a House or dwelling-place, in such compounds as the words immediately following:

Bethabara: house of the ford, a Place on the East bank of the Jordan where John was baptizing (Jhn 1:28). It may be identical with Bethbarah,

the Ancient ford of Jordan of which the men of Ephraim took possession (Jdg 7:24). The Revised Version reads “Bethany Beyond Jordan ” It was the great ford, and still bears the name of “the ford,” Makhadhet ‘Abarah, “the ford of crossing over,”Abo 7:25 miles from Nazareth. (See BETHBARAH.)

BETH-

Anoth: house of answers, a City in the mountainous district of Judah (Jos 15:59). It has been identified with the modern Beit-‘Anun,Abo 15:3 miles northeast of Hebron

Bethany: house of dates. (1.)The 1:28 has this Word instead of Bethabara on the authority of the oldest manuscripts. It appears to have been the name of a Place on the East of Jordan

(The 1:2.) A village on the south-eastern slope of the Mount of Olives (Mrk 11:1),Abo 11:2 miles East of Jerusalem on the Road to Jericho It derived its name from the number of palm-trees which grew there. It was the residence of Lazarus and his sisters. It is frequently mentioned in connection with memorable incidents in the Life of our Lord (Mat 21:17; Mat 26:6;Mrk 11:11, Mrk 11:12; Mrk 14:3;Luk 24:50;Jhn 11:1; Jhn 12:1). It is now known by the name of el-Azariyeh, i.e., “place of Lazarus ” or simply Lazariyeh. Seen from a distance, the village has been described as “remarkably Beautiful the perfection of retirement and repose, of seclusion and lovely Peace ” Now a mean village, containing about twenty families.

BETH-

En: House of nothingness; i.e., “of idols”, a Place in the mountains of Benjamin East of Bethel (Joshua 7:2; 18:12; 1 Samuel 13:5). In Hos. 4:15; 5:8; 10:5 it stands for “Bethel” (q.v.), and it is so called because it was no longer the “house of God ” but “the House of idols,” referring to the calves there worshipped.

BETH-

Barah: house of crossing, a Place South of the scene of Gideon’s victory (Jdg 7:24). It was probably the Chief ford of the Jordan in that district, and may have been that by which Jacob crossed when he returned from Mesopotamia, near the Jabbok (Gen 32:22), and at which Jephthah slew the Ephraimites (Jdg 12:4). Nothing, however, is certainly known of it. (See Bethabara )

BETH-

Car: sheep-house, a Place to which the Israelites pursued the Philistines west from Mizpeh (1Sa 7:11).

BETH-

Dagon: house of Dagon (1.) A City in the low country or Plain of Judah near Philistia (Jos 15:41); the modern Beit Degan,Abo 15:5 miles from Lydda

(Abo 15:2.) A City near the south-east border of Asher (Jos 19:27). It was a Philistine Colony It is identical with the modern ruined village of Tell D’auk.

BETH-

Diblathaim: house of two cakes of figs, a City of Moab upon which Jeremiah (48:22) denounced Destruction It is called also Almon-diblathaim (Num 33:46) and Diblath (Ezk 6:14). (R.V., “Diblah.”)

■Bethel House of God (Ezk 6:1.) A Place in Central PalestineAbo 6:10 miles North of Jerusalem at the head of the pass of Michmash and Ai. It was originally the royal Canaanite City of Luz (Gen 28:19). The name Bethel was at first apparently given to the Sanctuary in the neighbourhood of Luz and was not given to the City itself till after its conquest by the Tribe of Ephraim When Abram entered Canaan he formed his second encampment between Bethel and Hai (Gen 12:8); and on his return from Egypt he came back to it, and again “called upon the name of the Lord” (Gen 13:4). ... Here Jacob on his way from Beersheba to Haran had a Vision of the angels of God ascending and descending on the Ladder whose top reached unto Heaven (Gen 28:10, Gen 28:19); and on his return he again visited this Place “where God talked with him” (Gen 35:1-15), and there he “built an Altar and called the Place El-beth-el” (q.v.). To this second occasion of God’s speaking with Jacob at Bethel, Hosea (Gen 12:4,Gen 12:5) makes reference.

In troublous times the people went to Bethel to ask counsel of God (Jdg 20:18, Jdg 20:31; Jdg 21:2). Here the Ark of the Covenant was kept for a long time under the care of Phinehas the grandson of Aaron (Jdg 20:26-28). Here also Samuel held in rotation his Court of Justice (Jdg 20:1 Samuel Jdg 7:16). It was included in Israel after the Kingdom was divided, and it became one of the seats of the Worship of the Golden Calf (1Ki 12:28-33; 1Ki 13:1). Hence the Prophet Hosea (Hos. 1Ki 4:15; 1Ki 5:8; 1Ki 10:5, 1Ki 10:8) calls it in contempt Beth-aven, i.e., “house of idols.” Bethel remained an abode of priests even after the Kingdom of Israel was desolated by the King of Assyria (2Ki 17:28, 2Ki 17:29). At length all traces of the idolatries were extirpated by Josiah King of Judah (2Ki 23:15-18); and the Place was still in existence after the Captivity (Ezr 2:28; Nehemiah Ezr 7:32). It has been identified with the ruins of Beitin,A S 7:9 miles South of Shiloh

(A S 7:2.) Mount Bethel was a hilly district near Bethel (Jos 16:1; Jos 16:1 Samuel Jos 13:2).

(Jos 13:3.) A town in the South of Judah (Jos 8:17; Jos 12:16).

I: THRILL two of David’s warriors so designated (2 Samuel 23:38; 1 Chronicles 11:40).

iTTAInear

Bethesda: house of mercy, a reservoir (Gr. kolumbethra, “a swimming bath”) with five porches, close to the sheep-gate or Market (Neh 3:1; John Neh 5:2). Eusebius the historian (A.D. Neh 5:330) calls it “the sheep-pool.” It is also called “Bethsaida” and “Beth-zatha” (Jhn 5:2, R.V. marg.). Under these “porches” or colonnades were usually a large number of infirm people waiting for the “troubling of the Water ” It is usually identified with the modern so-called Fountain of the Virgin in the Valley of the Kidron, and not far from the Pool of Siloam (q.v.); and also with the Birket Israel a Pool near the mouth of the Valley which runs into the Kidron South of “St. Stephen’s Gate ” Others again identify it with the twin Pools called the “Souterrains,” under the convent of the Sisters of Zion, situated in what must have been the rock-hewn ditch between Bezetha and the fortress of Antonia But quite recently Schick has discovered a large tank, as sketched here,Sit 5:100 feet north-west of St. ... Anne’s Church which is, as he contends, very probably the Pool of Bethesda No certainty as to its identification, however, has as yet been arrived at. (See Fountain GIHON.)

BETH-

Gamul: weaned the leader of one of the priestly Courses (1 Chronicles 24:17).

Gap

Gilgal: house of Gilgal a Place from which the inhabitants gathered for the purpose of celebrating the rebuilding of the walls on the return exile (Neh 12:29). (See GILGAF.)

BETH-

Haccerem: house of a vineyard, a Place in the Tribe of Judah (Neh 3:14) where the Benjamites were to set up a Beacon when they heard the trumpet against the invading Army of the Babylonians (Jer 6:1). It is probable that this Place is the modern ‘Ain Karim, or “well of the vineyards,” near which there is a ridge on which are cairns which may have served as beacons of Old One 6:40Fee 6:130 in diameter.

BETH-

Horon: house of the hollow, or of the cavern, the name of two towns or Villages (2 Chronicles 8:5; 1 Chronicles 7:24) in the territory of Ephraim on the way from Jerusalem to Joppa They are distinguished as Beth-horon “the upper” and Beth-horon “the nether.”The 7:2 miles apart,The 7:10 miles north-west of Jerusalem Between the two places was the ascent and descent of Beth-horon, leading from Gibeon down to the western Plain (Jos 10:10, Jos 10:11; Jos 18:13, Jos 18:14), down which the five kings of the Amorites were driven by Joshua in that great battle, the most important in which the Hebrews had been as yet engaged, being their first conflict with their enemies in the Open field. ... Jehovah interposed in behalf of Israel by a terrific hailstorm, which caused more deaths among the Canaanites than did the swords of the Israelites. Beth-horon is mentioned as having been taken by Shishak B.C. Jos 18:945, in the list of his conquests, and the pass was the scene of a victory of Judas Maccabeus. (Comp. Exodus Jos 9:19, Jos 9:25; Job Jos 38:22, Jos 38:23;Psa 18:12-14; Isaiah Psa 30:30.) The modern name of these places is Beit-ur, distinguished by el-Foka, “the upper,” and el-Tahta, “the nether.” The lower was at the foot of the pass, and the upper, Psa 30:500 feet higher, at the top, west of Gibeon. (See GIBEON.)

BETH-

Jeshimoth: house of wastes, or deserts, a town near Abel-shittim, East of Jordan in the Desert of Moab where the Israelites encamped not long before crossing the Jordan (Num 33:49; A.V., “Bethjesimoth”). It was within the territory of Sihon, King of the Amorites (Jos 12:3).

BETH-LE-

Aphrah: (R.V.Mic 1:10), House of dust. The Authorized Version reads “in the House of Aphrah ” This is probably the name of a town in the Shephelah, or “low country,” between Joppa and Gaza

Bethlehem: house of Bread (1.) A City in the “hill country” of Judah It was originally called Ephrath (Gen 35:16, Gen 35:19; Gen 48:7; Ruth Gen 4:11). It was also called Beth-lehem Ephratah (Mic 5:2), Beth-lehem-judah (1Sa 17:12), and “the City of David” (Luk 2:4). It is first noticed in Scripture as the Place where Rachel died and was buried “by the wayside,” directly to the North of the City (Gen 48:7). The Valley to the East was the scene of the story of Ruth the Moabite ss. There are the fields in which she gleaned, and the path by which she and Naomi returned to the town. Here was David’s birth-place, and here also, in after years, he was anointed as King by Samuel (1Sa 16:4-13); and it was from the well of Bethlehem that three of his heroes brought Water for him at the risk of their lives when he was in the Cave of Adullam (2Sa 23:13-17). ... But it was distinguished above every other City as the birth-place of “Him whose goings forth have been of old” (Mat 2:6; comp.Mic 5:2). Afterwards Herod “when he saw that he was mocked of the Wise men,” sent and slew “all the children that were in Bethlehem and in all the coasts thereof, from two years Old and under” (Mat 2:16, Mat 2:18; Jeremiah Mat 31:15).

Bethlehem bears the modem name of Beit-Lahm, i.e., “house of Flesh ”It 31:5 miles South of Jerusalem Sta 31:2,Sta 31:550 feet above the SeaThu 31:100 feet higher than Jerusalem

There is a Church still existing, built by Constantine the Great (A.D. Thu 31:330), called the “Church of the Nativity ” over a grotto or Cave called the “holy crypt,” and said to be the “stable” in which Jesus was bom. This is perhaps the oldest existing Christian Church in the world. Close to it is another grotto, where Jerome the Latin Father is said to have spent thirty years of his Life in translating the Scriptures into Latin (See Version )

(Thu 31:2.) A City of Zebulun mentioned only in Joshua Thu 19:15. Now Beit-Lahm,A R 19:6 miles west-north- west of Nazareth.

BETH-

Phage: house of the unripe fig, a village on the Mount of Olives, on the Road from Jerusalem to Jericho (Mat 21:1;Mrk 11:1;Luk 19:29), and very close to Bethany It was the limit of a Sabbath-day’s Journey from Jerusalem i.e., Luk 19:2,Luk 19:000 cubits. It has been identified with the modern Kefr-et-Tur.

Bethsaida: house of Fish (1.) A town in Galilee, on the west side of the Sea of Tiberias in the “land of Gennesaret ” It was the native Place of Peter Andrew and Philip and was frequently resorted to by Jesus (Mrk 6:45; John Mrk 1:44; Mrk 12:21). It is supposed to have been at the modern ‘Ain Tabighah, a Bay to the North of Gennesaret

(Mrk 12:2.) A City near which ChristFed 12:5,Fed 12:000 (Luk 9:10; comp. John Luk 6:17; Matthew Luk 14:15-21), and where the Blind Man had his sight restored (Mrk 8:22), on the East side of the lake, two miles up the Jordan It stood within the region of Gaulonitis, and was enlarged by Philip the Tetrarch who called it “Julias,” after the emperor’s Daughter Or, as some have supposed, there may have been but one Bethsaida built on both sides of the lake, near where the Jordan enters it. Now the ruins et-Tel.

BETH-

Shean: house of security or Rest a City which belonged to Manasseh (1 Chronicles 7:29), on the west of Jordan The bodies of Saul and his sons were fastened to its walls. In Solomon’s time it gave its name to a district (1Ki 4:12). The name is found in an abridged form, Bethshan,In 4:1Sam 31:10,12 31:2Sam 21:12. It is on the Road from Jerusalem to Damascus Abo 21:5 miles from the Jordan And 21:14 from the South End of the Lake of Gennesaret After the Captivity it was called Scythopolis, i.e., “the City of the Scythians,” who about B.C. And 21:640 came down from the steppes of Southern Russia and settled in different places in Syria It is now called Beisan.

BETH-

Shemesh: fountain of the Sun a Spring which formed one of the landmarks on the boundary between Judah and Benjamin (Jos 15:7; Jos 18:17). It was between the “ascent of Adummim” and the Spring of En-rogel, and hence was on the East of Jerusalem and of the Mount of Olives. It is the modern ‘Ain-Haud i.e., the “well of the apostles” about a mile East of Bethany the only Spring on the Road to Jericho The Sun shines on it the whole Day long.

Tappuah: apple-region. (1.) A town in the Valley or lowland of Judah formerly a royal City of the Canaanites (Jos 12:17; Jos 15:34). It is now called Tuffuh,Abo 15:12 miles west of Jerusalem

(Abo 15:2.) A town on the border of Ephraim (Jos 16:8). The “land” of Tappuah fell to Manasseh but the “city” to Ephraim (Jos 17:8).

(Jos 17:3.) En-tappuah, the well of the Apple probably one of the springs near Yassuf (Jos 17:7).

Bethuel: man of God or Virgin of God or House of God (1.) The Son of Nahor by Milcah; nephew of Abraham and Father of Rebekah (Gen 22:22, Gen 22:23; Gen 24:15, Gen 24:24, Gen 24:47). He appears in person only once (Gen 24:50).

(Gen 24:2.) A southern City of Judah (Gen 24:1 Chronicles Gen 4:30); called also Bethul (Jos 19:4) and Bethel (Jos 12:16;1Sa 30:27).

Bethzur: house of Rock a town in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:58),Abo 15:4 miles to the North of Hebron It was built by Rehoboam for the defence of his Kingdom (Abo 15:2 Chronicles Abo 11:7). It stood near the modem ed-Dirweh. Its ruins are still seen on a Hill which bears the name of Beit-Sur, and which commands the Road from Beer-sheba and Hebron to Jerusalem from the South

Betroth: to promise “by one’s Truth ” Men and women were betrothed when they were engaged to be married. This usually took Place a Year or more before marriage. From the time of betrothal the Woman was regarded as the lawful Wife of the Man to whom she was betrothed (Deu 28:30;Jdg 14:2, Jdg 14:8; Matthew Jdg 1:18-21). The term is figuratively employed of the spiritual connection between God and his people (Hos. Jdg 2:19, Jdg 2:20).

Beulah: married,Is 62:4 metaphorically as the name of Judea “Thy land shall be married,” i.e., favoured and blessed of the Lord

Bewray: to reveal or disclose; an Old English Word equivalent to “betray” (Pro 27:16; Pro 29:24, R.V., “uttereth;”Isa 16:3; Matthew Isa 26:73).

Beyond: when used with reference to Jordan signifies in the writings of Moses the west side of the River as he wrote on the East bank (Gen 50:10, Gen 50:11;Deu 1:1, Deu 1:5; Deu 3:8, Deu 3:20; Deu 4:46); but in the writings of Joshua after he had crossed the River it means the East side (Jos 5:1; Jos 12:7; Jos 22:7).

Bezaleel: in the Shadow of God i.e., “under his protection”, the Artificer who executed the work of art in connection with the Tabernacle in the Wilderness (Exo 31:2; Exo 35:30). He was engaged principally in Works of metal, Wood and Stone while Aholiab who was associated with him and subordinate to him, had the charge of the textile fabrics (Exo 36:1, Exo 36:2; Exo 38:22). He was of the Tribe of Judah the Son of Uri, and grandson of Hur (Exo 31:2).Men 10:30 of another of the same name.

Bezek: lightning. (1.) The residence of Adoni-bezek, in the Lot of Judah (Jdg 1:5). It was in the mountains, not far from Jerusalem Probably the modern Bezkah, Jdg 1:6 miles south-east of Lydda

(Jdg 1:2.) The Place where Saul numbered the Forces of Israel and Judah (1Sa 11:8); somewhere in the centre of the country, near the Jordan Valley Probably the modern Ibzik, 1Sa 11:13 miles north-east of Shechem

■B Ezer ore of Gold or Silver (1Sa 11:1.) A City of the Reubenites; one of the three cities of Refuge on the East of Jordan (Deu 4:43;Jos 20:8). It has been identified with the modern ruined village of Burazin,Som 20:12 miles North of Heshbon also with Kasur-el-Besheir, Som 20:2 miles south-west of Dibon.

(Som 20:2.) A descendant of Asher (1Ch 7:37).

Bible: Bible, the English form of the Greek name Biblia, meaning “books,” the name which in the fifth century began to be given to the entire Collection of sacred books, the “Library of Divine Revelation ” The name Bible was adopted by Wickliffe, and came gradually into use in our English language. The Bible consists of sixty-six different books, composed by many different writers, in three different languages, under different circumstances; writers of almost every social rank, statesmen and peasants, kings, herdsmen, fishermen, priests, tax-gatherers, tentmakers; educated and uneducated, Jews and Gentiles most of them unknown to each other, and Writing at various periods during the space of about 1600 years: and yet, after all, it is only one book dealing with only one subject in its numberless aspects and relations, the subject of man’s Redemption

It is divided into the Old Testament containing thirty-nine books, and the New Testament containing twenty-seven books. ... The names given to the Old in the writings of the New are “the scriptures” (Mat 21:42), “scripture” (2Pe 1:20), “the Holy scriptures” (Rom 1:2), “the law” (Jhn 12:34), “the Law of Moses the prophets, and the psalms” (Luk 24:44), “the Law and the prophets” (Mat 5:17), “the Old covenant” (2Co 3:14, R.V.).The 3:400 years between the Old Testament and the New (See Apocrypha )

The Old Testament is divided into three parts:, The 3:1. The Law (Torah), consisting of the Pentateuch or five books of Moses The 3:2. The Prophets, consisting of (The 3:1) the former, namely, Joshua Judges the Books of Samuel and the Books of Kings; (The 3:2) the latter, namely, the greater prophets, Isaiah Jeremiah and Ezekiel, and the twelve minor prophets. The 3:3. The Hagiographa, or Holy writings, including the Rest of the books. These were ranked in three divisions:, (The 3:1) The Psalms Proverbs and Job distinguished by the Hebrew name, a Word formed of the initial letters of these books, emeth, meaning Truth (The 3:2) Canticles, Ruth Lamentations Ecclesiastes and Esther called the five rolls, as being written for the Synagogue use on five separate rolls. (The 3:3) Daniel Ezra, Nehemiah And 3:1And 3:2 Chronicles Between the Old and the New Testament no addition was made to the Revelation God had already given. The period of New Testament Revelation extending over a century, began with the appearance of John the Baptist.

The New Testament consists of (And 3:1) the historical books, viz., the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles; (And 3:2) the Epistles and (And 3:3) the book of Prophecy the Revelation

The division of the Bible into chapters and verses is altogether of human invention, designed to facilitate reference to it. The Ancient Jews divided the Old Testament into certain sections for use in the Synagogue service, and then at a later period, in the ninth century A.D., into verses. Our modern system of chapters for all the books of the Bible was introduced by Cardinal Hugo about the middle of the thirteenth century (He 3:1263).The 3:1551, and generally adopted, although neither Tyndale’s nor Coverdale’s English translation of the Bible has verses. The division is not always wisely made, yet it is very useful. (See Version )

Er: EAGLE Hebrews Raham = “parental Affection ” Leviticus 11:18; Deuteronomy 14:17; R.V., “vulture”), a species of Vulture Living entirely on carrion. “It is about the size of a Raven has an almost triangular, bald, and wrinkled head, a strong pointed beak, Black at the tip, large eyes and ears, the latter entirely on the outside, and long feet.” It is common in Egypt where it is popularly called “Pharaoh’s chicken” (the Neophron percnopterus), and is found in Palestine only during summer. Tristram thinks that the Hebrew name, which is derived from a root meaning “to Love ” is given to it from the fact that the male and female Bird never part company.

Gtha: garden, or Gift of fortune, one of the Seven eunuchs or chamberlains who had charge of the harem of Ahasuerus (Est 1:10).

Gthan: one of the eunuchs who “kept the door” in the Court of Ahasuerus With Teresh he conspired against the king’s Life Mordecai detected the conspiracy, and the culprits were hanged (Est 2:21-23; Est 6:1-3).

Ldad: Son of contention, one of Job’s friends. He is called “the Shuhite ” probably as belonging to Shuah, a district in Arabia in which Shuah, the sixth Son of Abraham by Keturah settled (Gen 25:2). He took part in each of the three controversies into which Job’s friends entered with him (Job 8:1; Job 18:1; Job 25:1), and delivered three speeches, very severe and stern in their tone, although less violent than those of Zophar but more so than those of Eliphaz

Bilgah

Lhah: faltering; bashful, Rachel’s Handmaid whom she gave to Jacob (Gen 29:29). She was the mother of Dan and Naphtali (Gen 30:3-8). Reuben was cursed by his Father for committing adultry with her (Gen 35:22; Gen 49:4). He was deprived of the birth-right, which was given to the sons of Joseph

Lshan: Son of the tongue; i.e., “eloquent”, a Man of some note who returned from the Captivity with Zerubbabel (Ezr 2:2;Neh 7:7).

Bird: Birds are divided in the Mosaic Law into two classes, (1) the Clean (Lev 1:14-17; Lev 5:7-10; Lev 14:4-7), which were offered in Sacrifice and (Lev 14:2) the unclean (Lev 11:13-20). When offered in Sacrifice they were not divided as other victims were (Gen 15:10). They are mentioned also as an article of Food (Deu 14:11). The art of snaring wild birds is referred to (Psa 124:7;Pro 1:17; Pro 7:23; Jeremiah Pro 5:27).Sin 104:12;Ecc 12:4. Their timidity is alluded to (Hos. Ecc 11:11).The 84:3 to the Swallow and the Sparrow may be only a comparison equivalent to, “What her House is to the Sparrow and her nest to the Swallow that thine altars are to my soul.”

Birsha

Birth: As soon as a Child was Born it was washed, and rubbed with Salt (Ezk 16:4), and then swathed with bandages (Job 38:9;Luk 2:7, Luk 2:12). A Hebrew mother remained forty days in seclusion after the Birth of a Son and after the Birth of a Daughter double that number of days. At the close of that period she entered into the Tabernacle or Temple and offered up a Sacrifice of Purification (Lev 12:1-8;Luk 2:22). A Son was circumcised on the eighth Day after his Birth being thereby consecrated to God (Gen 17:10-12; comp.Rom 4:11). Seasons of misfortune are likened to the pains of a Woman in travail, and Seasons of prosperity to the joy that succeeds child-birth (Isa 13:8;Jer 4:31;Jhn 16:21, Jhn 16:22). The natural Birth is referred to as the emblem of the New Birth (Jhn 3:3-8;Gal 6:15;Tit 3:5, etc.).

BlRTH-

Day: ’S Journey The usual length of a day’s Journey in the East on Camel or horseback, in six or eight hours, is about 25 or 30 miles. The “three days’ journey” mentioned in Exodus Or 3:18 is simply a Journey which would occupy three days in going and returning.

Birthright: (1.) This Word denotes the special privileges and advantages belonging to the first-born Son among the Jews. He became the Priest of the family. Thus Reuben was the first-born of the patriarchs, and so the priesthood of the tribes belonged to him. That honour was, however, transferred by God from Reuben to Levi (Num 3:12, Num 3:13; Num 8:18).

(Num 8:2.) The first-born Son had allotted to him also a double portion of the paternal inheritance (Deu 21:15-17). Reuben was, because of his undutiful conduct, deprived of his birth-right (Gen 49:4;1Ch 5:1). Esau transferred his birth-right to Jacob (Gen 25:33).

(Gen 25:3.) The first-born inherited the judicial authority of his Father whatever it might be (2Ch 21:3). ... By divine appointment, however, David excluded Adonijah in favour of Solomon

(2Ch 21:4.) The Jews attached a sacred importance to the rank of “first-born” and “first-begotten” as applied to the Messiah (Rom 8:29; Colossians Rom 1:18;

Heb 1:4-6). As first-born he has an inheritance superior to his brethren, and is the alone true Priest

Bishop

Bit: the curb Put into the mouths of horses to restrain them. The Hebrew Word (metheg)So 32:9 is elsewhere translated “bridle” (2Ki 19:28;Pro 26:3;Isa 37:29). Bits were generally made of bronze or Iron but sometimes also of Gold or Silver In James Isa 3:3 the Authorized Version translates the Greek Word by “bits,” but the Revised Version by “bridles.”

BlTH-

Ron: the broken or divided Place a district in the Arabah or Jordan Valley on the East of the River (2Sa 2:29). It was probably the designation of the region in general, which is broken and intersected by ravines.

Thynia: a province in Asia Minor, to the South of the Euxine and Propontis. Christian congregations were here formed at an early time (1Pe 1:1). Paul was prevented by the Spirit from entering this province (Act 16:7). It is noted in Church history as the province ruled over by Pliny as Roman proconsul, who was perplexed as to the course he should take with the numerous Christians brought before his tribunal on account of their profession of Christianity and their conduct, and wrote to Trajan, the emperor, for instructions (A.D. Act 16:107).

Bitter: Bitterness is symbolical of affliction, misery, and servitude (Exo 1:14; Ruth Exo 1:20; Jeremiah Exo 9:15). The Chaldeans are called the “bitter and hasty nation” (Hab 1:6). The “gall of bitterness” expresses a state of great wickedness (Act 8:23). A “root of bitterness” is a wicked person or a dangerous sin (Heb 12:15).

The Passover was to be eaten with “bitter herbs” (Exo 12:8; Numbers Exo 9:1 Exo 9:1). The kind of herbs so designated is not known. Probably they were any Bitter herbs obtainable at the Place and time when the Passover was celebrated. They represented the severity of the servitude under which the people groaned; and have been regarded also as typical of the sufferings of Christ

Bittern: is found three times in connection with the desolations to come upon Babylon Idumea, and Nineveh (Isa 14:23; Isa 34:11;Zep 2:14). This Bird belongs to the class of cranes. Its scientific name is Botaurus stellaris. It is a solitary Bird frequenting marshy Ground The Hebrew Word (kippod) thus rendered in the Authorized Version is rendered “porcupine” in the Revised Version But in the passages noted the kippod is associated with birds, with Pools of Water and with solitude and desolation. This favours the idea that not the “porcupine” but the “bittern” is really intended by the Word

Bitumen: Gen 11:3, R.V., margin, rendered in the A.V. “slime”), a mineral Pitch With this the Ark was pitched (Gen 6:14. See also Exodus Gen 2:3.) (See Slime )

Black: properly the absence of all Colour In 7:9 the Hebrew Word means, as in the margin of the Revised Version “the pupil of the Eye ” It is translated “apple” of the Eye in Deuteronomy In 32:10;Psa 17:8;Pro 7:2. It is a different Word which is rendered “black” in Leviticus Pro 13:31,Pro 13:37; Cant. Pro 1:5; Pro 5:11; and Zechariah Pro 6:2, Pro 6:6. It is uncertain what the “black marble” of Esther Pro 1:6 was which formed a part of the mosaic pavement.

Blade: applied to the glittering point of a spear (Job 39:23) or Sword (Nah. Job 3:3), the Blade of a dagger (Jdg 3:22); the “shoulder blade” (Job 31:22); the “blade” of cereals (Mat 13:26).

Blains: occurs only in connection with the sixth Plague of Egypt (Exo 9:9, Exo 9:10).In 28:27, In 28:35, it is called “the botch of Egypt ” It seems to have been the fearful disease of Black Leprosy a kind of elephantiasis, producing burning ulcers.

Blasphemy: In 74:18;Isa 52:5;Rom 2:24;Rev 13:1, Rev 13:6; Rev 16:9, Rev 16:11, Rev 16:21. It denotes also any kind of calumny, or evil-speaking, or abuse (1Ki 21:10;Act 13:45; Act 18:6, etc.). Our Lord was accused of Blasphemy when he claimed to be the Son of God (Mat 26:65; comp.Mat 9:3;

Mrk 2:7). They who deny his Messiahship blaspheme Jesus (Luk 22:65;Jhn 10:36).

Blasphemy against the Holy Ghost (Mat 12:31, Mat 12:32;Mrk 3:28, Mrk 3:29;Luk 12:10) is regarded by some as a continued and obstinate rejection of the gospel, and hence is an unpardonable sin, simply because as long as a sinner remains in unbelief he voluntarily excludes himself from Pardon Others regard the expression as designating the sin of attributing to the power of Satan those miracles which Christ performed, or generally those Works which are the result of the Spirit’s agency.

Blastus: chamberlain to King Herod Agrippa I. (Act 12:20). Such persons generally had great influence with their masters.

Blemish: imperfection or bodily deformity excluding men from the priesthood, and rendering animals unfit to be offered in Sacrifice (Lev 21:17-23; Lev 22:19-25). The Christian Church as justified in Christ is “without blemish” (Eph 5:27). Christ offered himself a Sacrifice “without Blemish ” acceptable to God (Eph 5:1 Peter Eph 1:19).

Bless: (l.) God blesses his people when he bestows on them some Gift temporal or spiritual (Gen 1:22; Gen 24:35;Job 42:12;Psa 45:2; Psa 104:24, Psa 104:35).

(Psa 104:2.) We Bless God when we thank him for his mercies (Psa 103:1, Psa 103:2; Psa 145:1,Psa 145:2).

(Psa 145:3.) A Man blesses himself when he invokes God’s blessing (Isa 65:16), or rejoices in God’ s Goodness to him (Deu 29:19;Psa 49:1 Psa 49:8).

(Psa 49:4.) One blesses another when he expresses good wishes or offers Prayer to God for his welfare (Gen 24:60; Gen 31:55;1Sa 2:20). Sometimes blessings were uttered under divine Inspiration as in the case of Noah Isaac Jacob and Moses (Gen 9:26, Gen 9:27; Gen 27:28, Gen 27:29, Gen 27:40; Gen 48:15-20; Gen 49:1-28;Deu 49:33). ... The priests were divinely authorized to Bless the people (Deu 10:8;Num 6:22-27). We have many examples of apostolic benediction (2Co 13:14;Eph 6:23, Eph 6:24;2Th 3:16, 2Th 3:18;Heb 13:20, Heb 13:21;1Pe 5:10, 1Pe 5:11).

(1Pe 5:5.) Among the Jews in their thank-offerings the master of the Feast took a cup of wine in his Hand and after having blessed God for it and for other mercies then enjoyed, Handed it to his guests, who all partook of it.Psa 16:13 refers to this Custom It 16:1Cor 10:16, where the Apostle speaks of the “cup of blessing.”

Bloody: SWEAT the sign and token of our Lord’s great Agony (Luk 22:44).

Blot

Blue: generally associated with purple (Exo 25:4; Exo 26:1, Exo 26:31, Exo 26:36, etc.). It is supposed to have been obtained from a shellfish of the Mediterranean, the Helix ianthina of Linnaeus. The robe of the High priest’s Ephod was to be all of this Colour (Exo 28:31), also the loops of the curtains (Exo 26:4) and the ribbon of the Breastplate (Exo 28:28). Blue cloths were also made for various sacred purposes (Num 4:6, Num 4:7, Num 4:9, Num 4:11, Num 4:12). (See Colour )

Boanerges: sons of Thunder a surname given by our Lord to James and John (Mrk 3:17) on account of their fervid and impetuous temper (Luk 9:54).

Boar

Boaz: alacrity. (1.) The Husband of Ruth a wealthy Bethlehemite. By the “levirate law” the duty devolved on him of marrying Ruth the Moabitess (Rut 4:1-13). He was a Kinsman of Mahlon her first Husband

(Rut 4:2.) The name given (for what reason is unknown) to one of the two (the other was called Jachin) brazen pillars which Solomon erected in the Court of the Temple (1Ki 7:21;2Ch 3:17). These pillars were broken up and carried to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar

Bochim: weepers, a Place where the Angel of the Lord reproved the Israelites for entering into a League with the people of the land. This caused them bitterly to weep, and hence the name of the Place (Jdg 2:1, Jdg 2:5). It lay probably at the head of one of the valleys between Gilgal and Shiloh

Boil: (rendered “botch” in Deuteronomy 28:27, 35), an aggravated ulcer, as in the case of Hezekiah (2Ki 20:7; Isaiah 2Ki 38:21) or of the Egyptians (Exo 9:9, Exo 9:10, Exo 9:11; Deuteronomy Exo 28:27, Exo 28:35). It designates the disease of Job (Exo 2:7), which was probably the Black Leprosy

Bolled: (Exo 9:31), meaning “swollen or podded for seed,” was adopted in the Authorized Version from the Version of Coverdale (Exo 9:1535). The Revised Version has in the margin “was in bloom,” which is the more probable rendering of the Hebrew Word It is the fact that in Egypt when Barley is in Ear (about February) Flax is blossoming.

Bolster: The Hebrew Word kebir, rendered “pillow” in 1Sam 19:13, Sam 19:16, but in Revised Version marg. “quilt” or “network,” probably means some counterpane or Veil intended to protect the head of the sleeper. A different Hebrew Word (meraashoth’) is used for “bolster” (1Sa 26:7, 1Sa 26:11, 1Sa 26:16). It is rightly rendered in Revised Version “at his head.”In 28:11, In 28:18 the Authorized Version renders it “for his pillows,” and the Revised Version “under his head.”In 13:18, In 13:20 another Hebrew Word (kesathoth) is used, properly denoting “cushions” or “pillows,” as so rendered both in the Authorized and the Revised Version

Bond: an obligation of any ki nd (Num 30:2, Num 30:4, Num 30:12). The Word means also oppression or affliction (Psa 116:16; Phil. Psa 1:7). Christian Love is the “bond of perfectness” (Col 3:14), and the influences of the Spirit are the “bond of peace” (Eph 4:3).

Bondage: of Israel in Egypt (Exo 2:23, Exo 2:25; Exo 2:5), which is called the “house of bondage” (Exo 13:3; Exo 20:2). This Word is used also with reference to the Captivity in Babylon (Isa 14:3), and the oppression of the Persian King (Ezr 9:8, Ezr 9:9).

Bonnet: (Hebrews peer), Exodus 39:28 (R.V., “head-tires”);Ezk 44:18 (R.V., “tires”), denotes properly a turban worn by priests,And 3:20 (R.V., “head-tires”) a head-dress or tiara worn by females. The Hebrew Word so rendered literally means an ornament,As 61:10 (R.V., “garland”),And 24:17, And 24:23 “tire” (R.V., “head-tire”). It consisted of a piece of cloth twisted about the head. In Exodus And 28:40; And 29:9 it is the translation of a different Hebrew Word (migba’ah), which denotes the turban (R.V., “head-tire”) of the common Priest as distinguished from the mitre of the High Priest (See MITRE.)

Book

Booth: a hut made of the branches of a Tree In such Tabernacles Jacob sojourned for a season at a Place named from this circumstance Succoth (Gen 33:17). Booths were erected also at the Feast of Tabernacles (q.v.),Lev 23:42, Lev 23:43, which commemorated the abode of the Israelites in the Wilderness

Booty: captives or Cattle or objects of value taken in war. In Canaan all that breathed were to be destroyed (Deu 20:16). The “pictures and images” of the Canaanites were to be destroyed also (Num 33:52). The Law of BootyAs 31:26-47. David afterwards introduced a regulation that the baggage-guard should share the Booty equally with the soldiers engaged in battle. He also devoted of the spoils of war for the Temple (As 31:1 Samuel As 30:24-26; As 30:2 Samuel As 8:11; As 8:1 Chronicles As 26:27).

Borrow: The Israelites “borrowed” from the Egyptians (Exo 12:35, R.V., “asked”) in accordance with a divine command (Exo 3:22; Exo 11:2). But the Word (sha’al) so rendered here means simply and always to “request” or “demand.” The Hebrew had another Word which is properly translated “borrow”In 28:12;Psa 37:21. It was well known that the parting was final. The Egyptians were so anxious to get the Israelites away out of their land that “they let them have what they asked” (Exo 12:36, R.V.), or literally “made them to ask,” urged them to take whatever they desired and depart. (See Loan )

Bosom

Bosses: the projecting parts of a shield (Job 15:26). The Hebrew Word thus rendered means anything convex or arched, and hence the back, as of animals.

Botch

Bottle: a vessel made of skins for holding wine (Jos 9:4. Jos 9:13;1Sa 16:20; Matthew 1Sa 9:17;Mrk 2:22;Luk 5:37, Luk 5:38), or milk (Jdg 4:19), or Water (Gen 21:14, Gen 21:15, Gen 21:19), or strong Drink (Hab 2:15).

Earthenware vessels were also similarly used (Jer 19:1-10;1Ki 14:3;Isa 30:14).In 32:19 (comp. Matthew In 9:17;Luk 5:37, Luk 5:38;Mrk 2:22) the reference is to a wine- s ki n ready to burst through the fermentation of the wine. “Bottles of wine” in the Authorized Version of Hos. Mrk 7:5 is properly rendered in the Revised Version by “the heat of wine,” i.e., the Fever of wine, its intoxicating strength.

The clouds are figuratively called the “bottles of heaven” (Job 38:37). A BottleBla 119:83 as an image to which the psalmist likens himself.

Bowels: (Phil. 1:8; 2: 1 ; Colossians 3:12), compassionate feelings; R.V., “tender mercies.”

Bowing: a mode of showing respect. Abraham “bowed himself to the people of the land” (Gen 23:7); so Jacob to Esau (Gen 33:3); and the brethren of Joseph before him as the Governor of the land (Gen 43:28). Bowing is also frequently mentioned as an act of adoration to idols (Jos 23:7;2Ki 5:18;Jdg 2:19;Isa 44:15), and to God (Jos 5:14;Psa 22:29; Psa 72:9;Mic 6:6;Psa 95:6; Ephesians Psa 3:14).

Bowl: The sockets of the lamps of the Golden Candlestick of the Tabernacle are called bowls (Exo 25:31, Exo 25:33, Exo 25:34; Exo 37:17, Exo 37:19, Exo 37:20); the same Word so rendered being elsewhere rendered “cup” (Gen 44:2, Gen 44:12, Gen 44:16), and wine “pot” (Jer 35:5). The reservoir for Oil from which pipes led to each Lamp in Zechariah’s Vision of the Candlestick is called also by this name (Zec 4:2, Zec 4:3); so also are the vessels used for libations (Exo 25:29; Exo 37:16).

Box: for holding Oil or perfumery (Mrk 14:3). It was of the form of a flask or Bottle The Hebrew Word (pak) used for it is more appropriately rendered “vial”In 14:1Sam 10:1,And 10:2Kin 9:1, where alone else it occurs.

BOX-

Tree: OF Life stood also in the midst of the garden of Eden (Gen 2:9; Gen 3:22). Some writers have advanced the opinion that this Tree had some secret virtue, which was fitted to preserve Life Probably the lesson conveyed was that Life was to be sought by Man not in himself or in his own power, but from without, from Him who is emphatically the Life (Jhn 1:4; Jhn 14:6). Wisdom is compared to the Tree of Life (Pro 3:18). The “tree of life” spoken of in the Book of Revelation (Rev 2:7; Rev 22:2, Rev 22:14) is an emblem of the joys of the celestial Paradise

Tree

Bozrah: enclosure; fortress. (1.) The City of Jobab one of the early Edomite kings (Gen 36:33). This Place is mentioned by the prophets in later times (Isa 34:6; Jeremiah Isa 49:13; Amos Isa 1:12;Mic 2:12). Its modern representative is el-Busseireh. It lies in the mountain district of Petra Mic 2:20 miles to the south-east of the Dead Sea

(Mic 2:2.) A Moabite City in the “plain country” (Jer 48:24), i.e., on the High level down on the East of the Dead Sea It is probably the modern Buzrah.

Bracelet: (1.) Anklets (Num 31:50; Num 31:2 Samuel Num 1:10), and with reference to men.

(Num 1:2.) The rendering of a Hebrew Word meaning fasteners, found in Genesis Num 24:22, Num 24:30, Num 24:47.

(Num 24:3.) In Isaiah Num 3:19, the rendering of a Hebrew Word meaning chains, i.e., twisted or chain- like bracelets.

(Num 3:4.) In Exodus Num 35:22 it designates properly a clasp for fastening the Dress of females. Some interpret it as a nose-ring.

(Num 35:5.) In Genesis Num 38:18, Num 38:25, the rendering of a Hebrew Word meaning “thread,” and may denote the ornamental Cord with which the Signet was suspended from the Neck of the wearer.

Bracelets were worn by men as well as by women (Cant. Num 5:14, R.V.). They were of many various forms. The weight of those presented by Eliezer to Rebekah was ten shekels (Gen 24:22).

Bramble: (1.) Hebrew AtadJdg 9:14; rendered “thorn,”Psa 58:9. The LXX. and Vulgate render by rhamnus, a thorny shrub common in Palestine resembling the hawthorn.

(Psa 58:2.) Hebrew hoah,Isa 34:13 (R.V. “thistles”); “thickets”In 34:1Sam 13:6; “thistles”In 13:2Kin 14:9, Kin 14:2 Chronicles Kin 25:18,Job 31:40; “thorns”In 31:2 Chronicles In 33:11, Cant. In 2:2, Hos. In 9:6. The Word may be regarded as denoting the common Thistle of which there are many species which encumber the corn-fields of Palestine (See THORNS.)

Branch: a symbol of kings descended from royal ancestors (Ezk 17:3, Ezk 17:10;Dan 11:7); of prosperity (Job 8:16); of the Messiah abranch out of the root of the stem of Jesse (Isa 11:1), the “beautiful branch” (Isa 4:2), a “righteous branch” (Jer 23:5), “the Branch” (Zec 3:8; Zec 6:12 ).

Disciples are branches of the true Vine (Jhn 15:5, Jhn 15:6). “The Branch of the terrible ones” (Isa 25:5) is rightly translated in the Revised Version “the song of the terrible ones,” i.e., the song of victory shall be brought low by the Destruction of Babylon and the return of the Jews from Captivity

The “abominable branch” is a Tree on which a malefactor has been hanged (Isa 14:19). The “highest branch”In 17:3 represents Jehoiakim the King

Brass: which is an alloy of Copper and zinc, was not known till the thirteenth century. What is designated by this Word in Scripture is properly Copper (Deu 8:9). It was used for fetters (Jdg 16:21;2Ki 25:7), for Pieces of Armour (1Sa 17:5, 1Sa 17:6), for musical instruments (1Sa 17:1 Chronicles 1Sa 15:19;1Co 13:1), and for Money (Mat 10:9).

It is a symbol of insensibility and obstinacy in sin (Isa 48:4; Jeremiah Isa 6:28;Ezk 22:18), and of strength (Psa 107:16;Mic 4:13).

The Macedonian empire is described as a Kingdom of Brass (Dan 2:39). The “mountains of brass” Zechariah (Dan 6:1) speaks of have been supposed to represent the immutable Decrees of God

The Serpent of Brass was made by Moses at the command of God (Num 21:4-9), and elevated on a pole, so that it might be seen by all the people when wounded by the bite of the serpents that were sent to them as a Punishment for their murmurings against God and against Moses It was afterwards carried by the Jews into Canaan and preserved by them till the time of Hezekiah, who caused it to be at length destroyed because it began to be viewed by the people with superstitious reverence (2Ki 18:4). ... (See Nehushtan )

The brazen Serpent is alluded to by our LordIn 3:14, In 3:15. (See Serpent )

Bravery: (Isa 3:1 Isa 3:8), an Old English Word meaning comeliness or beauty.

Breach

Bread: among the Jews was generally made of wheat (Exo 29:2;Jdg 6:19), though also sometimes of other grains (Gen 14:18;Jdg 7:13). Parched Grain was sometimes used for Food without any other preparation (Rut 2:14).

Bread was prepared by kneading in wooden bowls or “kneading troughs” (Gen 18:6; Exodus Gen 12:34; Jeremiah Gen 7:18). The Dough was mixed with Leaven and made into thin cakes, round or oval, and then baked. The Bread eaten at the Passover was always unleavened (Exo 12:15-20; Deuteronomy Exo 16:3). In the towns there were public ovens, which were much made use of for baking Bread there were also bakers by trade (Hos. Exo 7:4; Jeremiah Exo 37:21). ... Their ovens were not unlike those of modern times. But sometimes the Bread was baked by being placed on the Ground that had been heated by a Fire and by Covering it with the embers (1Ki 9:6). This was probably the mode in which Sarah prepared Bread on the occasion referred to in Genesis 1Ki 18:6.

In Leviticus 1Ki 18:2 there is an account of the different kinds of Bread and cakes used by the Jews. (See Bake )

The shew-bread (q.v.) consisted of twelve loaves of unleavened Bread prepared and presented hot on the Golden table every Sabbath They were square or oblong, and represented the twelve tribes of Israel The Old loaves were removed every Sabbath and were to be eaten only by the priests in the Court of the Sanctuary (Exo 25:30; Leviticus Exo 24:8;1Sa 21:1-6; Matthew 1Sa 12:4).

The Word Bread is used figuratively in such expressions as “bread of sorrows” (Psa 127:2), “bread of tears” (Psa 80:5), i.e., sorrow and tears are like one’s Daily Bread they form so great a part in Life The Bread of “wickedness” (Pro 4:17) and “of deceit” (Pro 20:17) denote in like manner that wickedness and deceit are a part of the Daily Life

Breastplate: (1.) That piece of Ancient Armour that protected the breast. This Word is used figuratively in Ephesians 6:14 and Isaiah 59:17. (See Armour )

(2.) An ornament Covering the breast of the High Priest first mentioned in Exodus 25:7. It was made of embroidered cloth, set with four rows of precious Stones three in each row. On each Stone was engraved the name of one of the twelve tribes (Exo 28:15-29; Exo 39:8-21). It was in size about ten inches square. The two upper corners were fastened to the Ephod by Blue ribbons. It was not to be “loosed from the ephod” (Exo 28:28). The lower corners were fastened to the Girdle of the Priest As it reminded the Priest of his representative character, it was called the memorial (Exo 28:29). It was also called the Breastplate of Judgment (Exo 28:15). (See Priest )

Breeches: (Exo 28:42), rather Linen drawers, reaching from the waist to a little above the knee, worn by the priests (Ezk 44:17, Ezk 44:18).

Bribe: None to be taken; “for the Gift maketh Open eyes Blind and perverteth the cause of the righteous” (Exo 23:8, literally rendered).

Bricks

Bride: frequently used in the ordinary sense (Isa 49:18; Isa 61:10, etc.). The relation between Christ and his Church is set forth under the figure of that between a bridegroom and Bride (Jhn 3:29). The Church is called “the bride” (Rev 21:9; Rev 22:17). Compare Parable of the Ten Virgins (Mat 25:1-13).

Bridle: Three Hebrew words are thus rendered in the Authorized Version (1.) Hebrews mahsom’ signifies a Muzzle or halter or Bridle by which the rider governs his Horse (Psa 39:1).

(Psa 39:2.) Me’theg, rendered also “bit”In 32:9, which is its proper meaning.Fou 32:2Kin 19:28, where the restraints of God’s Providence are metaphorically styled his “bridle” and “hook.” God’s placing a “bridle in the jaws of the people” (Isa 30:28; Isa 37:29) signifies his preventing the Assyrians from carrying out their purpose against Jerusalem

(Isa 37:3.) Another Word re’ sen, was employed to represent a halter or bridle-rein,As 32:9; Isaiah As 30:28. In Job As 30:11 the restraints of Law and humanity are called a Bridle

Brier: This Word occurs frequently, and is the translation of several different terms.

(1.)Mic 7:4, it denotes a species of Thorn shrub used for hedges.In 15:19 the Word is rendered “thorn” (Hebrews hedek, “stinging”), supposed by some to be what is called the “apple of Sodom” (q.v.).

(In 15:2.)Ezk 28:24, sallon’, properly a “prickle,” such as is found on the shoots of the Palm Tree

(Ezk 28:3.) Isaiah Ezk 55:13, probably simply a thorny bush. Some, following the Vulgate Version regard it as the “nettle.”

(Ezk 55:4.) Isaiah Ezk 5:6; Ezk 7:23-25, etc., frequently used to denote thorny shrubs in general.In 10:17; In 27:4, it means troublesome men.

(In 27:5.) In Hebrews In 6:8 the Greek Word (tribolos) so rendered means “three-pronged,” and denotes the land caltrop, a low throny shrub resembling in its spikes the military “crow-foot.” Comp. Matthew In 7:16, “thistle.”

Brigandine: (Jer 46:4; Jer 51:3), an obsolete English Word denoting a scale Coat of Armour or Habergeon worn by light-armed “brigands.” The Revised Version has “coat of Mail ”

Brimstone: an inflammable mineral substance found in quantities on the shores of the Dead Sea The cities of the Plain were destroyed by a rain of Fire and Brimstone (Gen 19:24, Gen 19:25).In 34:9 allusion is made to the Destruction of these cities. This Word figuratively denotes Destruction or Punishment (Job 18:15;Isa 30:33; Isa 34:9;Psa 11:6;Ezk 38:22).It 14:10; It 19:20; It 20:10.

Brook

Brother: (1.) In the natural and common sense (Mat 1:2; Luke Mat 3:1, Mat 3:19).

(Mat 3:2.) A near relation, a cousin (Gen 13:8; Gen 14:16; Matthew Gen 12:46; John Gen 7:3; Acts Gen 1:14; Galatians Gen 1:19).

(Gen 1:3.) Simply a fellow-countryman (Mat 5:47; Acts Mat 3:22; Hebrews Mat 7:5).

(Mat 7:4.) A Disciple or follower (Mat 25:40; Hebrews Mat 2:11, Mat 2:12).

(Mat 2:5.) One of the same Faith (Amo 1:9; Acts Amo 9:30; Amo 11:29;1Co 5:11); whence the early disciples of our Lord were known to each other as brethren.

(1Co 5:6.) A colleague in office (Ezr 3:2;1Co 1:1;2Co 1:1). ...

(2Co 1:7.) A fellow-man (Gen 9:5; Gen 19:7; Matthew Gen 5:22, Gen 5:23, Gen 5:24; Gen 7:5; Hebrews Gen 2:17).

(Gen 2:8.) One beloved or closely united with another in Affection (Gen 2:2 Samuel Gen 1:26; Acts Gen 6:3; Gen 6:1 Thessalonians Gen 5:1). Brethren of Jesus (Mat 1:25; Mat 12:46, Mat 12:50: Mark Mat 3:31, Mat 3:32; Galatians Mat 1:19;1Co 9:5, etc.) were probably the younger children of Joseph and Mary. Some have supposed that they may have been the children of Joseph by a former marriage, and others that they were the children of Mary, the Virgin’s sister, and Wife of Cleophas The first interpretation, however, is the most natural.

Bruit: a rumour or report (Jer 10:22, R.V. “rumour;” Nah Jer 3:19).

Bucket: a vessel to draw Water with (Isa 40:15); used figuratively, probably, of a numerous issue (Num 24:7).

Buckler: (1.) A portable shield (2Sa 22:31;1Ch 5:18).

(1Ch 5:2.) A shield surrounding the person; the targe or round form; used once figuratively (Psa 91:4).

(Psa 91:3.) A large shield protecting the whole body (Psa 35:2;Ezk 23:24; Ezk 26:8).

(Ezk 26:4.) A lance or spear; improperly rendered “buckler” in the Authorized Version (1Ch 12:8), but correctly in the Revised Version “spear.”

The leather of shields required oiling (2Sa 1:21;Isa 21:5), so as to prevent its being injured by moisture. Copper (= “brass”) shields were also in use (1Sa 17:6;1Ki 14:27).Tho 14:1Kin 10:16, etc.; Kin 14:26, were probably of massive metal.

The shields David had taken from his enemies were suspended in the Temple as mementoes (2Ki 11:10). (See Armour SHIELD.)

Building: among the Jews was suited to the climate and conditions of the country. They probably adopted the kind of architecture for their Dwellings which they found already existing when they entered Canaan (Deu 6:10;Num 13:19). Phoenician artists (2Sa 5:11;1Ki 5:6, 1Ki 5:18) assisted at the erection of the royal Palace and the Temple at Jerusalem Foreigners also assisted at the restoration of the Temple after the Exile (Ezr 3:7).

In 11:3, In 11:9, we have the first recorded instance of the erection of buildings. The cities of the Plain of Shinar were founded by the descendants of Shem (In 10:1 In 10:1, In 10:12, In 10:22).

The Israelites were by occupation shepherds and dwellers in tents (Gen 47:3); but from the time of their entering Canaan they became dwellers in towns, and in houses built of the native limestone of Palestine Much Building was carried on in Solomon’s time. ... Besides the buildings he completed at Jerusalem he also built Baalath and Tadmor (1Ki 9:15, 1Ki 9:24). Many of the kings of Israel and Judah were engaged in erecting various buildings.

Herod and his sons and successors restored the Temple and built fortifications and other structures of great magnificence in Jerusalem (Luk 21:5).

The instruments used in Building are mentioned as the plumb-line (Amo 7:7), the measuring-reed (Ezk 40:3), and the saw (1Ki 7:9).

Believers are “God’s building” (1Co 3:9); and Heaven is called “a Building of God” (2Co 5:1). Christ is the only foundation of his Church (1Co 3:10-12), of which he also is the builder (Mat 16:18).

Bul

Bullock: (1.) The translation of a Word which is a generic name for horned Cattle (Isa 65:25). It is also rendered “cow” (Ezk 4:15), “ox” (Gen 12:16).

(Gen 12:2.) The translation of a Word always meaning an Animal of the ox kind, without distinction of Age or sex (Hos. Gen 12:11). It is rendered “cow” (Num 18:17) and “ox” (Lev 17:3).

(Lev 17:3.) Another Word is rendered in the same way (Jer 31:18). It is also translated “calf’ (Lev 9:3;Mic 6:6). It is the same Word used of the “molten calf’ (Exo 32:4, Exo 32:8) and “the Golden calf’ (1Ki 12:28).

(1Ki 12:4.)In 6:25;Isa 34:7, the Hebrew Word is different. It is the customary Word for bulls offered in Sacrifice In Hos. Isa 14:2, the Authorized Version has “calves,” the Revised Version “bullocks.”

Bulrush: (1.) In Isaiah 58:5 the rendering of a Word which denotes “belonging to a marsh,” from the nature of the soil in which it grows Isaiah 18:2). It was sometimes platted into ropes (Job. 41:2; A.V., “hook,” R.V., “rope,” lit. “cord of rushes”).

(2.) In Exodus 2:3, Isaiah 18:2 (R.V., “papyrus”) this Word is the translation of the Hebrew gome, which designates the plant as absorbing moisture. In Isaiah 35:7 and Job 8:11 it is rendered “rush.” This was the Egyptian papyrus (papyrus Nilotica). It was anciently very abundant in Egypt The Egyptians made garments and shoes and various utensils of it. It was used for the construction of the Ark of Moses (Exo 2:3, Exo 2:5). The root portions of the stem were used for Food The inside bark was cut into strips, which were sewed together and dried in the Sun forming the papyrus used for Writing It is no longer found in Egypt but grows luxuriantly in Palestine in the marshes of the Huleh, and in the swamps at the North End of the Lake of Gennesaret (See Cane )

Bulwarks: mural Towers bastions, were introduced by King Uzziah (2Ch 26:15;Zep 1:16;Psa 48:13;Isa 26:1). There are five Hebrew words so rendered in the Authorized Version but the same Word is also variously rendered.

Bunch: (1.) A bundle of twigs (Exo 12:22). (Exo 12:2.) Bunch or Cake of Raisins (2Sa 16:1). (2Sa 16:3.) The “bunch of a camel” (Isa 30:6).

Burden: (1.) A load of any ki nd (Exo 23:5). (Exo 23:2.) A severe task (Exo 2:11). (Exo 2:3.) A difficult duty, requiring effort (Exo 18:22). (Exo 18:4.) A Prophecy of a calamitous or disastrous nature (Isa 13:1; Isa 17:1; Habakkuk Isa 1:1, etc.).

Burial: The first Burial we have an account of is that of Sarah (Genesis 23). The first commercial transaction recorded is that of the purchase of a burial-place, for which Abraham weighed to Ephron “four hundred shekels of Silver current Money with the merchants.” Thus the Patriarch became the owner of a part of the land of Canaan the only part he ever possessed. When he himself died, “his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the Cave of Machpelah ” beside Sarah his Wife (Gen 25:9).

Deborah, Rebekah’s nurse, was buried under Allon-bachuth, “the oak of weeping” (Gen 35:8), near to Bethel. Rachel died, and was buried near Ephrath; “and Jacob set a Pillar upon her grave” (16 35:20). ... Isaac was buried at Hebron where he had died (16 35:27, 16 35:29). Jacob when charging his sons to bury him in the Cave of Machpelah said, “There they buried Abraham and Sarah his Wife there they buried Isaac and Rebekah his Wife and there I buried Leah” (16 49:31). In compliance with the Oath which he made him swear unto him (16 47:29-31), Joseph assisted by his brethren, buried Jacob in the Cave of Machpelah (16 50:2, 16 50:13). At the Exodus Moses “took the bones of Joseph with him,” and they were buried in the “parcel of ground” which Jacob had bought of the sons of Hamor (Jos 24:32), which became Joseph’s inheritance (Gen 48:22;1Ch 5:1;Jhn 4:5). Two burials are mentioned as having taken Place in the Wilderness That of Miriam (Num 20:1), and that of Moses “in the land of Moab” (Deu 34:5, Deu 34:6, Deu 34:8). There is no account of the actual Burial of Aaron which probably, however, took Place on the summit of Mount Hor (Num 20:28, Num 20:29).

Joshua was buried “in the border of his inheritance in Timnath-serah” (Jos 24:30).

In Job we find a reference to burying-places, which were probably the Pyramids (Jos 3:14, Jos 3:15). The Hebrew Word for “waste places” here resembles in sound the Egyptian Word for “pyramids.”

Samuel, like Moses was honoured with a national Burial (1Sa 25:1). Joab (1Ki 2:34) “was buried in his own House in the Wilderness ”

In connection with the Burial of Saul and his three sons we Meet for the first time with the practice of burning the Dead (1Sa 31:11-13). The same practice is again referred to by Amos (1Sa 6:10).

Absalom was buried “in the wood” where he was slain (2Sa 18:17, 2Sa 18:18). The raising of the Heap of Stones over his Grave was intended to Mark abhorrence of the person buried (comp.Jos 7:26And 8:29). There was no fixed royal burying-place for the Hebrew kings. We find several royal burials taking Place however, “in the City of David” (1Ki 2:10; 1Ki 11:43; 1Ki 15:8;2Ki 14:19, 2Ki 14:20; 2Ki 15:38;1Ki 14:31; 1Ki 22:50;2Ch 21:19, 2Ch 21:20;2Ch 24:25, etc.). Hezekiah was buried in the Mount of the sepulchres of the sons of David “and all Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem did him honour at his death” (2Ch 32:33).

Little is said regarding the Burial of the kings of Israel Some of them were buried in Samaria the capital of their Kingdom (2Ki 10:35; 2Ki 13:9; 2Ki 14:16).

Our Lord was buried in a New tomb, hewn out of the Rock which Joseph of Arimathea had prepared for himself (Mat 27:57-60;Mrk 15:46;Jhn 19:41,Jhn 19:42).

The Grave of Lazarus was “a Cave and a Stone lay on it” (Jhn 11:38). Graves were frequently either natural caverns or artificial excavations formed in the sides of rocks (Gen 23:9;Mat 27:60); and coffins were seldom used, unless when the body was brought from a distance.

Burnt: OFFERING Hebrew olalr, i.e., “ascending,” the whole being consumed by Fire and regarded as ascending to God while being consumed. Part of every Offering was Burnt in the sacred Fire but this was wholly Burnt a “whole Burnt Offering ” It was the most frequent form of Sacrifice and apparently the only one mentioned in the book of Genesis Such were the sacrifices offered by Abel (Gen 4:3, Gen 4:4, here called minhah ; i.e., “a gift”), Noah (Gen 8:20), Abraham (Gen 22:2, Gen 22:7, Gen 22:8, Gen 22:13), and by the Hebrews in Egypt (Exo 10:25).

The Law of Moses afterwards prescribed the occasions and the manner in which Burnt sacrifices were to be offered. ... There were “the continual Burnt offering” (Exo 29:38-42;Lev 6:9-13), “the Burnt Offering of every Sabbath ” which was double the Daily one (Num 28:9, Num 28:10), “the Burnt Offering of every month” (Num 28:11-15), the offerings at the Passover (19 28:23), at Pentecost (Lev 23:16), the Feast of Trumpets (Lev 23:23-25), and on the Day of Atonement (Lev 23:16).

On other occasions special sacrifices were offered, as at the Consecration of Aaron (Exo 23:29) and the Dedication of the Temple (1Ki 8:5,62 8:64).

Free-will Burnt offerings were also permitted (Lev 1:13), and were offered at the accession of Solomon to the Throne (Lev 1:1 Chronicles Lev 29:21), and at the reformation brought about by Hezekiah (Lev 29:2 Chronicles Lev 29:31-35).

These offerings signified the complete Dedication of the offerers unto GodThi 12:1. (See Altar Sacrifice )

Bush

Butler: properly a servant in charge of the wine (Gen 40:1-13; Gen 41:9). The Hebrew Word mashkeh, thus translated is rendered also (plural) “cup-bearers” (1Ki 10:5;2Ch 9:4). Nehemiah (2Ch 1:11) was cup-bearer to King Artaxerxes It was a position of great responsibility and honour in royal households.

Butter: (Hebrews hemah), curdled milk (Gen 18:8;Jdg 5:25;2Sa 17:29), or Butter in the form of the skim of hot milk or cream, called by the Arabs kaimak, a semi-fluid (Job 20:17; Job 29:6;Deu 32:14).The 30:33 have been rendered by some “the pressure [not churning] of milk bringeth forth Cheese ”

Buz: contempt. (1.) The second Son of Nahor and Milcah, and Brother of Huz (Gen 22:21). Elihu was one of his descendants (Job 32:2).

(Job 32:2.) One of the chiefs of the Tribe of Gad (Job 32:1 Chronicles Job 5:14).

(Job 5:3.) A district in Arabia Petrea (Jer 25:23).

Buzi

Word: , The (Gr. Logos), one of the titles of our Lord found only in the writings of John (Jhn 1:1-14; Jhn 1:1 John Jhn 1:1; Revelation Jhn 19:13). As such, Christ is the revealer of God His office is to make God known. “No Man Hath seen God at any time; the only begotten Son which is in the bosom of the Father he Hath declared him” (Jhn 1:18). This title designates the divine nature of Christ As the Word he “was in the beginning” and “became Flesh ” “The Word was with God “ and “was God ” and was the Creator of all things (comp.Psa 33:6; Psa 107:20; Psa 119:89; Psa 147:18; Isaiah Psa 40:8).

Cabins: only in Jeremiah 37:16 (R.V., “cells”), arched vaults or recesses off a Passage or room; cells for the closer confinement of prisoners.

Cabul: how little! as nothing. (1.) A town on the eastern border of Asher (Jos 19:27), probably one of the towns given by Solomon to Hiram; the modem Kabul,Som 19:8 miles East of Accho on the very borders of Galilee.

(Som 19:2.) A district in the north-west of Galilee, near to Tyre, containing twenty cities given to Hiram by Solomon as a reward for various services rendered to him in Building the Temple (1Ki 9:13), and as payment of the six score talents of Gold he had borrowed from him. Hiram gave the cities this name because he was not pleased with the Gift the name signifying “good for nothing.” Hiram seems afterwards to have restored these cities to Solomon (2Ch 8:2).

Caesar: the title assumed by the Roman emperors after Julius Caesar In the New Testament this title is given to various emperors as sovereigns of Judaea without their accompanying distinctive proper names (Jhn 19:15; Acts Jhn 17:7). The Jews paid Tribute to Caesar (Mat 22:17), and all Roman citizens had the right of Appeal to him (Act 25:11). The Caesars referred to in the New Testament are Augustus (Luk 2:1), Tiberius (Luk 3:1; Luk 20:22), Claudius (Act 11:28), and Nero (Act 25:8; Phil. Act 4:22).

Caesara: PHILIPPI a City on the northeast of the marshy Plain of el-Huleh, 120 miles North of Jerusalem and 20 miles North of the Sea of Galilee, at the “upper source” of the Jordan and near the base of Mount Hermon It 16:13And 8:27 as the northern limit of our Lord’s public ministry. According to some its original name was Baal-Gad (Jos 11:17), or Baal-Hermon (Jdg 3:3;1Ch 5:23), when it was a Canaanite Sanctuary of Baal It was afterwards called Panium or Paneas, from a Deep cavern full of Water near the town. This name was given to the cavern by the Greeks of the Macedonian Kingdom of Antioch because of its likeness to the grottos of Greece which were always associated with the Worship of their God Pan Its modern name is Banias. ... Here Herod built a Temple which he dedicated to Augustus Caesar This town was afterwards enlarged and embellished by Herod Philip the Tetrarch of Trachonitis of whose territory it formed a part, and was called by him Caesarea Philippi partly after his own name, and partly after that of the emperor Tiberius Caesar It is thus distinguished from the Caesarea of Palestine (See Jordan )

Caesarea: (Palestinae), a City on the shore of the Mediterranean, on the great Road from Tyre to Egypt about 70 miles northwest of Jerusalem at the northern extremity of the Plain of Sharon It was built by Herod the Great (B.C. 10), who named it after Caesar Augustus hence called Caesarea Sebaste (Gr. Sebastos = “Augustus”), on the site of an Old town called “Strato’s Tower.” It was the capital of the Roman province of Judaea, the seat of the governors or procurators, and the headquarters of the Roman troops. It was the great Gentile City of Palestine with a spacious artificial harbour. It was adorned with many buildings of great splendour, after the manner of the Roman cities of the West. Here Cornelius the Centurion was converted through the instrumentality of Peter (Act 10:1, Act 10:24), and thus for the first time the door of Faith was opened to the Gentiles Philip the Evangelist resided here with his four daughters (Act 21:8). ... From this Place Saul sailed for his native Tarsus when forced to flee from Jerusalem (Act 9:30), and here he landed when returning from his second missionary Journey (Act 18:22). He remained as a prisoner here for two years before his voyage to Rome (Act 24:27; Act 25:1, Act 25:4, Act 25:6, Act 25:13). Here on a “set Day ” when Games were celebrated in the Theatre in honour of the emperor Claudius Herod Agrippa I. appeared among the people in great pomp, and in the midst of the idolatrous homage paid to him was suddenly smitten by an Angel and carried out a dying Man He was “eaten of worms” (Act 12:19-23), thus perishing by the same loathsome disease as his granfather, Herod the Great. It still retains its Ancient name Kaiseriyeh, but is now desolate. “The present inhabitants of the ruins are snakes, Scorpions lizards, wild boars, and jackals.” It is described as the most desolate City of all Palestine

Cage: (Hebrews kelub’, Jeremiah 5:27, marg. “coop;” rendered “basket”In 8:1), a basket of wicker-work in which birds were placed after being caught.In 18:2 it is the rendering of the Greek phulake , properly a prison or Place of confinement.

Caiaphas: the Jewish High Priest (A.D. 27-36) at the beginning of our Lord’s public ministry, in the reign of Tiberius (Luk 3:2), and also at the time of his condemnation and Crucifixion (Mat 26:3,Mat 26:57;Jhn 11:49; Jhn 18:13, Jhn 18:14). He held this office during the whole of Pilate’s administration. His Wife was the Daughter of Annas who had formerly been High Priest and was probably the vicar or Deputy (Hebrews sagan) of Caiaphas He was of the Sect of the Sadducees (Act 5:17), and was a member of the Council when he gave his opinion that Jesus should be Put to Death “for the people, and that the whole nation perish not” (Jhn 11:50). ... In these words he unconsciously uttered a Prophecy “Like Saul he was a Prophet in spite of himself.” Caiaphas had no power to inflict the Punishment of Death and therefore Jesus was sent to Pilate the Roman Governor that he might duly pronounce the sentence against him (Mat 27:2;Jhn 18:28). At a later period his hostility to the gospel is still manifest (Act 4:6). (See Annas )

Cain

Cainan: possession; Smith (1.) The fourth antediluvian Patriarch the eldest Son of Enos He was 70 years Old at the Birth of his eldest Son Mahalaleel, after which he lived 840 years (Gen 5:9-14),And 5:910 years Old when he died. He is also called Kenan (And 5:1 Chronicles And 1:2).

(And 1:2.) The Son of Arphaxad (Luk 3:36). He is nowhere named in the Old Testament He is usually called the “second Cainan ”

Cake: Cakes made of wheat or Barley were offered in the Temple They were salted, but unleavened (Exo 29:2;Lev 2:4). In idolatrous Worship thin cakes or Wafers were offered “to the Queen of heaven” (Jer 7:1 Jer 7:8; Jer 44:19).

Pan 44:2Sam 13:8, Sam 13:9.Cak 2:4, and “wafers unleavened anointed with Oil ” in Exodus Cak 29:2;Lev 8:26; Lev 8:1 Chronicles Lev 23:29. “Cracknels,” a kind of crisp cakes, were among the things Jeroboam directed his Wife to take with her when she went to consult Ahijah the Prophet at Shiloh (1Ki 14:3). Such hard cakes were carried by the Gibeonites when they came to Joshua (1Ki 9:5, 1Ki 9:12). ... They described their Bread as “mouldy;” but the Hebrew Word nikuddim, here used, ought rather to be rendered “hard as biscuit.” It is rendered “cracknels”In 9:1Kin 14:3. The ordinary Bread when kept for a few days, became dry and excessively hard. The Gibeonites pointed to this hardness of their Bread as an evidence that they had come a long Journey

We read also of honey-cakes (Exo 16:31), “cakes of figs” (1Sa 25:18), “cake” as denoting a whole piece of Bread (1Ki 17:12), and “a round] Cake of Barley bread” (Jdg 7:13).In 7:2 is a list of the different kinds of Bread and cakes which were fit for offerings.

Calah: one of the most Ancient cities of Assyria “Out of that land he [i.e., Nimrod] went forth into Assyria and built Nineveh Rehoboth-Ir, and Calah and Resen” (Gen 10:11, R.V.). Its site is now Marked probably by the Nimrud ruins on the Left bank of the Tigris.The 10:1,The 10:000 acres, and are second only in size and importance to the mass of ruins opposite Mosul. This City was at one time the capital of the empire, and was the residence of Sardanapalus and his successors down to the time of Sargon who built a New capital, the modern Khorsabad.It 10:11 were afterwards all united into one and called Nineveh (q.v.).

Calamus: the Latin for Cane Hebrew Kaneh, mentioned (Exo 30:23) as one of the ingredients in the Holy anointing Oil one of the sweet scents (Cant. Exo 4:14), and among the articles sold in the markets of Tyre (Ezk 27:19). The Word designates an Oriental plant called the “sweet Flag ” the Acorus Calamus of Linnaeus. It is elsewhere called “sweet cane” (Isa 43:24; Jeremiah Isa 6:20). It has an aromatic smell, and when its knotted stalk is cut and dried and reduced to powder, it forms an ingredient in the most precious Perfumes It was not a native of Palestine but was imported from Arabia Felix or from India It was probably that which is now known in India by the name of “lemon grass” or “ginger Grass ” the Andropogon schoenanthus. (See Cane )

Calcol: (1Ch 2:6), sustenance, the same probably as Chalcol (1Ki 4:31), one of the four sages whom Solomon excelled in wisdom; for “he was wiser than all men.”

Caleb: a Dog (1.) One of the three sons of Hezron of the Tribe of Judah He is also called Chelubai (1 Chronicles 2:9). His descendants are enumerated (18 2:20,42 2:49).

(42 2:2.) A “son of Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah” (42 2:1 Chronicles 42 2:50). Some would read the whole Passage thus: “These [i.e., the list in ver.42 2:49] were the sons of Caleb The sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah were Shobal etc.” Thus Hur would be the name of the Son and not the Father of Caleb (ver. 42 2:19).

(42 2:3.) The Son of Jephunneh (Num 13:6; Num 32:12;Jos 14:6, Jos 14:14). He was one of those whom Moses sent to search the land in the second Year after the Exodus He was one of the family chiefs of the Tribe of Judah He and Joshua the Son of Nun were the only two of the whole number who encouraged the people to go up and possess the land, and they alone were spared when a Plague broke out in which the other ten Spies perished (Num 14:13; Num 14:14). ... All the people that had been numbered, from twenty years Old and upward, perished in the Wilderness except these two. The last notice we have of Caleb is when (being then eighty-five years of age) he came to Joshua at the Camp at Gilgal after the people had gained possession of the land, and reminded him of the promise Moses had made to him, by virtue of which he claimed a certain portion of the land of Kirjath-arba as his inheritance (Jos 14:6-15; Jos 15:13-15; Jos 21:10-12;1Sa 25:2,1Sa 25:3; 1Sa 30:14). He is called a “Kenezite”In 14:6,In 14:14. This may simply mean “son of Kenez” (Num 32:12). Some, however, read “Jephunneh, the Son of Kenez,” who was a descendant of Hezron the Son of Pharez a grandson of Judah (Num 32:1 Chronicles Num 2:5). This Caleb may possibly be identical with (Num 2:2).

(Num 2:4.) Caleb gave his name apparently to a part of the South country (1Sa 30:14) of Judah the district between Hebron and Carmel which had been assigned to him. When he gave up the City of Hebron to the priests as a City of Refuge he retained possession of the surrounding country (Jos 21:11,Jos 21:12; comp.1Sa 25:3).

Calf: Calves were commonly made use of in sacrifices, and are therefore frequently mentioned in Scripture The “fatted calf” was regarded as the choicest of Animal Food it was frequently also offered as a special Sacrifice (1Sa 28:24;Amo 6:4;Luk 15:23). The words used in Jeremiah Luk 34:18, Luk 34:19, “cut the Calf in twain,” allude to the Custom of dividing a Sacrifice into two parts, between which the parties ratifying a Covenant passed (Gen 15:9, Gen 15:10, Gen 15:17, Gen 15:18). The Sacrifice of the lips, i.e., priase, is called “the calves of our lips” (Hos. Gen 14:2, R.V., “as bullocks the Offering of our lips.” Comp.Heb 13:15;Psa 116:7; Jeremiah Psa 33:11). ...

The Golden Calf which Aaron made (Exo 32:4) was probably a copy of the God Moloch rather than of the God Apis, the sacred ox or Calf of Egypt The Jews showed all through their history a tendency toward the Babylonian and Canaanitish Idolatry rather than toward that of Egypt

Ages after this, Jeroboam King of Israel set up two Idol calves, one at Dan and the other at Bethel, that he might thus prevent the ten tribes from resorting to Jerusalem for Worship (1Ki 12:28). These calves continued to be a Snare to the people till the time of their Captivity The Calf at Dan was carried away in the reign of Pekah by Tiglath-pileser, and that at Bethel ten years later, in the reign of Hoshea, by Shalmaneser (2Ki 15:29; 2Ki 17:33). This sin of Jeroboam is almost always mentioned along with his name (2Ki 15:28 etc.).

Calkers: workmen skilled in stopping the seams of the deck or sides of vessels. The inhabitants of Gebel were employed in such work on Tyrian vessels (Ezk 27:9, Ezk 27:27; marg., “strengthened” or “stoppers of chinks”).

Call: (1.) To cry for help, hence to pray (Gen 4:26). Thus men are said to “call upon the name of the Lord” (Act 2:21; Act 7:59; Act 9:14;Rom 10:12;1Co 1:2).

(1Co 1:2.) God calls with respect to men when he designates them to some special office (Exo 31:2;Isa 22:20; Acts Isa 13:2), and when he invites them to accept his offered Grace (Mat 9:13; Mat 11:28; Mat 22:4).

In the message of the gospel his Call is addressed to all men, to Jews and Gentiles alike (Mat 28:19;Mrk 16:15;Rom 9:24, Rom 9:25). But this universal Call is not inseparably connected with Salvation although it leaves all to whom it comes inexcusable if they reject it (Jhn 3:14-19; Matthew Jhn 22:14). ...

An effectual Call is something more than the outward message of the Word of God to men. It is internal, and is the result of the enlightening and sanctifying influence of the Holy Spirit (Jhn 16:14; Acts Jhn 26:18;Jhn 6:44), effectually drawing men to Christ and disposing and enabling them to receive the Truth (Jhn 6:45; Acts Jhn 16:14; Ephesians Jhn 1:17).

Calling: a profession, or as we usually say, a vocation (1Co 7:20). The “hope of your calling”In 4:4 is the hope resulting from your being called into the Kingdom of God

Calneh: fort, one of the four cities founded by Nimrod (Gen 10:10). It is the modern Niffer, a lofty mound of earth and rubbish situated in the marshes on the Left i.e., the East bank of the Euphrates But 10:30 miles distant from its present course,And 10:60 miles south-south-east from Babylon It is mentioned as one of the towns with which Tyre carried on trade. It was finally taken and probably destroyed by one of the Assyrian kings (Amo 6:2). It is called Calno (Isa 10:9) and Canneh (Ezk 27:23).

Calvary: only in Luke 23:33, the Latin name Calvaria, which was used as a translation of the Greek Word Kranion, by which the Hebrew Word Gulgoleth was interpreted, “the Place of a skull.” It probably took this name from its shape, being a hillock or low, rounded, bare elevation somewhat in the form of a human skull. It is nowhere in Scripture called a “hill.” The Crucifixion of our Lord took Place outside the City walls (Heb 13:11-13) and near the public thoroughfare. “This thing was not done in a comer.” (See Golgotha )

Camel: from the Hebrew gamal, “to repay” or “requite,” as the Camel does the care of its master. There are two distinct species of camels, having, however, the common characteristics of being “ruminants without horns, without Muzzle with nostrils forming oblique slits, the upper lip divided and separately movable and extensile, the soles of the feet horny, with two toes covered by claws, the limbs long, the abdomen drawn up, while the Neck long and slender, is bent up and down, the reverse of that of a Horse which is arched.”

(1.) The Bactrian Camel is distinguished by two humps. It is a native of the High table-lands of Central Asia.

(2.) The Arabian Camel or Dromedary from the Greek dromos, “a runner” (Isa 60:6; Jeremiah Isa 2:23), has but one hump, and is a native of Western Asia or Africa. ...

The Camel was early used both for riding and as a beast of Burden (Gen 24:64; Gen 37:25), and in war (Gen 37:1 Samuel Gen 30:17; Isaiah Gen 21:7). Mention is made of the Camel among the Cattle given by Pharaoh to Abraham (Gen 12:16). Its Flesh was not to be eaten, as it was ranked among unclean animals (Lev 11:4; Deuteronomy Lev 14:7). Abraham’s servant rode on a Camel when he went to fetch a Wife for Isaac (Gen 24:10, Gen 24:11). Jacob had camels as a portion of his wealth (Gen 30:43), as Abraham also had (Gen 24:35). He sent a present of thirty milch camels to his Brother Esau (Gen 32:15). It appears to have been little in use among the Jews after the conquest. It is, however, mentioned in the history of David (Gen 32:1 Chronicles Gen 27:30), and after the Exile (Ezr 2:67; Nehemiah Ezr 7:69). Camels were much in use among other nations in the East The Queen of Sheba came with a caravan of camels when she came to see the wisdom of Solomon (1Ki 10:2; 1Ki 10:2 Chronicles 1Ki 9:1). Benhadad of Damascus also sent a present to Elisha, “forty camels’ burden” (2Ki 8:9).

To show the difficulty in the way of a rich man’s entering into the Kingdom our Lord uses the proverbial expression that it was easier for a Camel to go through the Eye of a Needle (Mat 19:24).

To Strain at (rather, out) a Gnat and Swallow a Camel was also a proverbial expression (Mat 23:24), used with reference to those who were careful to avoid small faults, and yet did not hesitate to commit the greatest sins. The Jews carefully filtered their wine before drinking it, for Fear of swallowing along with it some insect forbidden in the Law as unclean, and yet they omitted openly the “weightier matters” of the Law

The raiment worn by John the Baptist was made of camel’s Hair (Mat 3:4; Mark Mat 1:6), by which he was distinguished from those who resided in royal palaces and wore soft raiment. This was also the case with Elijah (2Ki 1:8), who is called “a hairy Man ” from his wearing such raiment. “This is one of the most admirable materials for clothing; it keeps out the heat, cold, and rain.” The “sackcloth” so often alluded to (2Ki 1:8; Isaiah 2Ki 15:3; Zechariah 2Ki 13:4, etc.) was probably made of camel’s Hair

Camon: full of stalks, a Place (Jdg 10:5) where Jair was buried. It has usually been supposed to have been a City of Gilead, on the East of Jordan It is probably, however, the modern Tell-el-Kaimun, on the southern slopes of Carmel the Jokneam of Carmel (Jos 12:22;1Ki 4:12), since it is not at all unlikely that after he became Judge Jair might find it more convenient to live on the west side of Jordan and that he was buried where he had lived.

Camp: During their journeys across the Wilderness the twelve tribes formed encampments at the different places where they halted (Exo 16:13;Num 2:3). The diagram here given shows the position of the different tribes and the form of the encampment during the wanderings,Acc 1:53; Acc 2:2-31; Acc 3:29, Acc 3:35, Acc 3:38; Acc 10:13-28.

The area of the CampWou 10:3 square miles. After the Hebrews entered Palestine the camps then spoken of were exclusively warlike (Jos 11:5, Jos 11:7;Jdg 5:19, Jdg 5:21; Jdg 7:1;1Sa 29:1; 1Sa 30:9, etc.).

Camphire: (Hebrews copher), mentioned in Cant. 1:14 (R.V., “henna-flowers”); 4:13 (R.V., “henna”), is the al-henna of the Arabs, a native of Egypt producing clusters of small white and yellow odoriferous Flowers whence is made the Oleum Cyprineum. From its leaves is made the Peculiar auburn Dye with which Eastern women stain their nails and the palms of their hands. It is found only at Engedi on the shore of the Dead Sea It is known to botanists by the name Lawsonia alba or inermis, a kind of privet,Whi 4:6Or 4:8 feet High The margin of the Authorized Version of the passages above referred to has “or Cypress ” not with reference to the conifer so called, but to the circumstance that one of the most highly appreciated species of this plant grew in the Island of Cyprus

Cana: reedy, a town of Galilee, near Capernaum Here our Lord wrought his first Miracle the turning of Water into wine (Jhn 2:1-11; Jhn 4:46). It is also mentioned as the birth-place of Nathanael (Jhn 21:2). It is not mentioned in the Old Testament It has been identified with the modern Kana el-Jelil, also called Khurbet Kana,A P 21:8Or 21:9 miles North of Nazareth. Others have identified it with Kefr Kenna, which lies on the direct Road to the Sea of Galilee,Abo 21:5 miles north-east of Nazareth,And 21:12 in a direct course from Tiberias It is called “Cana of Galilee,” to distinguish it from Cana of Asher (Jos 19:28).

Canaan: ,The 19:18, denotes the language spoken by the Jews resident in Palestine The language of the Canaanites and of the Hebrews was substantially the same. This is seen from the fragments of the Phoenician language which still survive, which show the closest analogy to the Hebrew Yet the subject of the language of the “Canaanites” is very obscure. The cuneiform Writing of Babylon as well as the Babylonian language, was taught in the Canaanitish Schools and the Clay tablets of Babylonian literature were stored in the Canaanitish libraries. Even the Babylonian divinities were borrowed by the Canaanites

Canaanite: a name given to the Apostle Simon (Mat 10:4;Mrk 3:18). The Word here does not, however, mean a descendant of Canaan but is a translation, or rather almost a transliteration, of the Syriac Word Kanenyeh (R.V. rendered “Cananaen”), which designates the Jewish Sect of the Zealots Hence he is called elsewhere (Luk 6:15) “Simon Zelotes ” i.e., Simon of the Sect of the Zealots (See Simon )

Canaanites: the descendants of Canaan the Son of Ham Migrating from their original home, they seem to have reached the Persian Gulf, and to have there sojourned for some time. They thence “spread to the west, across the mountain Chain of Lebanon to the very edge of the Mediterranean Sea occupying all the land which later became Palestine also to the north-west as far as the mountain Chain of Taurus. This group was very numerous, and broken up into a great many peoples, as we can Judge from the list of nations (Genesis 10), the ‘sons of Canaan ’” Six different tribes are mentioned in Exodus Gen 3:8, Gen 3:17; Gen 23:23; Gen 33:2; Gen 34:11. In Exodus Gen 13:5 the “Perizzites” are omitted. ... The “Girgashites” are mentioned in addition to the foregoing in Deuteronomy Gen 7:1; Joshua Gen 3:10.

The “Canaanites,” as distinguished from the Amalekites, the Anakim and the Rephaim were “dwellers in the lowlands” (Num 13:29), the great plains and valleys, the richest and most important parts of Palestine Tyre and Sidon, their famous cities, were the centres of great commercial activity; and hence the name “Canaanite” came to signify a “trader” or “merchant” (Job 41:6;Pro 31:24, lit. “Canaanites;” comp.Zep 1:11;Ezk 17:4). The name “Canaanite” is also sometimes used to designate the non-Israelite inhabitants of the land in general (Gen 12:6; Numbers Gen 21:3;Jdg 1:10).

The Israelites, when they were led to the Promised Land, were commanded utterly to destroy the descendants of Canaan then possessing it (Exo 23:23; Numbers Exo 33:52, Exo 33:53; Deuteronomy Exo 20:16, Exo 20:17). This was to be done “by little and little,” lest the beasts of the field should increase (Exo 23:29; Deuteronomy Exo 7:22, Exo 7:23). The history of these wars of conquest is given in the Book of Joshua The extermination of these tribes, however, was never fully carried out. Jerusalem was not taken till the time of David (Exo 7:2 Samuel Exo 5:6, Exo 5:7). In the days of Solomon bond-service was exacted from the fragments of the tribes still remaining in the land (1Ki 9:20, 1Ki 9:21). Even after the return from Captivity survivors of five of the Canaanitish tribes were still found in the land.

In the Tell-el-Amarna tablets Canaan is found under the forms of Kinakhna and Kinakhkhi. Under the name of Kanana the Canaanites appear on Egyptian monuments, wearing a Coat of Mail and Helmet and distinguished by the use of spear and Javelin and the battle-axe. They were called Phoenicians by the Greeks and Poeni by the Romans By race the Canaanites were Semitic. They were famous as merchants and seamen, as well as for their artistic skill. The Chief object of their Worship was the sun-God, who was addressed by the general name of Baal “Lord.” Each locality had its special Baal and the various local Baals were summed up under the name of Baalim “lords.”

Candace: the Queen of the Ethiopians whose “eunuch” or Chamberlain was converted to Christianity by the instrumentality of Philip the Evangelist (Act 8:27). The country which she ruled was called by the Greeks Meroe, in Upper Nubia. It was long the centre of commercial intercourse between Africa and the South of Asia, and hence became famous for its wealth (Isa 45:14).

It is somewhat singular that female Sovereignty seems to have prevailed in Ethiopia the name Candace (compare “Pharaoh,” “Ptolemy,” “Caesar”) being a title common to several successive queens. It is probable that Judaism had taken root in Ethiopia at this time, and hence the visit of the queen’s treasurer to Jerusalem to keep the Feast There is a Tradition that Candace was herself converted to Christianity by her treasurer on his return, and that he became the Apostle of Christianity in that whole region, carrying it also into Abyssinia. It is said that he also preached the gospel in Arabia Felix and in Ceylon, where he suffered martyrdom. (See Philip )

Candle: Hebrews NerJob 18:6; Job 29:3;Psa 18:28;Pro 24:20, in all which places the Revised Version and margin of Authorized Version have “lamp,” by which the Word is elsewhere frequently rendered. The Hebrew Word denotes properly any kind of Candle or Lamp or torch. It is used as a figure of Conscience (Pro 20:27), of a Christian example (Mat 5:14, Mat 5:15), and of prosperity (Job 21:17;Pro 13:9).

Candlestick: the lamp-stand, “candelabrum,” which Moses was commanded to make for the Tabernacle according to the pattern shown him. Its form is described in Exodus 25:31-40; 37:17-24, and may be seen represented on the Arch of Titus at Rome It was among the spoils taken by the Romans from the Temple of Jerusalem (A.D. 70). It was made of fine Gold and with the utensils belonging to it was a Talent in weight.

The Tabernacle was a Tent without windows, and thus artificial Light was needed. This was supplied by the Candlestick which, however, served also as a symbol of the Church or people of God who are “the Light of the world.” The Light which “symbolizes the knowledge of God is not the Sun or any natural Light but an artificial Light supplied with a specially prepared Oil for the knowledge of God is in Truth not natural nor common to all men, but furnished over and above nature.”

This Candlestick was placed on the South side of the Holy Place opposite the table of Shewbread (Exo 27:21; Exo 30:7, Exo 30:8; Leviticus Exo 24:3;1Sa 3:3). ... It was lighted every Evening and was extinguished in the morning. In the morning the priests trimmed the Seven lamps, borne by the Seven branches, with Golden snuffers, carrying away the Ashes in Golden dishes (Exo 25:38), and supplying the lamps at the same time with fresh Oil What ultimately became of the Candlestick is unknown.

In Solomon’s Temple there were ten separate candlesticks of pure Gold five on the right and five on the Left of the Holy Place (1Ki 7:49; 1Ki 7:2 Chronicles 1Ki 4:7). Their structure is not mentioned. They were carried away to Babylon (Jer 52:19).

In the Temple erected after the Exile there was again but one Candlestick and like the first, with Seven branches. It was this which was afterwards carried away by Titus to Rome where it was deposited in the Temple of Peace When Genseric plundered Rome he is said to have carried it to Carthage (A.D. Jer 52:455). It was recaptured by Belisarius (A.D. Jer 52:533), and carried to Constantinople and thence to Jerusalem where it finally disappeared.

Cane: a tall sedgy plant with a hollow stem, growing in moist places.In 43:24; Jeremiah In 6:20, the Hebrew Word kaneh is thus rendered, giving its name to the plant. It is rendered “reed”In 6:1Kin 14:15;Job 40:21;Isa 19:6; Isa 35:7.In 68:30 the expression “company of spearmen” is in the margin and the Revised Version “beasts of the reeds,” referring probably to the crocodile or the hippopotamus as a symbol of EgyptIn 68:2Kin 18:21;Isa 36:6;Ezk 29:6, Ezk 29:7, the reference is to the weak, fragile nature of the Reed (See Calamus )

Canker: a gangrene or mortification which gradually spreads over the whole body (2 Timothy 2:17). In James 5:3 “cankered” means “rusted” (R.V.) or tarnished.

Cankerworm: (Hebrews yelek), “the licking locust,” which licks up the Grass of the field; probably the locust at a certain stage of its growth, just as it emerges from the Caterpillar state (Jol 1:4; Jol 2:25). The Word is rendered “caterpillar”In 105:34;Jer 51:14, Jer 51:17 (but R.V. “canker-worm”). “It spoileth and fleeth away” (Nah. Jer 3:16), or as some read the Passage “The Cankerworm putteth off [i.e., the envelope of its wings], and fleeth away.”

Canneh: Men 27:23. (See Calneh )

Canon: This Word is derived from a Hebrew and Greek Word denoting a Reed or Cane Hence it means something straight, or something to keep straight; and hence also a rule, or something ruled or measured. It came to be applied to the Scriptures, to denote that they contained the authoritative rule of Faith and practice, the standard of doctrine and duty. A book is said to be of canonical authority when it has a right to take a Place with the other books which contain a Revelation of the Divine Will Such a right does not arise from any ecclesiastical authority, but from the evidence of the inspired authorship of the book. The canonical (i.e., the inspired) books of the Old and New Testaments, are a complete rule, and the only rule, of Faith and practice. ... They contain the whole supernatural Revelation of God to men. The New Testament Canon was formed gradually under divine guidance. The different books as they were written came into the possession of the Christian associations which began to be formed soon after the Day of Pentecost and thus slowly the Canon increased till all the books were gathered together into one Collection containing the whole of the twenty-seven New Testament inspired books.

Historical evidence shows that from about the middle of the second century this New Testament Collection was substantially such as we now possess. Each book contained in it is proved to have, on its own Ground a right to its Place and thus the whole is of divine authority.

The Old Testament Canon is witnessed to by the New Testament writers. Their evidence is conclusive. The Quotations in the New from the Old are very numerous, and the references are much more numerous. These Quotations and references by our Lord and the apostles most clearly imply the existence at that time of a well-known and publicly acknowledged Collection of Hebrew writings under the designation of “The Scriptures;” “The Law and the Prophets and the Psalms ” “Moses and the Prophets,” etc. The appeals to these books, moreover, show that they were regarded as of divine authority, finally deciding all questions of which they treat; and that the whole Collection so recognized consisted only of the thirty-nine books which we now posses. Thus they endorse as genuine and authentic the Canon of the Jewish Scriptures. The Septuagint Version (q.v.) also contained every book we now have in the Old Testament Scriptures. As to the time at which the Old Testament Canon was closed, there are many considerations which point to that of Ezra and Nehemiah immediately after the return from Babylonian exile. (See Bible EZRA, Quotations )

Capernaum: Nahum’s town, a Galilean City frequently mentioned in the history of our Lord It is not mentioned in the Old Testament After our Lord’s expulsion from Nazareth (Mat 4:13-16; Luke Mat 4:16-31), Capernaum became his “own City ” It was the scene of many Acts and incidents of his Life (Mat 8:5, Mat 8:14, Mat 8:15; Mat 9:2-6,10 9:17; 10 15:1-20;Mrk 1:32-34, etc.). The impenitence and unbelief of its inhabitants after the many evidences our Lord gave among them of the Truth of his mission, brought down upon them a heavy denunciation of judgement (Mat 11:23).

It stood on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. The “land of Gennesaret ” near, if not in, which it was situated, was one of the most prosperous and crowded districts of Palestine This City lay on the great Highway from Damascus to Acco and Tyre. ... It has been identified with Tell Hum, about two miles south-west of where the Jordan flows into the lake. Here are extensive ruins of walls and foundations, and also the remains of what must have been a Beautiful Synagogue which it is conjectured may have been the one built by the Centurion (Luk 7:5), in which our Lord frequently taught (Jhn 6:59;Mrk 1:21; Luke Mrk 4:33). Others have conjectured that the ruins of the City are to be found at Khan Minyeh, some three miles further to the South on the shore of the lake. “If Tell Hum be Capernaum the remains spoken of are without doubt the ruins of the Synagogue built by the Roman Centurion and one of the most sacred places on earth. It was in this Building that our Lord gave the well-known discourse in John Mrk 4:6; and it was not without a certain strange feeling that on turning over a large block we found the pot of manna engraved on its Face and remembered the words, ‘I am that Bread of Life your fathers did eat manna in the Wilderness and are Dead ’”, (The Recovery of Jerusalem )

Caphtor: a chaplet, the original seat of the Philistines (Deu 2:23; Jeremiah Deu 47:4;Amo 9:7). The name is found written in hieroglyphics in the Temple of Kom Ombos in Upper Egypt But the exact situation of Caphtor is unknown, though it is supposed to be Crete since the Philistines seem to be meant by the “Cherethites”In 9:1Sam 30:14 (See 30:2Sam 8:18). It may, however, have been a part of Egypt the Caphtur in the North Delta, since the Caphtorim were of the same race as the Mizraite people (Gen 10:14;1Ch 1:12).

Cappadocia: the easternmost and the largest province of Asia Minor. Christianity very early penetrated into this country (1 Peter 1:1). On the Day of Pentecost there were Cappadocians at Jerusalem (Act 2:9).

Captain: (l.) Hebrews sar (1Sa 22:2;2Sa 23:19). Rendered “chief,” Genesis 2Sa 40:2; 2Sa 41:9; rendered also “prince,”Dan 1:7; “ruler,”Jdg 9:30; “governor,’1Ki 22:26. This same Hebrew Word denotes a military Captain (Exo 18:21;2Ki 1:9; Deuteronomy 2Ki 1:15;1Sa 18:13, etc.), the “captain of the body-guard” (Gen 37:36; Gen 39:1; Gen 41:10; Jeremiah Gen 40:1), or, as the Word may be rendered, “chief of the executioners” (marg.). The officers of the king’s body-guard frequently acted as executioners. Nebuzar-adan (Jer 39:13) and Arioch (Dan 2:14) held this office in Babylon

The “captain of the guard” mentioned in Acts Dan 28:16 was the Praetorian prefect, the commander of the Praetorian troops. ...

(Dan 28:2.) Another Word (Hebrews katsin) so translated denotes sometimes a military (Jos 10:24;Jdg 11:6, Jdg 11:11; Isaiah Jdg 22:3 “rulers;”Dan 11:18)

and sometimes a civil command, a Judge Magistrate Arab kady, (Isa 1:10; Isa 3:6;Mic 3:1, Mic 3:9).

(Mic 3:3.) It is also the rendering of a Hebrew Word (shalish) meaning “a third Man ” or “one of three.” The LXX. render in plural by tristatai; i.e., “soldiers fighting from chariots,” so called because each war-chariot contained three men, one of whom acted as charioteer while the other two fought (Exo 14:7; Exo 15:4;1Ki 9:22; comp.2Ki 9:25). This Word is used also to denote the king’s body-guard (2Ki 10:25; 2Ki 10:1 Chronicles 2Ki 12:18; 2Ki 12:2 Chronicles 2Ki 11:11) or aides-de-camp.

(2Ki 11:4.) The “captain of the temple” mentioned in Acts 2Ki 4:1And 5:24 was not a military officer, but superintendent of the Guard of priests and Levites who kept watch in the Temple by night. (Comp, “the ruler of the House of God ” And 5:1 Chronicles And 9:11; And 9:2 Chronicles And 31:13; Nehemiah And 11:11.)

(And 11:5.) The Captain of our Salvation is a name given to our Lord (Heb 2:10), because he is the author and source of our Salvation the head of his people, whom he is conducting to Glory The “captain of the Lord’s host” (Jos 5:14, Jos 5:15) is the name given to that mysterious person who manifested himself to Abraham (Gen 12:7), and to Moses in the bush (Exo 3:2, Exo 3:6, etc.) the Angel of the Covenant (See Angel )

Captive: one taken in war. Captives were often treated with great cruelty and indignity (1Ki 20:32; Joshua 1Ki 10:24;Jdg 1:7;2Sa 4:12;Jdg 8:7;2Sa 12:31; 2Sa 12:1 Chronicles 2Sa 20:3). When a City was taken by assault, all the men were slain, and the women and children carried away Captive and sold as slaves (Isa 20:20; Isa 47:3; Isa 47:2 Chronicles Isa 28:9-15;Psa 44:12; Joel Psa 3:3), and exposed to the most cruel treatment (Nah. Psa 3:10; Zechariah Psa 14:2; Esther Psa 3:13;2Ki 8:12; Isaiah 2Ki 13:16, 2Ki 13:18). Captives were sometimes carried away into foreign countries, as was the case with the Jews (Jer 20:5; Jer 39:9, Jer 39:10; Jer 40:7).

Captivity: (1.) Of Israel The Kingdom of the ten tribes was successively invaded by several Assyrian kings. Pul (q.v.) imposed a Tribute on Menahem of a thousand talents of Silver (2Ki 15:19, 2Ki 15:20; 2Ki 15:1 Chronicles 2Ki 5:26) (B.C. 2Ki 5:762), and Tiglath-pileser, in the days of Pekah (B.C. 2Ki 5:738), carried away the trans-Jordanic tribes and the inhabitants of Galilee into Assyria (2Ki 15:29;Isa 9:1). Subsequently Shalmaneser invaded Israel and laid siege to Samaria the capital of the Kingdom During the siege he died, and was succeeded by Sargon who took the City and transported the great mass of the people into Assyria (B.C. Isa 9:721), placing them in Halah and in Habor and in the cities of the Medes (2Ki 17:3, 2Ki 17:5). ... Samaria was never again inhabited by the Israelites. The families thus removed were carried to distant cities, many of them not far from the Caspian Sea and their Place was supplied by colonists from Babylon and Cuthah etc. (2Ki 17:24). Thus terminated the Kingdom of the ten tribes, after a separate duration of two hundred and fifty-five years (B.C.975 17:721).

Many speculations have been indulged in with reference to these ten tribes. But we believe that all, except the number that probably allied themselves with Judah and shared in their restoration under Cyrus are finally lost.

“Like the Dew on the mountain, Like the Foam on the River Like the bubble on the Fountain They are gone, and for ever.”

(975 17:2.) Of Judah In the third Year of Jehoiachim, the eighteenth King of Judah (B.C. 975 17:605), Nebuchadnezzar having overcome the Egyptians at Carchemish advanced to Jerusalem with a great Army After a brief siege he took that City and carried away the vessels of the Sanctuary to Babylon and dedicated them in the Temple of Belus (2Ki 24:1; 2Ki 24:2 Chronicles 2Ki 36:6, 2Ki 36:7;Dan 1:1, Dan 1:2). He also carried away the treasures of the King whom he made his vassal. At this time, from which is dated the “seventy years” of Captivity (Jer 1:25;Dan 9:1, Dan 9:2), Daniel and his companions were carried to Babylon there to be brought up at the Court and trained in all the learning of the Chaldeans. After this, in the fifth Year of Jehoiakim, a great national Fast was appointed (Jer 36:9), during which the King to show his defiance, cut up the leaves of the book of Jeremiah’s prophecies as they were read to him in his winter Palace and threw them into the Fire In the same Spirit he rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar (2Ki 24:1), who again a second time (B.C. 2Ki 24:598) marched against Jerusalem and Put Jehoiachim to Death placing his Son Jehoiachin on the Throne in his stead. But Jehoiachin’s counsellors displeasing Nebuchadnezzar he again a third time turned his Army against Jerusalem and carried away to Babylon a second detachment of Jews as captives,To 24:10,To 24:000 (2Ki 24:13; Jeremiah 2Ki 24:1; 2Ki 24:2 Chronicles 2Ki 36:10), among whom were the King with his mother and all his princes and officers, also Ezekiel, who with many of his companions were settled on the banks of the River Chebar (q.v.). He also carried away all the remaining treasures of the Temple and the Palace and the Golden vessels of the Sanctuary

Mattaniah, the uncle of Jehoiachin was now made King over what remained of the Kingdom of Judah under the name of Zedekiah (2Ki 24:17; 2Ki 24:2 Chronicles 2Ki 36:10). After a troubled reign of eleven years his Kingdom came to an End (2Ki 36:2 Chronicles 2Ki 36:1 2Ki 36:1). Nebuchadnezzar with a powerful Army besieged Jerusalem and Zedekiah became a prisoner in Babylon His eyes were Put out, and he was kept in close confinement till his Death (2Ki 25:7). The City was spoiled of all that was of value, and then given up to the flames. The Temple and palaces were consumed, and the walls of the City were levelled with the Ground (B.C. 2Ki 25:586), and all that remained of the people, except a number of the poorest class who were Left to till the Ground and Dress the vineyards, were carried away captives to Babylon This was the third and last deportation of Jewish captives. The land was now utterly desolate, and was abondoned to anarchy.

In the first Year of his reign as King of Babylon (B.C. 2Ki 25:536), Cyrus issued a decree liberating the Jewish captives, and permitting them to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the City and the Temple (2Ki 25:2 Chronicles 2Ki 36:22, 2Ki 36:23;Ezr 36:1; Ezr 36:2). The number of the people forming the first caravan, under Zerubbabel Amo 36:42,Amo 36:360 (Ezr 2:64, Ezr 2:65),Bes 2:7,Bes 2:337 men-servants and maid-servants. A considerable number, Bes 2:12,Bes 2:000 probably, from the ten tribes who had been carried away into Assyria no doubt combined with this band of liberated captives.

At a later period other Bands of the Jews returned (Bes 2:1) under Ezra (Bes 7:7) (B.C. Bes 7:458), and (Bes 7:2) Nehemiah (Bes 7:66) (B.C. Bes 7:445). But the great mass of the people remained still in the land to which they had been carried, and became a portion of the Jews of the “dispersion” (Jhn 7:35; Jhn 7:1 Peter Jhn 1:1). The whole number of the exiles that chose to remain was probably about six times the number of those who returned.

Carbuncle: (Exo 28:17; Exo 39:10;Ezk 28:13). Hebrews barkath; LXX. smaragdos; Vulgate, smaragdus; Revised Version marg., “emerald.” The Hebrew Word is from a root meaning “to glitter,” “lighten,” “flash.” When held up to the Sun this gem shines like a burning Coal a dark-red glowing Coal and hence is called “carbunculus”, i.e., a little Coal It was one of the jewels in the first row of the High priest’s Breastplate It has been conjectured by some that the garnet is meant.In 54:12 the Hebrew Word is ’ekdah, used in the prophetic description of the Glory and beauty of the mansions above. Next to the Diamond it is the hardest and most costly of all precious Stones

Carcase: contact with a, made an Israelite ceremonially unclean, and made whatever he touched also unclean, according to the Mosaic Law (Hag. 2:13; comp.Num 19:16, Num 19:22; Leviticus Num 11:39).

Carchemish: fortress of Chemosh a City on the west bank of the Euphrates (Jer 46:2; Jer 46:2 Chronicles Jer 35:20), not, as was once supposed, the Circesium at the confluence of the Chebar and the Euphrates but a City considerably higher up the River and commanding the ordinary Passage of the Euphrates probably identical with Hierapolis. It was the capital of the Kingdom of the northern Hittites. The Babylonian Army under Nebuchadnezzar the Son of Nabopolassar, here met and conquered the Army of Pharaoh-necho, King of Egypt (B.C. Jer 35:607). It is mentioned in monuments in B.C. Jer 35:1600 and down to B.C. Jer 35:717.

Carmel: a park; generally with the article, “the park.” (1.) A prominent headland of Central Palestine consisting of several connected hills extending from the Plain of Esdraelon to the Sea a distance of some 12 miles or more. At the East End in its highest part, it is 1,728 feet High and at the west End it forms a promontory to the Bay of Acre about 600 feet above the Sea It lay within the Tribe of Asher It was here, at the East End of the ridge, at a Place called el-Mukhrakah (i.e., the Place of burning), that Elijah brought back the people to their allegiance to God and slew the prophets of Baal (1 Kings 18). Here were consumed the “fifties” of the royal Guard and here also Elisha received the visit of the bereaved mother whose Son was restored by him to Life (2Ki 4:25-37). ... “No mountain in or around Palestine retains its Ancient beauty so much as Carmel Two or three Villages and some scattered cottages are found on it; its groves are few but luxuriant; it is no Place for crags and precipices or rocks of wild goats; but its surface is covered with a rich and constant verdure.” “The whole mountain-side is dressed with blossom, and flowering shrubs, and fragrant herbs.” The western extremity of the ridge is, however, more rocky and bleak than the eastern. The head of the Bride in Cant. 2Ki 7:5 is compared to Carmel It is ranked with Bashan on account of its rich pastures (Isa 33:9;Jer 50:19;Amo 1:2). The whole ridge is deeply furrowed with rocky ravines filled with dense jungle. There are many caves in its sides, which at one time were inhabited by swarms of monks.The 9:3. To them Elijah and Elisha often resorted (1Ki 18:19, 1Ki 18:42;2Ki 2:25). On its north-west summit there is an Ancient establishment of Carmelite monks. Vineyards have recently been planted on the Mount by the German colonists of Haifa. The modern Arabic name of the Mount is Kurmul, but more commonly Jebel Mar Elyas, i.e., Mount St. Elias from the Convent of Elias

(2Ki 2:2.) A town in the Hill country of Judah (Jos 15:55), the residence of Nabal (1Sa 25:2, 1Sa 25:5, 1Sa 25:7, 1Sa 25:40), and the native Place of Abigail who became David’s Wife (1Sa 27:3). Here King Uzziah had his vineyards (2Ch 26:10). The ruins of this town still remain under the name of Kurmul,Abo 26:10 miles south-south-east of Hebron close to those of Maon.

Carmi: vine-dresser. (1.) The last named of the four sons of Reuben (Gen 46:9).

(Gen 46:2.) A descendant of Judah (Gen 46:1 Chronicles Gen 4:1). He is elsewhere (Gen 2:18) called Caleb (q.v.).

(Gen 2:3.) The Son of Zimri, and the Father of Achan (Jos 7:1), “the troubler of Israel ”

Carnal: Unconverted men are so called (1Co 3:3). They are represented as of a “carnal mind, which is Enmity against God” (Rom 8:6, Rom 8:7). Enjoyments that Minister to the wants and desires of man’s Animal nature are so called (Rom 15:27;1Co 9:11). The ceremonial of the Mosaic Law is spoken of as “carnal,” because it related to things outward, the bodies of men and of animals, and the Purification of the Flesh (Heb 7:16; Heb 9:10). The weapons of Christian warfare are “not carnal”, that is, they are not of man’s device, nor are wielded by human power (2Co 10:4).

Carpenter: an Artificer in Stone Iron and Copper as well as in Wood (2Sa 5:11;1Ch 14:1;Mrk 6:3).The 6:1Sam 13:19, Sam 13:20;Jdg 4:21;Isa 10:15; Isa 44:13. It was said of our Lord “Is not this the carpenter’s son?” (Mat 13:55); also, “Is not this the carpenter?” (Mrk 6:3). Every Jew even the rabbis, learned some handicraft: Paul was a tentmaker. “In the cities the carpenters would be Greeks, and skilled workmen; the Carpenter of a provincial village could only have held a very humble position, and secured a very moderate competence.”

Carriage: In the Authorized Version this Word is found as the rendering of many different words.In 18:21 it means valuables, wealth, or Booty In 46:1 (R.V., “the things that ye carried about”) the Word means a load for a beast of Burden In 46:1Sam 17:22And 10:28 it is the rendering of a Word (“stuff’In 10:1Sam 10:22) meaning implements, equipments, baggage. The phrase in Acts Sam 21:15, “We took up our carriages,” means properly, “We packed up our baggage,” as in the Revised Version

Cart: a vehicle moving on wheels, and usually drawn by oxen (2Sa 6:3). The Hebrew Word thus rendered, ’agalah (1Sa 6:7, 1Sa 6:8), is also rendered “wagon” (Gen 45:19). It is used also to denote a war-chariot (Psa 46:9). Carts were used for the removal of the Ark and its sacred utensils (Num 7:3, Num 7:6). After retaining the Ark amongst them for Seven months, the Philistines sent it back to the Israelites. On this occasion they set it in a New Cart probably a rude construction, with solid wooden wheels like that still used in Western Asia, which was drawn by two milch cows, which conveyed it straight to Beth-shemesh.

A “cart rope,” for the purpose of fastening loads on carts, is used (Isa 5:18) as a symbol of the power of sinful pleasures or habits over him who indulges them. (See Cord ) In Syria and Palestine wheel-carriages for any other purpose than the conveyance of agricultural produce are almost unknown.

Carve: The arts of engraving and carving were much practised among the Jews. They were practised in connection with the construction of the Tabernacle and the Temple (Exo 31:2, Exo 31:5; Exo 35:33;1Ki 6:18, 1Ki 6:35;Psa 74:6), as well as in the ornamentation of the priestly dresses (Exo 28:9-36; Zechariah Exo 3:9; Exo 3:2 Chronicles Exo 2:7, Exo 2:14). Isaiah (Exo 44:13-17) gives a minute description of the process of carving idols of Wood

Casement: a barrier of open-work placed before windows (Pro 7:6).In 5:28 the Hebrew Word is rendered “lattice,” in the LXX. “network,” an opening through which cool air is admitted.

Casiphia: silver, a Place between Babylon and Jerusalem where Iddo resided (Ezr 8:17); otherwise unknown.

Casluhim: fortified, a people descended from Mizraim (Gen 10:14; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:12). Their original seat was probably somewhere in Lower Egypt along the sea-coast to the South border of Palestine

Cassia: (l.) Hebrew kiddah’, i.e., “split.” One of the principal Spices of the Holy anointing Oil (Exo 30:24), and an article of commerce (Ezk 27:19). It is the inner bark of a Tree resembling the Cinnamon (q.v.), the Cinnamomum Cassia of botanists, and was probably imported from India

(Ezk 27:2.) Hebrew pi. ketzi’oth (Psa 45:8). Mentioned in connection with Myrrh and Aloes as being used to scent garments. It was probably prepared from the peeled bark, as the Hebrew Word suggests, of some kind of Cinnamon

Castaway: Gr. adokimos, (1Co 9:27), one regarded as unworthy (R.V., “rejected”); elsewhere rendered “reprobate” (1Co 9:2 Timothy 1Co 3:8, etc.); “rejected” (Heb 6:8, etc.).

Castle: a military fortress (1 Chronicles 11:7), also probably a kind of tower used by the priests for making known anything discovered at a distance (1 Chronicles 6:54). Castles are also mentioned (Gen 25:16) as a kind of watch-tower, from which shepherds kept watch over their flocks by night. The “castle” into which the Chief Captain commanded Paul to be brought was the quarters of the Roman soldiers in the fortress of Antonia (so called by Herod after his patron Mark Antony), which was close to the north-west Corner of the Temple (Act 21:34), which it commanded.

Castor: AND POLLUX the “Dioscuri”, two heroes of Greek and Roman mythology. Their figures were probably painted or sculptured on the prow of the ship which Luke refers to (Act 28:11). They were regarded as the tutelary divinities of sailors. They appeared in the heavens as the Constellation Gemini.

Caterpillar: the consumer. Used in the Old Testament (1Ki 8:37;2Ch 6:28;Psa 78:46;Isa 33:4) as the translation of a Word (hasil) the root of which means “to devour” or “consume,”And 28:38. It may have been a species of locust, or the name of one of the transformations through which the locust passes, locust-grub. It is also found (Psa 105:34;Jer 51:14, Jer 51:27; R.V., “cankerworm”) as the rendering of a different Hebrew Word yelek, a Word elsewhere rendered “cankerworm” (q.v.),Jol 1:4; Jol 2:25. (See LOCUST.)

Catholic: EPISTLES the Epistles of James Peter John and Jude so called because they are addressed to Christians in general, and not to any Church or person in particular.

Cattle: abounded in the Holy Land. To the rearing and management of them the inhabitants chiefly devoted themselves (Deu 8:13; Deu 12:21; Deu 12:1 Samuel Deu 11:5; Deu 12:3;Psa 144:14; Jeremiah Psa 3:24). They maybe classified as,

(Psa 3:1.) Neat Cattle Many hundreds of these were yearly consumed in sacrifices or used for Food The finest herds were found in Bashan Beyond Jordan (Num 32:4). Large herds also pastured on the wide fertile plains of Sharon They were yoked to the plough (1Ki 19:19), and were employed for carrying burdens (1Ki 19:1 Chronicles 1Ki 12:40). They were driven with a pointed rod (Jdg 3:31) or Goad (q.v.). ...

According to the Mosaic Law the mouths of Cattle employed for the threshing-floor were not to be muzzled, so as to prevent them from Eating of the provender over which they trampled (Deu 25:4). Whosoever stole and sold or slaughtered an ox must give five in satisfaction (Exo 22:1); but if it was found alive in the possession of him who stole it, he was required to make double restitution only (Exo 22:4). If an ox went astray, whoever found it was required to bring it back to its owner (Exo 23:4; Deuteronomy Exo 22:1, Exo 22:4). An ox and an Ass could not be yoked together in the plough (Deu 22:10).

(Deu 22:2.) Small Cattle Next to herds of neat Cattle Sheep formed the most important of the possessions of the inhabitants of Palestine (Gen 12:16; Gen 13:5; Gen 26:14; Gen 21:27; Gen 29:2, Gen 29:3). They are frequently mentioned among the Booty taken in war (Num 31:32; Joshua Num 6:21 ; Num 6:1 Samuel Num 14:32; Num 15:3). There were many who were owners of large flocks (Num 15:1 Samuel Num 25:2; Num 25:2 Samuel Num 12:2, comp. Job Num 1:3). Kings also had shepherds “over their flocks” (Num 1:1 Chronicles Num 27:31), from which they derived a large portion of their revenue (Num 27:2 Samuel Num 17:29; Num 17:1 Chronicles Num 12:40). The districts most famous for their flocks of Sheep were the Plain of Sharon (Isa 65:10), Mount Carmel (Mic 7:14), Bashan and Gilead (Mic 7:14). In patriarchal times the flocks of Sheep were sometimes tended by the daughters of the owners. Thus Rachel the Daughter of Laban kept her father’s Sheep (Gen 29:9); as also Zipporah and her six sisters had charge of their Father Jethro’s flocks (Exo 2:16). Sometimes they were kept by hired shepherds (Jhn 10:12), and sometimes by the sons of the family (Jhn 10:1 Samuel Jhn 16:11; Jhn 17:15). The keepers so familiarized their Sheep with their voices that they knew them, and followed them at their Call Sheep but more especially rams and lambs, were frequently offered in Sacrifice The shearing of Sheep was a great festive occasion (Jhn 17:1 Samuel Jhn 25:4; Jhn 25:2 Samuel Jhn 13:23). They were folded at night, and guarded by their keepers against the attacks of the lion (Mic 5:8), the bear (Mic 5:1 Samuel Mic 17:34), and the wolf (Mat 10:16; John Mat 10:12). They were liable to wander over the wide pastures and go astray (Psa 119:176; Isaiah Psa 53:6; Hos. Psa 4:16; Matthew Psa 18:12).

Goats also formed a part of the pastoral wealth of Palestine (Gen 15:9; Gen 32:14; Gen 37:31). They were used both for Sacrifice and for Food (Deu 14:4), especially the young males (Gen 27:9, Gen 27:14, Gen 27:17; Judges Gen 6:19; Gen 13:15; Gen 13:1 Samuel Gen 16:20). Goat’s Hair was used for making Tent cloth (Exo 26:7; Exo 36:14), and for mattresses and bedding (Exo 36:1 Samuel Exo 19:13, Exo 19:16). (See Goat )

Caul: (Hebrews yothe’reth; i.e., “something redundant”), the membrane which covers the upper part of the Liver (Exo 29:13, Exo 29:22;Lev 3:4, Lev 3:10, Lev 3:15; Lev 4:9; Lev 7:4; marg., “midriff’). In Hos. Lev 13:8 (Hebrews seghor; i.e., “an enclosure”) the pericardium, or parts about the heart, is meant.

Cauls: In Isaiah 3:18 this Word (Hebrews shebisim), in the marg. “networks,” denotes network caps to contain the Hair worn by females. Others explain it as meaning “wreaths worn round the Forehead reaching from one Ear to the other.”

Causeway: a raised way, an ascent by steps, or a raised slope between Zion and the Temple (1Ch 26:16, 1Ch 26:18).In 26:2Chr 9:11 the same Word is translated “terrace.”

Cave: There are numerous natural caves among the limestone rocks of Syria many of which have been artificially enlarged for various purposes.

The first notice of a Cave occurs in the history of Lot (Gen 19:30).

The next we read of is the Cave of Machpelah (q.v.), which Abraham purchased from the sons of Heth (Gen 25:9, Gen 25:10). It was the burying-place of Sarah and of Abraham himself, also of Isaac Rebekah Leah and Jacob (Gen 49:31; Gen 50:13).

The Cave of Makkedah, into which the five Amorite kings retired after their defeat by Joshua (Gen 10:16, Gen 10:27).

The Cave of Adullam (q.v.), an immense natural cavern, where David hid hi mself from Saul (1Sa 22:1, 1Sa 22:2). ...

The Cave of Engedi (q.v.), now called ‘Ain Jidy, i.e., the “Lountain of the Kid”, where David cut off the skirt of Saul’s robe (1Sa 24:4).Her 24:600 (Her 23:29; Her 24:1). “On all sides the country is full of caverns which might serve as lurking-places for David and his men, as they do for outlaws at the present Day ”

The Cave in which Obadiah hid the prophets (1Ki 18:4) was probably in the North but it cannot be identified.

The Cave of Elijah (1Ki 19:9), and the “cleft” of Moses on Horeb (Exo 33:22), cannot be determined.

In the time of Gideon the Israelites took Refuge from the Midianites in dens and caves, such as abounded in the mountain regions of Manasseh (Jdg 6:2).

Caves were frequently used as dwelling-places (Num 24:21; Cant. Num 2:14; Jeremiah Num 49:16; Obad. Num 1:3). “The excavations at Deir Dubban, on the South side of the wady leading to Santa Hanneh, are probably the Dwellings of the Horites ” the Ancient inhabitants of Idumea Proper. The pits or cavities in rocks were also sometimes used as prisons (Isa 24:22; Isa 51:14;Zec 9:11). Those which had niches in their sides were occupied as burying-places (Ezk 32:23;Jhn 11:38).

Cedar: (Hebrews e’rez, Gr. kedros, Lat. cedrus), a Tree very frequently mentioned in Scripture It was stately (Ezk 31:3-5), long-branched (Psa 80:10; Psa 92:12;Ezk 31:6-9), odoriferous (Cant. Ezk 4:11; Hos. Ezk 14:6), durable, and therefore much used for boards, pillars, and ceilings (1Ki 6:9, 1Ki 6:10; 1Ki 7:2; Jeremiah 1Ki 22:14), for masts (Ezk 27:5), and for carved images (Isa 44:14).

It grew very abundantly in Palestine and particularly on Lebanon of which it was “the glory” (Isa 35:2; Isa 60:13). Hiram supplied Solomon with Cedar trees from Lebanon for various purposes connected with the construction of the Temple and the king’s Palace (Isa 60:2 Samuel Isa 5:11; Isa 7:2, Isa 7:7;1Ki 5:6, 1Ki 5:8,1Ki 5:10; 1Ki 6:9, 1Ki 6:10, 1Ki 6:15, 1Ki 6:16, 1Ki 6:18, 1Ki 6:20; 1Ki 7:2, 1Ki 7:3, 1Ki 7:7, 1Ki 7:11, 1Ki 7:12; 1Ki 9:11, etc.). ... Cedars were used also in the Building of the second Temple under Zerubbabel (Ezr 3:7).

Of the Ancient cedars of Lebanon there remain now only some Seven or eight. They are not standing together. But beside them there are found between three hundred and four hundred of younger growth. They stand in an amphitheatre fronting the west,Abo 3:6,Abo 3:400 feet above the level of the Sea

The Cedar is often figuratively alluded to in the sacred Scriptures. “The mighty conquerors of olden days, the despots of Assyria and the Pharaohs of Egypt the proud and idolatrous monarchs of Judah the Hebrew commonwealth itself, the war- like Ammonites of patriarchal times, and the moral majesty of the Messianic Age are all compared to the towering Cedar in its royal loftiness and supremacy (Isa 2:13;Ezk 17:3, Ezk 17:22, Ezk 17:23, Ezk 31:3-9; Amos Ezk 2:9; Zechariah Ezk 11:1, Ezk 11:2; Job Ezk 40:17;Psa 29:5; Psa 80:10; Psa 92:12, etc).”, Groser’s Scrip. Nat. Hist. (See BOX-TREE.)

Cedron: the Black torrent, the brook flowing through the ravine below the eastern Wall of Jerusalem (Jhn 18:1). (See KIDRON.)

Ceiling: the Covering (1Ki 7:3,1Ki 7:7) of the inside roof and walls of a House with planks of Wood (1Ki 7:2 Chronicles 1Ki 3:5; Jeremiah 1Ki 22:14). Ceilings were sometimes adorned with various ornaments in stucco, Gold Silver gems, and Ivory The ceilings of the Temple and of Solomon’s PalaceAre 22:1Kin 6:9, Kin 6:15; Kin 7:3; Kin 7:2 Chronicles Kin 3:5,Kin 3:9.

Cellar: a subterranean vault (1 Chronicles 27:28), a storehouse. The Word is also used to denote the Treasury of the Temple (1Ki 7:51) and of the King (1Ki 14:26). The Hebrew Word is rendered “garner” in Joel 1Ki 1:17, and “armoury” in Jeremiah 1Ki 50:25.

Cenchrea: millet, the eastern harbour of Corinth from which it was distant about 9 miles East and the outlet for its trade with the Asiatic shores of the Mediterranean. When Paul returned from his second missionary Journey to Syria he sailed from this port (Act 18:18).In 16:1 he speaks as if there were at the time of his Writing that epistle an organized Church there. The western harbour of Corinth was Lechaeum, about a mile and a half from the City It was the Channel of its trade with Italy and the west.

Censer: the vessel in which Incense was presented on “the Golden altar” before the Lord in the Temple (Exo 30:1-9). The Priest filled the Censer with live Coal from the sacred Fire on the Altar of burnt-offering, and having carried it into the Sanctuary there threw upon the burning coals the sweet Incense (Lev 16:12, Lev 16:13), which sent up a Cloud of smoke, filling the apartment with fragrance. The censers in Daily use were of Brass (Num 16:39), and were designated by a different Hebrew name, miktereth (Num 16:2 Chronicles Num 26:19;Ezk 8:11): while those used on the Day of Atonement were of Gold and were denoted by a Word (mahtah) meaning “something to take Fire with;” LXX. ... pureion = a fire-pan. Solomon prepared for the Temple censers of pure Gold (1Ki 7:50; 1Ki 7:2 Chronicles 1Ki 4:22). The Angel in the Apocalypse is represented with a Golden Censer (Rev 8:3, Rev 8:5).

Paul speaks of the Golden Censer as belonging to the Tabernacle (Heb 9:4). The Greek Word thumiaterion, here rendered “censer,” may more appropriately denote, as in the margin of Revised Version “the Altar of Incense ” Paul does not here say that the thumiaterion was in the holiest, for it was in the Holy Place but that the holiest had it, i.e., that it belonged to the holiest (1Ki 6:22). It was intimately connected with the High priest’s service in the holiest.

The manner in which the CenserIs 4:14; Leviticus Is 16:12.

Census: There are five instances of a Census of the Jewish people having been taken. (1.) In the fourth Month after the Exodus when the people were encamped at Sinai. The number of men from twenty years Old and upward was then 603,550 (Exo 38:26). (Exo 38:2.) Another Census was made just before the entrance into Canaan Whe 38:601,Whe 38:730, showing thus a small decrease (Num 26:51). (Num 26:3.) The next Census was in the time of David when the number, exclusive of the tribes of Levi and BenjaminWas 26:1,Was 26:300,Was 26:000 (2Sa 24:9; 2Sa 24:1 Chronicles 2Sa 21:5). (2Sa 21:4.) Solomon made a Census of the foreigners in the land,And 21:153,And 21:600 able-bodied workmen (And 21:2 Chronicles And 2:17, And 2:18). (And 2:5.) After the return from Exile the whole Congregation of Israel was numbered,And 2:42,And 2:360 (Ezr 2:64). A Census was made by the Roman government in the time of our Lord (Luk 2:1). (See Taxing )

Centurion: a Roman officer in command of a hundred men (Mrk 15:39, Mrk 15:44, Mrk 15:45). Cornelius the first Gentile convert, was a Centurion (Act 10:1, Act 10:22). Other centurions are mentioned in Matthew Act 8:5, Act 8:8, Act 8:13;Luk 7:2, Luk 7:6; Acts Luk 21:32; Luk 22:25, Luk 22:26; Luk 23:17, Luk 23:23; Luk 24:23; Luk 27:1, Luk 27:6, Luk 27:11, Luk 27:31, Luk 27:43; Luk 28:16. A Centurion watched the Crucifixion of our Lord (Mat 27:54;Luk 23:47), and when he saw the wonders attending it, exclaimed, “Truly this Man was the Son of God ” “The centurions mentioned in the New Testament are uniformly spoken of in terms of praise, whether in the Gospels or in the Acts It is interesting to compare this with the statement of Polybius (vi. Luk 23:24), that the centurions were Chosen by merit, and so were men remarkable not so much for their daring courage as for their deliberation, constancy, and strength of mind.”, Dr. Maclear’s N. T. Hist.

Cephas: a Syriac surname given by Christ to Simon (Jhn 1:42), meaning “rock.” The Greeks translated it by Petros, and the Latins by Petrus.

Cesarea: See Caesarea

Chaff: the refuse of winnowed corn. It was usually burned (Exo 15:7;Isa 5:24; Matthew Isa 3:12). This Word sometimes, however, means dried Grass or Hay (Isa 5:24; Isa 33:1 Isa 33:1). Chaff is used as a figure of abortive wickedness (Psa 1:4; Matthew Psa 3:12). Lalse doctrines are also called Chaff (Jer 23:28), or more correctly rendered “chopped Straw ” The Destruction of the wicked, and their powerlessness, are likened to the carrying away of Chaff by the wind (Isa 17:13; Hos. Isa 13:3; Zephaniah Isa 13:2 ).

Chain: (1.) a part of the insignia of office. A Chain of Gold was placed about Joseph’s Neck (Gen 41:42); and one was promised to Daniel (Gen 5:7). It is used as a symbol of Sovereignty (Ezk 16:11). The breast-plate of the high-priest was fastened to the Ephod by Golden chains (Exo 39:17, Exo 39:21).

(Exo 39:2.) It was used as an ornament (Pro 1:9; Cant. Pro 1:10). The Midianites adorned the necks of their camels with chains (Jdg 8:21, Jdg 8:26).

(Jdg 8:3.) Chains were also used as fetters wherewith prisoners were bound (Jdg 16:21; Jdg 16:2 Samuel Jdg 3:34;2Ki 25:7; Jeremiah 2Ki 39:7). Paul was in this manner bound to a Roman soldier (Act 28:20; Ephesians Act 6:20; Act 6:2 Timothy Act 1:16). Sometimes, for the sake of greater security, the prisoner was attached by two chains to two soldiers, as in the case of Peter (Act 12:6).

Chalcedony: Men 21:19, as one of the precious Stones in the foundation of the New Jerusalem The name of this Stone is derived from Chalcedon, where it is said to have been first discovered. In modern mineralogy this is the name of an agate-like quartz of a bluish Colour Pliny so names the Indian Ruby The mineral intended in Revelation is probably the Hebrew nophekh, translated “emerald” (Exo 28:18; Exo 39:11;Ezk 27:16; Ezk 28:13). It is rendered “anthrax” in the LXX., and “carbunculus” in the Vulgate. (See Carbuncle )

Chaldea: The southern portion of Babylonia, Lower Mesopotamia, lying chiefly on the right bank of the Euphrates but commonly used of the whole of the Mesopotamian Plain The Hebrew name is Kasdim, which is usually rendered “Chaldeans” (Jer 50:10; Jer 51:24,Jer 51:35).

The country so named is a vast Plain formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris,Ext 51:400 miles along the course of these Rivers And 51:100 miles in average breadth. “In former days the vast plains of Babylon were nourished by a complicated system of canals and water-courses, which spread over the surface of the country like a network. The wants of a teeming population were supplied by a rich soil, not less bountiful than that on the banks of the Egyptian Nile. ... Like islands rising from a Golden Sea of waving com stood frequent groves of palm-trees and pleasant Gardens affording to the idler or traveller their grateful and highly- valued shade. Crowds of passengers hurried along the dusty roads to and from the busy City The land was rich in corn and wine.”

Recent discoveries, more especially in Babylonia, have thrown much Light on the history of the Hebrew patriarchs, and have illustrated or confirmed the Biblical narrative in many points. The ancestor of the Hebrew people, Abram was, we are told, Born at “Ur of the Chaldees ” “Chaldees” is a mistranslation of the Hebrew Kasdim, Kasdim being the Old Testament name of the Babylonians, while the Chaldees were a Tribe who lived on the shores of the Persian Gulf, and did not become a part of the Babylonian population till the time of Hezekiah. Ur was one of the oldest and most famous of the Babylonian cities. Its site is now called Mugheir, or Mugayyar, on the western bank of the Euphrates in Southern Babylonia. About a century before the Birth of Abram it was ruled by a powerful dynasty of kings. Their conquests extended to Elam on the one side, and to the Lebanon on the other. They were followed by a dynasty of princes whose capital was Babylon and who seem to have been of South Arabian origin. The founder of the dynasty was Sumu-abi (“Shem is my father”). But soon afterwards Babylonia fell under Elamite dominion. The kings of Babylon were compelled to acknowledge the supremacy of Elam and a rival Kingdom to that of Babylon and governed by Elamites, sprang up at Larsa, not far from Ur, but on the opposite bank of the River In the time of Abram the King of Larsa was Eri-Aku, the Son of an Elamite Prince and Eri-Aku, as has long been recognized, is the Biblical “Arioch King of Ellasar” (Gen 14:1). The contemporaneous King of Babylon in the North in the country termed Shinar in Scripture was Khammu-rabi. (See Babylon Abraham Amraphel )

Chaldee: LANGUAGE employed by the sacred writers in certain portions of the Old Testament viz.,Dan 2:4-7, Dan 2:28;Ezr 4:8-6:Ezr 4:18; Ezr 7:12-26;Gen 31:46; Jeremiah Gen 10:11. It is the Aramaic dialect, as it is sometimes called, as distinguished from the Hebrew dialect. It was the language of commerce and of social intercourse in Western Asia, and after the Exile gradually came to be the popular language of Palestine It is called “Syrian”In 10:2Kin 18:26. Some isolated words in this language are preserved in the New Testament (Mat 5:22; Mat 6:24; Mat 16:17; Mat 27:46;Mrk 3:17; Mrk 5:41; Mrk 7:34; Mrk 14:36; Acts Mrk 1:19;1Co 16:22). These are specimens of the vernacular language of Palestine at that period. The term Hebrew” was also sometimes applied to the Chaldee because it had become the language of the Hebrews (Jhn 5:2; Jhn 19:20).

Chaldees: or Chaldeans, the inhabitants of the country of which Babylon was the capital. They were so called till the time of the Captivity (2 Kings 25;Isa 13:19; Isa 23:13), when, particularly in the Book of Daniel (Isa 5:30; Isa 9:1), the name began to be used with special reference to a class of learned men ranked with the Magicians and astronomers. These men cultivated the Ancient Cushite language of the original inhabitants of the land, for they had a “learning” and a “tongue” (Isa 1:4) of their own. The common language of the country at that time had become assimilated to the Semitic dialect, especially through the influence of the Assyrians, and was the language that was used for all civil purposes. The Chaldeans were the learned class, interesting themselves in science and religion, which consisted, like that of the Ancient Arabians and Syrians, in the Worship of the heavenly bodies. There are representations of this priestly class, of magi and diviners, on the walls of the Assyrian palaces.

Chambering: (Rom 13:13), wantonness, impurity.

Chamberlain: a confidential servant of the King (Gen 37:36; Gen 39:1). In Romans Gen 16:23 mention is made of “Erastus the Chamberlain ” Here the Word denotes the treasurer of the City or the quaestor, as the Romans styled him. He is almost the only convert from the higher ranks of whom mention is made (comp. Acts Gen 17:34). Blastus Herod’s “chamberlain” (Act 12:20), was his personal attendant or valet-de-chambre. The Hebrew Word saris, thus translated in Esther Act 1:10, Act 1:15; Act 2:3, Act 2:14, Act 2:21, etc., properly means an Eunuch (as in the marg.), as it is rendered in Isaiah Act 39:7; Act 56:3.

Chameleon: a species of Lizard which has the faculty of changing the Colour of its Skin It 11:30, where the Hebrew Word so translated is coah (R.V., “land crocodile”). In the same verse the Hebrew tanshemeth, rendered in Authorized Version “mole,” is in Revised Version “chameleon,” which is the correct rendering. This Animal is very common in Egypt and in the Holy Land, especially in the Jordan Valley

Chamois: Onl 14:5 (Hebrews zemer), an Animal of the Deer or gazelle species. It bears this Hebrew name from its leaping or springing. The Animal intended is probably the wild Sheep (Ovis tragelephus), which is still found in Sinai and in the broken ridges of Stony Arabia The LXX. and Vulgate render the Word by camelopardus, i.e., the giraffe; but this is an Animal of Central Africa, and is not at all known in Syria

Champion: (1 Samuel 17:4, 23), properly “the Man between the two,” denoting the position of Goliath between the two camps. Single combats of this kind at the head of armies were common in Ancient times. In ver. 51 this Word is the rendering of a different Hebrew Word and properly denotes “a mighty Man ”

Chance: (Luk 10:31). “It was not by Chance that the Priest came down by that Road at that time, but by a specific arrangement and in exact fulfilment of a plan; not the plan of the Priest nor the plan of the wounded traveller, but the plan of God By coincidence (Gr. sungkuria) the Priest came down, that is, by the conjunction of two things, in fact, which were previously constituted a pair in the Providence of God In the result they fell together according to the omniscient Designer’s plan. This is the true theory of the divine government.” Compare the meeting of Philip with the Ethiopian (Act 8:26, Act 8:27). There is no “chance” in God’s empire. “Chance” is only another Word for our want of knowledge as to the way in which one event falls in with another (Act 8:1 Samuel Act 6:9; Ecclesiastes Act 9:1 Act 9:1).

Chancellor: one who has judicial authority, literally, a “Lord of judgement;” a title given to the Persian Governor of Samaria (Ezr 4:8, Ezr 4:9, Ezr 4:17).

Changes: OF RAIMENT were reckoned among the treasures of rich men (Gen 45:22;Jdg 14:12, Jdg 14:13;2Ki 5:22, 2Ki 5:23).

Channel: (l.) The Bed of the Sea or of a River (Psa 18:15;Isa 8:7).

(Isa 8:2.) The “chanelbone” (Job 31:22 marg.), properly “tube” or “shaft,” an Old term for the collar-bone.

Chapel: a Holy Place or Sanctuary occurs only in Amos 7:13, where one of the Idol priests calls Bethel “the king’s Chapel ”

Chapiter: the ornamental head or capital of a Pillar Three Hebrew words are so rendered. (1.) Cothereth(1Ki 7:16;2Ki 25:17; 2Ki 25:2 Chronicles 2Ki 4:12), meaning a “diadem” or “crown.” (2Ki 4:2.) Tzepheth (2Ki 4:2 Chronicles 2Ki 3:15). (2Ki 3:3.) Rosh (Exo 36:38; Exo 38:17, Exo 38:19, Exo 38:28), properly a “head” or “top.”

Chapter: The several books of the Old and New Testaments were from an early time divided into chapters. The Pentateuch was divided by the Ancient Hebrews into 54 parshioth or sections, one of which was read in the Synagogue every Sabbath Day (Acts. Int 13:15).The 13:669 sidrim or orders of unequal length. The Prophets were divided in somewhat the same manner into haphtaroth or passages.

In the early Latin and Greek versions of the Bible similar divisions of the several books were made. The New Testament books were also divided into portions of various lengths under different names, such as titles and heads or chapters.

In modern times this Ancient example was imitated, and many attempts of the kind were made before the existing division into chapters was fixed. ... The Latin Bible published by Cardinal Hugo of St. Cher in A.D. The 13:1240 is generally regarded as the first Bible that was divided into our present chapters, although it appears that some of the chapters were fixed as early as A.D. The 13:1059. This division into chapters came gradually to be adopted in the published editions of the Hebrew with some few variations, and of the Greek Scriptures, and hence of other versions.

Charashim: craftsmen, a Valley named in 1Chr 4:14.In 11:35 the Hebrew Word is rendered “valley of craftsmen” (R.V. marg., Geha-rashim). Nothing is known of it.

Charger: a Bowl or Deep dish. The Silver vessels given by the heads of the tribes for the services of the Tabernacle are so named (Num 7:13,

etc.). The “charger” in which the Baptist’s head was presented was a platter or flat wooden trencher (Mat 14:8, Mat 14:11;Mrk 6:25, Mrk 6:28). The chargers of Gold and SilverOf 1:9 were probably basins for receiving the blood of sacrifices.

Chariot: a vehicle generally used for warlike purposes. Sometimes, though but rarely, it is spoken of as used for peaceful purposes.

The first mention of the Chariot is when Joseph as a Mark of distinction, was placed in Pharaoh’s second state Chariot (Gen 41:43); and the next, when he went out in his own Chariot to Meet his Father Jacob (Gen 46:29). Chariots formed part of the Funeral procession of Jacob (Gen 50:9). When PharaohPur 50:600 war-chariots with him (Exo 14:7). The Canaanites in the valleys of Palestine had chariots of Iron (Jos 17:18;Jdg 1:19). Jabin the King of CanaanHad 1:900 chariots (Jdg 4:3); and in Saul’S T 4:30,S T 4:000. ... In his wars with the King of Zobah and with the Syrians, David took many chariots among the spoils (S T 4:2 Samuel S T 8:4; S T 10:18). Solomon maintained as part of his Army S T 10:1,S T 10:400 chariots (1Ki 10:26), which were chiefly imported from Egypt (1Ki 10:29). From this time forward they formed part of the armies of Israel (1Ki 22:34;2Ki 9:16, 2Ki 9:21; 2Ki 13:7, 2Ki 13:14; 2Ki 18:24; 2Ki 23:30).

In the New Testament we have only one historical reference to the use of chariots, in the case of the Ethiopian Eunuch (Acts. 2Ki 8:28, 2Ki 8:29, 2Ki 8:38).

This Word is sometimes used figuratively for hosts (Psa 68:17;2Ki 6:17). Elijah by his prayers and his counsel, was “the Chariot of Israel and the horsemen thereof.” The rapid agency of God in the phenomena of nature is also spoken of under the similitude of a Chariot (Psa 104:3; Isaiah Psa 66:15; Habakkuk Psa 3:8).

Chariot of the cherubim (Psa 3:1 Chronicles Psa 28:18), the Chariot formed by the two cherubs on the mercy-seat on which the Lord rides.

Chariot cities were set apart for storing the war-chariots in time of Peace (Psa 28:2 Chronicles Psa 1:14).

Chariot horses were such as were peculiarly fitted for service in chariots (2Ki 7:14).

Chariots of war are described in Exodus 2Ki 14:7; 2Ki 14:1 Samuel 2Ki 13:5; 2Ki 13:2 Samuel 2Ki 8:4; 2Ki 8:1 Chronicles 2Ki 18:4; Joshua 2Ki 11:4;Jdg 4:3, Jdg 4:13. They were not used by the Israelites till the time of David Elijah was translated in a “chariot of fire”

(2Ki 2:11). Comp.2Ki 6:17. This Vision would be to Elisha a source of strength and encouragement, for now he could say, “They that be with us are more than they that be with them.”

Charity: (1 Corinthians 13), the rendering in the Authorized Version of the Word which properly denotes Love and is frequently so rendered (always so in the Revised Version). It is spoken of as the greatest of the three Christian graces (1Co 12:31-13:1Co 12:13).

Charmer: one who practises serpent-charming (Psa 58:5;Jer 8:17;Ecc 10:11). It was an early and universal opinion that the most venomous reptiles could be made harmless by certain charms or by sweet sounds. It is well known that there are jugglers in India and in other Eastern lands who practise this art at the present Day

In 19:3 the Word “charmers” is the rendering of the Hebrew ’ittim, meaning, properly, necromancers (R.V. marg., “whisperers”).In 18:11 the Word “charmer” means a dealer in spells, especially one who, by binding certain knots, was supposed thereby to bind a curse or a blessing on its object.In 3:3 the words “eloquent orator” should be, as in the Revised Version “skilful enchanter.”

Charran: another form (Act 7:2, Act 7:4) of Haran (q.v.).

Chebar: length, a River in the “land of the Chaldeans” (Ezk 1:3), on the banks of which were located some of the Jews of the Captivity (Ezk 1:1; Ezk 3:15, Ezk 3:23; Ezk 10:15, Ezk 10:20, Ezk 10:22). It has been supposed to be identical with the River Habor the Chaboras, or modern Khabour, which falls into the Euphrates at Circesium. To the banks of this River some of the Israelites were removed by the Assyrians (2Ki 17:6). An opinion that has much to support it is that the “Chebar” was the royal canal of Nebuchadnezzar the Nahr Malcha, the greatest in Mesopotamia, which connected the Tigris with the Euphrates in the excavation of which the Jewish captives were probably employed.

Chedorlaomer: (= Khudur-Lagamar of the inscriptions), King of Elam Many centuries before the Age of Abraham Canaan and even the Sinaitic peninsula had been conquered by Babylonian kings, and in the time of Abraham himself Babylonia was ruled by a dynasty which claimed sovereignity over Syria and Palestine The kings of the dynasty bore names which were not Babylonian, but at once South Arabic and Hebrew

The most famous King of the dynasty was Khammu-rabi, who united Babylonia under one rule, and made Babylon its capital. When he ascended the Throne the country was under the suzerainty of the Elamites, and was divided into two kingdoms, that of Babylon (the Biblical Shinar) and that of Larsa (the Biblical Ellasar). ... The King of Larsa was Eri-Aku (“the servant of the moon-God”), the Son of an Elamite Prince Kudur-Mabug, who is entitled “the Father of the land of the Amorites ” A recently discovered Tablet enumerates among the enemies of Khammu-rabi, Kudur-Lagamar (“the servant of the goddess Lagamar”) or Chedorlaomer Eri-Aku or Arioch and Tudkhula or Tidal Khammu-rabi, whose name is also read Ammi-rapaltu or Amraphel by some scholars, succeeded in overcoming Eri-Aku and driving the Elamites out of Babylonia. Assur-bani-pal, the last of the Assyrian conquerors, mentions in two inscriptions that he took Susa 1635 years after Kedor-nakhunta, King of Elam had conquered Babylonia. It was in the Year B.C. 660 that Assur-bani-pal took Susa.

Cheek: Smiting on the Cheek was accounted a grievous injury and insult (Job 16:10;Lam 3:30;Mic 5:1). The admonition (Luk 6:29), “Unto him that smiteth thee on the one Cheek offer also the other,” means simply, “Resist not evil” (Mat 5:39;1Pe 2:19-23).Psa 3:7 = that God had deprived his enemies of the power of doing him injury.

Cheese: (A.S. cese). This Word occurs three times in the Authorized Version as the translation of three different Hebrew words: (1.)1Sa 17:18, “ten cheeses;” i.e., ten sections of curd. (1Sa 17:2.)2Sa 17:29, “cheese of kine” = perhaps curdled milk of kine. The Vulgate Version reads “fat calves.” (2Sa 17:3.)Job 10:10, curdled milk is meant by the Word

Chemarim: black, (Zep 1:4; rendered “idolatrous priests”In 1:2Kin 23:5, and “priests” in Hos. Kin 10:5). Some derive this Word from the Assyrian Kamaru, meaning “to throw down,” and interpret it as describing the idolatrous priests who prostrate themselves before the idols. Others regard it as meaning “those who go about in Black ” or “ascetics.”

Chemosh: the Destroyer subduer, or fish-God, the God of the Moabites (Num 21:29; Jeremiah Num 48:7, Num 48:13, Num 48:46). The Worship of this God “the Abomination of Moab ” was introduced at Jerusalem by Solomon (1Ki 11:7), but was abolished by Josiah (2Ki 23:13). On the “Moabite Stone” (q.v.), Mesha (2Ki 3:5) ascribes his victories over the King of Israel to this God “And Chemosh drove him before my sight.”

Chenaanah: merchant. (1.) A Benjamite (1 Chronicles 7:10). (2.) The Father of Zedekiah (1Ki 22:1 1Ki 22:1, 1Ki 22:24).

Chenaiah: whom Jehovah Hath made. “Chief of the Levites,” probably a Kohathite (1 Chronicles 15:22),And 26:29.

Chephirah: village, one of the four cities of the Gibeonitish Hivites with whom Joshua made a League (9:17). It belonged to Benjamin It has been identified with the modern Kefireh, on the west confines of BenjaminAbo 9:2Mil 9:1 Mil 9:1 from Jerusalem

Cherethim: (Ezk 25:16), more frequently Cherethites, the inhabitants of Southern Philistia, the Philistines (Zep 2:5). The Cherethites and the Pelethites were David’s life-guards (1Sa 30:14;2Sa 8:18; 2Sa 20:7, 2Sa 20:23; 2Sa 23:23). This name is by some interpreted as meaning “Cretans,” and by others “executioners,” who were ready to execute the king’s sentence of Death (Gen 37:36, marg.;1Ki 2:25).

Cherith: a Cutting separation; a gorge, a torrent-bed or winter-stream, a “brook,” in whose banks the Prophet Elijah hid himself during the early part of the three years’ Drought (1Ki 17:3, 1Ki 17:5). It has by some been identified as the Wady el-Kelt behind Jericho which is formed by the junction of many streams flowing from the mountains west of Jericho It is dry in summer. Travellers have described it as one of the wildest ravines of this wild region, and peculiarly fitted to afford a secure asylum to the persecuted. But if the prophet’s interview with Ahab was in Samaria and he thence journeyed toward the East it is probable that he crossed Jordan and found Refuge in some of the ravines of Gilead. The “brook” is said to have been “before Jordan ” which probably means that it opened toward that River into which it flowed. This description would apply to the East as well as to the west of Jordan Thus Elijah’s hiding-place may have been the Jermuk, in the territory of the half-tribe of Manasseh

Cherub: plural cherubim, the name of certain symbolical figures frequently mentioned in Scripture They are first mentioned in connection with the expulsion of our first parents from Eden (Gen 3:24). There is no intimation given of their shape or form. They are next mentioned when Moses was commanded to provide furniture for the Tabernacle (Exo 25:17-20; Exo 26:1, Exo 26:31). God promised to commune with Moses “from between the cherubim” (Exo 25:22). This expression was afterwards used to denote the Divine abode and presence (Num 7:89; Num 7:1 Samuel Num 4:4; Isaiah Num 37:16;Psa 80:1; Psa 99:1). In Ezekiel’s Vision (Psa 10:1-20) they appear as Living creatures supporting the Throne of God From Ezekiel’s description of them ( Psa 10:1 ;1 10:0; 1 41:18, 1 41:19), they appear to have been compound figures, unlike any real object in nature; artificial images possessing the features and properties of several animals. ... Two cherubim were placed on the mercy-seat of the Ark two of colossal size overshadowed it in Solomon’s Temple Ezekiel (1 1:4-14) speaks of four; and this number of “living creatures” is mentioned in Revelation 1 4:6. Those on the Ark are called the “cherubim of glory” (Heb 9:5), i.e., of the Shechinah or Cloud of Glory for on them the visible Glory of God rested. They were placed one at each End of the mercy-seat, with wings stretched upward, and their faces “toward each other and toward the mercy-seat.” They were anointed with Holy Oil like the Ark itself and the other sacred furniture.

The cherubim were symbolical. They were intended to represent spiritual existences in immediate contact with Jehovah Some have regarded them as symbolical of the Chief ruling power by which God carries on his operations in Providence (Psa 18:10). Others interpret them as having reference to the Redemption of men, and as symbolizing the great rulers or ministers of the Church Many other opinions have been held regarding them which need not be referred to here. On the whole, it seems to be most satisfactory to regard the interpretation of the symbol to be variable, as is the symbol itself.

Their office was, (Psa 18:1) on the expulsion of our first parents from Eden, to prevent all access to the Tree of Life and (Psa 18:2) to form the Throne and Chariot of Jehovah in his manifestation of himself on earth. He dwelleth between and sitteth on the cherubim (Psa 18:1 Samuel Psa 4:4;Psa 80:1;Ezk 1:26, Ezk 1:28).

Chesalon: strength; confidence, a Place on the border of Judah on the side of Mount Jearim (Jos 15:10); probably identified with the modern village of Kesla, on the western mountains of Judah

Chesed: gain, the Son of Nahor (Gen 22:22).

Chesil: ungodly, a town in the South of Judah (Jos 15:30); probably the same as Bethul (Jos 19:4) and Bethuel (Jos 19:1 Chronicles Jos 4:30); now Khelasa.

Chest: (Hebrews ’aron, generally rendered “ark”), the Coffer into which the contributions for the repair of the Temple were Put (2Ki 12:9, 2Ki 12:10;2Ch 24:8, 2Ch 24:10, 2Ch 24:11).In 50:26 it is rendered “coffin.”In 27:24 a different Hebrew Word genazim (plur.), is used. It there means “treasure-chests.”

Chestnut: TREE (Hebrews ’armon; i.e., “naked”), mentioned in connection with Jacob’s artifice regarding the Cattle (Gen 30:37). It is one of the trees of which, because of its strength and beauty, the Assyrian empire is likened (Ezk 31:8; R.V., “plane trees”). It is probably the Oriental Plane Tree (Platanus orientalis) that is intended. It is a characteristic of this Tree that it annually sheds its outer bark, becomes “naked.” The Chestnut Tree proper is not a native of Palestine

Chesulloth: fertile places; the loins, a town of Issachar on the slopes of some mountain between Jezreel and Shunem (Jos 19:18). It has been identified with Chisloth-tabor,2 19:1/2 19:2 miles to the west of Mount Tabor and North of Jezreel now Iksal.

Chezib: deceitful, a town where Shelah, the Son of Judah was Born (Gen 38:5). Probably the same as Achzib (q.v.).

Chidon: dart, the name of the threshing-floor at which the Death of Uzzah took Place (1 Chronicles 13:9). In the parallel Passage in Samuel (2 Samuel 6:6) it is called “Nachon’s threshing-floor.” It was a Place not far north-west from Jerusalem

Chief: OF THE THREE a title given to Adino the Eznite, one of David’s greatest heroes (2Sa 23:8); also called Jashobeam (1Ch 11:11).

Chief

Child: This Word has considerable latitude of meaning in Scripture Thus Joseph is called a Child at the time when he was probably about sixteen years of Age (Gen 37:3); and Benjamin is so called when he was above thirty years (Gen 44:20). Solomon called himself a little Child when he came to the Kingdom (1Ki 3:7).

The descendants of a Man however remote, are called his children; as, “the children of Edom ” “the children of Moab ” “the children of Israel ”

In the earliest times mothers did not Wean their children till they were from thirty months to three years Old and the Day on which they were weaned was kept as a festival Day (Gen 21:8; Exodus Gen 2:7, Gen 2:9; Gen 2:1 Samuel Gen 1:22-24; Matthew Gen 21:16). ... At the Age of five, children began to learn the arts and duties of Life under the care of their fathers (Deu 6:20-25; Deu 11:19).

To have a numerous family was regarded as a Mark of divine favour (Gen 11:30; Gen 30:1; Gen 30:1 Samuel Gen 2:5; Gen 2:2 Samuel Gen 6:23;Psa 127:3; Psa 128:3).

Figuratively the name is used for those who are ignorant or narrow-minded (Mat 11:16; Luke Mat 7:32;1Co 13:11). “When I was a Child I spake as a Child ” “Brethren, be not children in understanding” (1Co 14:20). “That we henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro” (Eph 4:14).

Children are also spoken of as representing simplicity and Humility (Mat 19:13-15; Mark Mat 10:13-16; Luke Mat 18:15-17). Believers are “children of light” (Luk 16:8; Luk 16:1 Thessalonians Luk 5:5) and “children of obedience” (Luk 5:1 Peter Luk 1:14).

Chileab: protected by the Father David’s second Son by Abigail (2 Samuel 3:3); called also Daniel (1 Chronicles 3:1). He seems to have died when young.

Chilion: the pining one, the younger Son of Elimelech and Naomi and Husband of Orpah Ruth’s sister (Rut 1:2; Rut 4:9).

Chilmad: a Place or country unknown which, along with Sheba and Asshur traded with Tyre (Ezk 27:23).

Chimham: pining, probably the youngest Son of Barzillai the Gileadite (2 Samuel 19:37-40). The “habitation of Chimham” (Jer 41:17) was probably an Inn or khan, which is the proper meaning of the Hebrew geruth, rendered “habitation”, established in later times in his possession at Bethlehem which David gave to him as a reward for his loyalty in accompanying him to Jerusalem after the defeat of Absalom (1Ki 2:7). It has been supposed that, considering the stationary character of Eastern institutions, it was in the stable of this Inn or caravanserai that our Saviour was Born (Luk 2:7).

Chinnereth: lyre, the singular form of the Word (Deu 3:17;Jos 19:35), which is also used in the plural form, Chinneroth, the name of a Fenced City which stood near the shore of the lake of Galilee, a little to the South of Tiberias The town seems to have given its name to a district,As 19:1Kin 15:20, where the plural form of the Word is used.

The Sea of Chinnereth (Num 34:11;Jos 13:27), or of Chinneroth (Jos 12:3), was the “lake of Gennesaret” or “sea of Tiberias” (Deu 3:17;Jos 11:2). Chinnereth was probably an Ancient Canaanitish name adopted by the Israelites into their language.

Chios: mentioned in Acts 20:15, an Island in the Aegean Sea Abo 20:5 miles distant from the mainland, having a roadstead, in the shelter of which Paul and his companions anchored for a night when on his third missionary return Journey It is now called Scio.

Chisleu: the name adopted from the Babylonians by the Jews after the Captivity for the third civil, or ninth ecclesiastical, Month (Neh 1:1; Zechariah Neh 7:1). It corresponds nearly with the moon in November.

Iun: occurs only in Amos 5:26 (R.V. marg., “shrine”). The LXX. translated the Word by Rhephan, which became corrupted into Remphan as used by Stephen (Act 7:43; but R.V., “Rephan”). Probably the planet Saturn is intended by the name. Astrologers represented this planet as baleful in its influences, and hence the Phoenicians offered to it human sacrifices, especially children.

Chloe: verdure, a female Christian (1Co 1:11), some of whose household had informed Paul of the divided state of the Corinthian Church Nothing is known of her.

CHOR-

Ashan: smoking Furnace one of the places where “David himself and his men were wont to haunt” (1Sa 30:30, 1Sa 30:31). It is probably identical with Ashan (Jos 15:42; Jos 19:7), a Simeonite City in the Negeb, i.e., the South belonging to Judah The Word ought, according to another reading, to be “Bor-ashan.”

Chorazin: named along with Bethsaida and Capernaum as one of the cities in which our Lord’s “mighty works” were done, and which was doomed to woe because of signal privileges neglected (Mat 11:21; Luke Mat 10:13). It has been identified by general consent with the modern Kerazeh,Abo 10:2 Abo 10:1/Abo 10:2 miles up the Wady Kerazeh from Capernaum i.e., Tell Hum.

Chosen: spoken of warriors (Exo 15:4;Jdg 20:16), of the Hebrew nation (Psa 105:43;Deu 7:7), of Jerusalem as the seat of the Temple (1Ki 11:13). Christ is the “chosen” of God (Isa 42:1); and the apostles are “chosen” for their work (Act 10:41). It is said with regard to those who do not profit by their opportunities that “many are called, but few are chosen” (Mat 20:16). (See Election )

Chozeba: (1 Chronicles 4:22), the same as Chezib and Achzib a Place in the lowlands of Judah (Gen 38:5;Jos 15:44).

Christ: anointed, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Word rendered “Messiah” (q.v.), the official title of our Lord occurring five hundred and fourteen times in the New Testament It denotes that he was anointed or consecrated to his great redemptive work as Prophet Priest and King of his people. He is Jesus the Christ (Act 17:3; Act 18:5;Mat 22:42), the Anointed One. He is thus spoken of by Isaiah (Mat 61:1), and by Daniel (Mat 9:24-26), who styles him “Messiah the Prince ”

The Messiah is the same person as “the seed of the woman” (Gen 3:15), “the seed of Abraham” (Gen 22:18), the “Prophet like unto Moses” (Deu 18:15), “the Priest after the order of Melchizedek” (Psa 110:4), “the rod out of the stem of Jesse” (Isa 11:1, Isa 11:10), the “Immanuel,” the virgin’s Son (Isa 7:14), “the Branch of Jehovah” (Isa 4:2), and “the Messenger of the covenant” (Mal 3:1). ... This is he “of whom Moses in the Law and the prophets did write.” The Old Testament Scripture is full of prophetic declarations regarding the Great Deliverer and the work he was to accomplish. Jesus the Christ is Jesus the Great Deliverer, the Anointed One, the Saviour of men. This name denotes that Jesus was divinely appointed, commissioned, and accredited as the Saviour of men (Heb 5:4;Isa 11:2-4; Isa 49:6;Jhn 5:37; Acts Jhn 2:22).

To believe that “Jesus is the Christ” is to believe that he is the Anointed, the Messiah of the prophets, the Saviour sent of God that he was, in a Word what he claimed to be. This is to believe the gospel, by the Faith of which alone men can be brought unto God That Jesus is the Christ is the Testimony of God and the Faith of this constitutes a Christian (1Co 12:3;1Jn 5:1).

Christian: the name given by the Greeks or Romans probably in reproach, to the followers of Jesus It was first used at Antioch The names by which the disciples were known among themselves were “brethren,” “the Faithful ” “elect,” “saints,” “believers.” But as distinguishing them from the multitude without, the name “Christian” came into use, and was universally accepted. This name occurs but three times in the New Testament (Acts 1 Act 1:26; Act 26:28;1Pe 4:16).

Christs

Chronicles: OF King David (1 Chronicles 27:24) were statistical state records; one of the public sources from which the compiler of the Books of Chronicles derived information on various public matters.

Chronology: is the arrangement of facts and events in the order of time. The writers of the Bible themselves do not adopt any standard era according to which they Date events. Sometimes the years are reckoned, e.g., from the time of the Exodus (Num 1:1; Num 33:38;1Ki 6:1), and sometimes from the accession of kings (1Ki 15:1, 1Ki 15:9, 1Ki 15:25, 1Ki 15:33, etc.), and sometimes again from the return from Exile (Ezr 3:8).

Hence in constructing a system of Biblecal Chronology the plan has been adopted of reckoning the years from the ages of the patriarchs before the Birth of their first-born sons for the period from the Creation to Abraham After this period other data are to be taken into account in determining the relative sequence of events. ...

As to the patriarchal period, there are three principal systems of Chronology (Ezr 3:1) that of the Hebrew text, (Ezr 3:2) that of the Septuagint Version and (Ezr 3:3) that of the Samaritan Pentateuch as seen in the scheme on the opposite page.

The Samaritan and the Septuagint have considerably modified the Hebrew Chronology This modification some regard as having been wilfully made,

and to be rejected. The same system of variations is observed in the Chronology of the period between the Flood and Abraham Thus:

From the Birth of Arphaxad Ezr 3:2 years after the Flood,

Hebrew

Septuigant

Samaritan

to the Birth of Terah

220 3:000 220 3:70

From the Birth of

Terah to the Birth of Abraham

130 3:0 130 3:2 The Septuagint fixes on Seventy years as the Age of Terah at the Birth of Abraham Fro 11:26;But 11:32 and Acts But 7:4Wit 12:4 shows that when Terah died, at the Age of two hundred and five years, Abraham was seventy-five years, and hence Terah must have been one hundred and thirty years when Abraham was Born Thus, including the two years from the Flood to the Birth of Arphaxad the period from the Flood to the Birth of Abraham was three hundred and fifty-two years.

Wit 12:1 HebrewTex 12:1

Septuigant Text

Sam 12:1

Pen 12:1

1 12:1

3 12:1

3 12:2

3 12:1

2 12:1 Adam130 12:0030 12:130 12:00 30 12:30

130 12:0030 12:1 Seth105 12:0712 12:105 12:07 05 12:12

105 12:0712 12:1 Enos90 12:1505 12:190 12:15 90 12:05

90 12:1505 12:1Cai 12:7040 12:101 12:7040 12:10

70 12:4010 12:1Mah 12:6530 12:951 12:6530 12:95

65 12:3095 12:1Jar 12:16200 12:621 12:6200 12:62

62 12:8547 12:1 Enoch65 12:0065 12:165 12:00 65 12:65

65 12:0065 12:1 Methuselah187 12:8269 12:187 12:82 87 12:69

67 12:5320 12:1Lam 12:18295 12:771 12:8865 12:53

53 12:0053 12:1

53 12:1 Thus from Adam

53 12:1

53 12:1 to the BirthOf 12:1056

Of 12:1662

Of 12:707

Of 12:1 From Birth of

Of 12:1

1 12:600

1 12:1 From Adam to

1 12:1

1 12:1 the Flood.

1 12:1656

1 12:2262

1 12:1307

1 12:1 = Lived years before the Birth of first Son

1 12:2 = Lived after Birth of first Son

1 12:3 = Total Life

The next period is from the Birth of Abraham to the Exodus This, according to the Hebrew extends to five hundred and five years. The difficulty here is as to the four hundred and thirty years mentioned Exodus 1 12:40, 1 12:41; Galatians 1 3:17. These years are regarded by some as dating from the Covenant with Abraham (Gen 3:15), which was entered into soon after his sojourn in Egypt others, with more probability, reckon these years from Jacob’s going down into Egypt (See Exodus )

Iln modern times the systems of Biblical Chronology that have been adopted are chiefly those of Ussher and Hales. The former follows the Hebrew and the latter the Septuagint mainly. Archbishop Ussher’s (Die 3:1656) system is called the short Chronology It is that given on the margin of the Authorized Version but is really of no authority, and is quite uncertain.

Ussher

Hales

Creation:

Die 3:4004 B.C.

Die 3:5411 B.C.

Flood:

Die 3:2348 B.C.

Die 3:3155 B.C.

Abram leaves Ha ran:

Die 3:1921 B.C.

Die 3:2078 B.C.

Exodus:

Die 3:1491 B.C.

Die 3:1648 B.C.

Destruction of the Temple

Die 3:588 B.C.

Die 3:586 B.C.

To show at a glance the different ideas of the Date of the Creation it may be interesting to note the following: From CreationTo 3:1894.

According to Ussher, To 3:5,To 3:898; Hales, To 3:7,To 3:305; Zunz (Hebrew reckoning), To 3:5,To 3:882; Septuagint (Perowne), To 3:7,To 3:305; Rabbinical, To 3:5,To 3:654; Panodorus, To 3:7,To 3:387; Anianus, To 3:7,To 3:395; Constantinopolitan, To 3:7,To 3:403; Eusebius, To 3:7,To 3:093; Scaliger, To 3:5,To 3:844; Dionysius (from whom we take our Christian era), To 3:7,To 3:388; Maximus, To 3:7,To 3:395; Syncellus and Theophanes, To 3:7,To 3:395; Julius Africanus, To 3:7,To 3:395; Jackson, To 3:7,To 3:320.

Chrysoprasus: golden Leek a precious Stone of the Colour of leek’s juice, a greenish-golden Colour (Rev 21:20).

Chub: the name of a people in Alliance with Egypt in the time of Nebuchadnezzar The 30:5. They were probably a people of Northern Africa, or of the lands near Egypt in the South

Chun: one of the cities of Hadarezer King of Syria David procured Brass (i.e., bronze or copper) from it for the Temple (1Ch 18:8).It 18:2Sam 8:8;Pro 47:16.

Church: Derived probably from the Greek kuriakon (i.e., “the Lord’s house”), which was used by Ancient authors for the Place of Worship

In the New Testament it is the translation of the Greek Word ecclesia, which is synonymous with the Hebrew kahal of the Old Testament both words meaning simply an assembly, the character of which can only be known from the connection in which the Word is found. There is no clear instance of its being used for a Place of meeting or of Worship although in post-apostolic times it early received this meaning. Nor is this Word ever used to denote the inhabitants of a country united in the same profession, as when we say the “Church of England,” the “Church of Scotland,” etc. ...

We find the Word ecclesia used in the following senses in the New Testament (1.) It is translated “assembly” in the ordinary classical sense (Act 19:32, Act 19:39, Act 19:41).

(Act 19:2.) It denotes the whole body of the redeemed, all those whom the Father has given to Christ the invisible Catholic Church (Eph 5:23, Eph 5:25, Eph 5:27, Eph 5:29; Hebrews Eph 12:23).

(Eph 12:3.) A few Christians associated together in observing the ordinances of the gospel are an ecclesia (Rom 16:5; Colossians Rom 4:15).

(Rom 4:4.) All the Christians in a particular City whether they assembled together in one Place or in several places for religious Worship were an ecclesia. Thus all the disciples in Antioch forming several congregations, were one Church (Act 13:1); so also we read of the “church of God at Corinth” (1Co 1:2), “the Church at Jerusalem” (Act 8:1), “the Church of Ephesus” (Rev 2:1), etc.

(Rev 2:5.) The whole body of professing Christians throughout the world (1Co 15:9; Galatians 1Co 1:13; Matthew 1Co 16:18) are the Church of Christ

The Church visible “consists of all those throughout the world that profess the true religion, together with their children.” It is called “visible” because its members are known and its assemblies are public. Here there is a mixture of “wheat and Chaff ” of saints and sinners. “God has commanded his people to organize themselves into distinct visible ecclesiastical communities, with constitutions, laws, and officers, badges, ordinances, and discipline, for the great purpose of giving visibility to his Kingdom of making known the gospel of that Kingdom and of gathering in all its Elect subjects. Each one of these distinct organized communities which is Faithful to the great King is an integral part of the visible Church and all together constitute the Catholic or universal visible Church ” A credible profession of the true religion constitutes a person a member of this Church This is “the Kingdom of Heaven ” whose character and progress are set forth in the parables recorded in Matthew 1Co 16:13.

The children of all who thus profess the true religion are members of the visible Church along with their parents. Children are included in every Covenant God ever made with Man They go along with their parents (Gen 9:9-17; Gen 12:1-3; Gen 17:7; Exodus Gen 20:5;Deu 29:10-13). Peter on the Day of Pentecost at the beginning of the New Testament Dispensation announces the same great principle. “The promise [just as to Abraham and his seed the promises were made] is unto you, and to your children” (Act 2:38, Act 2:39). The children of believing parents are “holy”, i.e., are “saints”, a title which designates the members of the Christian Church (1Co 7:14). (See Baptism )

The Church invisible “consists of the whole number of the Elect that have been, are, or shall be gathered into one under Christ the head thereof.” This is a pure society, the Church in which Christ dwells. It is the body of Christ it is called “invisible” because the greater part of those who constitute it are already in Heaven or are yet unborn, and also because its members still on earth cannot certainly be distinguished. The qualifications of membership in it are internal and are hidden. It is unseen except by Him who “searches the heart.” “The Lord knoweth them that are his” (1Co 7:2 Timothy 1Co 2:19).

The Church to which the attributes, prerogatives, and promises appertaining to Christ’s Kingdom belong, is a spiritual body consisting of all true believers, i.e., the Church invisible.

(1Co 2:1.) Its unity. God has ever had only one Church on earth. We sometimes speak of the Old Testament Church and of the New Testament Church but they are one and the same. The Old Testament Church was not to be changed but enlarged (Isa 49:13-23; Isa 60:1-14). When the Jews are at length restored, they Will not enter a New Church but Will be grafted again into “their own Olive tree” (Rom 11:18-24; comp. Ephesians Rom 2:11-22). The apostles did not set up a New organization. Under their ministry disciples were “added” to the “church” already existing (Act 2:47).

(Act 2:2.) Its universality. It is the “catholic” Church not confined to any particular country or outward organization, but comprehending all believers throughout the whole world.

(Act 2:3.) Its perpetuity. It Will continue through all ages to the End of the world. It can never be destroyed. It is an “everlasting kindgdom.”

Churl: in Isaiah 32:5 (R.V. marg., “crafty”), means a deceiver.In 32:1 Samuel In 25:3, the Word churlish denotes a Man that is coarse and ill-natured, or, as the Word literally means, “hard.” The same Greek Word as used by the LXX. here is found in Matthew In 25:24, and there is rendered “hard.”

CHUSHAN-

Rishathaim: Cush of double wickedness, or Governor of two presidencies, the King of Mesopotamia who oppressed Israel in the Generation immediately following Joshua (Jdg 3:8). We learn from the Tell-el-Amarna tablets that Palestine had been invaded by the Forces of Aram-naharaim (A.V., “Mesopotamia”) more than once, long before the Exodus and that at the time they were written the King of Aram-naharaim was still intriguing in Canaan It is mentioned among the countries which took part in the attack upon Egypt in the reign of Rameses III. (of the Twentieth Dynasty), but as its King is not one of the princes stated to have been conquered by the Pharaoh it would seem that he did not actually enter Egypt As the reign of Rameses III. corresponds with the Israelitish occupation of Canaan it is probable that the Egyptian monuments refer to the oppression of the Israelites by Chushan-rishathaim. Canaan was still regarded as a province of Egypt so that, in attacking it Chushan-rishathaim would have been considered to be attacking Egypt

Cilicia

Cinnamon: Hebrews kinamon, the Cinnamomum zeylanicum of botanists, a Tree of the Laurel family, which grows only in India on the Malabar coast, in Ceylon, and China. There is no trace of it in Egypt and it was unknown in Syria The inner rind when dried and rolled into cylinders forms the Cinnamon of commerce. The Fruit and coarser Pieces of bark when boiled yield a fragrant Oil It was one of the principal ingredients in the Holy anointing Oil (Exo 30:23).It 7:17; Cant. It 4:14; Revelation It 18:13. The mention of it indicates a very early and extensive commerce carried on between Palestine and the East

Nnereth: a Harp one of the “fenced cities” of Naphtali (Jos 19:35; comp.Deu 3:17). It also denotes, apparently, a district which may have taken its name from the adjacent City or lake of Gennesaret anciently called “the Sea of Chinnereth” (q.v.), and was probably that enclosed district North of Tiberias afterwards called “the Plain of Gennesaret ” Called Chinneroth (R.V., Chinnereth)Jos 11:2. The phrase “all Cinneroth, with all the land of Naphtali”In 11:1Kin 15:20 is parallel to “the store-houses of the cities of Naphtali” (R.V. marg.)In 15:2 Chronicles In 16:4.

Circuit: the apparent diurnal revolution of the Sun round the earth (Psa 19:6), and the Changes of the wind (Ecc 1:6). In Job Ecc 22:14, “in the Circuit of heaven” (R.V. marg., “on the vault of heaven”) means the “arch of Heaven ” which seems to be bent over our heads.

Circumcision: cutting around. This rite, practised before, as some think, by divers races, was appointed by God to be the special badge of his Chosen people, an abiding sign of their Consecration to him. It was established as a national ordinance (Gen 17:10, Gen 17:11). In compliance with the divine command, Abraham though ninety-nine years of Age was circumcised on the same Day with Ishmael who was thirteen years Old (Gen 17:24-27). Slaves, whether home -born or purchased, were circumcised (Gen 17:12, Gen 17:13); and all foreigners must have their males circumcised before they could enjoy the privileges of Jewish Citizenship (Exo 12:48). During the Journey through the Wilderness the practice of Circumcision fell into disuse, but was resumed by the command of Joshua before they entered the Promised Land (Jos 5:2-9). ... It was observed always afterwards among the tribes of Israel although it is not expressly mentioned from the time of the settlement in Canaan till the time of ChristAbo 5:1,Abo 5:450 years. The Jews prided themselves in the possession of this Covenant distinction (Jdg 14:3; Jdg 15:18;1Sa 14:6; 1Sa 17:26;2Sa 1:20;Ezk 31:18).

As a rite of the Church it ceased when the New Testament times began (Gal 6:15; Colossians Gal 3:11). Some Jewish Christians sought to impose it, however, on the Gentile converts; but this the apostles resolutely resisted (Act 15:1; Galatians Act 6:12). Our Lord was circumcised, for it “became him to fulfil all righteousness,” as of the seed of Abraham according to the Flesh and Paul “took and circumcised” Timothy (Act 16:3), to avoid giving Offence to the Jews. It would render Timothy’s labours more acceptable to the Jews. But Paul would by no means consent to the demand that Titus should be circumcised (Gal 2:3-5). The great point for which he contended was the free admission of uncircumcised Gentiles into the Church He contended successfully in behalf of Titus, even in Jerusalem

In the Old Testament a spiritual idea is attached to Circumcision It was the symbol of purity (Isa 52:1). We read of uncircumcised lips (Exo 6:12, Exo 6:30), ears (Jer 6:10), hearts (Lev 26:41). The Fruit of a Tree that is unclean is spoken of as uncircumcised (Lev 19:23).

It was a sign and Seal of the Covenant of Grace as well as of the national Covenant between God and the Hebrews (Lev 19:1.) It sealed the promises made to Abraham which related to the commonwealth of Israel national promises. (Lev 19:2.) But the promises made to Abraham included the promise of Redemption (Gal 3:14), a promise which has come upon us. The Covenant with Abraham was a Dispensation or a specific form of the Covenant of Grace and Circumcision was a sign and Seal of that Covenant It had a spiritual meaning. It signified Purification of the heart, inward Circumcision effected by the Spirit (Deu 10:16; Deu 30:6;Ezk 44:7; Acts Ezk 7:51;Rom 2:28; Colossians Rom 2:11). Circumcision as a symbol shadowing forth Sanctification by the Holy Spirit has now given way to the symbol of Baptism (q.v.). But the Truth embodied in both ordinances is ever the same, the removal of sin, the sanctifying effects of Grace in the heart.

Under the Jewish Dispensation Church and state were identical. No one could be a member of the one without also being a member of the other. Circumcision was a sign and Seal of membership in both. Every circumcised person bore thereby evidence that he was one of the Chosen people, a member of the Church of God as it then existed, and consequently also a member of the Jewish commonwealth.

Cistern: the rendering of a Hebrew Word bor, which means a receptacle for Water conveyed to it; distinguished from Beer which denotes a Place where Water rises on the spot (Jer 2:13;Pro 5:15;Isa 36:16), a Fountain Cisterns are frequently mentioned in Scripture The scarcity of springs in Palestine made it necessary to collect rain-water in reservoirs and cisterns (Num 21:22). (See WELL.)

Empty cisterns were sometimes used as prisons (Jer 38:6; Lamentations Jer 3:53;Psa 40:2; Psa 69:15). The “pit” into which Joseph was cast (Gen 37:24) was a Beer or dry well. There are numerous remains of Ancient cisterns in all parts of Palestine

Citizenship: the rights and privileges of a citizen in distinction from a Foreigner (Luk 15:15; Luk 19:14; Acts Luk 21:39). Under the Mosaic Law non-Israelites,Wit 23:1-3, were admitted to the general privileges of Citizenship among the Jews (Exo 12:19;Lev 24:22;Num 15:15; Num 35:15;Deu 10:18; Deu 14:29; Deu 16:10, Deu 16:14).

The right of Citizenship under the Roman government was granted by the emperor to individuals, and sometimes to provinces, as a favour or as a recompense for services rendered to the state, or for a sum of Money (Act 22:28). This “freedom” secured privileges equal to those enjoyed by natives of Rome Among the most notable of these was the provision that a Man could not be bound or imprisoned without a formal trial (Act 22:25, Act 22:26), or scourged (Act 16:37). All Roman citizens had the right of Appeal to Caesar (Act 25:11).

City: The earliest mention of city-building is that of Enoch which was built by Cain (Gen 4:17). After the confusion of Tongues the descendants of Nimrod founded several cities (Gen 10:10-12). Next, we have a record of the cities of the Canaanites Sidon, Gaza Sodom etc. (Gen 10:12, Gen 10:19; Gen 11:3, Gen 11:9; Gen 36:31-39). The earliest description of a City is that of Sodom (Gen 19:1-22). Damascus is said to be the oldest existing City in the world. Before the time of Abraham there were cities in Egypt (Num 13:22). The Israelites in Egypt were employed in Building the “treasure cities” of Pithom and Raamses (Exo 1:11); but it does not seem that they had any cities of their own in Goshen (Gen 46:34; Gen 47:1-11). ... In the Kingdom of Og in Bashan there were sixty “great cities with walls,” and twenty-three cities in Gilead partly rebuilt by the tribes on the East of Jordan (Num 21:21, Num 21:32, Num 21:33, Num 21:35; Num 32:1-3,34 32:42; Deuteronomy 34 3:4, 34 3:5, 34 3:14;1Ki 4:13). On the west of Jordan were thirty-one “royal cities” (Jos 4:12), besides many others spoken of in the history of Israel

A Fenced City was a City surrounded by fortifications and High walls, with watch-towers upon them (Jos 4:2 Chronicles Jos 11:11; Deuteronomy Jos 3:5). There was also within the City generally a tower to which the citizens might flee when danger threatened them (Jdg 9:46-52).

A City with Suburbs was a City surrounded with Open pasture-grounds, such as the forty-eight cities which were given to the Levites (Num 35:2-7). There were six cities of Refuge three on each side of Jordan namely, Kadesh Shechem Hebron on the west of Jordan and on the East Bezer, Ramoth-gilead, and Golan The cities on each side of the River were nearly opposite each other. The regulations concerning these cities are given in Numbers Num 35:9-34; Deuteronomy Num 19:1-13; Exodus Num 21:12-14.

When David reduced the fortress of the Jebusites which stood on Mount Zion, he built on the site of it a Palace and a City which he called by his own name (Num 21:1 Chronicles Num 11:5), the City of David Bethlehem is also so called as being David’s native town (Luk 2:4).

Jerusalem is called the Holy City the Holiness of the Temple being regarded as extending in some Measure over the whole City (Neh 11:1).

Pithom and Raamses built by the Israelites as “treasure cities,” were not places where royal treasures were kept, but were fortified towns where merchants might store their goods and transact their business in safety, or cities in which munitions of war were stored. (See PITHOM.)

Clauda: a small Island off the southwest coast of Crete passed by Paul on his voyage to Rome (Act 27:16).It 27:7Mil 27:3 broad. It is now called Gozzo (R.V., “Cauda”).

Claudia: a female Christian mentioned in 2 Timothy A F 4:21. It is a conjecture having some probability that she was a British maiden, the Daughter of King Cogidunus, who was an ally of Rome and assumed the name of the emperor, his patron, Tiberius Claudius and that she was the Wife of Pudens

Claudius: lame. (1.) The fourth Roman emperor. He succeeded Caligula (A.D. 41). Though in general he treated the Jews, especially those in Asia and Egypt with great indulgence, yet about the middle of his reign (A.D. 49) he banished them all from Rome (Act 18:2). In this edict the Christians were included, as being, as was supposed, a Sect of Jews. The Jews, however soon again returned to Rome

During the reign of this emperor, several persecutions of the Christians by the Jews took Place in the dominions of Herod Agrippa in one of which the Apostle James was “killed” (Act 12:2). He died A.D. Act 12:54.

(Act 12:2.) Claudius Lysias a Greek who, having obtained by purchase the privilege of Roman Citizenship took the name of Claudius (Act 21:31-40; Act 22:28; Act 23:26).

Clay: This Word is used of sediment found in pits or in streets (Isa 57:20; Jeremiah Isa 38:60), of dust mixed with spittle (Jhn 9:6), and of potter’s Clay (Isa 41:25; Nah Isa 3:14; Jeremiah Isa 18:1-6;Rom 9:21). Clay was used for sealing (Job 38:14; Jeremiah Job 32:14). Our Lord’s tomb may have been thus sealed (Mat 27:66). The practice of sealing doors with Clay is still common in the East Clay was also in primitive times used for Mortar (Gen 11:3). The “clay ground” in which the large vessels of the Temple were cast (1Ki 7:46; 1Ki 7:2 Chronicles 1Ki 4:17) was a compact Loam fitted for the purpose. The expression literally rendered is, “in the thickness of the Ground ”, meaning, “in stiff ground” or in Clay

Clean: The various forms of uncleanness according to the Mosaic Law are enumerated in Leviticus 11-15; Numbers 19. The division of animals into Clean and unclean was probably founded on the practice of Sacrifice It existed before the Flood (Gen 7:2). The regulations regarding such animals are recorded in Leviticus1 7:1 and Deuteronomy 1 14:1-21.

The Hebrews were prohibited from using as Food certain Animal substances, such as (1 14:1) blood; (1 14:2) the Fat Covering the intestines, termed the Caul (1 14:3) the Fat on the intestines, called the mesentery; (1 14:4) the Fat of the kidneys; and (1 14:5) the Fat tail of certain Sheep (Exo 29:13, Exo 29:22; Leviticus Exo 3:4-9; Exo 9:19; Exo 17:10; Exo 19:26). ...

The Chief design of these regulations seems to have been to establish a system of regimen which would distinguish the Jews from all other nations. Regarding the design and the abolition of these regulations the reader Will find all the details in Leviticus Exo 20:24-26; Acts Exo 10:9-16; Exo 11:1-10; Hebrews Exo 9:9-14.

Clement: mild, a Christian of Philippi Paul’s “fellow-labourer,” whose name he mentions as “in the book of life” (Phil. 4:3). It was an opinion of Ancient writers that he was the Clement of Rome whose name is well known in Church history, and that he was the author of an Epistle to the Corinthians, the only known manuscript of which is appended to the Alexandrian Codex, now in the British Museum. It is of some historical interest, and has given rise to much discussion among critics. It makes distinct reference to Paul’s First Epistle to the Corinthians.

Cleopas: (abbreviation of Cleopatros), one of the two disciples with whom Jesus conversed on the way to Emmaus on the Day of the Resurrection (Luk 24:18). We know nothing definitely regarding him.It 19:25, or the Alphaeus of Matthew It 10:3, although he may have been so.

Cleophas: (in the spelling of this Word h is inserted by mistake from Latin MSS.), rather Cleopas which is the Greek form of the Word while Clopas is the Aramaic form.In 19:25 the Authorized Version reads, “Mary, the Wife of Clopas.” The Word “wife” is conjecturally inserted here. If “wife” is rightly inserted, then Mary was the mother of James the Less, and Clopas is the same as Alphaeus (Mat 10:3; Mat 27:56).

Cloak: an upper garment, “an exterior tunic, wide and long, reaching to the ankles, but without sleeves” (Isa 59:17). The Word so rendered is elsewhere rendered “robe” or “mantle.” It was worn by the High Priest under the Ephod (Exo 28:31), by kings and others of rank (1Sa 15:27;Job 1:20; Job 2:12), and by women (2Sa 13:18).

The Word translated “cloke”, i.e., outer garment,In 5:40 is in its plural form used of garments in general (Mat 17:2; Mat 26:65). The CloakMen 6:29 was the Greek himation, Latin pallium, and consisted of a large square piece of wollen cloth fastened round the shoulders, like the Abba of the Arabs. This could be taken by a creditor (Exo 22:26,Exo 22:27), but the Coat or tunic (Gr. ... chiton)Men 5:40 could not.

The Cloak which Paul “left at Troas” (Men 5:2 Timothy Men 4:13) was the Roman paenula, a thick upper garment used chiefly in travelling as a protection from the weather. Some, however, have supposed that what Paul meant was a travelling-bag. In the Syriac Version the Word used means a bookcase. (See Dress )

Closet: as used in the New Testament signifies properly a storehouse (Luk 12:24), and hence a Place of privacy and retirement (Mat 6:6;Luk 12:3).

Cloud: The Hebrew so rendered means “a Covering ” because clouds cover the sky. The Word is used as a symbol of the Divine presence, as indicating the splendour of that Glory which it conceals (Exo 16:10; Exo 33:9;Num 11:25; Num 12:5;Job 22:14;Psa 18:11). A “cloud without rain” is a proverbial saying, denoting a Man who does not keep his promise (Pro 16:15; Isaiah Pro 18:4; Pro 25:5; Jude Pro 1:12). A Cloud is the figure of that which is transitory (Job 30:15; Hos. Job 6:4). A bright Cloud is the symbolical seat of the Divine presence (Ex. Job 29:42, Job 29:43;1Ki 8:10; 1Ki 8:2 Chronicles 1Ki 5:14;Ezk 43:4), and was called the Shechinah (q.v.). ... Jehovah came down upon Sinai in a Cloud (Exo 19:9); and the Cloud filled the Court around the Tabernacle in the Wilderness so that Moses could not enter it (Exo 40:34, Exo 40:35). At the Dedication of the Temple also the Cloud “filled the House of the Lord” (1Ki 8:10). Thus in like manner when Christ comes the second time he is described as Coming “in the clouds” (Mat 17:5; Mat 24:30; Acts Mat 1:9, Mat 1:11). False teachers are likened unto clouds carried about with a tempest (Mat 1:2 Peter Mat 2:17). The infirmities of Old Age which come one after another, are compared by Solomon to “clouds returning after the rain” (Ecc 12:2). The blotting out of sins is like the sudden disappearance of threatening clouds from the sky (Isa 44:22).

Cloud, the Pillar of, was the glory-cloud which indicated God’s presence leading the ransomed people through the Wilderness (Exo 13:22; Exo 33:9, Exo 33:10). This Pillar preceded the people as they marched, resting on the Ark (Exo 13:21; Exo 40:36). By night it became a Pillar of Fire (Num 9:17-23).

Cnidus: a town and harbour on the extreme south-west of the peninsula of Doris in Asia Minor. Paul sailed past it on his voyage to Rome after leaving Myra (Act 27:7).

Coal: It is by no means certain that the Hebrews were acquainted with mineral Coal although it is found in Syria Their common Fuel was dried Dung of animals and Wood charcoal. Two different words are found in Hebrew to denote CoalBot 26:21, “As Coal [Hebrews peham; i.e., “black coal”] is to burning Coal [Hebrews gehalim].”The 41:21;Pro 6:28;Isa 44:19. The words “live coal”In 6:6 are more correctly “glowing Stone ” In Lamentations In 4:8 the expression “blacker than a coal” is literally rendered in the margin of the Revised Version “darker than blackness.” “Coals of fire” (2Sa 22:9, 2Sa 22:13;Psa 18:8, Psa 18:12, Psa 18:13, etc.) is an expression used metaphorically for lightnings proceeding from God A false tongue is compared to “coals of juniper” (Psa 120:4; James Psa 3:6). ... “Heaping coals of Fire on the head” symbolizes overcoming evil with good. The words of Paul (Rom 12:20) are equivalent to saying, “By Charity and kindness thou shalt soften down his Enmity as surely as heaping coals on the Fire fuses the metal in the crucible.”

Coat: OF Mail the rendering of a Hebrew Word meaning “glittering” (1Sa 17:5, 1Sa 17:38). The same Word in the plural form is translated “habergeons”In 17:2 Chronicles In 26:14 and Nehemiah In 4:16. The “harness” (1Ki 22:34), “breastplate” (Isa 59:17), and “brigandine” (Jer 46:4), were probably also corselets or coats of Mail (See Armour )

Cockatrice: the mediaeval name (a corruption of “crocodile”) of a fabulous Serpent supposed to be produced from a cock’s Egg It is generally supposed to denote the cerastes, or “horned Viper ” a very poisonous Serpent about a foot long. Others think it to be the yellow Viper Daboia xanthina), one of the most dangerous vipers, from its size and its nocturnal habits (Isa 11:8; Isa 14:29; Isa 59:5;Jer 8:17; in all which the Revised Version renders the Hebrew tziph’oni by “basilisk”).In 23:32 the Hebrew tzeph’a is rendered both in the Authorized Version and the Revised Version by “adder;” margin of Revised Version “basilisk,” and of Authorized Version “cockatrice.”

COCK-

Crowing: In our Lord’s time the Jews had adopted the Greek and Roman division of the night into four Watches each consisting of three hours, the first beginning at six o’clock in the Evening (Luk 12:38; Matthew Luk 14:25;Mrk 6:48). But the Ancient division, known as the first and second cock-crowing, was still retained. The cock usually crows several times soon after midnight (this is the first crowing), and again at the dawn of Day (and this is the second crowing). Mark mentions (Mrk 14:30) the two cock-cro wings. Matthew (Mrk 26:34) alludes to that only which was emphatically the cock-crowing, viz, the second.

Cockle: Occ 31:40 (marg., “noisome weeds”), where it is the rendering of a Hebrew Word (b’oshah) which means “offensive,” “having a bad smell,” referring to some weed perhaps which has an unpleasant odour. Or it may be regarded as simply any noisome weed, such as the “tares”Or 13:30.In 5:2, In 5:4 the plural form is rendered “wild grapes.”

COELE-

Syria: (Hebrews Aram), the name in the Old Testament given to the whole country which lay to the north-east of Phoenicia extending to Beyond the Euphrates and the Tigris. Mesopotamia is called (Gen 24:10;Deu 23:4) Aram-naharain (=Syria of the two rivers), also Padan-aram (Gen 25:20). Other portions of Syria were also known by separate names, as Aram-maahah (Gen 25:1 Chronicles Gen 19:6), Aram-beth-rehob (2Sa 10:6), Aram-zobah (2Sa 10:6, 2Sa 10:8). All these separate little kingdoms afterwards became subject to Damascus In the time of the Romans Syria included also a part of Palestine and Asia Minor.

“From the historic annals now accessible to us, the history of Syria may be divided into three periods: The first, the period when the power of the Pharaohs was dominant over the fertile fields or plains of Syria and the Merchant cities of Tyre and Sidon, and when such mighty conquerors as Thothmes III. ... and Rameses II. could claim dominion and Levy Tribute from the nations from the banks of the Euphrates to the borders of the Libyan Desert Second, this was followed by a short period of independence, when the Jewish nation in the South was growing in power, until it reached its early zenith in the Golden days of Solomon and when Tyre and Sidon were rich cities, sending their traders far and wide, over land and Sea as missionaries of civilization, while in the North the confederate tribes of the Hittites held back the armies of the kings of Assyria The third, and to us most interesting, period is that during which the kings of Assyria were dominant over the plains of Syria when Tyre, Sidon, Ashdod and Jerusalem bowed beneath the conquering armies of Shalmaneser, Sargon and Sennacherib and when at last Memphis and Thebes yielded to the power of the rulers of Nineveh and Babylon and the kings of Assyria completed with terrible Fulness the bruising of the Reed of Egypt so clearly foretold by the Hebrew prophets.”, Boscawen.

Coffer: the receptacle or small Box placed beside the Ark by the Philistines in which they deposited the Golden mice and the emerods as their trespass-offering (1 Samuel 6:8, 11, 15).

Coffin: Use 50:26 with reference to the Burial of Joseph Here, it means a mummy-chest. The same Hebrew Word is rendered “chest”In 50:2Kin 12:9, Kin 12:10.

Cogitations: (or “thoughts,”As 7:28 literally means), Earnest meditation.

Coin: Before the Exile the Jews had no regularly stamped Money They made use of uncoined shekels or talents of Silver which they weighed out (Gen 23:16; Exodus Gen 38:24;2Sa 18:12). Probably the Silver ingots used in the time of Abraham may have been of a fixed weight, which was in some way indicated on them. The “pieces of silver” paid by Abimelech to Abraham (Gen 20:16), and those also for which Joseph was sold (Gen 37:28), were proably in the form of rings. The Shekel was the common standard of weight and value among the Hebrews down to the time of the Captivity Only once is a Shekel of Gold mentioned (Gen 37:1 Chronicles Gen 21:25). The “six thousand of gold” mentioned in the transaction between Naaman and Gehazi (2Ki 5:5) were probably so many shekels of Gold The “piece of money”Men 42:11;Gen 33:19 (marg., “lambs”) was the Hebrew Kesitah probably an uncoined piece of Silver of a certain weight in the form of a Sheep or Lamb or perhaps having on it such an impression. ... The same HebrewWor 24:32, which is rendered by Wickliffe “an hundred yonge scheep.”

Collar: (Hebrews peh), means in Job 30:18 the mouth or opening of the garment that closes round the Neck in the same way as a tunic (Exo 39:23). The “collars” (Hebrews netiphoth) among the spoils of the Midianites (Jdg 8:26; R.V., “pendants”) were ear-drops. The same Hebrew Word is rendered “chains” in Isaiah Jdg 3:19.

Collection: The Christians in Palestine from various causes, suffered from poverty. Paul awakened an interest in them among the Gentile churches, and made pecuniary collections in their behalf (Act 24:17;Rom 15:25, Rom 15:26;1Co 16:1-3;2Co 8:9; Galatians 2Co 2:10 ).

College: Hebrews mishneh (2Ki 22:14; 2Ki 22:2 Chronicles 2Ki 34:22), rendered in Revised Version “second quarter”, the residence of the prophetess Huldah The Authorized Version followed the Jewish commentators, who, following the Targum, gave the Hebrew Word its post-Biblical sense, as if it meant a Place of instruction. It properly means the “second,” and may therefore denote the lower City (Acra), which was built after the portion of the City on Mount Zion, and was enclosed by a second Wall

Colony: The City of Philippi was a Roman Colony (Act 16:12), i.e., a military settlement of Roman soldiers and citizens, planted there to keep in subjection a newly-conquered district. A Colony was Rome in miniature, under Roman municipal Law but governed by military officers (praetors and lictors), not by proconsuls. It had an independent internal government, the jus Italicum; i.e., the privileges of Italian citizens.

Colossae: or Colosse, a City of Phrygia on the Lycus, which is a tributary of the Maeander. It was about 12 miles above Laodicea and near the great Road from Ephesus to the Euphrates and was consequently of some mercantile importance. It does not appear that Paul had visited this City when he wrote his Letter to the Church there (Col 1:2). He expresses in his Letter to Philemon (ver. Col 1:22) his hope to visit it on being delivered from his imprisonment. From Colossians Col 1:7; Col 4:12 it has been concluded that Epaphras was the founder of the Colossian Church This town afterwards fell into decay, and the modem town of Chonas or Chonum occupies a site near its ruins.

Colossians: , Epistle TO THE was written by Paul at Rome during his first imprisonment there (Act 28:16, Act 28:30), probably in the Spring of A.D. Act 28:57, or, as some think, Act 28:62, and soon after he had written his Epistle to the Ephesians Like some of his other Epistles (e.g., those to Corinth), this seems to have been written in consequence of information which had somehow been conveyed to him of the internal state of the Church there (Col 1:4-8). Its object was to counteract false teaching. A large part of it is directed against certain speculatists who attempted to combine the doctrines of Oriental mysticism and asceticism with Christianity, thereby promising the disciples the enjoyment of a higher spiritual Life and a deeper insight into the world of spirits. ... Paul argues against such teaching, showing that in Christ Jesus they had all things. He sets forth the majesty of his Redemption The mention of the “new moon” and “sabbath days” (Col 2:16) shows also that there were here Judaizing teachers who sought to draw away the disciples from the simplicity of the gospel.

Like most of Paul’s Epistles this consists of two parts, a doctrinal and a practical.

(Col 2:1.) The doctrinal part comprises the first two chapters.His 2:2. He warns them against being drawn away from Him in whom dwelt all the Fulness of the Godhead and who was the head of all spiritual powers. Christ was the head of the body of which they were members; and if they were truly united to him, what needed they more?

(His 2:2.) The practical part of the epistle (3 2:4) enforces various duties naturally flowing from the doctrines expounded. They are exhorted to mind things that are above (3 3:1-4), to mortify every evil principle of their nature, and to Put on the New Man (3 3:5-14). Many special duties of the Christian Life are also insisted upon as the fitting evidence of the Christian character. Tychicus was the Bearer of the Letter as he was also of that to the Ephesians and to Philemon and he would tell them of the state of the Apostle (3 4:7-9). After friendly greetings (10 4:14), he bids them interchange this Letter with that he had sent to the neighbouring Church of Laodicea He then closes this brief but striking epistle with his usual autograph Salutation There is a remarkable resemblance between this epistle and that to the Ephesians (q.v.). The genuineness of this epistle has not been called in question.

Colour: The subject of colours holds an important Place in the Scriptures.

White occurs as the translation of various Hebrew words. It is applied to milk (Gen 49:12), manna (Exo 16:31), Snow (Isa 1:18), horses (Zec 1:8), raiment (Ecc 9:8). Another Hebrew Word so rendered is applied to Marble (Est 1:6), and a cognate Word to the Lily (Cant. Est 2:16). A different term, meaning “dazzling,” is applied to the countenance (Cant. Est 5:10).

This Colour was an emblem of purity and innocence (Mrk 16:5; John Mrk 20:12; Revelation Mrk 19:8, Mrk 19:14), of joy (Ecc 9:8), and also of victory (Zec 6:3; Revelation Zec 6:2). ... The hangings of the Tabernacle Court (Exo 27:9; Exo 38:9), the coats, mitres, bonnets, and Breeches of the priests (Exo 39:27,Exo 39:28), and the Dress of the High Priest on the Day of Atonement (Lev 16:4,Lev 16:32), were white.

Black, applied to the Hair (Lev 13:31; Cant. Lev 5:11), the complexion (Cant. Lev 1:5), and to horses (Zec 6:2,Zec 6:6). The Word rendered “brown” in Genesis Zec 30:32 (R.V., “black”) means properly “scorched”, i.e., the Colour produced by the influence of the sun’s rays. “Black” in Job Zec 30:30 means dirty, blackened by sorrow and disease. The Word is applied to a mourner’s robes (Jer 8:21; Jer 14:2), to a clouded sky (1Ki 18:45), to night (Mic 3:6; Jeremiah Mic 4:28), and to a brook rendered turbid by melted Snow (Job 6:16). It is used as symbolical of evil in Zechariah Job 6:2, Job 6:6 and Revelation Job 6:5. It was the emblem of mourning, affliction, calamity (Jer 14:2; Lamentations Jer 4:8; Jer 5:10).

Red, applied to blood (2Ki 5:3;2Ki 5:22), a heifer (Num 19:2), Pottage of lentils (Gen 25:30), a Horse (Zec 1:8), wine (Pro 23:31), the complexion (Gen 25:25; Cant. Gen 5:10). This Colour is symbolical of bloodshed (Zec 6:2; Revelation Zec 6:4; Zec 12:3).

Purple, a Colour obtained from the secretion of a species of shell-fish (the Murex trunculus) which was found in the Mediterranean, and particularly on the coasts of Phoenicia and Asia Minor. The colouring matter in each separate shell-fish amounted to only a single drop, and hence the great value of this Dye Robes of this Colour were worn by kings (Jdg 8:26) and High officers (Est 8:15). They were also worn by the wealthy and luxurious (Jer 10:9;Ezk 27:7; Luke Ezk 16:19; Revelation Ezk 17:4). With this Colour was associated the idea of royalty and majesty (Jdg 8:26; Cant. Jdg 3:10; Jdg 7:5; Daniel Jdg 5:7, Jdg 5:16,Jdg 5:29).

Blue. This Colour was also procured from a species of shell-fish, the chelzon of the Hebrews and the Helix ianthina of modern naturalists. The tint was emblematic of the sky, the Deep dark hue of the Eastern sky. This Colour was used in the same way as purple. The ribbon and fringe of the Hebrew Dress were of this Colour (Num 15:38). The loops of the curtains (Exo 26:4), the lace of the High priest’s Breastplate the robe of the Ephod and the lace on his mitre, were Blue (Exo 28:28, Exo 28:31, Exo 28:37).

Scarlet, or Crimson. In Isaiah Exo 1:18 a Hebrew Word is used which denotes the Worm or grub whence this Dye was procured. In Genesis Exo 38:28,Exo 38:30, the Word so rendered means “to shine,” and expresses the brilliancy of the Colour The small parasitic insects from which this Dye was obtained somewhat resembled the cochineal which is found in Eastern countries. It is called by naturalists Coccus ilics. The Dye was procured from the female grub alone. The only natural object to which this Colour is applied in Scripture is the lips, which are l ik ened to a Scarlet thread (Cant. Exo 4:3). Scarlet robes were worn by the rich and luxurious (Exo 4:2 Samuel Exo 1:24;Pro 31:21; Jeremiah Pro 4:30. Revelation Pro 17:4). It was also the hue of the warrior’s Dress (Nah. Pro 2:3; Isaiah Pro 9:5). The Phoenicians excelled in the art of dyeing this Colour (Pro 9:2 Chronicles Pro 2:7).

These four colours— white, purple, Blue and scarlet— were used in the textures of the Tabernacle curtains (Exo 26:1, Exo 26:31, Exo 26:36), and also in the High priest’s Ephod Girdle and Breastplate (Exo 28:5, Exo 28:6, Exo 28:8, Exo 28:15). Scarlet thread is mentioned in connection with the rites of cleansing the leper (Lev 14:4, Lev 14:6, Lev 14:51) and of burning the Red heifer (Num 19:6). It was a crimson thread that Rahab was to bind on her Window as a sign that she was to be saved alive (Jos 2:18; Jos 6:25) when the City of Jericho was taken.

Vermilion, the Red sulphuret of mercury, or cinnabar; a Colour used for drawing the figures of idols on the walls of temples (Ezk 23:14), or for decorating the walls and beams of houses (Jer 22:14).

Comforter: the designation of the Holy Ghost (Jhn 14:16, Jhn 14:26; Jhn 15:26; Jhn 16:7; R.V. marg., “or Advocate or Helper; Gr. paracletos”). The same Greek Word thus rendered is translated “Advocate”In 16:1 John In 2:1 as applicable to Christ It means properly “one who is summoned to the side of another” to help him in a Court of Justice by defending him, “one who is summoned to plead a cause.” “Advocate” is the proper rendering of the Word in every case where it occurs.

It is worthy of notice that although Paul nowhere uses the Word paracletos, he yet presents the idea it embodies when he speaks of the “intercession” both of Christ and the Spirit (Rom 8:27, Rom 8:34).

Coming: OF Christ (1) with reference to his first advent “in the Fulness of the time” (1 John 5:20; 2 John 1:7), or (2) with reference to his Coming again the second time at the last Day (Act 1:11; Act 3:20, Act 3:21; Act 3:1 Thessalonians Act 4:15; Act 4:2 Timothy Act 4:1; Hebrews Act 9:28).

The expression is used metaphorically of the introduction of the gospel into any Place (Jhn 15:22; Ephesians Jhn 2:17), the visible establishment of his Kingdom in the world (Mat 16:28), the conferring on his people of the Peculiar tokens of his Love (Jhn 14:18, Jhn 14:23, Jhn 14:28), and his executing Judgment on the wicked (Jhn 14:2 Thessalonians Jhn 2:8).

Commandments: , THE Ten (Exo 34:28;Deu 10:4, marg. “ten words”) i.e., the Decalogue (q.v.), is a summary of the immutable moral Law These Commandments were first given in their written form to the people of Israel when they were encamped at Sinai, about fifty days after they came out of Egypt (Exo 19:10-25). They were written by the finger of God on two Tables of Stone The first Tables were broken by Moses when he brought them down from the Mount (Exo 32:19), being thrown by him on the Ground At the command of God he took up into the Mount two other Tables and God wrote on them “the words that were on the first tables” (Exo 34:1). These Tables were afterwards placed in the Ark of the Covenant (Deu 10:5;1Ki 8:9). ... Their subsequent history is unknown. They are as a whole called “the covenant” (Deu 4:13), and “the Tables of the covenant” (Deu 9:9, Deu 9:11; Hebrews Deu 9:4), and “the Testimony ”

They are obviously “ten” in number, but their division is not fixed, hence different methods of Numbering them have been adopted. The Jews make the “Preface” one of the Commandments and then combine the first and second. The Roman Catholics and Lutherans combine the first and second and divide the Tenth into two. The Jews and Josephus divide them equally. The Lutherans and Roman Catholics refer three Commandments to the first table and Seven to the second. The Greek and Reformed Churches refer four to the first and six to the second table. The Samaritans add to the second that Gerizim is the Mount of Worship (See Law )

Communion: fellowship with God (Gen 18:17-33; Exodus Gen 33:9-11;Num 12:7, Num 12:8), between Christ and his people (Jhn 14:23), by the Spirit (2Co 13:14; Phil. 2Co 2:1), of believers with one another (Eph 4:1-6). The Lord’s Supper is so called (1Co 10:16, 1Co 10:17), because in it there is Fellowship between Christ and his disciples, and of the disciples with one another.

Conaniah: whom Jehovah Hath set, a Levite placed over the tithes brought into the Temple (2 Chronicles 35:9).

Concision: (Gr. katatome; i.e., “mutilation”), a term used by Paul contemptuously of those who were Zealots for Circumcision (Phil. 3:2). Instead of the warning, “Beware of the circumcision” (peritome) i.e., of the party who pressed on Gentile converts the necessity of still observing that ordinance, he says, “Beware of the Concision ” as much as to say, “This Circumcision which they vaunt of is in Christ only as the gashings and mutilations of idolatrous Heathen ”

Concubine: in the Bible denotes a female conjugally united to a Man but in a relation inferior to that of a Wife Among the early Jews, from various causes, the difference between a Wife and a Concubine was less Marked than it would be amongst us. The Concubine was a Wife of secondary rank. There are various laws recorded providing for their protection (Exo 21:7; Deuteronomy Exo 21:10-14), and setting limits to the relation they sustained to the household to which they belonged (Gen 21:14; Gen 25:6). They had no authority in the family, nor could they share in the household government.

The immediate cause of concubinage might be gathered from the conjugal histories of Abraham and Jacob (Gen 25:16;Gen 25:30). But in process of time the Custom of concubinage degenerated, and laws were made to restrain and regulate it (Exo 21:7-9).

Christianity has restored the sacred institution of marriage to its original character, and concubinage is ranked with the sins of Fornication and Adultery (Mat 19:5-9;1Co 7:2).

Concupiscence: desire,Rom 7:8 (R.V., “coveting”); Colossians Rom 3:5 (R.V., “desire”). The “lust of concupiscence” (1Th 4:5; R.V., “passion of lust”) denotes evil Desire indwelling sin.

Conduit: a water-course or Channel (Job 38:25). The “conduit of the upper pool” (Isa 7:3) was formed by Hezekiah for the purpose of conveying the waters from the upper Pool in the Valley of Gihon to the west side of the City of David (2Ki 18:17; 2Ki 20:20; 2Ki 20:2 Chronicles 2Ki 32:30). In carrying out this work he stopped “the waters of the fountains which were without the city” i.e., “the upper water-course of Gihon”, and conveyed it down from the west through a canal into the City so that in case of a siege the inhabitants of the City might have a supply of Water which would thus be withdrawn from the enemy. (See SILOAM.)

There are also the remains of a Conduit which conducted Water from the so-called “Pools of Solomon ” Beyond Bethlehem into the City Water is still conveyed into the City from the fountains which supplied these Pools by a Channel which crosses the Valley of Hinnom.

Coney: (Hebrews Shaphan i.e., “the hider”), an Animal which inhabits the mountain gorges and the rocky districts of Arabia Petraea and the Holy Land. “The conies are but a feeble folk, yet make they their houses in the rocks” (Pro 30:26;Psa 104:18). They are gregarious, and “exceeding wise” (Pro 30:24), and are described as chewing the cud (Lev 11:5;Deu 14:7).

The Animal intended by this name is known among naturalists as the Hyrax Syriacus. It is neither a ruminant nor a rodent, but is regarded as akin to the rhinoceros. When it is said to “chew the cud,” the Hebrew Word so used does not necessarily imply the possession of a ruminant stomach. “The lawgiver speaks according to appearances; and no one can watch the constant motion of the little creature’s jaws, as it sits continually working its teeth, without recognizing the naturalness of the expression” (Tristram, Natural History of the Bible). ... It is about the size and color of a rabbit, though clumsier in structure, and without a tail. Its feet are not formed for digging, and therefore it has its home not in burrows but in the clefts of the rocks. “Coney” is an obsolete English Word for “rabbit.”

Confection: (Exo 30:35, “ointment” in ver. Exo 30:25; R.V., “perfume”). The Hebrew Word so rendered is derived from a root meaning to compound Oil and perfume.

Confectionaries: only in 1Sam 8:13, those who make confections, i.e., perfumers, who compound species and Perfumes

Confession: (1) An Open profession of Faith (Luk 12:8). (Luk 12:2.) An acknowledment of sins to God (Lev 16:21;Ezr 9:5-15;Dan 9:3-12), and to a neighbour whom we have wronged (Jas 5:16; Matthew Jas 18:15).

Congregation: , Mount OF THE (Isa 14:13), has been supposed to refer to the Place where God promised to Meet with his people (Exo 25:22; Exo 29:42, Exo 29:43) i.e., the Mount of the Divine presence, Mount Zion. But here the King of Babylon must be taken as expressing himself according to his own Heathen notions, and not according to those of the Jews. The “mount of the congregation” Will therefore in this case mean the northern mountain, supposed by the Babylonians to be the meeting-place of their gods. In the Babylonian inscriptions mention is made of a mountain which is described as “the mighty mountain of Bel whose head rivals Heaven whose root is the Holy Deep ” This mountain was regarded in their mythology as the Place where the gods had their seat.

Conscience: that faculty of the mind, or inborn sense of right and wrong, by which we Judge of the moral character of human conduct. It is common to all men. Like all our other faculties, it has been perverted by the Fall (Jhn 16:2; Acts Jhn 26:9;Rom 2:15). It is spoken of as “defiled” (Tit 1:15), and “seared” (Tit 1:1 Timothy Tit 4:2). A “conscience void of offence” is to be sought and cultivated (Act 24:16;Rom 9:1;2Co 1:12; 2Co 1:1 Timothy 2Co 1:5, 2Co 1:19;1Pe 3:21).

Consecration: the devoting or setting apart of anything to the Worship or service of God The race of Abraham and the Tribe of Levi were thus consecrated (Exo 13:2, Exo 13:12, Exo 13:15; Numbers Exo 3:12). The Hebrews devoted their fields and Cattle and sometimes the spoils of war, to the Lord (Lev 27:28, Lev 27:29). According to the Mosaic Law the first-born both of Man and beast were consecrated to God

In the New Testament Christians are regarded as consecrated to the Lord (Lev 27:1 Peter Lev 2:9).

Consolation: OF Israel a name for the Messiah in common use among the Jews,Pro 12:1; Pro 49:13. The Greek Word thus rendered (Luk 2:25, paraklesis) is kindred to that translated “Comforter”In 14:16, etc., parakletos.

Constellation: a cluster of Stars or Stars which appear to be near each other in the heavens, and which astronomers have reduced to certain figures (as the “Great Bear,” the “Bull,” etc.) for the sake of classification and of memory.In 13:10, where this Word only occurs, it is the rendering of the Hebrew kesil, i.e., “fool.” This was the Hebrew name of the Constellation Orion (Job 9:9; Job 38:31), a Constellation which represented Nimrod the symbol of folly and impiety. The Word some interpret by “the giant” in this Place “some heaven-daring rebel who was chained to the sky for his impiety.”

Contentment: a state of mind in which one’s desires are confined to his Lot whatever it may be (1 Timothy 6:6;2Co 9:8). It is opposed to envy (Jas 3:16), avarice (Heb 13:5), ambition (Pro 13:10), anxiety (Mat 6:25, Mat 6:34), and repining (1Co 10:10). It arises from the inward disposition, and is the offspring of Humility and of an intelligent consideration of the rectitude and benignity of divine Providence (Psa 96:1, Psa 96:2; Psa 96:145), the greatness of the divine promises (Psa 96:2 Peter Psa 1:4), and our own unworthiness (Gen 32:10); as well as from the view the gospel opens up to us of Rest and Peace hereafter (Rom 5:2).

Conversation: generally the goings out and in of social intercourse (Eph 2:3; Eph 4:22; R.V., “manner of life”); one’s deportment or course of Life This Word is never used in Scripture in the sense of verbal communication from one to another (Psa 50:23; Hebrews Psa 13:5). In Phil. Psa 1:27And 3:20, a different Greek Word is used. It there means one’s relations to a community as a citizen, i.e., Citizenship

Conversion: the turning of a sinner to God (Act 15:3). In a general sense the Heathen are said to be “converted” when they abandon heathenism and embrace the Christian Faith and in a more special sense men are converted when, by the influence of divine Grace in their souls, their whole Life is changed, Old things pass away, and all things become New (Act 26:18). Thus we speak of the Conversion of the Philippian Jailer (Act 16:19-34), of Paul (Act 9:1-22), of the Ethiopian treasurer (Act 8:26-40), of Cornelius (Act 8:10), of Lydia (Act 16:13-15), and others. (See Regeneration )

Convocation: a meeting of a religious character as distinguished from Congregation which was more general, dealing with political and legal matters. Hence it is called an “holy Convocation ” Such convocations were the Sabbaths (Lev 23:2, Lev 23:3), the Passover (Exo 12:16; Leviticus Exo 23:7, Exo 23:8; Numbers Exo 28:25), Pentecost (Lev 23:21), the Feast of Trumpets (Lev 23:24; Numbers Lev 29:1), the Feast of Weeks (Num 28:26), and the Feast of Tabernacles (Lev 23:35, Lev 23:36). The great Fast the annual Day of Atonement was “the Holy convocation” (Lev 23:27; Numbers Lev 29:7).

Cook

Coos: (written Cos in the R.V.), a small Island one of the Sporades in the Aegean Sea in the north-west of Rhodes off the coast of Caria. Paul on his return from his third missionary Journey passed the night here after sailing from Miletus (Act 21:1). It is now called Stanchio.

Copper: derived from the Greek kupros (the Island of Cyprus), called “Cyprian Brass ” occurs only in the Authorized VersionIn 8:27. Elsewhere the Hebrew Word (nehosheth) is improperly rendered “brass,” and sometimes “steel” (In 8:2 Samuel In 22:35; Jeremiah In 15:12). The “bow of steel” (Job 20:24;Psa 18:34) should have been “bow of copper” (or “brass,” as in the R.V.). The vessels of “fine copper”Of 8:27 were probably similar to those of “bright brass”Men 8:1Kin 7:45;Dan 10:6.

Tubal-cain was the first Artificer in Brass and Iron (Gen 4:22). Hiram was noted as a worker in Brass (1Ki 7:14). Copper abounded in Palestine (Deu 8:9; Isaiah Deu 60:17; Deu 60:1 Chronicles Deu 22:3, Deu 22:14). ... All sorts of vessels in the Tabernacle and the Temple were made of it (Lev 6:28;Num 16:39; Num 16:2 Chronicles Num 4:16;Ezr 8:27); also weapons of war (Ezr 8:1 Samuel Ezr 17:5, Ezr 17:6, Ezr 17:38; Ezr 17:2 Samuel Ezr 21:16). Iron is mentioned only four times (Gen 4:22; Leviticus Gen 26:19;Num 31:22; Num 35:16) in the first four books of Moses while Copper (rendered “brass”) is mentioned forty times. (See Brass )

We find mention of Alexander (q.v.), a “coppersmith” of Ephesus (Num 35:2 Timothy Num 4:14).

Cor

Coral: Hebrews Ramoth meaning “heights;” i.e., “high-priced” or valuable things, or, as some suppose, “that which grows High ” like a Tree (Job 28:18;Ezk 27:16), according to the Rabbins, Red Coral which was in use for ornaments.

The Coral is a cretaceous marine product, the deposit by minute polypous animals of calcareous matter in cells in which the Animal lives. It is of numberless shapes as it grows, but usually is branched like a Tree Great Coral reefs and Coral islands abound in the Red Sea whence probably the Hebrews derived their knowledge of it. It is found of different colours, white, Black and Red The Red being esteemed the most precious, was used, as noticed above, for ornamental purposes.

Corban: a Hebrew Word adopted into the Greek of the New Testament and Left untranslated. It occurs only once (Mrk 7:11). It means a Gift or Offering consecrated to God Anything over which this Word was once pronounced was irrevocably dedicated to the Temple Land, however, so dedicated might be redeemed before the Year of Jubilee (Lev 27:16-24). Our Lord condemns the Pharisees for their false doctrine, inasmuch as by their traditions they had destroyed the commandment which requires children to honour their Father and mother, teaching them to find excuse from helping their parents by the device of pronouncing “Corban” over their goods, thus reserving them to their own selfish use.

Cord: frequently used in its proper sense, for fastening a Tent (Exo 35:18; Exo 39:40), yoking animals to a Cart (Isa 5:18),Bin 15:13;Psa 2:3; Psa 129:4), and measuring Ground (Psa 129:2 Samuel Psa 129:8;Psa 129:2;Psa 78:55). Figuratively, Death is spoken of as the giving way of the tent-cord (Job 4:21. “Is not their tent-cord plucked up?” R.V.). To gird one’s self with a Cord was a token of sorrow and Humiliation To stretch a line over a City meant to level it with the Ground (Lam 2:8). The “cords of sin” are the consequences or Fruits of sin (Pro 5:22). A “threefold cord” is a symbol of union (Ecc 4:12). The “cords of a man” (Flos. ... Ecc 11:4) means that men employ, in inducing each other, methods such as are suitable to men, and not “cords” such as oxen are led by. Isaiah (Ecc 5:18) says, “Woe unto them that draw iniquity with cords of vanity, and sin as it were with a Cart rope.” This verse is thus given in the Chaldee paraphrase: “Woe to those who begin to sin by little and little, drawing sin by cords of vanity: these sins grow and increase till they are strong and are like a Cart rope.” This may be the true meaning. The wicked at first draw sin with a slender Cord but by-and-by their sins increase, and they are drawn after them by a Cart rope. Henderson in his commentary says: “The meaning is that the persons described were not satisfied with ordinary modes of provoking the Deity, and the consequent ordinary approach of his vengeance, but, as it were, yoked themselves in the Harness of iniquity, and, putting forth all their strength, drew down upon themselves, with accelerated speed, the load of Punishment which their sins deserved.”

Coriander: Hebrews Gad (Exo 16:31;Num 11:7), seed to which the manna is likened in its form and Colour It is the Coriandrum sativum of botanists, an umbelliferous annual plant with a round stalk, about two feet High It is widely cultivated in Eastern countries and in the South of Europe for the sake of its seeds, which are in the form of a little ball of the size of a peppercorn. They are used medicinally and as a spice. The Greek name of this plant is korion or koriannon, whence the name “coriander.”

Corinth: a Grecian City on the isthmus which joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece It is about 48 miles west of Athens The Ancient City was destroyed by the Romans (B.C. 146), and that mentioned in the New Testament was quite a New City having been rebuilt about a century afterwards and peopled by a Colony of freedmen from Rome It became under the Romans the seat of government for Southern Greece or Achaia (Act 18:12-16). It was noted for its wealth, and for the luxurious and immoral and vicious habits of the people. It had a large mixed population of Romans Greeks, and Jews. When Paul first visited the City (A.D.5 18:1Or 18:52), Gallio, the Brother of Seneca, was proconsul. ... Here Paul resided for eighteen months (Or 18:1-18). Here he first became aquainted with Aquila and Priscilla, and soon after his departure Apollos came to it from Ephesus After an interval he visited it a second time, and remained for three months (Or 20:3). During this second visit his Epistle to the Romans was written (probably A.D. Or 20:55). Although there were many Jewish converts at Corinth yet the Gentile element prevailed in the Church there.

Som 20:2Cor 12:14; Cor 13:1, that Paul visited Corinth a third time (i.e., that on some unrecorded occasion he visited the City between what are usually called the first and second visits). But the passages referred to only indicate Paul’s intention to visit Corinth (comp.1Co 16:5, where the Greek present tense denotes an intention), an intention which was in some way frustrated. We can hardly suppose that such a visit could have been made by the Apostle without more distinct reference to it.

Corinthians

Cormorant: (Leviticus 1 Lev 1:17;Deu 14:17), Hebrews shalak, “plunging,” or “darting down,” (the Phalacrocorax carbo), ranked among the “unclean” birds; of the same family group as the pelican. It is a “plunging” Bird and is common on the coasts and the Island seas of Palestine Some think the Hebrew Word should be rendered “gannet” (Sula bassana, “the solan goose”); others that it is the “tern” or “sea Swallow ” which also frequents the coasts of Palestine as well as the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan Valley during several months of the Year But there is no reason to depart from the ordinary rendering.

In 34:1 In 34:1,Zep 2:14 (but in R.V., “pelican”) the Hebrew Word rendered by this name is ka’ath. It is translated “pelican” (q.v.)In 102:6. The Word literally means the “vomiter,” and the pelican is so called from its vomiting the shells and other things which it has voraciously swallowed. (See PELICAN.)

Corn

Cornelius: a Centurion whose history is narrated in Acts 10. He was a “devout Man ” and like the Centurion of Capernaum believed in the God of Israel His residence at Caesrea probably brought him into contact with Jews who communicated to him their expectations regarding the Messiah and thus he was prepared to welcome the message Peter brought him. He became the first Fruit of the Gentile world to Christ He and his family were baptized and admitted into the Christian Church (Act 10:1,44 10:48). (See Centurion )

Corner: The angle of a House (Job 1:19) or a Street (Pro 7:8). “Corners”In 9:22 denotes the various districts of the promised land allotted to the Israelites.In 24:17, the “corners of Moab” denotes the whole land of Moab The “corner of a field” (Lev 19:9; Lev 23:22) is its extreme part, which was not to be reaped. The Jews were prohibited from Cutting the “corners,” i.e., the extremities, of the Hair and whiskers running round the ears (Lev 19:27; Lev 21:5). The “four comers of the earth”In 11:12And 7:2 denotes the whole land. The “comers of the streets” mentioned in Matthew And 6:5 means the angles where streets Meet so as to form a square or Place of public resort. ...

The comer Gate of Jerusalem (2Ki 14:13; 2Ki 14:2 Chronicles 2Ki 26:9) was on the north-west side of the City

Corner-stone (Job 38:6;Isa 28:16), a block of great importance in binding together the sides of a Building The “head of the corner” (Psa 28:1 Psa 18:22, Psa 18:23) denotes the coping, the “coign of vantage”, i.e., the topstone of a Building But the Word “corner stone” is sometimes used to denote some person of rank and importance (Isa 28:16). It is applied to our Lord who was set in highest honour (Mat 21:42). He is also styled “the Chief comer stone” (Eph 2:20;1Pe 2:6-8). When Zechariah (1Pe 10:4), speaking of Judah says, “Out of him came forth the Corner ” he is probably to be understood as ultimately referring to the Messiah as the “comer Stone ” (See Temple SOLOMON’S.)

Cornet: Hebrews shophar, “brightness,” with reference to the clearness of its sound (1 Chronicles 15:28; 2 Chronicles 15:14;Psa 98:6; Hos. Psa 5:8). It is usually rendered in the Authorized Version “trumpet.” It denotes the long and straight Horn about eighteen inches long. The words of Joel “Blow the trumpet,” literally, “Sound the Cornet ” refer to the festival which was the preparation for the Day of Atonement In Daniel Psa 5:5,Psa 5:7, Psa 5:10, Psa 5:15, the Word (keren) so rendered is a curved Horn The Word “cornet”In 5:2 Samuel In 6:5 (Hebrews mena’an’im, occurring only here) was some kind of instrument played by being shaken like the Egyptian sistrum, consisting of rings or bells hung loosely on Iron rods.

Cotes: pens or enclosures for flocks (2 Chronicles 32:28, “cotes for flocks;” R.V., “flocks in folds”).

Cottage: (1.) A Booth in a vineyard (Isa 1:8); a temporary shed covered with leaves or Straw to shelter the watchman that kept the garden. These were slight fabrics, and were removed when no longer needed, or were Left to be blown down in winter (Job 27:18).

(Job 27:2.) A lodging-place (rendered “lodge”In 1:8); a slighter structure than the “booth,” as the cucumber patch is more temporary than a vineyard (Isa 24:20). It denotes a frail structure of boughs supported on a few poles, which is still in use in the East or a hammock suspended between trees, in which the watchman was accustomed to sleep during summer.

(Isa 24:3.)In 2:6 it is the rendering of the Hebrew keroth, which some suppose to denote rather “pits” (R.V. marg., “caves”) or “wells of Water ” such as shepherds would sink.

Couch: (Gen 49:4; Gen 49:1 Chronicles Gen 5:1;Job 7:13;Psa 6:6, etc.), a seat for repose or Rest (See Bed )

Coulter: (1Sa 13:20, 1Sa 13:21), an agricultural instrument, elsewhere called “ploughshare” (Isa 2:4;Mic 4:3;Jol 3:10). It was the facing-piece of a plough, analogous to the modem Coulter

Council: spoken of counsellors who sat in public trials with the Governor of a province (Act 25:12).

The Jewish councils were the Sanhedrim or supreme Council of the nation, which had subordinate to it smaller tribunals (the “judgment,” perhaps, in Matthew Act 5:21, Act 5:22) in the cities of Palestine (Mat 10:17;Mrk 13:9). In the time of Christ the functions of the Sanhedrim were limited (Jhn 16:2;2Co 11:24).In 68:27 the Word “council” means simply a company of persons. (R.V. marg., “company.”)

In ecclesiastical history the Word is used to denote an assembly of pastors or bishops for the discussion and regulation of Church affairs. The first of these councils was that of the apostles and elders at Jerusalem of which we have a detailed account in Acts In 68:15.

Counsellor: an adviser (Pro 11:14; Pro 15:22), a king’s state Counsellor (2Sa 15:12). Used once of the Messiah (Isa 9:6).In 15:43,Luk 23:50, the Word probably means a member of the Jewish Sanhedrim

Courses: When David was not permitted to build the Temple he proceeded, among the last Acts of his Life with the assistance of Zadok and Ahimelech to organize the priestly and musical services to be conducted in the House of God (1.) He divided the priests into twenty-four Courses (1 Chronicles 24:1-19), sixteen being of the House of Eleazar and eight of that of Ithamar Each course was under a head or Chief and ministered for a Week the order being determined by Lot (2.) The RestOf 24:38,Of 24:000 Levites (Of 23:4) were divided also into twenty-four Courses each to render some allotted service in public Worship Of 23:4,Of 23:000 in twenty-four Courses were set apart as singers and musicians under separate leaders (Of 23:25); Of 23:4,Of 23:000 as porters or keepers of the doors and gates of the Sanctuary (Of 26:1-19);And 26:6,And 26:000 as officers and Judges to see to the administration of the Law in all civil and ecclesiastical matters (20 26:32). ...

This arrangement was re-established by Hezekiah (20 26:2 Chronicles 20 31:2); and afterwards the four sacerdotal Courses which are said to have returned from the Captivity were re-divided into the original number of twenty-four by Ezra (20 6:18).

Court: the enclosure of the Tabernacle (Exo 27:9-19; Exo 40:8), of the Temple (1Ki 6:36), of a prison (Neh 3:25), of a private House (2Sa 17:18), and of a king’s Palace (2Ki 20:4).

Covenant: a contract or agreement between two parties. In the Old Testament the Hebrew Word Berith is always thus translated. Berith is derived from a root which means “to cut,” and hence a Covenant is a “cutting,” with reference to the Cutting or dividing of a ni mals into two parts, and the contracting parties passing between them, in making a Covenant (Genesis 15; Jeremiah Gen 34:18, Gen 34:19).

The corresponding Word in the New Testament Greek is diatheke, which is, however, rendered “testament” generally in the Authorized Version It ought to be rendered, just as the Word Berith of the Old Testament “covenant.”

This Word is used (Gen 34:1) of a Covenant or compact between Man and Man (Gen 21:32), or between tribes or nations (1Sa 11:1;Jos 9:6, Jos 9:15). ... In entering into a convenant, Jehovah was solemnly called on to Witness the transaction (Gen 31:50), and hence it was called a “covenant of the Lord” (1Sa 20:8). The marriage compact is called “the Covenant of God” (Pro 2:17), because the marriage was made in God’s name. Wicked men are spoken of as acting as if they had made a “covenant with death” not to destroy them, or with hell not to devour them (Isa 28:15, Isa 28:18).

(Isa 28:2.) The Word is used with reference to God’s Revelation of himself in the way of promise or of favour to men. Thus God’s promise to Noah after the Flood is called a Covenant (Gen 28:9; Jeremiah Gen 33:20, “my covenant”). We have an account of God’s covemant with Abraham (Gen 33:17, comp.Lev 26:42), of the Covenant of the priesthood (Num 25:12, Num 25:13;Deu 33:9;Neh 13:29), and of the Covenant of Sinai (Exo 34:27, Exo 34:28;Lev 26:15), which was afterwards renewed at different times in the history of Israel (Deu 26:29;Jos 1:24;2Ch 1:15; 2Ch 1:23; 2Ch 1:29; 2Ch 1:34;Ezr 1:10;Neh 1:9). In conformity with human Custom God’s Covenant is said to be confirmed with an Oath (Deu 4:31;Psa 89:3), and to be accompanied by a sign (Gen 89:9; Gen 89:17). Hence the Covenant is called God’s “counsel,” “oath,” “promise” (Psa 89:3, Psa 89:4; Psa 105:8-11;Heb 6:13-20;Luk 1:68-75). God’s Covenant consists wholly in the bestowal of blessing (Isa 59:21; Jeremiah Isa 31:33, Isa 31:34).

The term Covenant is also used to designate the regular succession of Day and night (Jer 33:20), the Sabbath (Exo 31:16), Circumcision (Gen 17:9, Gen 17:10), and in general any ordinance of God (Jer 34:13, Jer 34:14).

A “covenant of salt” signifies an Everlasting Covenant in the sealing or ratifying of which Salt as an emblem of perpetuity, is used (Num 18:19;Lev 2:13;2Ch 13:5).

COVENANT OF Works the constitution under which Adam was placed at his Creation In this Covenant (2Ch 13:1.) The contracting parties were (a) God the moral Governor and (b) Adam a free moral agent, and representative of all his natural posterity (Rom 5:12-19). (Rom 5:2.) The promise was “life” (Mat 19:16, Mat 19:17;Gal 3:12). (Gal 3:3.) The condition was perfect obedience to the Law the test in this case being abstaining from Eating the Fruit of the “tree of knowledge,” etc. (Gal 3:4.) The penalty was Death (Gen 2:16, Gen 2:17).

This Covenant is also called a Covenant of nature, as made with Man in his natural or unfallen state; a Covenant of Life because “life” was the promise attached to obedience; and a legal Covenant because it demanded perfect obedience to the Law

The “tree of life” was the outward sign and Seal of that Life which was promised in the Covenant and hence it is usually called the Seal of that Covenant

This Covenant is abrogated under the gospel, inasmuch as Christ has fulfilled all its conditions in behalf of his people, and now offers Salvation on the condition of Faith It is still in force, however, as it rests on the immutable Justice of God and is binding on all who have not fled to Christ and accepted his righteousness.

CONVENANT OF Grace the Eternal plan of Redemption entered into by the three persons of the Godhead and carried out by them in its several parts. In it the Father represented the Godhead in its indivisible Sovereignty and the Son his people as their Surety (Jhn 17:4, Jhn 17:6, Jhn 17:9;Isa 42:6;Psa 89:3).

The conditions of this Covenant were, (Psa 89:1.) On the part of the Father (a) all needful preparation to the Son for the accomplishment of his work (Heb 10:5;Isa 42:1-7); (b) support in the work (Fuk 22:43); and (c) a glorious reward in the exaltation of Christ when his work was done (Phil. Fuk 2:6-11), his investiture with universal dominion (Jhn 5:22;Psa 110:1), his having the administration of the Covenant committed into his hands (Mat 28:18;Jhn 1:12; Jhn 17:2; Acts Jhn 2:33), and in the final Salvation of all his people (Isa 35:10; Isa 53:10, Isa 53:11; Jeremiah Isa 31:33;Tit 1:2). (Tit 1:2.) On the part of the Son the conditions were (a) his becoming incarnate (Gal 4:4, Gal 4:5); and (b) as the second Adam his representing all his people, assuming their Place and undertaking all their obligations under the violated Covenant of Works (c) obeying the Law (Psa 40:8;Isa 42:21;Jhn 9:4, Jhn 9:5), and (d) suffering its penalty (Isa 9:53;2Co 5:21;Gal 3:13), in their stead.

Christ, the Mediator of, fulfils all its conditions in behalf of his people, and dispenses to them all its blessings.In 8:6; In 9:15; In 12:24, this title is given to Christ (See Dispensation )

Covering: Of 20:16. In the Revised Version the rendering is “it (i.e., Abimelech’S P 20:1,S P 20:000 Pieces of Silver to Abraham) is for thee a Covering of the eyes.” This has been regarded as an implied advice to Sarah to conform to the Custom of married women, and wear a complete Veil Covering the eyes as well as the Rest of the Face

Covetousness: a strong Desire after the possession of worldly things (Col 3:5;Eph 5:5;Heb 13:5;1Ti 6:9, 1Ti 6:10;Mat 6:20). It assumes sometimes the more aggravated form of avarice, which is the Mark of cold-hearted worldliness.

Cow

Crane: (Isa 38:14; Jeremiah Isa 8:7). In both of these passages the Authorized Version has reversed the Hebrew order of the words. “Crane or swallow” should be “swallow or Crane ” as in the Revised Version The rendering is there correct. The Hebrew for Crane is ’agur, the Grus cincerea, a Bird well known in Palestine It is migratory, and is distinguished by its loud voice, its cry being hoarse and melancholy.

Creation: “In the beginning” God created, i.e., called into being, all things out of nothing. This creative act on the part of God was absolutely free, and for infinitely Wise reasons. The cause of all things exists only in the Will of God The work of Creation is attributed (1) to the Godhead (Gen 1:1, Gen 1:26); (Gen 1:2) to the Father (1Co 8:6); (1Co 8:3) to the Son (Jhn 1:3; Colossians Jhn 1:16, Jhn 1:17); (Jhn 1:4) to the Holy Spirit (Gen 1:2;Job 26:13;Psa 104:30). The fact that he is the Creator distinguishes Jehovah as the true God (Isa 37:16; Isa 40:12, Isa 40:13; Isa 54:5;Psa 96:5; Jeremiah Psa 10:11, Psa 10:12). ... The one great End in the work of Creation is the manifestation of the Glory of the Creator (Col 1:16; Revelation Col 4:11;Rom 11:36). God’s Works equally with God’s Word are a Revelation from him; and between the teachings of the one and those of the other, when rightly understood, there can be no contradiction.

Traditions of the Creation disfigured by corruptions, are found among the records of Ancient Eastern nations. (See ACC AD.) A Peculiar interest belongs to the traditions of the Accadians, the primitive inhabitants of the plains of Lower Mesopotamia. These within the last few years have been brought to Light in the tablets and cylinders which have been rescued from the long-buried palaces and temples of Assyria They bear a remarkable resemblance to the record of Genesis

Creature: Den 8:39; Colossians Den 1:15;Rev 5:13;The 16:15;Rom 8:19-22.

The LivingCre 10:15, Cre 10:17, are imaginary beings, symbols of the Divine attributes and operations.

Crescens: increasing, probably one of the Seventy disciples of Christ He was one of Paul’s assistants (2 Timothy 4:10), probably a Christian of Rome

Crete: now called Candia, one of the largest islands in the Meditterranean, about 140 miles long and 35 broad. It was at one time a very prosperous and populous Island having a “hundred cities.” The character of the people is described in Paul’s quotation from “one of their own poets” (Epimenides) in his epistle to Titus: “The Cretans are alway liars, evil beasts, slow bellies” (Tit 1:12). Jews from Crete were in Jerusalem on the Day of Pentecost (Act 2:11). The Island was visited by Paul on his voyage to Rome (Act 2:27). Here Paul subsequently Left Titus (Act 1:5) “to ordain elders.” Some have supposed that it was the original home of the Caphtorim (q.v.) or Philistines

Crimson

Pin: (Isa 3:22; R.V., “satchel”), some kind of female ornament, probably like the modem reticule. The Hebrew Word harit properly signifies pouch or casket or Purse It is rendered “bag”In 3:2Kin 5:23.

Crispus: curled, the Chief of the Synagogue at Corinth (Act 18:8). He was converted and, with his family, baptized by Paul (1Co 1:14).

Cross: in the New Testament the instrument of Crucifixion and hence used for the Crucifixion of Christ itself (Eph 2:16;Heb 12:2;1Co 1:17, 1Co 1:18;Gal 5:11; Gal 6:12, Gal 6:14; Phil. Gal 3:18). The Word is also used to denote any severe affliction or trial (Mat 10:38; Mat 16:24;Mrk 8:34; Mrk 10:21).

The forms in which the Cross is represented are these:

Mrk 10:1. The crux simplex (I), a “single piece without transom.”

Mrk 10:2. The crux decussata (X), or St. Andrew’s Cross

Mrk 10:3. The crux commissa (T), or St. Anthony’s Cross

Mrk 10:4. The crux immissa (t), or Latin Cross which was the kind of Cross on which our Saviour died. ... Above our Lord’s head, on the projecting Beam was placed the “title.” (See CRUCILIXION.)

After the Conversion so-called, of Constantine the Great (B.C. Mrk 10:313), the Cross first came into use as an emblem of Christianity. He pretended at a critical moment that he saw a flaming Cross in the heavens bearing the inscription, “In hoc signo vinces”, i.e., By this sign thou shalt conquer, and that on the following night Christ himself appeared and ordered him to take for his standard the sign of this Cross In this form a New standard, called the Labarum, was accordingly made, and borne by the Roman armies. It remained the standard of the Roman Army till the downfall of the Western empire. It bore the embroidered monogram of Christ i.e., the first two Greek letters of his name, X and P (chi and rho), with the Alpha and Omega (See A.)

Crown: OF THORNS our Lord was crowned with a, in mockery by the Romans (Mat 27:29). The object of Pilate’s Guard in doing this was probably to insult, and not specially to inflict pain. There is nothing to show that the shrub thus used was, as has been supposed, the spina Christi, which could have been easily woven into a wreath. It was probably the thorny nabk, which grew abundantly round about Jerusalem and whose flexible, pliant, and round branches could easily be platted into the form of a Crown (See Thorn Mat 27:3.)

Crucifixion: a common mode of Punishment among Heathen nations in early times. It is not certain whether it was known among the Ancient Jews; probably it was not. The modes of capital Punishment according to the Mosaic Law were, by the Sword (Exodus 21), strangling, Fire (Leviticus 20), and Stoning (Deuteronomy 21).

This was regarded as the most horrible form of DeathAnd 21:23.

This Punishment began by subjecting the sufferer to Scourging In the case of our Lord however, his Scourging was rather before the sentence was passed upon him, and was inflicted by Pilate for the purpose, probably, of exciting pity and procuring his escape from further Punishment (Luk 23:22;Jhn 19:1). ...

The condemned one carried his own Cross to the Place of execution, which was outside the City in some conspicuous Place set apart for the purpose. Before the nailing to the Cross took Place a medicated cup of Vinegar mixed with Gall and Myrrh (the sopor) was given, for the purpose of deadening the pangs of the sufferer. Our Lord refused this cup, that his senses might be clear (Mat 27:34). The spongeful of Vinegar sour wine, posca, the common Drink of the Roman soldiers, which was Put on a Hyssop stalk and offered to our Lord in contemptuous pity (Mat 27:48;Luk 23:36), he tasted to allay the agonies of his thirst (Jhn 19:29). The accounts given of the Crucifixion of our Lord are in entire agreement with the customs and practices of the Roman in such cases. He was crucified between two “malefactors” (Isa 53:12;Luk 23:32), and was watched by a party of four soldiers (Jhn 19:23; Matthew Jhn 27:36, Jhn 27:54), with their Centurion The “breaking of the legs” of the malefactors was intended to hasten Death and Put them out of misery (Jhn 19:31); but the unusual rapidity of our Lord’s Death (Jhn 19:33) was due to his previous sufferings and his great mental anguish. The omission of the breaking of his legs was the fulfilment of a type (Exo 12:46). He literally died of a broken heart, a ruptured heart, and hence the flowing of blood and Water from the wound made by the soldier’s spear (Jhn 19:34). Our Lord uttered Seven memorable words from the Cross namely, (Jhn 19:1)Luk 23:34; (Luk 23:2) Luk 23:43; (Luk 23:3)Jhn 19:26; (Jhn 19:4) Matthew Jhn 27:46,Mrk 15:34; (Mrk 15:5)Jhn 19:28; (Jhn 19:6) Jhn 19:30; (Jhn 19:7)Luk 23:46.

Cruse

Crystal: (Ezk 1:22, with the epithet “terrible,” as dazzling the spectators with its brightness). The Word occurs in Revelation Ezk 4:6; Ezk 21:11; Ezk 22:1. It is a Stone of the Flint order, the most refined kind of quartz. The Greek Word here used means also literally “ice.” The ancients regarded the Crystal as only pure Water congealed into extreme hardness by great length of time.

Cubit: Hebrews ‘ammah; i.e., “mother of the Arm ” the fore-arm, is a Word derived from the Latin cubitus, the lower Arm It is difficult to determine the exact length of this Measure from the uncertainty whether it included the entire length from the elbow to the tip of the longest finger, or only from the elbow to the root of the Hand at the wrist. The probability is that the longer was the original Cubit The common computation as to the length of the Cubit makes it 20.24 inches for the ordinary Cubit and 21.888 inches for the sacred one. This is the same as the Egyptian measurements.

A rod or staff the Measure of a CubitIs 3:16 gomed, which literally means a “cut,” something “cut off.” The LXX. and Vulgate render it “span.”

Cuckoo: (Hebrews shahaph), from a root meaning “to be lean; slender.” This BirdIs 11:16And 4:15 (R.V., “seamew”). Some have interpreted the Hebrew Word by “petrel” or “shearwater” (Puffinus cinereus), which is found on the coast of Syria others think it denotes the “sea-gull” or “seamew.” The common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) feeds on reptiles and large insects. It is found in Asia and Africa as well as in Europe. It only passes the winter in Palestine The Arabs suppose it to utter the cry Yakub , and hence they Call it tir el-Yakub', i.e., “Jacob’s Bird ”

Cucumbers: (Hebrews plur. kishshuim; i.e., “hard,” “difficult” of digestion,Onl 11:5). This vegetable is extensively cultivated in the East at the present Day as it appears to have been in earlier times among the Hebrews It belongs to the Gourd family of plants. In the East its cooling pulp and juice are most refreshing. “We need not altogether wonder that the Israelites, wearily marching through the Arid solitudes of the Sinaitic peninsula, thought more of the Cucumbers and watermelons of which they had had no lack in Egypt rather than of the cruel Bondage which was the price of these luxuries.” Groser’s Scripture Natural History.

Isaiah speaks of a “lodge” (Onl 1:8; Hebrews sukkah), i.e., a shed or edifice more solid than a Booth for the protection throughout the season from Spring to autumn of the watchers in a “garden of Cucumbers ”

Cummin: (Hebrews kammon; i.e., a “condiment”), the Fruit or seed of an umbelliferous plant, the Cuminum sativum, still extensively cultivated in the East Its Fruit is mentioned in Isaiah 28:25, 27. In the New Testament it is mentioned in Matthew 23:23, where our Lord pronounces a “woe” on the Scribes and Pharisees who were zealous in paying tithes of “mint and Anise and Cummin ” while they omitted the weightier matters of the Law ” “It is used as a spice, both bruised, to Mix with Bread and also boiled, in the various messes and stews which compose an Oriental Banquet ” Tristram, Natural History.

Cup

Curious: ARTS (Acts 1 Act 9:1 Act 9:9), magical arts; jugglery practised by the Ephesian conjurers. Ephesus was noted for its Wizard and the “Ephesian spells;” i.e., charms or scraps of Parchment written over with certain formula, which were worn as a safeguard against all manner of evils. The more important and powerful of these charms were written out in books which circulated among the exorcists, and were sold at a great price.

Curse

Curtain: (1.) Ten curtains, each twenty-eight cubits long and four wide, made of fine Linen also eleven made of goat’s Hair covered the Tabernacle (Exo 26:1-13; Exo 36:8-17).

(Exo 36:2.) The sacred Curtain separating the Holy of holies from the Sanctuary is designated by a different Hebrew Word (peroketh). It is described as a “veil of Blue and purple, and Scarlet and fine twined Linen of cunning work” (Exo 26:31; Leviticus Exo 16:2;Num 18:7).

(Num 18:3.) “Stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain” (Isa 40:22), is an expression used with reference to the Veil or awning which Orientals spread for a screen over their courts in summer. According to the Prophet the heavens are spread over our heads as such an awning.Sim 104:21; comp. Isaiah Sim 44:24;Job 9:8.

Cush: black. (1.) A Son probably the eldest, of Ham and the Father of Nimrod (Gen 10:8;1Ch 1:10). From him the land of Cush seems to have derived its name. The question of the precise locality of the land of Cush has given rise to not a little controversy. The second River of Paradise surrounded the whole land of Cush (Gen 2:13, R.V.). The term Cush is in the Old Testament generally applied to the countries South of the Israelites. It was the southern limit of Egypt (Ezk 29:10, A.V. “Ethiopia,” Hebrews Cush), with which it is generally associated (Psa 68:31;Isa 18:1;Jer 46:9, etc.). It stands also associated with Elam (Isa 11:11), with Persia (Ezk 38:5), and with the Sabeans (Isa 45:14). ... From these facts it has been inferred that Cush included Arabia and the country on the west coast of the Red Sea Rawlinson takes it to be the country still known as Khuzi-stan, on the East side of the Lower Tigris. But there are intimations which warrant the conclusion that there was also a Cush in Africa, the Ethiopia (so called by the Greeks) of Africa. Ezekiel speaks (Isa 29:10; comp. Isa 30:4-6) of it as lying South of Egypt It was the country now known to us as Nubia and Abyssinia (Isa 18:1;Zep 3:10, Hebrews Cush). In Ancient Egyptian inscriptions Ethiopia is termed Kesh. The Cushites appear to have spread along extensive tracts, stretching from the Upper Nile to the Euphrates and Tigris. At an early period there was a Stream of migration of Cushites “from Ethiopia properly so called, through Arabia Babylonia, and Persia, to Western India ” The Hamite races, soon after their arrival in Africa, began to spread North East and west. Three branches of the Cushite or Ethiopian stock, moving from Western Asia, settled in the regions contiguous to the Persian Gulf. One Branch called the Cossaeans, settled in the mountainous district on the East of the Tigris, known afterwards as Susiana; another occupied the lower regions of the Euphrates and the Tigris; while a third colonized the southern shores and islands of the gulf, whence they afterwards emigrated to the Mediterranean and settled on the coast of Palestine as the Phoenicians. Nimrod was a great Cushite Chief He conquered the Accadians, a Tauranian race, already settled in Mesopotamia, and founded his Kingdom the Cushites mingling with the Accads, and so forming the Chaldean nation.

(Zep 3:2.)A B 3:7. “Cush was probably a follower of Saul the head of his Tribe and had sought the friendship of David for the purpose of ‘rewarding evil to him that was at Peace with him.’”

Cushan: probably a poetic or prolonged name of the land of Cush the Arabian Cush (Hab 3:7). Some have, however, supposed this to be the same as Chushan-rishathaim (Jdg 3:8, Jdg 3:10), i.e., taking the latter part of the name as a title or local appellation, Chushan “of the two iniquities” (= oppressing Israel and provoking them to idolatry), a Mesopotamian King identified by Rawlinson with Asshur-ris-ilim (the Father of Tiglathpileser I.); but incorrectly, for the empire of Assyria was not yet founded. He held Israel in Bondage for eight years.

Cushite: (1.) The Messenger sent by Joab to David to announce his victory over Absalom (2Sa 18:32).

(2Sa 18:2.) The Father of Shelemiah (Jer 36:14).

(Jer 36:3.) Son of Gedaliah and Father of the Prophet Zephaniah (Jer 1:1).

(Jer 1:4.) Moses married a Cushite Woman (Num 12:1). From this circumstance some have supposed that Zipporah was meant, and hence that Midian was Cush

Custom: a tax imposed by the Romans The tax-gatherers were termed publicans (q.v.), who had their stations at the gates of cities, and in the public highways, and at the Place set apart for that purpose, called the “receipt of custom” (Mat 9:9; Mark Mat 2:14), where they collected the Money that was to be paid on certain goods (Mat 17:25). These publicans were tempted to exact more from the people than was lawful, and were, in consequence of their extortions, objects of great Hatred The Pharisees would have no intercourse with them (Mat 5:46, Mat 5:47; Mat 9:10, Mat 9:11 ).

A tax or Tribute (q.v.) of half a Shekel was annually paid by every adult Jew for the Temple It had to be paid in Jewish Coin (Mat 22:17-19; Mark Mat 12:14, Mat 12:15). ... Money-changers (q.v.) were necessary, to enable the Jews who came up to Jerusalem at the Feasts to exchange their foreign Coin for Jewish Money but as it was forbidden by the Law to carry on such a traffic for emolument (Deu 23:19, Deu 23:20), our Lord drove them from the Temple (Mat 21:12: Mark Mat 11:15).

Cuthah: one of the Babylonian cities or districts from which Shalmaneser transplanted certain colonists to Samaria (2Ki 17:24). Some have conjectured that the “Cutheans” were identical with the “Cossaeans” who inhabited the hill-country to the North of the River Choaspes. Cuthah is now identified with Tell Ibrahim, 2Ki 17:15 miles north-east of Babylon

Cutting: the Flesh in various ways was an idolatrous practice, a part of idol-worship (Deu 14:1;1Ki 18:28). The Israelites were commanded not to imitate this practice (Lev 19:28; Lev 21:5;Deu 14:1). The tearing of the Flesh from grief and anguish of Spirit in mourning for the Dead was regarded as a Mark of Affection (Jer 16:6; Jer 41:5; Jer 48:37).

Allusions are made in Revelation (Jer 13:16; Jer 17:5; Jer 19:20) to the practice of printing marks on the body, to indicate allegiance to a deity. We find also references to it, through in a different direction, by Paul (Gal 19:6; Gal 19:7) and by Ezekiel (Gal 9:4). (See Hair )

Cymbals: (Hebrews tzeltzelim, from a root meaning to “tinkle”), musical instruments, consisting of two convex Pieces of Brass one held in each Hand which were clashed together to produce a loud clanging sound; castanets; “loud Cymbals ” “Highsounding cymbals” consisted of two larger plates, one held also in each Hand (2Sa 6:5;Psa 150:5; Psa 150:1 Chronicles Psa 13:8; Psa 15:16, Psa 15:19, Psa 15:28;1Co 13:1).

Cypress: (Hebrews tirzah, “hardness”), mentioned only in Isaiah 44:14 (R.V., “holm tree”). The oldest Latin Version translates this Word by ilex, i.e., the evergreen oak, which may possibly have been the Tree intended; but there is great probability that our Authorized Version is correct in rendering it “cypress.” This Tree grows abundantly on the mountains of Hermon Its Wood is hard and fragrant, and very durable. Its foliage is dark and gloomy. It is an evergreen (Cupressus sempervirens). “Throughout the East it is used as a funereal Tree and its dark, tall, waving plumes render it peculiarly appropriate among the tombs.”

Cyprus: one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean, about 148 miles long and 40 broad. It is distant about 60 miles from the Syrian coast. It was the “Chittim” of the Old Testament (Num 24:24). The Greek colonists gave it the name of Kypros, from the Cyprus i.e., the henna (see CAMPHIRE), which grew on this Island It was originally inhabited by Phoenicians. In B.C. Num 24:477 it fell under the dominion of the Greeks; and became a Roman province B.C. Num 24:58. In Ancient times it was a centre of great commercial activity. Corn and wine and Oil were produced here in the greatest perfection. It was rich also in timber and in mineral wealth.

It is first mentioned in the New Testament (Act 4:36) as the native Place of Barnabas It was the scene of Paul’s first missionary labours (Act 13:4-13), when he and Barnabas and John Mark were sent forth by the Church of Antioch It was afterwards visited by Barnabas and Mark alone (Act 15:39). ... Mnason, an “old Disciple ” probaly one of the converts of the Day of Pentecost belonging to this Island is mentioned (Act 21:16). It is also mentioned in connection with the voyages of Paul (Act 21:3; Act 27:4). After being under the Turks for three hundred years,It 27:1878.

Cyrene: a City (now Tripoli) in Upper Libya North Africa, founded by a Colony of Greeks (B.C. 630). It contained latterly a large number of Jews, who were introduced into the City by Ptolemy, the Son of Lagus,

because he thought they would contribute to the security of the Place They increased in number and influence; and we are thus prepared for the frequent references to them in connection with the early history of Christianity. Simon who bore our Lord’s Cross was a native of this Place (Mat 27:32;Mrk 15:21). Jews from Cyrene were in Jerusalem at Pentecost (Act 2:10); and Cyrenian Jews had a Synagogue at Jerusalem (Act 6:9). Converts belonging to Cyrene contributed to the formation of the first Gentile Church at Antioch (Act 11:20). Among “the prophets and teachers” who “ministered to the Lord at Antioch” was Lucius of Cyrene (Act 13:1).

Cyrenius: the Grecized form of Quirinus. His full name was Publius Sulpicius Quirinus. Recent historical investigation has proved that Quirinus was Governor of Cilicia, which was annexed to Syria at the time of our Lord’s Birth Cilicia, which he ruled, being a province of Syria he is called the Governor which he was de jure, of Syria Some ten years afterwards he was appointed Governor of Syria for the second time. During his tenure of office, at the time of our Lord’s Birth (Luk 2:2), a “taxing” (R.V., “enrolment;” i.e., a registration) of the people was “first made;” i.e., was made for the first time under his government. (See Taxing )

Cyrus: (Hebrews Ko’resh), the celebrated “King of Persia” (Elam) who was conqueror of Babylon and issued the decree of liberation to the Jews (Ezr 1:1, Ezr 1:2). He was the Son of Cambyses, the Prince of Persia, and was Born about B.C. Ezr 1:599. In the Year B.C. Ezr 1:559 he became King of Persia, the Kingdom of Media being added to it partly by conquest. Cyrus was a great military leader, bent on universal conquest. Babylon fell before his Army (B.C. Ezr 1:538) on the night of Belshazzar’s Feast (Dan 5:30), and then the Ancient dominion of Assyria was also added to his empire (cf., “Go up, O Elam”,Isa 21:2).

Hitherto the great kings of the earth had only oppressed the Jews. ... Cyrus was to them as a “shepherd” (Isa 44:28; Isa 45:1). God employed him in doing service to his Ancient people. He may posibly have gained, through contact with the Jews, some knowledge of their religion.

The “first Year of Cyrus” (Ezr 1:1) is not the Year of his elevation to power over the Medes, nor over the Persians, nor the Year of the Fall of Babylon but the Year succeeding the two years during which “Darius the Mede” was viceroy in Babylon after its Fall At this time only (B.C. Ezr 1:536)

Cyrus became actual King over Palestine which became a part of his Babylonian empire. The edict of Cyrus for the rebuilding of Jerusalem Marked a great epoch in the history of the Jewish people (2Ch 36:22, 2Ch 36:23;Ezr 1:1-4; Ezr 4:3; Ezr 5:13-17; Ezr 6:3-5).

This decree was discovered “at Achmetha [R.V. marg., “Ecbatana”], in the Palace that is in the province of the Medes” (Ezr 6:2). A chronicle drawn up just after the conquest of Babylonia by Cyrus gives the history of the reign of Nabonidus (Nabunahid), the last King of Babylon and of the Fall of the Babylonian empire. In B.C. Ezr 6:538 there was a revolt in Southern Babylonia, while the Army of Cyrus entered the country from the North In June the Babylonian Army was completely defeated at Opis, and immediately afterwards Sippara opened its gates to the conqueror. Gobryas (Ugbaru), the Governor of Kurdistan, was then sent to Babylon which surrendered “without fighting,” and the Daily services in the temples continued without a break. In October, Cyrus himself arrived, and proclaimed a general amnesty, which was communicated by Gobryas to “all the province of Babylon ” of which he had been made Governor Meanwhile, Nabonidus, who had concealed himself, was captured, but treated honourably; and when his Wife died, Cambyses, the Son of Cyrus conducted the Funeral Cyrus now assumed the title of “king of Babylon ” claimed to be the descendant of the Ancient kings, and made rich offerings to the temples. At the same time he allowed the foreign populations who had been deported to Babylonia to return to their Old homes, carrying with them the images of their gods. Among these populations were the Jews, who, as they had no images, took with them the sacred vessels of the Temple

Daberath

Daily: SACRIFICE (Dan 8:12; Dan 11:31; Dan 12:11), a Burnt Offering of two lambs of a Year Old which were Daily sacrificed in the name of the whole Israelitish people upon the great Altar the first at dawn of Day and the second at Evening (Dan 9:21), or more correctly, “between the two evenings.” (See Sacrifice )

Dale: , THE KING’S the name of a Valley the alternative for “the Valley of Shaveh” (q.v.), near the Dead Sea where the King of Sodom met Abraham (Gen 14:17). Some have identified it with the southern part of the Valley of Jehoshaphat where Absalom reared his family monument (2Sa 18:18).

Dalmanutha: a Place on the west of the Sea of Galilee,Men 8:10. In the parallel Passage it is said that Christ came “into the borders of Magdala” (Mat 15:39). It is Plain then, that Dalmanutha was near Magdala which was probably the Greek name of one of the many Migdols (i.e., watch-towers) on the western side of the lake of Gennesaret It has been identified in the ruins of a village about a mile from Magdala in the little Open Valley of ‘Ain-el-Barideh, “the cold Fountain ” called el-Mejdel, possibly the “Migdal-el”Of 19:38.

Dalmatia: a mountainous country on the eastern shore of the Adriatic, a part of the Roman province of Illyricum It still bears its Ancient name. During Paul’s second imprisonment at Rome Titus Left him to visit Dalmatia (2Ti 4:10) for some unknown purpose. Paul had himself formerly preached in that region (Rom 15:19).

The present Emperor of Austria bears, among his other titles, that of “King of Dalmatia ”

Damaris

Damascus: activity, the most Ancient of Oriental cities; the capital of Syria (Isa 7:8; Isa 17:3);Sit 17:133 miles to the North of Jerusalem Its modem name is Esh-Sham; i.e., “the East ”

The situation of this City is said to be the most Beautiful of all Western Asia. It is mentioned among the conquests of the Egyptian King Thothmes III. (B.C. Sit 17:1500), and in the Amarna tablets (B.C. Sit 17:1400).

It is first mentioned in Scripture in connection with Abraham’s victory over the confederate kings under Chedorlaomer (Gen 14:15). It was the native Place of Abraham’s steward (Gen 15:2). It is not again noticed till the time of David when “the Syrians of Damascus came to succour Hadadezer” (q.v.),2Sa 8:5; 2Sa 8:1 Chronicles 2Sa 18:5. ... In the reign of Solomon Rezon became leader of a band who revolted from Hadadezer (1Ki 11:23), and betaking themselves to Damascus settled there and made their leader King There was a long war, with varying success, between the Israelites and Syrians, who at a later period became allies of Israel against Judah (2Ki 15:37).

The Syrians were at length subdued by the Assyrians, the City of Damascus was taken and destroyed, and the inhabitants carried Captive into Assyria (2Ki 16:7-9; comp. Isaiah 2Ki 7:8). In this, Prophecy was fulfilled (Isa 17:1; Amos Isa 1:4; Jeremiah Isa 49:24). The Kingdom of Syria remained a province of Assyria till the capture of Nineveh by the Medes (B.C. Isa 49:625), when it fell under the conquerors. After passing through various vicissitudes, Syria was invaded by the Romans (B.C. Isa 49:64), and Damascus became the seat of the government of the province. In A.D. Isa 49:37 Aretas the King of Arabia became master of Damascus having driven back Herod Antipas

This City is memorable as the scene of Saul’s Conversion (Act 9:1-25). The Street called “Straight,” in which Judas lived, in whose House Saul was found by Ananias is known by the name Sultany, or “Queen’s Street ” It is the principal Street of the City Paul visited Damascus again on his return from Arabia (Gal 1:16, Gal 1:17). Christianity was planted here as a centre (Act 9:20), from which it spread to the surrounding regions.

In A.D. Act 9:634 Damascus was conquered by the growing Mohammedan power. In A.D. Act 9:1516 it fell under the dominion of the Turks, its present rulers. It is now the largest City in Asiatic Turkey. Christianity has again found a firm footing within its walls.

Damnation: In 13:2, means “condemnation,” which comes on those who withstand God’s ordinance of magistracy. This sentence of condemnation comes not from the Magistrate but from God whose authority is thus resisted.

In 13:1Cor 11:29 (R.V., “judgment”) this Word means condemnation, in the sense of exposure to severe temporal judgements from God as the following verse explains.

In 14:23 the Word “damned” means “condemned” by one’s own Conscience as well as by the Word of God The Apostle shows here that many things which are lawful are not expedient; and that in using our Christian liberty the question should not simply be, Is this course I follow lawful? but also, Can I follow it without doing injury to the spiritual interests of a Brother in Christ? He that “doubteth”, i.e., is not clear in his Conscience as to “meats”, Will violate his Conscience “if he eat,” and in Eating is condemned; and thus one ought not so to use his liberty as to Lead one who is “weak” to bring upon himself this condemnation.

Dan: Jdg 18:12 = “camp of Dan” Jdg 13:25 (R.V., “Mahaneh-dan”), a Place behind (i.e., west of) Kirjath-jearim, where the six hundred Danites from Zorah and Eshtaol encamped on their way to capture the City of Laish which they rebuilt and called “Dan, after the name of their father” (Jdg 18:11-31). The Palestine Explorers point to a ruin called ‘Erma,Sit 18:3 miles from the great corn Valley on the East of Samson’s home.

Dance: Fou 21:21, Fou 21:23;Psa 30:11; Psa 149:3; Psa 150:4; Jeremiah Psa 31:4, Psa 31:13, etc., as the translation of hul, which points to the whirling motion of Oriental sacred dances. It is the rendering of a Word (rakad’) which means to skip or leap for joy,In 3:4;Job 21:11;Isa 13:21, etc.

In the New Testament it is in like manner the translation of different Greek words, circular motion (Luk 15:25); leaping up and down in concert (Mat 11:17), and by a single person (Mat 14:6).

It is spoken of as symbolical of rejoicing (Ecc 3:4. Comp.Psa 30:11; Matthew Psa 11:17). The Hebrews had their sacred dances expressive of joy and thanksgiving, when the performers were usually females (Exo 15:20;1Sa 18:6). ...

The Ancient Dance was very different from that common among Western nations. It was usually the part of the women only (Exo 15:20;Jdg 11:34; comp. Jdg 5:1). Hence the peculiarity of David’s conduct in dancing before the Ark of the Lord (2Sa 6:14). The women took part in it with their timbrels. Michal should, in accordance with the example of Miriam and others, have herself led the female choir, instead of keeping aloof on the occasion and “looking through the Window ” David led the choir “uncovered”, i.e., wearing only the Ephod or Linen tunic. He thought only of the honour of God and forgot himself.

From being reserved for occasions of religious Worship and festivity, it came gradually to be practised in common Life on occasions of rejoicing (Jer 31:4). The sexes among the Jews always danced separately. The Daughter of Herodias danced alone (Mat 14:6).

Daniel: , Book OF is ranked by the Jews in that division of their Bible called the Hagiographa (Hebrews Khethubim). (See Bible ) It consists of two distinct parts. The first part, consisting of the first six chapters, is chiefly historical; and the second part, consisting of the remaining six chapters, is chiefly prophetical.

The historical part of the book treats of the period of the Captivity Daniel is “the historian of the Captivity the writer who alone furnishes any series of events for that dark and dismal period during which the Harp of Israel hung on the trees that grew by the Euphrates His narrative may be said in general to intervene between Kings and Chronicles on the one Hand and Ezra on the other, or (more strictly) to fill out the sketch which the author of the Chronicles gives in a single verse in his last Chapter ‘And them that had escaped from the Sword carried he [i.e., Nebuchadnezzar] away to Babylon where they were servants to him and his sons until the reign of the Kingdom of Persia’” (2 Chronicles 36:20). ...

The prophetical part consists of three visions and one lengthened prophetical communication.

The genuineness of this book has been much disputed, but the arguments in its favour fully establish its claims. (1.) We have the Testimony of Christ (Mat 24:15; Mat 25:31; Mat 26:64) and his apostles (1Co 6:2; 1Co 6:2 Thessalonians 1Co 2:3) for its authority; and (1Co 2:2) the important Testimony of Ezekiel (1Co 14:14, 1Co 14:20; 1Co 28:3). (1Co 28:3.) The character and records of the book are also entirely in harmony with the times and circumstances in which the author lived. (1Co 28:4.) The linguistic character of the book is, moreover, just such as might be expected. Certain portions (Dan 2:4; Dan 2:7) are written in the Chaldee language; and the portions written in Hebrew are in a style and form having a close affinity with the later books of the Old Testament especially with that of Ezra. The writer is familiar both with the Hebrew and the Chaldee passing from the one to the other just as his subject required. This is in strict accordance with the position of the author and of the people for whom his book was written. That Daniel is the writer of this book is also testified to in the book itself (Dan 7:1, Dan 7:28; Dan 8:2; Dan 9:2; Dan 10:1, Dan 10:2; Dan 12:4, Dan 12:5). (See Belshazzar )

DAN-

Jaan: woodland Dan a Place probably somewhere in the direction of Dan near the sources of the Jordan (2 Samuel 24:6). The LXX. and the Vulgate read “Dan-ja’ar”, i.e., “Dan in the Forest ”

Dannah: murmuring, a City (Jos 15:49)In 15:8 miles south-west of Hebron

Darda: pearl of wisdom, one of the four who were noted for their wisdom, but whom Solomon excelled (1Ki 4:31).

Daric: in the Revised Version of 1 Chronicles Of 29:7;Ezr 2:69; Ezr 8:27; Nehemiah Ezr 7:70-72, where the Authorized Version has “dram.” It is the rendering of the Hebrew darkemon and the Greek dareikos. It was a Gold Coin bearing the figure of a Persian King with his Crown and armed with Bow and arrow. It was current among the Jews after their return from Babylon i.e., while under the Persian domination.It 7:128 grains troy, and was of the value of about one guinea or rather more of our Money It is the first Coin mentioned in Scripture and is the oldest that history makes known to us.

Darius: the holder or supporter, the name of several Persian kings. (1.) Darius the Mede (Dan 11:1), “the Son of Ahasuerus of the seed of the Medes” (Dan 9:1). On the Death of Belshazzar the Chaldean he “received the kingdom” of Babylon as viceroy from Cyrus During his brief reign (B.C.538 9:536) Daniel was promoted to the highest dignity (Dan 6:1, Dan 6:2); but on account of the malice of his enemies he was cast into the Den of lions. After his miraculous escape, a decree was issued by Darius enjoining “reverence for the God of Daniel” (Dan 6:26). This King was probably the “Astyages” of the Greek historians. Nothing can, however, be with certainty affirmed regarding him. ... Some are of opinion that the name “Darius” is simply a name of office, equivalent to “governor,” and that the “Gobryas” of the inscriptions was the person intended by the name.

(Dan 6:2.) Darius King of Persia, was the Son of Hystaspes, of the royal family of the Achaemenidae. He did not immediately succeed Cyrus on the Throne There were two intermediate kings, viz., Cambyses (the Ahasuerus of Ezra), the Son of Cyrus who reigned from B.C.529 6:522, and was succeeded by a usurper named Smerdis, who occupied the Throne only ten months, and was succeeded by this Darius (B.C.521 6:486). Smerdis was a Margian, and therefore had no sympathy with Cyrus and Cambyses in the manner in which they had treated the Jews. He issued a decree prohibiting the restoration of the Temple and of Jerusalem (Ezr 4:17-22). But soon after his Death and the accession of Darius the Jews resumed their work, thinking that the edict of Smerdis would be now null and void, as Darius was in known harmony with the religious policy of Cyrus The enemies of the Jews lost no time in bringing the matter under the notice of Darius who caused search to be made for the decree of Cyrus (q.v.). It was not found at Babylon but at Achmetha (Ezr 6:2); and Darius forthwith issued a New decree, giving the Jews full liberty to prosecute their work, at the same time requiring the Syrian satrap and his subordinates to give them all needed help. It was with the Army of this King that the Greeks fought the famous battle of Marathon (B.C. Ezr 6:490). During his reign the Jews enjoyed much Peace and prosperity. He was succeeded by Ahasuerus known to the Greeks as Xerxes, who reigned for twenty-one years.

(Ezr 6:3.) Darius the Persian (Neh 12:22) was probably the Darius II. (Ochus or Nothus) of profane history, the Son of Artaxerxes Longimanus, who was the Son and successor of Ahasuerus (Xerxes). There are some, however, who think that the King here meant was Darius III. (Codomannus), the antagonist of Alexander the Great (B.C.336 12:331).

Darkness: The Plague (the ninth) of Darkness in Egypt (Exo 10:21) is described as Darkness “which may be felt.” It covered “all the land of Egypt ” so that “they saw not one another.” It did not extend to the land of Goshen (ver. Exo 10:23).

When Jesus hung upon the Cross (Mat 27:45;Luk 23:44), from the “sixth Hour there was Darkness over all the land unto the ninth Hour ”

On Mount Sinai, Moses (Exo 20:21) “drew near unto the thick Darkness where God was.” This was the “thick Cloud upon the mount” in which Jehovah was when he spake unto Moses there. The Lord dwelt in the Cloud upon the mercy-seat (1Ki 8:12), the Cloud of Glory When the psalmist (Psa 97:2) describes the inscrutable nature of God’s workings among the sons of men, he says, “Clouds and Darkness are round about him.” God dwells in thick Darkness

Darkness (Isa 13:9, Isa 13:10;Mat 24:29) also is a symbol of the Judgments that attend on the Coming of the Lord It is a symbol of misery and adversity (Job 18:6;Psa 107:10;Isa 8:22;Ezk 30:18). ... The “day of darkness”In 2:2, caused by clouds of locusts, is a symbol of the obscurity which overhangs all divine proceedings. “Works of darkness” are impure actions (Eph 5:11). “Outer darkness” refers to the Darkness of the streets in the East which are never lighted up by any public or private lamps after nightfall, in contrast with the blaze of cheerful Light in the House It is also a symbol of ignorance (Isa 9:2; Isa 60:2;Mat 6:23) and of Death (Job 10:21; Job 17:13).

Darling: Psa 22:20; Psa 35:17) means an “only one.”

Dart

Date: the Fruit of a species of Palm (q.v.), the Phoenix dactilifera. This was a common Tree in Palestine (Jol 1:12; Nehemiah Jol 8:15). Palm branches were carried by the Jews on festive occasions, and especially at the Feast of Tabernacles (Lev 23:40; Nehemiah Lev 8:15).

Dathan: welled; belonging to a Fountain a Son of Eliab a Reubenite, who joined Korah (q.v.) in his conspiracy, and with his accomplices was swallowed up by an Earthquake (Num 16:1; Num 26:9; Deuteronomy Num 11:6;Psa 106:17).

Daughter: This Word besides its natural and proper sense, is used to designate, (1.) A niece or any female descendant (Gen 20:12; Gen 24:48; Gen 28:6). (Gen 28:2.) Women as natives of a Place or as professing the religion of a Place as, “the daughters of Zion” (Isa 3:16), “daughters of the Philistines” (2Sa 1:20). (2Sa 1:3.) Small towns and Villages lying around a City are its “daughters,” as related to the metropolis or mother City Tyre is in this sense called the Daughter of Sidon (Isa 23:12). (Isa 23:4.) The people of Jerusalem are spoken of as “the daughters of Zion” (Isa 37:22). (Isa 37:5.) The daughters of a Tree are its boughs (Gen 49:22). (Gen 49:6.) The “daughters of music” (Ecc 12:4) are singing women.

David: , City OF (1.) David took from the Jebusites the fortress of Mount Zion. He “dwelt in the fort, and called it the City of David” (1 Chronicles 11:7). This was the name afterwards given to the Castle and royal Palace on Mount Zion, as distinguished from Jerusalem generally (1Ki 3:1; 1Ki 8:1), It was on the south-west side of Jerusalem opposite the Temple Mount with which it was connected by a bridge over the Tyropoeon Valley

(1Ki 8:2) Bethlehem is called the “city of David” (Luk 2:4, Luk 2:11), because it was David’s birth-place and early home (Luk 2:1 Samuel Luk 17:12).

Day

Daysman: an umpire or arbiter or Judge (Job 9:33). This Word is formed from the Latin diem dicere, i.e., to fix a Day for hearing a cause. Such an one is empowered by mutual consent to decide the cause, and to “lay his hand”, i.e., to impose his authority, on both, and enforce his sentence.

Dayspring: (Job 38:12; Luke Job 1:78), the dawn of the morning; daybreak. (Comp. Isaiah Job 60:1, Job 60:2; Malachi Job 4:2; Revelation Job 22:16.)

Daystar: which precedes and accompanies the sun-rising. It is found only in 2Pet 1:19, where it denotes the manifestation of Christ to the soul, imparting spiritual Light and comfort. He is the “bright and morning star” of Revelation Pet 2:28; Pet 22:16. (Comp.Num 24:17.)

Deacon: Anglicized form of the Greek Word diaconos, meaning a “runner,” “messenger,” “servant.” For a long period a feeling of mutual Jealousy had existed between the “Hebrews,” or Jews proper, who spoke the sacred language of Palestine and the “Hellenists,” or Jews of the Grecian speech, who had adopted the Grecian language, and read the Septuagint Version of the Bible instead of the Hebrew This Jealousy early appeared in the Christian community. It was alleged by the Hellenists that their widows were overlooked in the Daily distribution of Alms This Spirit must be checked. The apostles accordingly advised the disciples to look out for Seven men of good report, full of the Holy Ghost, and men of practical wisdom, who should take entire charge of this distribution, leaving them free to devote themselves entirely to the spiritual functions of their office (Act 6:1-6). ... This was accordingly done. Seven men were Chosen who appear from their names to have been Hellenists. The name “deacon” is nowhere applied to them in the New Testament they are simply called “the seven” (Act 21:8). Their office was at first secular, but it afterwards became also spiritual; for among other qualifications they must also be “apt to teach” (1Ti 3:8-12). Both Philip and Stephen, who were of “the Seven ” preached; they did “the work of evangelists.”

Deaconess: Romans 1 Rom 6:1 , Rom 6:3, Rom 6:12; Phil. Rom 4:2, Rom 4:3; Rom 4:1 Timothy Rom 3:11; Rom 5:9, Rom 5:10;Tit 2:3, Tit 2:4). In these passages it is evident that females were then engaged in various Christian ministrations. Pliny makes mention of them also in his Letter to Trajan (A.D.1 2:10).

Dead: Sea the name given by Greek writers of the second century to that inland Sea called in Scripture the “salt sea” (Gen 14:3;Num 34:12), the “sea of the plain” (Deu 3:17), the “east sea” (Ezk 47:18; Joel Ezk 2:20), and simply “the sea” (Ezk 47:8). The Arabs Call it Bahr Lut, i.e., the Sea of Lot It 47:16 miles in a straight line to the East of Jerusalem Its 47:1,Its 47:292 feet below the surface of the Mediterranean Sea It 47:300 square miles.Its 47:1,310 47:11 feet. From various phenomena that have been observed, its bottom appears to be still subsiding.It 47:53 miles long,And 47:10 miles. It has no outlet, the great heat of that region causing such rapid evaporation that its average depth, notwithstanding the Rivers that run into it (see JORDAN), is maintained with little variation. ... The Jordan alone discharges into it no less than six million tons of Water every twenty-four hours.

The waters of the DeadSea 47:24.Sea 47:6 per cent, of mineral salts, about Seven times as much as in ordinary sea-water; thus they are unusually buoyant. Chloride of magnesium is most abundant; next to that chloride of sodium (common salt). But terraces of alluvial deposits in the Deep Valley of the Jordan show that formerly one great lake extended from the Waters of Merom to the foot of the watershed in the ArabahThe 47:1,The 47:400 feet above the present level of the Dead Sea or slightly above that of the Mediterranean, and at that time were much less Salt

Nothing Living can exist in this Sea “The Fish carried down by the Jordan at once die, nor can even mussels or corals live in it; but it is a Fable that no Bird can Fly over it, or that there are no Living creatures on its banks. Dr. Tristram found on the shores three kinds of kingfishers, gulls, ducks, and grebes, which he says live on the Fish which enter the Sea in shoals, and presently die. He collected one hundred and eighteen species of birds, some New to science, on the shores, or swimming or flying over the waters. The cane-brakes which fringe it at some parts are the homes of about forty species of mammalia, several of them animals unknown in England; and innumerable tropical or semi-tropical plants perfume the atmosphere wherever fresh Water can reach. The climate is perfect and most delicious, and indeed there is perhaps no Place in the world where a sanatorium could be established with so much prospect of benefit as at Ain Jidi (Engedi).”, Geikie’s Hours, etc.

Deal

Dearth: a scarcity of provisions (1 Kings 17). There were frequent dearths in Palestine In the days of Abram there was a “famine in the land” (Gen 12:10), so also in the days of Jacob (Gen 47:4, Gen 47:13). We read also of dearths in the time of the Judges (Rut 1:1), and of the kings (2Sa 21:1;1Ki 18:2;2Ki 4:38; 2Ki 8:1).

In New Testament times there was an extensive Famine in Palestine (Act 8:1 Act 1:28) in the fourth Year of the reign of the emperor Claudius (A.D.44 1:45).

Death: may be simply defined as the termination of Life It is represented under a variety of aspects in Scripture (1.) “The dust shall return to the earth as it was” (Ecc 12:7).

(Ecc 12:2.) “Thou takest away their breath, they die” (Psa 104:29).

(Psa 104:3.) It is the dissolution of “our earthly House of this tabernacle” (2Co 5:1); the “putting off this tabernacle” (2Pe 1:13, 2Pe 1:14).

(2Pe 1:4.) Being “unclothed” (2Co 5:3, 2Co 5:4).

(2Co 5:5.) “Falling on sleep” (Psa 76:5; Jeremiah Psa 51:39; Acts Psa 13:36;2Pe 3:9.

(2Pe 3:6.) “I go whence I shall not return” (Job 10:21); “Make me to know mine end” (Psa 39:4); “to depart” (Phil. ... Psa 1:23).

The Grave is represented as “the gates of death” (Job 38:17;Psa 9:13; Psa 107:18). The gloomy silence of the Grave is spoken of under the figure of the “shadow of death” (Jer 2:6).

Death is the effect of sin (Heb 2:14), and not a “debt of nature.” It is but once (Heb 9:27), universal (Gen 3:19), necessary (Luk 2:28-30). Jesus has by his own Death taken away its sting for all his followers (1Co 15:55-57).

There is a spiritual Death in trespasses and sins, i.e., the Death of the soul under the power of sin (Rom 8:6; Ephesians Rom 2:1, Rom 2:3; Colossians Rom 2:13).

The “second death” (Rev 2:11) is the Everlasting perdition of the wicked (Rev 21:8), and “second” in respect to natural or temporal Death

THE Death OF Christ is the procuring cause incidentally of all the blessings men enjoy on earth. But specially it is the procuring cause of the actual Salvation of all his people, together with all the means that Lead thereto. It does not make their Salvation merely possible, but certain (Mat 18:11;Rom 5:10;2Co 5:21;Gal 1:4; Gal 3:13; Ephesians Gal 1:7; Gal 2:16;Rom 8:32-35).

Debir: oracle town; Sanctuary (1.) One of the eleven cities to the west of Hebron in the highlands of Judah (Jos 15:49;Jdg 1:11-15). It was originally one of the towns of the Anakim (Jos 15:15), and was also called Kirjath-sepher (q.v.) and Kirjath-sannah (Jos 15:49). Caleb who had conquered and taken possession of the town and district of Hebron (Jos 14:6-15), offered the Hand of his Daughter to any one who would successfully Lead a party against Debir Othniel his younger Brother (Jdg 1:13; Jdg 3:9), achieved the conquest, and gained Achsah as his Wife She was not satisfied with the portion her Father gave her, and as she was proceeding toward her New home, she “lighted from off her ass” and said to him, “Give me a blessing [i.e., a dowry]: for thou hast given me a South land” (Jos 15:19, A.V.); or, as in the Revised Version “Thou hast set me in the land of the south”, i.e., in the Negeb, outside the rich Valley of Hebron in the dry and Barren land. ... “Give me also springs of Water And he gave her the upper springs, and the nether springs.”

Debir has been identified with the modern Edh-Dhaheriyeh, i.e., “the well on the ridge”, to the South of Hebron

(Jos 15:2.) A Place near the “valley of Achor” (Jos 15:7), on the North boundary of Judah between Jerusalem and Jericho

(Jos 15:3.) The King of Eglon one of the five Canaanitish kings who were hanged by Joshua (Jos 10:3, Jos 10:23) after the victory at Gibeon. These kings fled and took Refuge in a Cave at Makkedah. Here they were kept confined till Joshua returned from the pursuit of their discomfited armies, when he caused them to be brought forth, and “Joshua smote them, and slew them, and hanged them on five trees” (Jos 10:26).

Deborah: a Bee (1.) Rebekah’s nurse. She accompanied her mistress when she Left her father’s House in Padan-aram to become the Wife of Isaac (Gen 24:59). Many years afterwards she died at Bethel, and was buried under the “oak of weeping”, Allon-bachuth (Gen 35:8).

(Gen 35:2.) A prophetess, “wife” (woman?) of Lapidoth Jabin the King of Hazor had for twenty years held Israel in degrading subjection. The Spirit of patriotism seemed crushed out of the nation. In this emergency Deborah roused the people from their lethargy. Her fame spread far and wide. She became a “mother in Israel” (Jdg 4:6, Jdg 4:14; Jdg 5:7), and “the children of Israel came up to her for judgment” as she sat in her Tent under the Palm Tree “between Ramah and Bethel.” Preparations were everywhere made by her direction for the great effort to throw off the Yoke of Bondage She 5:10,She 5:000 men of Zebulun and Naphtali and Lead them to Mount Tabor on the Plain of Esdraelon at its north-east End With his aid she organized this Army She gave the signal for attack, and the Hebrew Host rushed down impetuously upon the Army of Jabin which was commanded by Sisera, and gained a great and decisive victory. ... The Canaanitish Army almost wholly perished. That was a great and ever-memorable Day in Israel In 5:5 is given the grand triumphal ode, the “song of Deborah ” which she wrote in grateful commemoration of that great deliverance. (See Lapidoth Jabin [In 5:2].)

Debt: The Mosaic Law encouraged the practice of lending (Deu 15:7;Psa 37:26; Matthew Psa 5:42); but it forbade the exaction of interest except from foreigners. Usury was strongly condemned (Pro 28:8;Ezk 18:8, Ezk 18:13, Ezk 18:17; Ezk 22:12;Psa 15:5). On the Sabbatical Year all pecuniary obligations were cancelled (Deu 15:1-11). These regulations prevented the accumulation of Debt

Debtor: Various regulations as to the relation between Debtor and creditor are laid down in the Scriptures.

(1.) The Debtor was to deliver up as a pledge to the creditor what he could most easily dispense with (Deu 24:10, Deu 24:11).

(Deu 24:2.) A mill, or millstone, or upper garment, when given as a pledge, could not be kept over night (Exo 22:26, Exo 22:27).

(Exo 22:3.) A Debt could not be exacted during the Sabbatic Year (Deu 15:1-15).

For 25:14, For 25:32, For 25:39;Mat 18:25, Mat 18:34.

(Mat 18:4.) A Surety was liable in the same way as the original Debtor (Pro 11:15; Pro 17:18).

Decalogue: the name given by the Greek fathers to the ten Commandments “the ten words,” as the original is more literally rendered (Exo 20:3-17). These Commandments were at first written on two Stone slabs (Exo 31:18), which were broken by Moses throwing them down on the Ground (Exo 32:19). They were written by God a second time (Exo 34:1). The Decalogue is alluded to in the New Testament five times (Mat 5:17, Mat 5:18, Mat 5:19; Mark Mat 10:19; Luke Mat 18:20; Romans Mat 7:7, Mat 7:8; Mat 13:9; Mat 13:1 Timothy Mat 1:9, Mat 1:10).

These Commandments have been divided since the days of Origen the Greek Father as they stand in the Confession of all the Reformed Churches except the Lutheran. ... The division adopted by Luther, and which has ever since been received in the Lutheran Church makes the first two Commandments one, and the third the second, and so on to the last, which is divided into two. “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s house” being ranked as ninth, and “Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s Wife ” etc., the Tenth (See Commandments )

Decapoils: ten cities=deka, ten, and polis, a City a district on the East and south-east of the Sea of Galilee containing “ten cities,” which were chiefly inhabited by Greeks. It included a portion of Bashan and Gilead,

and is mentioned three times in the New Testament (Mat 4:25;Mrk 5:20; Mrk 7:31). These cities were Scythopolis, i.e., “city of the Scythians”, (ancient Bethshean, the only one of the ten cities on the west of Jordan), Hippos, Gadara Pella (to which the Christians fled just before the Destruction of Jerusalem), Philadelphia (ancient Rabbath-ammon), Gerasa, Dion, Canatha, Raphana, and Damascus When the Romans conquered Syria (B.C. Mrk 7:65) they rebuilt, and endowed with certain privileges, these “ten cities,” and the province connected with them they called “Decapolis.”

Decision: , V ALLEY OL a name given to the Valley of Jehoshaphat (q.v.) as the vale of the sentence. The scene of Jehovah’s signal inflictions on Zion’s enemies (Jol 3:14; marg., “valley of Concision or threshing”).

Decrees: OF God “The Decrees of God are his Eternal unchangeable, Holy Wise and sovereign purpose, comprehending at once all things that ever were or Will be in their causes, conditions, successions, and relations, and determining their certain futurition. The several contents of this one Eternal purpose are, because of the limitation of our faculties, necessarily conceived of by us in partial aspects, and in logical relations, and are therefore styled Decrees ” The decree being the act of an infinite, absolute, Eternal unchangeable, and sovereign Person, comprehending a plan including all his Works of all kinds, great and small, from the beginning of Creation to an unending eternity; ends as well as means, causes as well as effects, conditions and instrumentalities as well as the events which depend upon them, must be incomprehensible by the finite intellect of Man The Decrees are Eternal (Act 15:18;Eph 1:4;2Th 2:13), unchangeable (Psa 33:11;Isa 46:9), and comprehend all things that come to pass (Eph 1:11;Mat 10:29, Mat 10:30;Eph 2:10;Act 2:23; Act 4:27, Act 4:28;Psa 17:13, Psa 17:14). ...

The Decrees of God are (Psa 17:1) efficacious, as they respect those events he has determined to bring about by his own immediate agency; or (Psa 17:2) permissive, as they respect those events he has determined that free agents shall be permitted by him to effect.

This doctrine ought to produce in our minds “humility, in view of the infinite greatness and Sovereignty of God and of the dependence of Man confidence and implicit reliance upon wisdom, rightenousness, Goodness and immutability of God’s purpose.”

Dedan: low Ground (1.) A Son of Raamah (Gen 10:7).His 21:13,And 27:15. They probably settled among the sons of Cush on the north-west coast of the Persian Gulf.

(And 27:2.) A Son of Jokshan Abraham’s Son by Keturah (And 27:1 Chronicles And 1:32). His descendants settled on the Syrian borders about the territory of Edom They probably led a pastoral Life

Dedanem: the descendants of Dedan the Son of Raamah They are mentioned in Isaiah 21: 13 as sending out “travelling companies” which lodged “in the Forest of Arabia ” They are enumerated also by Ezekiel (27:20) among the merchants who supplied Tyre with precious things.

Dedication: , Feast OF THE (Jhn 10:22, Jhn 10:42), i.e., the Feast of the renewing. It was instituted B.C. Jhn 10:164 to commemorate the purging of the Temple after its pollution by Antiochus Epiphanes (B.C. Jhn 10:167), and the rebuilding of the Altar after the Syrian invaders had been driven out by Judas Maccabaeus. It lasted for eight days,Beg 10:25th of the Month Chisleu (December), which was often a period of heavy rains (Ezr 10:9, Ezr 10:13). It was an occasion of much rejoicing and festivity.

But there were other dedications of the Temple (Ezr 10:1) That of Solomon’s Temple (1Ki 8:2; 1Ki 8:2 Chronicles 1Ki 5:3); (1Ki 5:2) the Dedication in the days of Hezekiah (1Ki 5:2 Chronicles 1Ki 5:29); and (1Ki 5:3) the Dedication of the Temple after the Captivity (Ezr 6:16).

Deep: used to denote (1) the Grave or the abyss (Rom 10:7; Luke Rom 8:31); (Rom 8:2) the deepest part of the Sea (Psa 69:15); (Psa 69:3) the chaos mentioned in Genesis Psa 1:2; (Psa 1:4) the bottomless Pit hell (Rev 9:1, Rev 9:2; Rev 11:7; Rev 20:13).

Degrees: , Song OF song of steps, a title given to each of these fifteen Psalms 120-134 inclusive. The probable origin of this name is the circumstance that these Psalms came to be sung by the people on the ascents or goings up to Jerusalem to attend the three great Festivals (Deu 16:16). They were well fitted for being sung by the way from their Peculiar form, and from the sentiments they express. “They are characterized by brevity, by a key-word, by epanaphora [i.e, repetition], and by their epigrammatic style. ..More than half of them are cheerful, and all of them hopeful.” They are sometimes called “Pilgrim Songs.” Four of them were written by David one (Deu 16:127) by Solomon and the Rest are anonymous.

DEHAyi

Tes: villagers, one of the Assyrian tribes which Asnapper sent to repopulate Samaria (Ezr 4:9). They were probably a nomad Persian Tribe on the East of the Caspian Sea and near the Sea of Azof.

Delaiah: freed by Jehovah (1.) The head of the twenty-third division of the priestly order (1 Chronicles 24:18).

(2.) A Son of Shemaiah and one of the courtiers to whom Jeremiah’s first roll of Prophecy was read (Jer 36:12).

(Jer 36:3.) The head of one of the Bands of exiles that returned under Zerubbabel to Jerusalem (Ezr 2:60; Nehemiah Ezr 7:62).

Delilah: languishing, a Philistine Woman who dwelt in the Valley of Sorek (Jdg 16:4-20). She was bribed by the “lords of the Philistines” to obtain from Samson the secret of his strength and the means of overcoming it (Jdg 16:4-18). She tried on three occasions to obtain from him this secret in vain. On the fourth occasion she wrung it from him. She made him sleep upon her knees, and then called the Man who was waiting to help her; who “cut off the Seven locks of his head,” and so his “strength went from him.” (See Samson )

D: the young of the Goat It was much used for Food (Genesis 27:9; 38:17; Judges 6:19; 14:6). The Mosaic Law forbade to Dress a kid in the milk of its dam, a Law which is thrice repeated (Exodus 23:19; 34:26; Deuteronomy 14:21). Among the various reasons assigned for this Law that appears to be the most satisfactory which regards it as “a protest against cruelty and outraging the order of nature.” A kid cooked in its mother’s milk is “a gross, unwholesome dish, and calculated to kindle Animal and ferocious passions, and on this account Moses may have forbidden it. Besides, it is even yet associated with immoderate feasting; and originally, I suspect,” says Dr. Thomson (Land and the Book), “was connected with idolatrous sacrifices.”

Demetrius: (1.) A silversmith at Ephesus whose Chief occupation was to make “silver Shrines for Diana” (q.v.), Acts 19:24, i.e., models either of the Temple of Diana or of the statue of the goddess. This trade brought to him and his fellow-craftsmen “no small gain,” for these Shrines found a ready sale among the countless thousands who came to this Temple from all parts of Asia Minor. This traffic was greatly endangered by the progress of the gospel, and hence Demetrius excited the tradesmen employed in the manufacture of these Shrines and caused so great a tumult that “the whole City was filled with confusion.”

(2.) A Christian who is spoken of as having “a good report of all men, and of the Truth itself’ (3 John 1:12).

Demon

Den: a lair of wild beasts (Psa 10:9; Psa 104:22;Job 37:8); the hole of a venomous reptile (Isa 11:8); a recess for secrecy “in dens and caves of the earth” (Heb 11:38); a resort of Thieves (Mat 21:13;Mrk 11:17). Daniel was cast into “the Den of lions” (Dan 6:16, Dan 6:17). Some recent discoveries among the ruins of Babylon have brought to Light the fact that the practice of punishing offenders against the Law by throwing them into a Den of lions was common.

Deputy: in 1Kin 22:47, means a prefect; one set over others. The same Hebrew Word is rendered “officer;” i.e., Chief of the commissariat appointed by Solomon (1Ki 4:5, etc.).

In Esther 1Ki 8:9; 1Ki 9:3 (R.V., “governor”) it denotes a Persian prefect “on this side” i.e., in the region west of the Euphrates It is the modem Word pasha.

In Acts 1Ki 13:7, 1Ki 13:8, 1Ki 13:12; 1Ki 18:12, it denotes a proconsul; i.e., the Governor of a Roman province holding his appointment from the Senate The Roman provinces were of two kinds, (1Ki 18:1) senatorial and (1Ki 18:2) imperial. The appointment of a Governor to the former was in the hands of the Senate and he bore the title of proconsul (Gr. anthupatos). The appointment of a Governor to the latter was in the hands of the emperor, and he bore the title of propraetor (Gr. antistrategos).

Derbe: a small town on the eastern part of the upland Plain of Lycaonia, about 20 miles from Lystra Paul passed through Derbe on his route from Cilicia to Iconium on his second missionary Journey (Act 16:1), and probably also on his third Journey (Act 18:23; Act 19:1). On his first Journey (Act 14:20, Act 14:21) he came to Derbe from the other side; i.e., from Iconium It was the native Place of Gaius, one of Paul’s companions (Act 20:4). He did not here suffer Persecution (2Ti 3:1 2Ti 3:1).

Desert: (1.) Hebrews midbar, “pasture-ground;” an Open tract for pasturage; a common (Jol 2:22). The “backside of the desert” (Exo 3:1) is the west of the Desert the region behind a Man as the East is the region in front. The same Hebrew Word is rendered “wildernes,” and is used of the country lying between Egypt and Palestine (Gen 21:14, Gen 21:21;Exo 4:27; Exo 19:2;Jos 1:4), the Wilderness of the wanderings. It was a grazing tract, where the flocks and herds of the Israelites found pasturage during the whole of their Journey to the Promised Land.

The same Hebrew Word is used also to denote the Wilderness of Arabia which in winter and early Spring supplies good pasturage to the flocks of the nomad tribes than roam over it (1Ki 9:18). ...

The Wilderness of Judah is the mountainous region along the western shore of the Dead Sea where David fed his father’s flocks (1Sa 17:28; 1Sa 26:2). Thus in both of these instances the Word denotes a country without settled inhabitants and without streams of Water but having good pasturage for Cattle a country of Wandering tribes, as distinguished from that of a settled people (Isa 35:1; Isa 50:2; Jeremiah Isa 4:11). Such, also, is the meaning of the Word “wilderness” in Matthew Isa 3:3; Isa 15:33;Luk 15:4.

(Luk 15:2.) The translation of the Hebrew Aribah’, “an Arid tract” (Isa 35:1, Isa 35:6; Isa 40:3; Isa 41:19; Isa 51:3, etc.). The name Arabah is specially applied to the Deep Valley of the Jordan (the Ghor of the Arabs), which extends from the lake of Tiberias to the Elanitic gulf. While midbar denotes properly a pastoral region, Arabah denotes a Wilderness It is also translated “plains;” as “the plains of Jericho” (Jos 5:10;2Ki 25:5), “the plains of Moab” (Num 22:1;Deu 34:1, Deu 34:8), “the plains of the wilderness” (2Sa 17:16).

(2Sa 17:3.) In the Revised VersionOf 21:20 the Hebrew Word Jeshimon is properly rendered “desert,” meaning the waste tracts on both shores of the Dead Sea This Word is also rendered “desert”In 78:40; In 106:14;Isa 43:19, Isa 43:20. It denotes a greater extent of uncultivated country than the other words so rendered. It is especially applied to the Desert of the peninsula of Arabia (Num 21:20; Num 23:28), the most terrible of all the deserts with which the Israelites were acquainted. It is called “the desert”In 23:31;Deu 11:24. (See Jeshimon )

(Deu 11:4.) A dry Place hence a desolation (Psa 9:6), desolate (Lev 26:34); the rendering of the Hebrew Word horbah’ . It is rendered “desert”Onl 102:6,Isa 48:21,And 13:4, where it means the Wilderness of Sinai.

(And 13:5.) This Word is the symbol of the Jewish Church when they had forsaken God (Isa 40:3). Nations destitute of the knowledge of God are called a “wilderness” (Isa 32:15, midbar). It is a symbol of Temptation solitude, and Persecution (Isa 27:10, midbar ; Isa 33:9, arabah).

Desire: OF ALL NATIONS (Hag. 2:7), usually interpreted as a title of the Messiah The Revised Version however, more correctly renders “the desirable things of all nations;” i.e., the choicest treasures of the Gentiles shall be consecrated to the Lord

Desolation

Destroyer: (Exo 12:23), the agent employed in the killing of the first-born; the destroying Angel or Messenger of God (Comp.2Ki 19:35; 2Ki 19:2 Samuel 2Ki 24:15, 2Ki 24:16;Psa 78:49; Acts Psa 12:23.)

Destruction: , City OF (Isa 19:18; Hebrews Ir-ha-Heres, “city of overthrow,” because of the evidence it would present of the overthrow of heathenism), the ideal title of On or Heliopolis (q.v.).

Deuteronomy: In all the Hebrew manuscripts the Pentateuch (q.v.) forms one roll or volume divided into larger and smaller sections called parshioth and sedarim. It is not easy to say when it was divided into five books. This was probably first done by the Greek translators of the book, whom the Vulgate follows. The fifth of these books was called by the Greeks Deuteronomion, i.e., the second Law hence our name Deuteronomy or a second statement of the laws already promulgated. The Jews designated the book by the two first Hebrew words that occur, ’Elle haddabharim, i.e., “These are the words.” They divided it into eleven parshioth. In the English Bible it contains thirty-four chapters.

It consists chiefly of three discourses delivered by Moses a short time before his Death They were spoken to all Israel in the plains of Moab in the eleventh Month of the last Year of their wanderings. ...

The first discourse (1 4:40) recapitulates the Chief events of the last forty years in the Wilderness with Earnest exhortations to obedience to the divine ordinances, and warnings against the danger of forsaking the God of their fathers.

The seond discourse (5 26:19) is in effect the body of the whole book. The first address is introductory to it. It contains practically a recapitulation of the Law already given by God at Mount Sinai, together with many admonitions and injunctions as to the course of conduct they were to follow when they were settled in Canaan

The concluding discourse (ch.27 26:30) relates almost wholly to the Solemn sanctions of the Law the blessings to the obedient, and the curse that would Fall on the rebellious. He solemnly adjures them to adhere faithfully to the Covenant God had made with them, and so secure for themselves and their posterity the promised blessings.

These addresses to the people are followed by what may be called three appendices, namely (27 26:1), a song which God had commanded Moses to write (27 32:1-47); (27 32:2) the blessings he pronounced on the separate tribes (ch. 27 32:33); and (27 32:3) the story of his Death (27 32:48-52) and Burial (ch. 27 32:34), written by some other Hand probably that of Joshua

These farewell addresses of Moses to the tribes of Israel he had so long led in the Wilderness “glow in each line with the emotions of a great leader recounting to his contemporaries the marvellous story of their common experience. The enthusiasm they kindle, even to-day, though obscured by translation, reveals their matchless adaptation to the circumstances under which they were first spoken. Confidence for the future is evoked by remembrance of the past. The same God who had done mighty Works for the tribes since the Exodus would cover their head in the Day of battle with the nations of Palestine soon to be invaded. Their great lawgiver stands before us, vigorous in his hoary Age stern in his abhorrence of evil, Earnest in his Zeal for God but mellowed in all relations to earth by his nearness to Heaven The commanding wisdom of his enactments, the dignity of his position as the founder of the nation and the first of prophets, enforce his utterances. But he touches our deepest emotions by the human tenderness that breathes in all his words. Standing on the verge of Life he speaks as a Father giving his parting counsels to those he loves; willing to depart and be with God he has served so well, but fondly lengthening out his last farewell to the dear ones of earth. No book can compare with Deuteronomy in its mingled sublimity and tenderness.” Geikie, Hours, etc.

The whole style and method of this book, its tone and its peculiarities of conception and expression, show that it must have come from one Hand That the author was none other than Moses is established by the following considerations: (27 32:1.) The uniform Tradition both of the Jewish and the Christian Church down to recent times. (27 32:2.) The book professes to have been written by Moses (27 1:1; 27 29:1; 27 31:1,9 31:11, etc.), and was obviously intended to be accepted as his work. (9 31:3.) The incontrovertible Testimony of our Lord and his apostles (Mat 19:7, Mat 19:8;Mrk 10:3, Mrk 10:4; John Mrk 5:46, Mrk 5:47; Acts Mrk 3:22; Mrk 7:37;Rom 10:19) establishes the same conclusion. (Rom 10:4.) The frequent references to it in the later books of the Canon (Jos 8:31;1Ki 2:9;2Ki 14:6; 2Ki 14:2 Chronicles 2Ki 23:18; 2Ki 25:4; 2Ki 34:14;Ezr 3:2; Ezr 7:6; Nehemiah Ezr 8:1;Dan 9:11, Dan 9:13) prove its antiquity; and (Dan 9:5) the archaisms found in it are in harmony with the Age in which Moses lived. (Dan 9:6.) Its style and allusions are also strikingly consistent with the circumstances and position of Moses and of the people at that time.

This body of positive evidence cannot be set aside by the conjectures and reasonings of modern critics, who contended that the book was somewhat like a forgery, introduced among the Jews some Seven or eight centuries after the Exodus

Devil: (Gr. diabolos), a slanderer, the arch-enemy of man’s spiritual interest (Job 1:6;Rev 2:10;Zec 3:1). He is called also “the Accuser of the brethen” (Rev 12:10).

In 17:7 the Word “devil” is the translation of the Hebrew sair, meaning a “goat” or “satyr” (Isa 13:21; Isa 34:14), alluding to the wood-daemons, the objects of idolatrous Worship among the Heathen

In 32:17And 106:37 it is the translation of Hebrew shed, meaning Lord and Idol regarded by the Jews as a “demon,” as the Word is rendered in the Revised Version

In the narratives of the Gospels regarding the “casting out of devils” a different Greek Word (daimon) is used. In the time of our Lord there were frequent cases of demoniacal possession (Mat 12:25-30;Mrk 5:1-20;Luk 4:35; Luk 10:18, etc.).

Dew: “There is no Dew properly so called in Palestine for there is no moisture in the hot summer air to be chilled into dew-drops by the coldness of the night. Prom May till October rain is unknown, the Sun shining with unclouded brightness Day after Day The heat becomes intense, the Ground hard, and vegetation would perish but for the moist west Winds that come each night from the Sea The bright skies cause the heat of the Day to radiate very quickly into space, so that the nights are as cold as the Day is the reverse, a peculiarity of climate from which poor Jacob suffered thousands of years ago (Gen 31:40). To this coldness of the night air the indispensable watering of all plant-life is due. The Winds loaded with moisture, are robbed of it as they pass over the land, the cold air condensing it into drops of Water which Fall in a gracious rain of mist on every thirsty Blade In the morning the fog thus created rests like a Sea over the plains, and far up the sides of the hills, which raise their heads above it like so many islands. ... At sunrise, however, the scene speedily Changes By the kindling Light the mist is transformed into vast snow-white clouds, which presently break into separate masses and rise up the mountain-sides, to disappear in the Blue above, dissipated by the increasing heat. These are ‘the morning clouds and the early Dew that go away’ of which Hosea (Gen 6:4; Gen 13:3) speaks so touchingly” (Geikie’s The Holy Land, etc., i., p. Gen 13:72). Dew is a source of great fertility (Gen 27:28;Deu 33:13;Zec 8:12), and its withdrawal is regarded as a curse from God (2Sa 1:21;1Ki 17:1). It is the symbol of a multitude (2Sa 17:12;Psa 17:1 Psa 10:3); and from its refreshing influence it is an emblem of brotherly Love and harmony (Psa 133:3), and of rich spiritual blessings (Hos. Psa 14:5).

Diadem: the tiara of a King (Ezk 21:26;Isa 28:5; Isa 62:3); the turban (Job 29:14). In the New Testament a careful distinction is drawn between the Diadem as a badge of royalty (Rev 12:3; Rev 13:1; Rev 19:12) and the Crown as a Mark of distinction in private Life It is not known what the Ancient Jewish “diadem” was. It was the Mark of Oriental sovereigns. (See Crown )

Dial: for the measurement of time, only once mentioned in the Bible erected by Ahaz (2Ki 20:11;Isa 38:8). The Hebrew Word (ma’aloth) is rendered “steps” in Exodus Isa 20:26,1Ki 10:19, and “degrees”In 10:2Kin 20:9, Kin 20:10, Kin 20:11. The ma’aloth was probably stairs on which the Shadow of a column or obelisk placed on the top fell. The Shadow would cover a greater or smaller number of steps, according as the Sun was low or High

Probably the sun-dial was a Babylonian invention. Daniel at Babylon (Dan 3:6) is the first to make mention of the “hour.”

Diamond: (1.) A precious gem (Hebrews yahalom’, in allusion to its hardness), otherwise unknown, the sixth, i.e., the third in the second row,

in the Breastplate of the High Priest with the name of Naphtali engraven on it (Exo 28:18; Exo 39:11; R.V. marg., “sardonyx.”)

(Exo 39:2.) A precious Stone (Hebrews shamir’, a sharp point) mentioned in Jeremiah Exo 17:1. From its hardness it was used for Cutting and perforating other minerals. It is rendered “adamant” (q.v.)In 3:9, Zechariah In 7:12. It is the hardest and most valuable of precious Stones

Diana: so called by the Romans called Artemis by the Greeks, the “great” goddess worshipped among Heathen nations under various modifications. Her most noted Temple was that at Ephesus It was built outside the City walls, and was one of the Seven wonders of the Ancient world. “First and last it was the work of 220 years; built of shining Marble 342 feet long by 164 feet broad; supported by a Forest of columns, each 56 feet High a sacred museum of masterpieces of sculpture and painting. At the centre, hidden by curtains, within a gorgeous shrine, stood the very Ancient image of the goddess, on Wood or ebony reputed to have fallen from the sky. Behind the shrine was a Treasury where, as in ‘the safest bank in Asia,’ nations and kings stored their most precious things. The Temple as St. Paul saw it subsisted till A.D. 262, when it was ruined by the Goths” (Act 19:23-41)., Moule on Ephesians Introd.

Blaim: doubled cakes, the mother of Gomer who was Hosea’s Wife (Hos. 1:3).

Blathaim: two cakes, a City of Moab on the East of the Dead Sea (Num 33:46; Jeremiah Num 48:22).

Bon: pining; wasting. (1.) A City in Moab (Num 21:30); called also Dibon-gad (Num 33:45), because it was built by Gad and Dimon (Isa 15:9). It has been identified with the modern Diban,Abo 15:3Mil 15:12 miles East of the Dead Sea (See Moabite Stone )

(Mil 15:2.) A City of the Tribe of Judah inhabited after the Captivity (Neh 15:1 Neh 1:25); called also Dimonah (Jos 15:22). It is probably the modern ed-Dheib.

Dymus: (Gr. twin = Hebrews Thomas q.v.),Jhn 11:16; Jhn 20:24; Jhn 21:2.

Mnah: a portion. (1.) A town of Judah (Jos 15:10). The Philistines took possession of it in the days of Ahaz (Jos 15:2 Chronicles Jos 28:18).It 28:20 miles west of Jerusalem It has been identified with Timnatha of Dan (Jos 19:43), and also with Timnath (Jdg 14:1,Jdg 14:5).

(Jdg 14:2.) A City in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:57)= Tibna near Jeba’.

(Jos 15:3.) A “duke” or sheik of Edom (Gen 36:40).

Dinah: judged; vindicated, Daughter of Jacob by Leah and sister of Simeon and Levi (Gen 30:21). She was seduced by Shechem the Son of Hamor the Hivite Chief when Jacob’s Camp was in the neighbourhood of Shechem This led to the terrible revenge of Simeon and Levi in putting the Shechemites to Death (Gen 30:34). Jacob makes frequent reference to this deed of blood with abhorrence and regret (Gen 34:30; Gen 49:5-7). She is mentioned among the Rest of Jacob’s family that went down into Egypt (Gen 46:8, Gen 46:15).

Dine: (Gen 43:16). It was the Custom in Egypt to Dine at noon. But it is probable that the Egyptians took their principal meal in the Evening as was the general Custom in the East (Luk 14:12).

Nhabah: robbers’ Den an Edomitish City the capital of King Bela (Gen 36:32). It is probably the modern Dibdiba, a little north-east of Petra

Dionysius

Otrephes: Jove-nourished, rebuked by John for his pride (3 John 1:9). He was a Judaizer, prating against John and his fellow-labourers “with malicious words” (7).

Disciple: a scholar, sometimes applied to the followers of John the Baptist (Mat 9:14), and of the Pharisees (Mat 22:16), but principally to the followers of Christ A Disciple of Christ is one who (Mat 22:1) believes his doctrine, (Mat 22:2) rests on his Sacrifice (Mat 22:3) imbibes his Spirit and (Mat 22:4) imitates his example (Mat 10:24; Luke Mat 14:26, Mat 14:27, Mat 14:33; John Mat 6:69).

Dish

Shan: antelope, the youngest Son of Seir the Horite, head of one of the tribes of Idumaea (Gen 36:21, Gen 36:28, Gen 36:30).

Dispensation: (Gr. oikonomia, “management,” “economy”). (1.) The method or scheme according to which God carries out his purposes towards men is called a Dispensation There are usually reckoned three dispensations, the Patriarchal, the Mosaic or Jewish, and the Christian

(See Covenant Administration of.) These were so many stages in God’s unfolding of his purpose of Grace toward men. The Word is not found with this meaning in Scripture

(2.) A commission to preach the gospel (1Co 9:17;Eph 1:10; Eph 3:2; Colossians Eph 1:25).

Dispensations of Providence are providential events which affect men either in the way of mercy or of judgement.

Dispersion: (Gr. diaspora, “scattered,”Jas 1:1;1Pe 1:1) of the Jews. At various times, and from the operation of divers causes, the Jews were separated and scattered into foreign countries “to the outmost parts of heaven” (Deu 30:4).

(Deu 30:1.) Many were dispersed over Assyria Media Babylonia, and Persia, descendants of those who had been transported thither by the Exile. The ten tribes, after existing as a separate Kingdom for two hundred and fifty-five years, were carried Captive (B.C. Deu 30:721) by Shalmaneser (or Sargon), King of Assyria They never returned to their own land as a distinct people, although many individuals from among these tribes, there can be no doubt, joined with the Bands that returned from Babylon on the proclamation of Cyrus

(Deu 30:2.) Many Jews migrated to Egypt and took up their abode there. ... This migration began in the days of Solomon (2Ki 18:21, 2Ki 18:24;Isa 30:7). Alexander the Great placed a large number of Jews in Alexandria which he had founded, and conferred on them equal rights with the Egyptians. Ptolemy Philadelphus, it is said, caused the Jewish Scriptures to be translated into Greek (the work began B.C. Isa 30:284), for the use of the Alexandrian Jews. The Jews in Egypt continued for many ages to Exercise a powerful influence on the public interests of that country. From Egypt they spread along the coast of Africa to Cyrene (Act 2:10) and to Ethiopia (Act 8:27).

(Act 8:3.) After the time of Seleucus Nicator (B.C. Act 8:280), one of the captains of Alexander the Great, large Numbers of Jews migrated into Syria where they enjoyed equal rights with the Macedonians. From Syria they found their way into Asia Minor. Antiochus the Great, King of Syria and Asia,Rem 8:3,Rem 8:000 families of Jews from Mesopotamia and Babylonia, and planted them in Phrygia and Lydia

(Rem 8:4.) From Asia Minor many Jews moved into Greece and Macedonia, chiefly for purposes of commerce. In the apostles’ time they were found in considerable Numbers in all the principal cities.

From the time of Pompey the Great (B.C. Rem 8:63) Numbers of Jews from Palestine and Greece went to Rome where they had a separate quarter of the City assigned to them. Here they enjoyed considerable Freedom

Thus were the Jews everywhere scattered abroad. This, in the overruling Providence of God ultimately contributed in a great degree toward opening the way for the spread of the gospel into all lands.

Dispersion, from the Plain of Shinar This was occasioned by the confusion of Tongues at Babel (Gen 11:9). They were scattered abroad “every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations” (Gen 10:5,Gen 10:20,Gen 10:31).

The Tenth Chapter of Genesis gives us an account of the principal nations of the earth in their migrations from the Plain of Shinar which was their common residence after the Flood. In general, it may be said that the descendants of Japheth were scattered over the North those of Shem over the central regions, and those of Ham over the extreme South The following table shows how the different families were dispersed:

JAPHETH

Gomer

Magog

Madai

Javan

Tubal

Meshech

Tirax

Cimmerians

Caucasians

Medes and

The Tibareni

The Mosch

The

and

some Persian

and

and the

Thracians

Armenians

Scythians

tribes

Gen 10:1

the Tartars

Muscovites

Elishah

Tarshish

Chittim

Dodanim The Greeks Etruscans Cyprians The Rhodians

and and

Romans Macedonians Shem Elam

Asshur

Arphaxad

Lud

Aram

Some Persian tribes

The Assyrian founders of Nineveh Rehoboth Calneh and Resen

Abraham

Gen 10:1

The Lydians

The Syrians Isaac

Ishmael

Gen 10:1

The Ishmaelites, who mingled with the

The Hebrews

The Edomites

Arab tribes descended from Joktan in the line of Eber from Arphaxad Ham Cush Mizraim Phut Canaan

II II

The Ethiopians The Egyptians and The Lybians and The Canaanites

and their colonies their colonies Mauritanians Phoenicians, and

their colonies

Distaff: (Hebrews pelek, a “circle”), the instrument used for twisting threads by a whirl (Pro 31:19).

Divination: of false prophets (Deu 18:10, Deu 18:14;Mic 3:6, Mic 3:7,1 3:1), of necromancers (1Sa 28:8), of the Philistine priests and diviners (1Sa 6:2), of Balaam (Jos 13:22). Three kinds of DivinationAre 21:21, by Arrows consulting with images (the teraphim), and by examining the entrails of animals sacrificed. The practice of this art seems to have been encouraged in Ancient Egypt Diviners also abounded among the aborigines of Canaan and the Philistines (Isa 2:6;1Sa 2:28). At a later period multitudes of Magicians poured from Chaldea and Arabia into the land of Israel and pursued their occupations (Isa 8:19;2Ki 21:6; 2Ki 21:2 Chronicles 2Ki 33:6). ... This superstition widely spread, and in the time of the apostles there were “vagabond Jews, exorcists” (Act 19:13), and men like Simon Magus (Act 8:9), Bar-Jesus (Act 13:6, Act 13:8),

and other jugglers and impostors (Act 19:19; Act 19:2 Timothy Act 3:13). Every species and degree of this superstition was strictly forbidden by the Law of Moses (Exo 22:18; Leviticus Exo 19:26, Exo 19:31; Exo 20:27;Deu 18:10, Deu 18:11).

But Beyond these various forms of superstition, there are instances of Divination on record in the Scriptures by which God was pleased to make known his Will

(Deu 18:1.) There was Divination by Lot by which, when resorted to in matters of moment, and with solemnity, God intimated his Will (Jos 7:13). The land of Canaan was divided by Lot (Num 26:55, Num 26:56); Achan’s guilt was detected (Jos 7:16-19), Saul was elected King (1Sa 10:20, 1Sa 10:21), and Matthias Chosen to the apostleship, by the solem Lot (Act 1:26). It was thus also that the scape-goat was determined (Lev 16:8-10).

(Lev 16:2.) There was Divination by dreams (Gen 20:6;Deu 13:1, Deu 13:3;Jdg 7:13, Jdg 7:15; Matthew Jdg 1:20; Jdg 2:12, Jdg 2:13, Jdg 2:19, Jdg 2:22). This is illustrated in the history of Joseph (Gen 41:25-32) and of Daniel (Gen 2:27; Gen 4:19-28).

(Gen 4:3.) By divine appointment there was also Divination by the Urim and Thummim (Num 27:21), and by the Ephod

(Num 27:4.) God was pleased sometimes to vouch-safe direct vocal communications to men (Deu 34:10; Exodus Deu 3:4; Deu 4:3;Deu 4:14, Deu 4:15;1Ki 19:12). He also communed with men from above the mercy-seat (Exo 25:22), and at the door of the Tabernacle (Exo 29:42, Exo 29:43).

(Exo 29:5.) Through his prophets God revealed himself, and gave intimations of his Will (2Ki 13:17; Jeremiah 2Ki 51:63, 2Ki 51:64).

Divorce: The dissolution of the marriage tie was regulated by the Mosaic Law (Deu 24:1-4). The Jews, after the Captivity were reguired to dismiss the foreign women they had married contrary to the Law (Ezr 10:11-19). Christ limited the permission of Divorce to the single case of Adultery It seems that it was not uncommon for the Jews at that time to dissolve the union on very slight pretences (Mat 5:31, Mat 5:32; Mat 19:1-9;Mrk 10:2-12; Luke Mrk 16:18). These precepts given by Christ regulate the Law of Divorce in the Christian Church

Zahab: region of Gold a Place in the Desert of Sinai, on the western shore of the Elanitic gulf (Deu 1:1). It is now called Dehab.

Doctor: (Luk 2:46; Luk 5:17; Acts Luk 5:34), a teacher. The Jewish doctors taught and disputed in synagogues, or wherever they could find an audience. Their disciples were allowed to propose to them questions. They assumed the office without any appointment to it. The doctors of the Law were principally of the Sect of the Pharisees Schools were established after the Destruction of Jerusalem at Babylon and Tiberias in which academical Degrees were conferred on those who passed a certain examination. Those of the school of Tiberias were called by the title “rabbi,” and those of Babylon by that of “master.”

Dodai: loving, one of David’s captains (1Ch 27:4). (See 27:2 ].)

Dodanim: leaders, a race descended from Javan (Gen 10:4). They are known in profane history as the Dardani, originally inhabiting Illyricum They were a semi-Pelasgic race, and in the ethnographical table (Gen 10:10) they are grouped with the Chittim (q.v.).In 10:1 Chronicles In 1:7, they are called Rodanim. The LXX. and the Samaritan Version also read Rhodii, whence some have concluded that the Rhodians, the inhabitants of the Island of Rhodes are meant.

Dodo: amatory; loving. (1.) A descendant of Issachar (Jdg 10:1).

(Jdg 10:2.) An Ahohite Father of Eleazar who was one of David’s three heroes (2Sa 23:9;1Ch 11:12). He was the same with DodaiMen 11:1Chr 27:4.

(Chr 27:3.) A Bethlehemite, and Father of Elhanan who was one of David’s thirty heroes (2Sa 23:24).

Doeg

Dog: frequently mentioned both in the Old and New Testaments. Dogs were used by the Hebrews as a watch for their houses (Isa 56:10), and for guarding their flocks (Job 30:1). There were also then as now troops of semi-wild dogs that wandered about devouring Dead bodies and the offal of the streets (1Ki 14:11; 1Ki 16:4; 1Ki 21:19, 1Ki 21:23; 1Ki 22:38;Psa 59:6, Psa 59:14).

As the Dog was an unclean Animal the terms “dog,” “dog’s head,” “dead Dog ” were used as terms of reproach or of Humiliation (1Sa 24:14;2Sa 3:8; 2Sa 9:8; 2Sa 16:9). Paul calls false apostles “dogs” (Phil. 2Sa 3:2). Those who are shut out of the Kingdom of Heaven are also so designated (Rev 22:15). Persecutors are called “dogs” (Psa 22:16). Hazael’s words, “Thy servant which is but a dog” (2Ki 8:13), are spoken in mock humility=impossible that one so contemptible as he should attain to such power.

Doleful: CREATURES (Occ 13:21. Hebrews ochim, i.e., “shrieks;” hence “howling animals”), a general name for screech owls (howlets), which occupy the desolate palaces of Babylon Some render the Word “hyaenas.”

DOOR-

Keeper: Thi 84:10 (R.V. marg., “stand at the Threshold of,” etc.), but there it signifies properly “sitting at the Threshold in the House of God ” The psalmist means that he would rather stand at the door of God’s House and merely look in, than Dwell in houses where iniquity prevailed.

Persons were appointed to keep the Street door leading into the interior of the House (Jhn 18:16, Jhn 18:17; Acts Jhn 12:13). Sometimes females held this Post

Door

Dophkah: knocking, an encampment of the Israelites in the Wilderness (Num 33:12). It was in the Desert of Sin, on the eastern shore of the western Arm of the Red Sea somewhere in the Wady Feiran.

Dor: warm springs, a Levitical City of Naphtali (Jos 21:32);Pro 19:35.

Dothan: two wells, a famous pasture-ground where Joseph found his brethren watching their flocks. Here, at the suggestion of Judah they sold him to the Ishmaelite merchants (Gen 37:17). It is mentioned on monuments in B.C. Gen 37:1600.

It was the residence of Elisha (2Ki 6:13), and the scene of a remarkable Vision of chariots and horses of Fire surrounding the mountain on which the City stood. It is identified with the modern Tell-Dothan, on the South side of the Plain of JezreelAbo 6:12 miles North of Samaria among the hills of Gilboa. The “two wells” are still in existence, one of which bears the name of the “pit of Joseph” (Jubb Yusuf).

Dough: (batsek, meaning “swelling,” i.e., in fermentation). The Dough the Israelites had prepared for baking was carried away by them out of Egypt in their kneading-troughs (Exo 12:34, Exo 12:39). In the process of baking, the Dough had to be turned (Hos. Exo 7:8).

Dove

Dove: ’S Dung (2Ki 6:25) has been generally understood literally. There are instances in history of the Dung of pigeons being actually used as Food during a Famine Compare also the language of Rabshakeh to the Jews (2Ki 18:27;Isa 36:12). This name, however, is applied by the Arabs to different vegetable substances, and there is room for the opinion of those who think that some such substance is here referred to, as, e.g., the seeds of a kind of millet, or a very inferior kind of Pulse or the root of the ornithogalum, i.e., bird-milk, the star-of-Bethlehem.

Dowry: (mohar; i.e., price paid for a WifeGen 34:12; Exodus Gen 22:17;1Sa 18:25), a nuptial present; some Gift as a sum of Money which the bridegroom offers to the Father of his Bride as a satisfaction before he can receive her. Jacob had no Dowry to give for his Wife but he gave his services (Gen 29:18; Gen 30:20; Gen 34:12).

Dragon: WELL (Neh 2:13), supposed by some to be identical with the Pool of Gihon.

Dram: The Authorized Version understood the Word ‘adarkonim (1 Chronicles 29:7;Ezr 8:27), and the similar Word darkomnim (Ezr 2:69; Nehemiah Ezr 7:70), as equivalent to the Greek Silver Coin the drachma. But the Revised Version rightly regards it as the Greek dareikos, a Persian Gold Coin (the daric)Of 7:1 Pound Of 7:2s., which was first struck by Darius the Son of Hystaspes, and was current in Western Asia long after the Fall of the Persian empire. (See Daric )

DRAUGHT-

House: (2Ki 10:12, 2Ki 10:14; marg., “house of shepherds binding Sheep ” R.V., “the shearing-house of the shepherds;” marg., “house of gathering”), some Place between Samaria and Jezreel where Jehu slew “two and forty men” of the royal family of Judah The Hebrews Word Beth-eked so rendered is supposed by some to be a proper name.

SHEAR-j

Drawer: OF Water (Deu 29:11; Joshua Deu 9:21, Deu 9:23), a servile employment to which the Gibeonites were condemned.

Dream: God has frequently made use of dreams in communicating his Will to men. The most remarkable instances of this are recorded in the history of Jacob (Gen 28:12; Gen 31:10), Laban (Gen 31:24), Joseph (Gen 37:9-11), Gideon (Jdg 37:7), and Solomon (1Ki 3:5). Other significant dreams are also recorded, such as those of Abimelech (Gen 20:3-7), Pharaoh’s Chief Butler and baker (Gen 40:5), Pharaoh (Gen 41:1-8), the Midianites (Jdg 7:13), Nebuchadnezzar (Dan 2:1; Dan 4:10, Dan 4:18), the Wise men from the East (Mat 2:12), and Pilate’s Wife (Mat 27:19).

To Joseph “the Lord appeared in a Dream ” and gave him instructions regarding the infant Jesus (Mat 1:20; Mat 2:12, Mat 2:13, Mat 2:19). In a Vision of the night a “man of Macedonia” stood before Paul and said, “Come over into Macedonia and help us” (Act 16:9;See 18:9; See 27:23).

Dredge

Dregs: (Psa 75:8; Isaiah Psa 51:17, Psa 51:22), the Lees of wine which settle at the bottom of the vessel.

Dress: Not in common use among the Hebrews It is first mentioned in Exodus 28:40 (A.V., “bonnets;” R.V., “head-tires”). It was used especially for purposes of ornament (Job 29:14;Isa 3:23; Isa 62:3). The Hebrew Word here used, tsaniph, properly means a turban, folds of Linen wound round the head. The Hebrew Word peer ,Use 61:3, there rendered “beauty” (A.V.) and “garland” (R.V.), is a head-dress or turban worn by females (Isa 3:20, “bonnets”), priests (Exo 39:28), a bridegroom (Isa 61:10, “ornament;” R.V., “garland”).Ezk 16:10 and Jonah Ezk 2:5 are to be understood of the turban wrapped round the head. The Hebrew shebisim (Isa 3:18), in the Authorized Version rendered “cauls,” and marg. “networks,” denotes probably a kind of netted head-dress. The “horn” (Hebrews keren)Men 3:1Sam 2:1 is the head-dress called by the Druses of Mount Lebanon the tantura.

Drink: , STRONG (Hebrews shekar’), an intoxicating liquor (Jdg 13:4; Luke Jdg 1:15; Isaiah Jdg 5:11;Mic 2:11) distilled from corn, Honey or dates. The effects of the use of strong DrinkAre 107:27; Isaiah Are 24:20; Are 49:26; Are 51:17-22. Its use prohibited,Pro 20:1. (See WINE.)

Offering: (Hebrews hattath), the Law of,Is 6:13; Is 9:7-11,22 9:24; 22 12:6-8; 22 15:2, 22 15:14,25 15:30; 25 14:19, 25 14:31;Num 6:10-14. On the Day of Atonement it was made with special solemnity (Lev 16:5, Lev 16:11, Lev 16:15). The blood was then carried into the Holy of holies and sprinkled on the mercy-seat. Sin-offerings were also presented at the five annual Festivals (Num 16:28, Num 16:29), and on the occasion of the Consecration of the priests (Exo 29:10-14, Exo 29:36). As each individual, even the most private member of the Congregation as well as the Congregation at large, and the High Priest was obliged, on being convicted by his Conscience of any particular sin, to come with a sin-offering, we see thus impressively disclosed the need in which every sinner stands of the Salvation of Christ and the necessity of making application to it as often as the guilt of sin renews itself upon his Conscience This resort of Faith to the perfect Sacrifice of Christ is the one way that lies Open for the sinner’s attainment of Pardon and restoration to Peace And then in the Sacrifice itself there is the reality of that incomparable worth and preciousness which were so significantly represented in the sin-offering by the sacredness of its blood and the hallowed destination of its Flesh With reference to this the blood of Christ is called emphatically “the precious blood,” and the blood that “cleanseth from all sin” (1Jn 1:7). ...

Dromedary: (Isa 60:6), an African or Arabian species of Camel having only one hump, while the Bactrian Camel has two. It is distinguished from the Camel only as a trained saddle-horse is distinguished from a cart-horse. It is remarkable for its speed (Jer 2:23). Camels are frequently spoken of in partriarchal times (Gen 12:16; Gen 24:10; Gen 30:43; Gen 31:17, etc.). They were used for carrying burdens (Gen 37:25; Judges Gen 6:5), and for riding (Gen 24:64). The Hair of the Camel falls off of itself in Spring and is woven into coarse cloths and garments (Mat 3:4). (See Camel )

Dropsy

Drought: From the middle of May to about the middle of August the land of Palestine is dry. It is then the “drought of summer” (Gen 31:40;Psa 32:4), and the land suffers (Deu 28:23:Psa 102:4), vegetation being preserved only by the dews (Hag. Psa 1:11). (See Dew )

Drown: (Exo 15:4;Amo 8:8;Heb 11:29). Drowning was a mode of capital Punishment in use among the Syrians, and was known to the Jews in the time of our Lord To 18:6.

Drunk: The first case of intoxication on record is that of Noah (Gen 9:21). The sin of drunkenness is frequently and strongly condemned (Rom 13:13;1Co 6:9, 1Co 6:10; Ephesians 1Co 5:18;1Th 5:7, 1Th 5:8). The sin of drinking to excess seems to have been not uncommon among the Israelites.

The Word is used figuratively, when men are spoken of as being Drunk with sorrow, and with the wine of God’s wrath (Isa 63:6; Jeremiah Isa 51:57;Ezk 23:33). To “add drunkenness to thirst” (Deu 29:19, A.V.) is a proverbial expression, rendered in the Revised Version “to destroy the moist with the dry”, i.e., the well-watered equally with the dry land, meaning that the effect of such walking in the imagination of their own hearts would be to destroy one and all.

Drusilla: third and youngest Daughter of Herod Agrippa I. (Act 12:1-4,20 12:23). Felix, the Roman procurator of Judea induced her to leave her Husband Azizus, the King of Emesa, and become his Wife She was present with Felix when Paul reasoned of “righteousness, temperance, and Judgment to come” (Act 24:24). She and her Son perished in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, A.D. Act 24:79.

Duke: derived from the Latin dux, meaning “a leader;” Arabic, “a sheik.” This Word is used to denote the phy larch or Chief of a Tribe (Gen 36:15-43; Exodus Gen 15:15;1Ch 1:51-54).

Dulcimer: (Hebrews sumphoniah),A M 3:5, A M 3:15, along with other instruments there named, as sounded before the Golden image. It was not a Jewish instrument. In the margin of the Revised Version it is styled the “bag-pipe.” Luther translated it “lute,” and Grotius the “crooked trumpet.” It is probable that it was introduced into Babylon by some Greek or Western- Asiatic Musician Some Rabbinical commentators render it by “organ,” the well-known instrument composed of a series of pipes, others by “lyre.” The most probable interpretation is that it was a bag-pipe similar to the zampagna of Southern Europe.

Dumah: silence, (comp.Psa 94:17), the fourth Son of Ishmael also the Tribe descended from him; and hence also the region in Arabia which they inhabited (Gen 25:14; Gen 25:1 Chronicles Gen 1:30).

There was also a town of this name in Judah (Jos 15:52), which has been identified with ed-Domeh,Abo 15:10 miles southwest of Hebron The Place mentioned in the “burden” of the Prophet Isaiah (Abo 21:11) is Edom or Idumea.

Dumb: from natural infirmity (Exo 4:11); not knowing what to say (Pro 31:8); unwillingness to speak (Psa 39:9;Lev 10:3). Christ repeatedly restored the Dumb (Mat 9:32, Mat 9:33;Luk 11:14; Matthew Luk 12:22) to the use of speech.

Dung: (1.) Used as manure (Luk 13:8); collected outside the City walls (Neh 2:13). Of sacrifices, burned outside the Camp (Exo 29:14;Lev 4:11; Lev 8:17;Num 19:5). To be “cast out as Dung ” a figurative expression (1Ki 14:10;2Ki 9:37;Jer 8:2;Psa 18:42), meaning to be rejected as unprofitable.

(Psa 18:2.) Used as Fuel a substitute for firewood, which was with difficulty procured in Syria Arabia and Egypt (Ezk 4:12-15), where cows’ and camels’ Dung is used to the present Day for this purpose.

Dungeon: different from the ordinary prison in being more severe as a Place of Punishment Like the Roman inner prison (Act 16:24), it consisted of a Deep cell or Cistern (Jer 38:6). To be shut up in, a Punishment common in Egypt (Gen 39:20; Gen 40:3; Gen 41:10; Gen 42:19). It is not mentioned, however, in the Law of Moses as a mode of Punishment Under the later kings imprisonment was frequently used as a Punishment (Gen 42:2 Chron. Gen 16:10; Jeremiah Gen 20:2; Gen 32:2; Gen 33:1; Gen 37:15), and it was customary after the Exile (Mat 11:2; Luke Mat 3:20; Acts Mat 5:18, Mat 5:21; Matthew Mat 18:30).

DUNG-

Gate: one of the gates of Jerusalem mentioned by Nehemiah (3:1, 32; 12:39). It was in the eastern Wall of the City

SHEEP-

Hill: to sit on a, was a sign of the deepest dejection (1Sa 2:8;Psa 113:7; Lamentations Psa 4:5).

Dura

Dwarf: a lean or emaciated person (Lev 21:20).

Dwell: Tents were in primitive times the common Dwellings of men. Houses were afterwards built, the walls of which were frequently of mud (Job 24:16; Matthew Job 6:19, Job 6:20) or of sun-dried bricks.

God “dwells in light” (Job 6:1 Timothy Job 6:16;1Jn 1:7), in Heaven (Psa 123:1), in his Church (Psa 9:11;1Jn 4:12). Christ dwelt on earth in the days of his Humiliation (Jhn 1:14). He now dwells in the hearts of his people (Eph 3:17-19). The Holy Spirit dwells in believers (1Co 3:16; 1Co 3:2 Timothy 1Co 1:14). We are exhorted to “let the Word of God Dwell in us richly” (Col 3:16;Psa 119:11).

Dwell Deep occurs only in Jeremiah Psa 49:8, and refers to the Custom of seeking Refuge from impending danger, in retiring to the recesses of rocks and caverns, or to remote places in the Desert

Dwellings: The materials used in buildings were commonly bricks, sometimes also Stones (Lev 14:40, Lev 14:42), which were held together by cement (Jer 43:9) or Bitumen (Gen 11:3). The exterior was usually whitewashed (Lev 14:41;Ezk 13:10; Matthew Ezk 23:27). The beams were of Sycamore (Isa 9:10), or olive-wood, or Cedar (1Ki 7:2;Isa 9:10).

The form of Eastern Dwellings differed in many respects from that of Dwellings in Western lands. The larger houses were built in a quadrangle enclosing a court-yard (Luk 5:19;2Sa 17:18; Nehemiah 2Sa 8:16) surrounded by galleries, which formed the guest-chamber or reception-room for visitors. The flat roof, surrounded by a low parapet, was used for many domestic and social purposes. ... It was reached by steps from the Court In connection with it (2Ki 23:12) was an upper room, used as a private Chamber (2 S 18:33;Dan 6:11), also as a bedroom (2Ki 23:12), a sleeping apartment for guests (2Ki 4:10), and as a sick-chamber (1Ki 17:19). The doors, sometimes of Stone swung on morticed pivots, and were generally fastened by wooden bolts. The houses of the more wealthy had a doorkeeper or a female Porter (Jhn 18:16; Acts Jhn 12:13). The windows generally opened into the courtyard, and were closed by a Lattice (Jdg 5:28). The interior rooms were set apart for the female portion of the household.

The furniture of the room (2Ki 4:10) consisted of a Couch furnished with pillows (Amo 6:4;Ezk 13:20); and besides this, chairs, a table and lanterns or lamp-stands (2Ki 4:10).

Dye: The art of dyeing is one of great antiquity, although no special mention is made of it in the Old Testament The Hebrews probably learned it from the Egyptians (See 26:1; See 28:5-8), who brought it to great perfection. In New Testament times Thyatira was famed for its dyers (Act 16:14). (See Colour )

Eagle

Ear: used frequently in a figurative sense (Psa 34:15). To “uncover the ear” is to show respect to a person (1Sa 20:2 marg.). To have the “ear heavy”, or to have “uncircumcised ears” (Isa 6:10), is to be inattentive and disobedient. To have the Ear “bored” through with an Awl was a sign of perpetual servitude (Exo 21:6).

Earing: an Old English Word (from the Latin aro, I plough), meaning “ploughing.” It is used in the Authorized Version in Genesis 45:6; Exodus 34:21; 1 Samuel 8:12; Deuteronomy 21:4; Isaiah 30:24; but the Revised Version has rendered the original in these places by the ordinary Word to plough or till.

Earnest: The Spirit is the Earnest of the believer’s destined inheritance (2Co 1:22; 2Co 5:5;Eph 1:14). The Word thus rendered is the same as that rendered “pledge”In 38:17-20; “indeed, the Hebrew Word has simply passed into the Greek and Latin languages, probably through commercial dealings with the Phoenicians, the great trading people of Ancient days. Originally it meant no more than a pledge; but in common usage it came to denote that particular kind of pledge which is a part of the full price of an article paid in advance; and as it is joined with the figure of a Seal when applied to the Spirit it seems to be used by Paul in this specific sense.” The Spirit’s gracious presence and working in believers is a foretaste to them of the blessedness of Heaven God is graciously pleased to give not only pledges but foretastes of future blessedness.

Earrings: rings properly for the Ear (Gen 35:4;Num 31:50;Ezk 16:12).In 24:47 the Word means a nose-jewel, and is so rendered in the Revised VersionIn 3:20 the Authorized Version has “ear-rings,” and the Revised Version “amulets,” which more correctly represents the original Word (lehashim), which means incantations; charms, thus remedies against enchantment, worn either suspended from the Neck or in the ears of females. Ear-rings were ornaments used by both sexes (Exo 32:2).

Earth

Earthquake: mentioned among the extraordinary phenomena of Palestine (Psa 18:7; comp. Habakkuk Psa 3:6; Nah Psa 1:5; Isaiah Psa 5:25).

The first Earthquake in Palestine of which we have any record happened in the reign of Ahab (1Ki 19:11, 1Ki 19:12). Another took Place in the days of Uzziah King of Judah (Zec 14:5). The most memorable Earthquake taking Place in New Testament times happened at the Crucifixion of our Lord (Mat 27:54). An Earthquake at Philippi shook the prison in which Paul and Silas were imprisoned (Act 16:26).

It is used figuratively as a token of the presence of the Lord (Jdg 5:4; Jdg 5:2 Samuel Jdg 22:8;Psa 77:18; Psa 97:4; Psa 104:32).

East: , CHILDREN OF THE the Arabs as a whole, known as the Nabateans or Kedarenes, nomad tribes (Jdg 6:3,Jdg 6:33; Jdg 7:12; Jdg 8:10).

Easter: originally a Saxon Word (Eostre), denoting a goddess of the Saxons, in honour of whom sacrifices were offered about the time of the Passover Hence the name came to be given to the festival of the Resurrection of Christ which occured at the time of the Passover In the early English versions this Word was frequently used as the translation of the Greek pascha (the Passover). When the Authorized Version (1611) was formed, the Word “passover” was used in all passages in which this Word pascha occurred,Exc 12:4. In the Revised Version the proper Word “passover,” is always used.

East

Eating: The Ancient Hebrews would not eat with the Egyptians (Gen 43:32). In the time of our Lord they would not eat with Samaritans (Jhn 4:9), and were astonished that he ate with publicans and sinners (Mat 9:11). The Hebrews originally sat at table, but afterwards adopted the Persian and Chaldean practice of reclining (Luk 7:36-50). Their principal meal was at noon (Gen 43:16;1Ki 20:16; Ruth 1Ki 2:14; Luke 1Ki 14:12). The Word “eat” is used metaphorically in Jeremiah 1Ki 15:16;Ezk 3:1; Revelation Ezk 10:9. In John Ezk 6:53-58, “eating and drinking” means believing in Christ Women were never present as guests at Meals (q.v.).

Ebal: stony. (1.) A mountain 3,076 feet above the level of the Sea and 1,200 feet above the level of the Valley on the North side of which stood the City of Shechem (q.v.). On this mountain six of the tribes (Deu 27:12,Deu 27:13) were appointed to take their stand and respond according to a prescribed form to the imprecations uttered in the Valley where the Law was read by the Levites (Deu 11:29; Deu 29:4, Deu 29:13). This mountain was also the site of the first great Altar erected to Jehovah (Deu 27:5-8; Joshua Deu 8:30-35). After this the name of Ebal does not again occur in Jewish history. (See GERIZIM.)

(Deu 8:2.) A descendant of Eber (Deu 8:1 Chronicles Deu 1:22), called also Obal (Gen 10:28).

(Gen 10:3.) A descendant of Seir the Horite (Gen 36:23).

Eked

Melech: a servant of the King probably an official title, an Ethiopian “one of the eunuchs which was in the king’s House ” i.e., in the Palace of Zedekiah King of Judah He interceded with the King in Jeremiah’s behalf, and was the means of saving him from Death by Famine (Jer 38:7-13: comp. Jer 39:15-18).

EBEN-

Ezer: elevation of help, one of the sons of Heman “the king’s Seer in the words of God to lift up the Horn ” He was head of the “four-and-twentieth” course of singers (1 Chronicles 25:4, 31).

Eber: beyond. (1.). The third post-duluvian patriach after Shem (Gen 10:24; Gen 11:14). He is regarded as the founder of the Hebrew race (Gen 10:21; Numbers Gen 24:24). In Luke Gen 3:35 he is called Heber

(Gen 3:2.) One of the Seven heads of the families of the Gadites (Gen 3:1 Chronicles Gen 5:13).

(Gen 5:3.) The oldest of the three sons of Elpaal the Benjamite (Gen 8:12).

(Gen 8:4.) One of the heads of the familes of Benjamites in Jerusalem (Gen 8:22).

(Gen 8:5.) The head of the priestly family of Amok in the time of Zerubbabel (Neh 12:20).

Ebony

Ebronah: passage, one of the stations of the Israelites in their wanderings (Num 33:34, Num 33:35). It was near Ezion-geber.

Ecbatana: (Ezr 6:2 marg.). (See Achmetha )

Ecclesiastes: the Greek rendering of the Hebrew Koheleth, which means “Preacher.” The Old and traditional view of the authorship of this book attributes it to Solomon This view can be satisfactorily maintained, though others Date it from the Captivity The writer represents himself implicitly as Solomon (1:12). It has been appropriately styled The Confession of King Solomon “The writer is a Man who has sinned in giving way to selfishness and sensuality, who has paid the penalty of that sin in satiety and weariness of Life but who has through all this been under the discipline of a divine education, and has learned from it the lesson which God meant to teach him.” “The writer concludes by pointing out that the secret of a true Life is that a Man should consecrate the vigour of his youth to God ” The key-note of the book is sounded in ch. 1:2,

“Vanity of vanities! saith the Preacher, Vanity of vanities! all is vanity!”

i.e., all man’s efforts to find happiness apart from God are without result.

Eclipse: of the SunAll 8:9;Mic 3:6;Zec 14:6; Joel Zec 2:10. Eclipses were regarded as tokens of God’s Anger (Jol 3:15;Job 9:7). The Darkness at the Crucifixion has been ascribed to an Eclipse (Mat 27:45); but on the other Hand it is argued that the great intensity of Darkness caused by an Eclipse never lasts for more than six minutes, and this Darkness lasted for three hours. Moreover, at the time of the Passover the moon was full, and therefore there could not be an Eclipse of the Sun which is caused by an interposition of the moon between the Sun and the earth.

Edar: tower of the flock, a tower between Bethlehem and Hebron near which Jacob first halted after leaving Bethlehem (Gen 35:21).In 4:8 the Word is rendered “tower of the flock” (marg., “Edar”), and is used as a designation of Bethlehem which figuratively represents the royal line of David as sprung from Bethlehem

Eden

Eder: flock. (1 .) A City in the South of Judah on the border of Idumea (Jos 15:21).

(Jos 15:2.) The second of the three sons of Mushi of the family of Merari appointed to the Levitical office (Jos 15:1 Chronicles Jos 23:23; Jos 24:30).

Edom

Edrei: mighty; strength. (1.) One of the Chief towns of the Kingdom of Bashan (Jos 12:4, Jos 12:5). Here Og was defeated by the Israelites, and the strength of the Amorites broken (Num 21:33-35). It subsequently belonged to Manasseh for a short time apparently, and afterwards became the abode of banditti and outlaws (Jos 13:31). It has been identified with the modern Edr’a, which stands on a rocky promontory on the south-west edge of the Lejah (the Argob of the Hebrews and Trachonitis of the Greeks). The ruins of Edr’a are the most extensive in the Hauran The 13:3 miles in circumference. A number of the Ancient houses still remain; the walls, roofs, and doors being all of Stone The wild region of which Edrei was the capital is thus described in its modern aspect: “Ele 13:20 feet above the Plain it is a labyrinth of clefts and crevasses in the Rock formed by volcanic action; and owing to its impenetrable condition, it has become a Refuge for outlaws and turbulent characters, who make it a sort of Cave of Adullam It is, in fact, an impregnable natural fortress,Abo 13:20Mil 13:15 in breadth” (Porter’s Syria etc.). ... Beneath this wonderful City there is also a subterranean City hollowed out probably as a Refuge for the population of the upper City in times of danger. (See Bashan )

(Mil 13:2.) A town of Naphtali (Jos 19:37).

Effectual

Egg: (Hebrews beytsah, “whiteness”). Eggs deserted (Isa 10:14), of a Bird (Deu 22:6), an Ostrich (Job 39:14), the Cockatrice (Isa 59:5). In Luke Isa 11:12, an Egg is contrasted with a scorpion, which is said to be very like an Egg in its appearance, so much so as to be with difficulty at times distinguished from it.In 6:6 (“the white of an egg”) the Word for Egg (hallamuth’) occurs nowhere else. It has been translated “purslain” (R.V. marg.), and the whole phrase “purslain-broth”, i.e., broth made of that Herb proverbial for its insipidity; and hence an insipid discourse. Job applies this expression to the speech of Eliphaz as being insipid and dull. But the common rendering, “the white of an egg”, may be satisfactorily maintained.

Eglah

Eglaim: two ponds, (Isa 15:8), probably En-Egl 47:10.

Eglon: the Bullock Place of heifers. (1.) Chieftain or King of one of the Moabite tribes (Jdg 3:12-14). Having entered into an Alliance with Ammon and Amalek he overran the trans-Jordanic region, and then crossing the Jordan seized on Jericho the “city of Palm trees,” which had been by this time rebuilt, but not as a fortress. He made this City his capital, and kept Israel in subjection for eighteen years. The people at length “cried unto the Lord” in their distress, and he “raised them up a deliverer” in Ehud (q.v.), the Son of Gera a Benjamite.

(Jdg 3:2.) A City in Judah near Lachish (Jos 15:39). It was destroyed by Joshua (Jos 10:5, Jos 10:6). It has been identified with Tell Nejileh, Jos 10:6 miles South of Tell Hesy or Ajlan, north-west of Lachish (See Lachish )

Egypt: the land of the Nile and the pyramids, the oldest Kingdom of which we have any record, holds a Place of great significance in Scripture

The Egyptians belonged to the white race, and their original home is still a matter of dispute. Many scholars believe that it was in Southern Arabia

and recent excavations have shown that the Valley of the Nile was originally inhabited by a low-class population, perhaps belonging to the Nigritian stock, before the Egyptians of history entered it. The Ancient Egyptian language, of which the latest form is Coptic, is distantly connected with the Semitic family of speech.

Egypt consists geographically of two halves, the northern being the Delta, and the southern Upper Egypt between Cairo and the First Cataract. ... In the Old Testament Northern or Lower Egypt is called Mazor, “the fortified land” (Isa 19:6; Isa 37:25, where the A.V. mistranslates “defence” and “besieged places”); while Southern or Upper Egypt is Pathros, the Egyptian Pa-to-Res, or “the land of the south” (Isa 11:11). But the whole country is generally mentioned under the dual name of Mizraim “the two Mazors.”

The civilization of Egypt goes back to a very remote antiquity. The two kingdoms of the North and South were united by Menes, the founder of the first historical dynasty of kings. The first six dynasties constitute what is known as the Old Empire, which had its capital at Memphis South of Cairo, called in the Old Testament Moph (Hos. Isa 9:6) and Noph The native name was Mennofer, “the good Place ”

The Pyramids were tombs of the monarchs of the Old Empire, those of Gizeh being erected in the time of the Fourth Dynasty. After the Fall of the Old Empire came a period of decline and obscurity. This was followed by the Middle Empire, the most powerful dynasty of which was the Twelfth. The Fayyum was rescued for Agriculture by the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty; and two obelisks were erected in front of the Temple of the sun-God at On or Heliopolis (near Cairo), one of which is still standing. The capital of the Middle Empire was Thebes, in Upper Egypt

The Middle Empire was overthrown by the invasion of the Hyksos, or Shepherd princes from Asia, who ruled over Egypt more especially in the North for several centuries, and of whom there were three dynasties of kings. They had their capital at Zoan or Tanis (now San), in the north-eastern part of the Delta. It was in the time of the Hyksos that Abraham Jacob and Joseph entered Egypt The Hyksos were finally expelled about B.C. Isa 9:1600, by the hereditary princes of Thebes, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty, and carried the war into Asia. Canaan and Syria were subdued, as well as Cyprus and the boundaries of the Egyptian Empire were fixed at the Euphrates The Soudan, which had been conquered by the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty, was again annexed to Egypt and the eldest Son of the Pharaoh took the title of “Prince of Cush ”

One of the later kings of the dynasty, Amenophis IV., or Khu-n-Aten, endeavoured to supplant the Ancient state religion of Egypt by a New Faith derived from Asia, which was a sort of pantheistic monotheism, the one supreme God being adored under the image of the solar disk. The attempt led to religious and civil war, and the Pharaoh retreated from Thebes to Central Egypt where he built a New capital, on the site of the present Tell-el-Amama. The cuneiform tablets that have been found there represent his foreign correspondence (about B.C. Isa 9:1400). He surrounded himself with officials and courtiers of Asiatic, and more especially Canaanitish, extraction; but the native party succeeded eventually in overthrowing the government, the capital of Khu-n-Aten was destroyed, and the foreigners were driven out of the country, those that remained being reduced to serfdom.

The national triumph was Marked by the rise of the Nineteenth Dynasty, in the founder of which, Rameses I., we must see the “new King who knew not Joseph ” His grandson, Rameses II., reigned sixty-seven years (B.C.134 9:1281), and was an indefatigable builder. As Pithom, excavated by Dr.Nav 9:1883, was one of the cities he built, he must have been the Pharaoh of the Oppression. The Pharaoh of the Exodus may have been one of his immediate successors, whose reigns were short. Under them Egypt lost its empire in Asia, and was itself attacked by barbarians from Libya and the North

The Nineteenth Dynasty soon afterwards came to an End Egypt was distracted by civil war; and for a short time a Canaanite Arisu, ruled over it.

Then came the Twentieth Dynasty, the second Pharaoh of which, Rameses III., restored the power of his country. In one of his campaigns he overran the southern part of Palestine where the Israelites had not yet settled. They must at the time have been still in the Wilderness But it was during the reign of Rameses III. that Egypt finally lost Gaza and the adjoining cities, which were seized by the Pulista, or Philistines

After Rameses III., Egypt fell into decay. Solomon married the Daughter of one of the last kings of the Twenty-first Dynasty, which was overthrown by Shishak I., the general of the Libyan mercenaries, who founded the Twenty-second Dynasty (1Ki 11:40; 1Ki 14:25, 1Ki 14:26). A list of the places he captured in Palestine is engraved on the outside of the South Wall of the Temple of Kamak.

In the time of Hezekiah, Egypt was conquered by Ethiopians from the Soudan, who constituted the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. The third of them was Tirhakah (2Ki 19:9). In B.C. 2Ki 19:674 it was conquered by the Assyrians, who divided it into twenty satrapies, and Tirhakah was driven back to his ancestral dominions. Fourteen years later it successfully revolted under Psammetichus I. of Sais, the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. Among his successors were Necho (2Ki 23:29) and Hophra or Apries (Jer 37:5, Jer 37:7, Jer 37:11). The dynasty came to an End in B.C. Jer 37:525, when the country was subjugated by Cambyses. Soon afterwards it was organized into a Persian satrapy.

The title of Pharaoh given to the Egyptian kings, is the Egyptian Per-aa, or “Great House ” which may be compared to that of “Sublime Porte.” It is found in very early Egyptian texts.

The Egyptian religion was a strange mixture of pantheism and Animal Worship the gods being adored in the form of animals. While the educated classes resolved their manifold deities into manifestations of one omnipresent and omnipotent divine power, the lower classes regarded the animals as incarnations of the gods.

Under the Old Empire, Ptah, the Creator, the God of Memphis was at the head of the Pantheon; afterwards Amon the God of Thebes, took his Place Amon like most of the other gods, was identified with Ra, the sun-God of Heliopolis.

The Egyptians believed in a Resurrection and future Life as well as in a state of rewards and punishments dependent on our conduct in this world. The Judge of the Dead was Osiris, who had been slain by Set, the representative of evil, and afterwards restored to Life His Death was avenged by his Son Horus, whom the Egyptians invoked as their “Redeemer.” Osiris and Horus, along with Isis, formed a Trinity who were regarded as representing the sun-God under different forms.

Even in the time of Abraham Egypt was a flourishing and settled monarchy. Its oldest capital, within the historic period, was Memphis the mins of which may still be seen near the Pyramids and the Sphinx. When the Old Empire of Menes came to an End the seat of empire was shifted to Thebes,Som 37:300 miles farther up the Nile. A short time after that, the Delta was conquered by the Hyksos, or Shepherd kings, who fixed their capital at Zoan the Greek Tanis now San on the Tanic Arm of the Nile. All this occurred before the time of the New King “which knew not Joseph” (Exo 1:8). In later times Egypt was conquered by the Persians (B.C. Exo 1:525), and by the Greeks under Alexander the Great (B.C. Exo 1:332), after whom the Ptolemies ruled the country for three centuries. Subsequently it was for a time a province of the Roman Empire; and at last, in A.D. Exo 1:1517, it fell into the hands of the Turks, of whose empire it still forms nominally a part. Abraham and Sarah went to Egypt in the time of the Shepherd kings. The exile of Joseph and the migration of Jacob to “the land of Goshen”Occ 1:200 years later. On the Death of Solomon Shishak King of Egypt invaded Palestine (1Ki 14:25). He Left a list of the cities he conquered.

A number of remarkable Clay tablets, discovered at Tell-el-Amama in Upper Egypt are the most important historical records ever found in connection with the Bible They most fully confirm the historical statements of the Book of Joshua and prove the antiquity of civilization in Syria and Palestine As the Clay in different parts of Palestine differs, it has been found possible by the Clay alone to decide where the tablets come from when the name of the writer is lost. The inscriptions are cuneiform, and in the Aramaic language, resembling Assyrian. The writers are Phoenicians, Amorites and Philistines but in no instance Hittites, though Hittites are mentioned. The tablets consist of official dispatches and letters, dating from B.C. 1Ki 14:1480, addressed to the two Pharaohs, Amenophis III. and IV., the last of this dynasty, from the kings and governors of Phoenicia and Palestine There occur the names of three kings killed by Joshua Adoni-zedec, King of Jerusalem Japhia King of Lachish (Jos 10:3), and Jabin King of Hazor (Jos 11:1); also the Hebrews (Abiri) are said to have come from the Desert

The principal prophecies of Scripture regarding Egypt are these,Isa 11:19; Jeremiah Isa 43:8-13; Isa 44:30; Isa 44:46;Eze 44:32; and it might be easily shown that they have all been remarkably fulfilled. For example, the singular disappearance of Noph (i.e., Memphis) is a fulfilment of Jeremiah Eze 46:19,Ezk 30:13.

Ehud: union. (1.) A descendant of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 7:10), his great-grandson.

(2.) The Son of Gera of the Tribe of Benjamin (Jdg 3:15). After the Death of Othniel the people again fell into Idolatry and Eglon the King of Moab uniting his Bands with those of the Ammonites and the Amalekites, crossed the Jordan and took the City of Jericho and for eighteen years held that whole district in subjection, exacting from it an annual Tribute At length Ehud by a stratagem, Put Eglon to Death with a two-edged dagger a Cubit long, and routed the Moabites at the fords of the JordanPut 3:10,Put 3:000 of them to Death Thenceforward the land, at least Benjamin enjoyed Rest “for fourscore years” (Jdg 3:12-30). (See Quarries [Jdg 3:2].) But in the south-west the Philistines reduced the Israelites to great straits (Jdg 5:6). From this oppression Shamgar was raised up to be their deliverer.

Ekron: firm-rooted, the most northerly of the five towns belonging to the lords of the Philistines about 11 miles North of Gath It was assigned to Judah (Jos 13:3), and afterwards to Dan (Jos 19:43), but came again into the full possession of the Philistines (1Sa 5:10). It was the last Place to which the Philistines carried the Ark before they sent it back to Israel (1Sa 5:10; 1Sa 6:1-8). There was here a noted Sanctuary of Baal-zebub (2Ki 1:2, 2Ki 1:3, 2Ki 1:6, 2Ki 1:16). Now the small village Akir. It is mentioned on monuments in B.C. 2Ki 1:702, when Sennacherib set free its King imprisoned by Hezekiah in Jerusalem according to the Assyrian record.

Elah: slope; side, a town in Benjamin where Saul and his Son Jonathan were buried (2 Samuel 21:14). It was probably Saul’s birthplace.

Elam: highland, the Son of Shem (Gen 10:22), and the name of the country inhabited by his descendants (Gen 14:1, Gen 14:9; Isaiah Gen 11:11; Gen 21:2, etc.) lying to the East of Babylonia, and extending to the shore of the Mediterranean,A D 21:1,A D 21:000 miles. The name Elam is an Assyrian Word meaning “high.”

“The inhabitants of Elam or ‘the Highlands,’ to the East of Babylon were called Elamites. They were divided into several branches, speaking different dialects of the same agglutinative language. The race to which they belonged was brachycephalic, or short-headed, like the pre-Semitic Sumerians of Babylonia.

“The earliest Elamite Kingdom seems to have been that of Anzan, the exact site of which is uncertain; but in the time of Abraham Shushan or Susa appears to have already become the capital of the country. ... Babylonia was frequently invaded by the Elamite kings, who at times asserted their supremacy over it (as in the case of Chedorlaomer the Kudur-Lagamar, or ‘servant of the goddess Lagamar,’ of the cuneiform texts).

“The later Assyrian monarchs made several campaigns against Elam and finally Assur-bani-pal (about B.C. A D 21:650) succeeded in conquering the country, which was ravaged with Fire and Sword On the Fall of the Assyrian Empire, Elam passed into the hands of the Persians” (A.H. Sayce).

This country was called by the Greeks Cissia or Susiana.

Elasah: God made. (1.) One of the descendants of Judah of the family of Hezron (1 Chronicles 2:39, “Eleasah”).

(2.) A descendant of King Saul (1 Chronicles 8:37; 9:43).

(3.) The Son of Shaphan one of the two who were sent by Zedekiah to Nebuchadnezzar and also took charge of Jeremiah’s Letter to the captives in Babylon (Jer 29:3).

Elath: grove; trees, (Deu 2:8), also in plural form Eloth (1Ki 9:26, etc.); called by the Greeks and Romans Elana; a City of Idumea, on the East i.e., the Elanitic, gulf, or the Gulf of Akabah, of the Red Sea It 2:8. It is also mentioned along with Ezion-Geb 2:1Kin 9:26. It was within the limits of Solomon’s dominion, but afterwards revolted. It was, however, recovered and held for a time under King Uzziah (2Ki 14:22). Now the ruin Aila.

El-Bethel

Eldad: whom God has loved, one of the Seventy elders whom Moses appointed (Num 11:26, Num 11:27) to administer Justice among the people. He, with Medad prophesied in the Camp instead of going with the Rest to the Tabernacle as Moses had commanded. This incident was announced to Moses by Joshua who thought their conduct in this respect irregular. Moses replied, “Enviest thou for my sake? would God that all the Lord’s people were prophets” (Num 11:24-30; comp.Mrk 9:38; Luke Mrk 9:49).

Elder

Elealeh: God has ascended, a Place in the pastoral country East of Jordan in the Tribe of Reuben (Num 32:3, Num 32:37). It is not again mentioned till the time of Isaiah (Num 15:4; Num 16:9) and Jeremiah (Num 48:34). It is now an extensive ruin called el-A’al, about one mile north-east of Heshbon

Eleazar: God has helped. (1.) The third Son of Aaron (Exo 6:23). His Wife a Daughter of Putiel, bore him Phinehas (Exo 6:25). After the Death of Nadab and Abihu (Lev 10:12;Num 3:4) he was appointed to the charge of the Sanctuary (Num 3:32). On Mount Hor he was clothed with the sacred vestments, which Moses took from off his Brother Aaron and Put upon him as successor to his Father in the High priest’s office, which he held for more than twenty years (Num 20:25-29). He took part with Moses in Numbering the people (Num 26:3, Num 26:4), and assisted at the inauguration of Joshua He assisted in the distribution of the land after the conquest (Jos 14:1). ... The high-priesthood remained in his family till the time of Eli into whose family it passed, till it was restored to the family of Eleazar in the person of Zadok (1Sa 2:35; comp.1Ki 2:27). “And Eleazar the Son of Aaron died; and they buried him in a Hill that pertained to Phinehas his son” (Jos 24:33). The Word here rendered “hill” is Gibeah, the name of several towns in Palestine which were generally on or near a Hill The words may be more suitably rendered, “They buried him in Gibeah of Phinehas”, i.e., in the City of Phinehas which has been identified, in accordance with Jewish and Samaritan traditions, with Kefr Ghuweirah=‘Awertah,Abo 24:7 miles North of Shiloh and a few miles south-east of Nablus. “His tomb is still shown there, overshadowed by venerable terebinths.” Others, however, have identified it with the village of Gaba or Gebena of Eusebius, the modern Khurbet Jibia, Abo 24:5 miles North of Guphna towards Nablus.

(Abo 24:2.) An inhabitant of Kirjath-jearim who was “sanctified” to take charge of the Ark although not allowed to touch it, while it remained in the House of his Father Abinadab (1Sa 7:1, 1Sa 7:2; comp.Num 3:31; Num 4:15).

(Num 4:3.) The Son of Dodo the Ahohite of the Tribe of Benjamin one of the three most eminent of David’s thirty-seven heroes (1Ch 11:12) who broke through the Philistine Host and brought him Water from the well of Bethlehem (2Sa 23:9, 2Sa 23:16).

(2Sa 23:4.) A Son of Phinehas associated with the priests in taking charge of the sacred vessels brought back to Jerusalem after the Exile (Ezr 8:33).

(Ezr 8:5.) A Levite of the family of Merari (1Ch 23:21, 1Ch 23:22).

Election: OF Grace The Scripture speaks (1) of the Election of individuals to office or to honour and privilege, e.g., Abraham Jacob Saul David Solomon were all Chosen by God for the positions they held; so also were the apostles. (2) There is also an Election of nations to special privileges, e.g., the Hebrews (Deu 7:6; Romans Deu 9:4). (Deu 9:3) But in addition there is an Election of individuals to Eternal Life (Deu 9:2 Thessalonians Deu 2:13; Ephesians Deu 1:4; Deu 1:1 Peter Deu 1:2; John Deu 13:18).

The Ground of this Election to Salvation is the good pleasure of God (Eph 1:5, Eph 1:11; Matthew Eph 11:25, Eph 11:26; John Eph 15:16, Eph 15:19). ... God claims the right so to do (Rom 9:16, Rom 9:21).

It is not conditioned on Faith or Repentance but is of soverign Grace (Rom 9:1 Rom 1:4-6; Ephesians Rom 1:3-6). All that pertain to Salvation the means (Eph 2:8; Eph 2:2 Thessalonians Eph 2:13) as well as the End are of God (Act 5:31; Act 5:2 Timothy Act 2:25;1Co 1:30; Ephesians 1Co 2:5, 1Co 2:10). Faith and Repentance and all other graces are the exercises of a regenerated soul; and Regeneration is God’s work, a “new Creature ”

Men are elected “to Salvation ” “to the Adoption of sons,” “to be Holy and without blame before him in love” (1Co 2:2 Thessalonians 1Co 2:13; Galatians 1Co 4:4, 1Co 4:5; Ephesians 1Co 1:4). The ultimate End of Election is the praise of God’s Grace (Eph 1:6, Eph 1:12). (See Predestination )

Elect: LADY to whom the Second Epistle of John is addressed (2Jn 1:1). Some think that the Word rendered “lady” is a proper name, and thus that the expression should be “elect Kyria.”

EL-ELOHE-

Isreal: mighty one; God of Israel the name which Jacob gave to the alter which he erected on the piece of land where he pitched his Tent before Shechem and which he afterwards purchased from the sons of Hamor (Gen 33:20).

Elephant: not found in Scripture except indirectly in the original Greek Word (elephantinos) translated “of ivory” in Revelation 18:12, and in the Hebrew Word (shenhabim, meaning “elephant’s tooth”) rendered “ivory”In 18:1Kin 10:22And 10:2 Chronicles And 9:21.

Elhanan: whom God has graciously bestowed. (1.) A warrior of the time of David famed for his exploits. In the Authorized Version (2 Samuel 21:19) it is recorded that “Elhanan the Son of Jaare-oregim, a Bethlehemite, slew the Brother of Goliath ” The Revised Version here rightly omits the words “the Brother of.” They were introduced in the Authorized Version to bring this PassageInt 21:1 Chronicles Int 20:5, where it is said that he “slew Lahmi the Brother of Goliath ” Goliath the Gittite was killed by David (Int 20:1 Samuel Int 20:17). The exploit of Elhanan took Place late in David’s reign.

(Int 20:2.) The Son of Dodo and one of David’s warriors (Int 20:2 Samuel Int 23:24).

Eli

Eliab: to whom God is Father (1.) A Reubenite, Son of Pallu (Num 16:1, Num 16:12; Num 26:8, Num 26:9;Deu 11:6).

(Deu 11:2.) A Son of Helon and Chief of the Tribe of Zebulun at the time of the Census in the Wilderness (Num 1:9; Num 2:7).

(Num 2:3.) The Son of Jesse and Brother of David (1Sa 16:6). It was he who spoke contemptuously to David when he proposed to fight Goliath (1Sa 17:28).

(1Sa 17:4.) One of the Gadite heroes who joined David in his stronghold in the Wilderness (1Ch 12:9).

Eliada: whom God cares for. (1.) One of David’s sons Born after his establishment in Jerusalem (2Sa 5:16).

(2Sa 5:2.) A mighty Man of war, a Benjamite (2Ch 17:17).

(2Ch 17:3.) An Aramite of Zobah Captain of a marauding band that troubled Solomon (1Ki 11:23).

Eliakim: whom God Will raise up. (1.) The Son of Melea (Luk 3:30), and probably grandson of Nathan

(Luk 3:2.) The Son of Abiud, of the posterity of Zerubbabel (Mat 1:13).

(Mat 1:3.) The Son of Hilkiah, who was sent to receive the message of the invading Assyrians and report it to Isaiah (2Ki 18:18; 2Ki 19:2;Isa 36:3; Isa 37:2). In his office as Governor of the Palace of Hezekiah he succeeded Shebna (Isa 22:15-25). He was a good Man (Isa 22:20;2Ki 18:37), and had a splendid and honourable career.

(2Ki 18:4.) The original name of Jehoiakim, King of Judah (2Ki 23:34). He was the Son of Josiah

Eliam: God’s people. (1.) The Father of Bathsheba, the Wife of Uriah (2Sa 11:3).In 11:1 Chronicles In 3:5 his name is Ammiel.

(In 3:2.) This name also occurs as that of a Gilonite, the Son of Ahithophel and one of David’s thirty warriors (2Sa 23:34). perhaps these two were the same person.

Elias: the Greek form of Elijah (Mat 11:14; Mat 16:14, etc.), which the Revised Version has uniformly adopted in the New Testament (See Elijah )

Eliashib: whom God Will restore. (1.) A Priest head of one of the Courses of the priests of the time of David (1 Chronicles 24:12).

(2.) A High Priest in the time of Ezra and Nehemiah (Neh 12:22, Neh 12:23). He rebuilt the eastern City Wall (Neh 3:1), his own mansion being in that quarter, on the ridge Ophel (Neh 3:20, Neh 3:21). His indulgence of Tobiah the Ammonite provoked the indignation of Nehemiah (Neh 13:4, Neh 13:7).

Eliathah: to whom God Will come, one of the foureen sons of the Levite Heman and Musician of the Temple in the time of David (1 Chronicles 25:4).

Elidad: whom God has loved, Son of Chislon, and Chief of the Tribe of Benjamin one of those who were appointed to divide the Promised Land among the tribes (Num 34:21).

Eliel: to whom God is might. (1.) A Chief of Manasseh on the East of Jordan (1 Chronicles 5:24).

(2.) A Gadite who joined David in the hold at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:11).

(3.) One of the overseers of the offerings in the reign of Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 31:13).

Eliezer: God his help. (1.) “Of Damascus ” the “steward” (R.V., “possessor”) of Abraham’s House (Gen 15:2, Gen 15:3). It was probably he who headed the embassy sent by Abraham to the Old home of his family in Padan-aram to seek a Wife for his Son Isaac The account of this embassy is given at length in Genesis Gen 15:24.

(Gen 15:2.) The Son of Becher and grandson of Benjamin (Gen 15:1 Chronicles Gen 7:8).

(Gen 7:3.) One of the two sons of Moses Born during his sojourn in Midian (Exo 18:4; Exo 18:1 Chronicles Exo 23:15, Exo 23:17). He remained with his mother and Brother Gershom with Jethro when Moses returned to Egypt (Exo 18:4). ... They were restored to Moses when Jethro heard of his departure out of Egypt

(Exo 18:4.) One of the priests who blew the trumpet before the Ark when it was brought to Jerusalem (Exo 18:1 Chronicles Exo 15:24).

(Exo 15:5.) Son of Zichri, and Chief of the Reubenites under David (Exo 15:1 Chronicles Exo 27:16).

(Exo 27:6.) A Prophet in the time of Jehoshaphat (Exo 27:2 Chronicles Exo 20:37). Others of this name are mentioned Luke Exo 3:29;Ezr 8:16; Ezr 10:18, Ezr 10:23, Ezr 10:31.

Elihu: whose God is he. (1.) “The Son of Barachel a Buzite” (Job 32:2), one of Job’s friends. When the debate between Job and his friends is brought to a close, Elihu for the first time makes his appearance, and delivers his opinion on the points at issue (Job 32:37).

(Job 32:2.) The Son of Tohu, and grandfather of Elkanah (Job 32:1 Samuel Job 1:1). He is called also Eliel (Job 1:1 Chronicles Job 6:34) and Eliab (Job 6:27).

(Job 6:3.) One of the captains of thousands of Manasseh who joined David at Ziklag (Job 6:1 Chronicles Job 12:20).

(Job 12:4.) One of the family of Obed-edom, who were appointed porters of the Temple under David (Job 12:1 Chronicles Job 26:7).

Elijah: whose God is Jehovah (1.) “The Tishbite ” the “Elias” of the New Testament is suddenly introduced to our notice in 1Kin 17:1 as delivering a message from the Lord to Ahab There is mention made of a town called Thisbe, South of Kadesh but it is impossible to say whether this was the Place referred to in the name given to the Prophet

Having delivered his message to Ahab he retired at the command of God to a hiding-place by the brook Cherith Beyond Jordan where he was fed by ravens. When the brook dried up God sent him to the widow of Zarephath a City of Zidon, from whose scanty store he was supported for the space of two years. During this period the widow’s Son died, and was restored to Life by Elijah (1Ki 17:2-24). ...

During all these two years a Famine prevailed in the land. At the close of this period of retirement and of preparation for his work (comp. Galatians 1Ki 1:17, 1Ki 1:18) Elijah met Obadiah one of Ahab’s officers, whom he had sent out to seek for pasturage for the Cattle and bade him go and tell his master that Elijah was there. The King came and met Elijah and reproached him as the troubler of Israel It was then proposed that sacrifices should be publicly offered, for the purpose of determining whether Baal or Jehovah were the true God This was done on Carmel with the result that the people fell on their faces, crying, “The Lord he is the God ” Thus was accomplished the great work of Elijah’s ministry. The prophets of Baal were then Put to Death by the order of Elijah Not one of them escaped. Then immediately followed rain, according to the Word of Elijah and in answer to his Prayer (Jas 5:18).

Jezebel, enraged at the fate that had befallen her priests of Baal threatened to Put Elijah to Death (1Ki 19:1-13). He therefore fled in Alarm to Beersheba and thence went alone a day’s Journey into the Wilderness and sat down in despondency under a Juniper Tree As he slept an Angel touched him, and said unto him, “Arise and eat; because the Journey is too great for thee.” He arose and found a Cake and a cruse of Water Having partaken of the provision thus miraculously supplied, he went forward on his solitary way for forty days and forty nights to Horeb the Mount of God where he took up his abode in a Cave Here the Lord appeared unto him and said, “What dost thou here, Elijah?” In answer to his despondent words God manifests to him his Glory and then directs him to return to Damascus and Anoint Hazael King over Syria and Jehu King over Israel and Elisha to be Prophet in his room (1Ki 19:13-21; comp.2Ki 8:7-15; 2Ki 9:1-10).

Some six years after this he warned Ahab and Jezebel of the violent deaths they would die (1Ki 21:19-24; 1Ki 22:38). He also, four years afterwards, warned Ahaziah (q.v.), who had succeeded his Father Ahab of his approaching Death (2Ki 1:1-16). (See Naboth ) During these intervals he probably withdrew to some quiet retirement, no one knew where. His interview with Ahaziah’ s messengers on the way to Ekron and the account of the Destruction of his captains with their fifties, suggest the idea that he may have been in retirement at this time on Mount Carmel

The time now drew near when he was to be taken up into Heaven (2Ki 2:1-12). He had a presentiment of what was awaiting him. He went down to Gilgal where was a school of the prophets, and where his successor Elisha, whom he had anointed some years before, resided. Elisha was solemnized by the thought of his master’s leaving him, and refused to be parted from him. “They two went on,” and came to Bethel and Jericho and crossed the Jordan the waters of which were “divided hither and thither” when smitten with Elijah’s Mantle Arrived at the borders of Gilead, which Elijah had Left many years before, it “came to pass as they still went on and talked” they were suddenly separated by a Chariot and horses of Fire and “Elijah went up by a whirlwind into Heaven “Elisha receiving his Mantle which fell from him as he ascended.

No one of the Old prophets is so frequently referred to in the New Testament The priests and Levites said to the Baptist (Jhn 1:25), “Why baptizest thou, if thou be not that Christ nor Elias?” Paul (Rom 1:1 Rom 1:2) refers to an incident in his history to illustrate his argument that God had not cast away his people. James (Rom 5:17) finds in him an illustration of the power of Prayer (See also Luke Rom 4:25; Rom 9:54.) He was a type of John the Baptist in the sternness and power of his reproofs (Luk 9:8). He was the Elijah that “must first come” (Mat 11:11, Mat 11:14), the Forerunner of our Lord announced by Malachi Even outwardly the Baptist corresponded so closely to the earlier Prophet that he might be styled a second Elijah In him we see “the same connection with a wild and Wilderness country; the same long retirement in the Desert the same sudden, startling entrance on his work (1Ki 17:1; Luke 1Ki 3:2); even the same Dress a hairy garment, and a leathern Girdle about the loins (2Ki 1:8; Matthew 2Ki 3:4).”

How Deep the impression was which Elijah made “on the mind of the nation may be judged from the fixed belief, which rested on the words of Malachi (2Ki 4:5, 2Ki 4:6), which many centuries after prevailed that he would again appear for the relief and restoration of the country. Each remarkable person as he arrives on the scene, be his habits and characteristics what they may, the stern John equally with his gentle Successor, is proclaimed to be Elijah (Mat 11:13, Mat 11:14; Mat 16:14; Mat 17:10;Mrk 9:11; Mrk 15:35; Luke Mrk 9:7, Mrk 9:8;Jhn 1:21). His appearance in Glory on the Mount of Transfiguration does not seem to have startled the disciples. They were ‘sore afraid,’ but not apparently surprised.”

(Jhn 1:2.) The ElijahSpo 1:2 Chronicles Spo 21:12-15 is by some supposed to be a different person from the foregoing. He lived in the time of Jehoram to whom he sent a Letter of warning (comp. Spo 21:1 Chronicles Spo 28:19; Jeremiah Spo 28:36), and acted as a Prophet in Judah while the Tishbite was a Prophet of the northern Kingdom But there does not seem any necessity for concluding that the writer of this Letter was some other Elijah than the Tishbite It may be supposed either that Elijah anticipated the character of Jehoram and so wrote the warning message, which was preserved in the Schools of the prophets till Jehoram ascended the Throne after the Tishbite’ s translation, or that the translation did not actually take Place till after the accession of Jehoram to the Throne (Spo 28:2 Chronicles Spo 21:12;2Ki 8:16).The 8:2Kin 8:2 may not be recorded in chronological order, and thus there may be room for the opinion that Elijah was still alive in the beginning of Jehoram’ s reign.

Elika: God is his rejector, one of David’s thirty-seven distinguished heros (2 Samuel 23:25).

Elim: trees, (Exo 15:27;Num 33:9), the name of the second station where the Israelites encamped after crossing the Red Sea It had twelve wells of Water and threescore and ten Palm trees.” It has been identified with the Wady Ghurundel, the most noted of the four wadies which descend from the range of et-Tih towards the Sea Here they probably remained some considerable time. The form of expression in Exodus Num 16:1 seems to imply that the people proceeded in detachments or companies from Elim and only for the first time were assembled as a complete Host when they reached the Wilderness of Sin (q.v.).

Elimelech: God his King a Man of the Tribe of Judah of the family of the Hezronites, and Kinsman of Boaz who dwelt in Bethlehem in the days of the Judges In consequence of a great Dearth he, with his Wife Naomi and his two sons, went to Dwell in the land of Moab There he and his sons died (Rut 1:2,Rut 1:3; Rut 2:1,Rut 2:3; Rut 4:3,Rut 4:9). Naomi afterwards returned to Palestine with her Daughter Ruth

Elioenai: toward Jehovah are my eyes, the name of several men mentioned in the Old Testament (1 Chronicles 7:8; 4:36;Ezr 10:22, Ezr 10:27). Among these was the eldest Son of Neariah, Son of Shemaiah of the descendants of Zerubbabel His family are the latest mentioned in the Old Testament (Ezr 10:1 Chronicles Ezr 3:23, Ezr 3:24).

Eliphalet: God his deliverance, one of David’s sons (2Sa 5:16); called also Eliphelet (2Sa 5:1 Chronicles 2Sa 3:8).

Eliphaz: God his strength. (1.) One of Job’s “three friends” who visited him in his affliction (4:1). He was a “Temanite”, i.e., a native of Teman in Idumea. He first enters into debate with Job His language is uniformly more delicate and gentle than that of the other two, although he imputes to Job special sins as the cause of his present sufferings. He states with remarkable force of language the infinite purity and majesty of God (4:12-21; 15:12-16).

(2.) The Son of Esau by his Wife Adah and Father of several Edomitish tribes (Gen 36:4, Gen 36:10, Gen 36:11, Gen 36:16).

Elipheleh: God Will distinguish him, one of the porters appointed to play “on the Sheminith” on the occasion of the bringing up of the Ark to the City of David (1Ch 15:18, 1Ch 15:21).

Eliphelet: God his deliverance. (1.) One of David’s distinguished warriors (2 Samuel 23:34);Cal 23:1 Chronicles Cal 11:35.

(Cal 11:2.) One of the sons of David Born at Jerusalem (Cal 11:1 Chronicles Cal 3:6; Cal 14:5);Cal 14:1 Chronicles Cal 14:5. Also another of David’s sons (Cal 14:1 Chronicles Cal 3:8); called EliphaletIn 3:2 Samuel In 5:16; In 5:1 Chronicles In 14:7.

(In 14:3.) A descendant of King Saul through Jonathan (In 14:1 Chronicles In 8:39).

Elisabeth: God her Oath the mother of John the Baptist (Luk 1:5). She was a descendant of Aaron She and her Husband Zacharias (q.v.) “were both righteous before God” (Luk 1:5, Luk 1:13). Mary’s visit to ElisabethIs 1:39-63.

Elisha

Elishah: the oldest of the four sons of Javan (Gen 10:4), whose descendants peopled Greece It has been supposed that Elishah’s descendants peopled the Peloponnesus, which was known by the name of Elis. This may be meant by “the isles of Elishah” (Ezk 27:7).

Elishama: whom God hears. (1.) A Prince of Benjamin grandfather of Joshua (Num 1:10; Num 1:1 Chronicles Num 7:26). (Num 7:2.) One of David’s sons (2Sa 5:16). (2Sa 5:3.) Another of David’s sons (2Sa 5:1 Chronicles 2Sa 3:6). (2Sa 3:4.) A Priest sent by Jehoshaphat to teach the people the Law (2Sa 3:2 Chronicles 2Sa 17:8).

Elishaphat: whom God has judged, one of the “captains of hundreds” associated with Jehoiada in the League to overthrow the usurpation of Athaliah (2 Chronicles 23:1).

Elisheba: God is her Oath the Daughter of Amminadab and the Wife of Aaron (Exo 6:23).

Eli: SHU A God his Salvation a Son of David 2 Samuel 5:15 = Elishama 1 Chronicles 3:6.

Elkanah: God-created. (1.) The second Son of Korah (Exo 6:24), or,Acc 6:1 Chronicles Acc 6:22, Acc 6:23, more correctly his grandson.

(Acc 6:2.) Another Levite of the line of Heman the singer, although he does not seem to have performed any of the usual Levitical offices. He was Father of Samuel the Prophet (Acc 6:1 Chronicles Acc 6:27, Acc 6:34). He was “an Ephrathite” (Acc 6:1 Samuel Acc 1:1, Acc 1:4, Acc 1:8), but lived at Ramah, a Man of wealth and High position. He had two wives, Hannah who was the mother of Samuel and Peninnah.

Elkosh: God my Bow the birth-place of Nahum the Prophet (Nah. 1:1). It was probably situated in Galilee, but nothing definite is known of it.

Ell: AS A R the oak or Heap of Assyria a territory in Asia of which Arioch was King (Gen 14:1, Gen 14:9). It is supposed that the Old Chaldean town of Larsa was the metropolis of this Kingdom situated nearly half-way between Ur (now Mugheir) and Erech on the Left bank of the Euphrates This town is represented by the mounds of Senkereh, a little to the East of Erech

ELMHos

Elnathan: whom God has given. (1.) An inhabitant of Jerusalem the Father of Nehushta who was the mother of King Jehoiachin (2Ki 24:8). Probably the same who tried to prevent Jehoiakim from burning the roll of Jeremiah’s prophecies (Jer 26:22; Jer 36:12). (Jer 36:2.)Ezr 8:16.

Elon: oak. (1.) A City of Dan (Jos 19:43). (Jos 19:2.) A Hittite, Father of Bashemath Esau’s Wife (Gen 26:34). (Gen 26:3.) One of the sons of Zebulun (Gen 46:14). (Gen 46:4.) The eleventh of the Hebrew Judges He held office for ten years (Jdg 12:11, Jdg 12:12). He is called the Zebulonite.

Elparan: oak of Paran a Place on the edge of the Wilderness bordering the territory of the Horites (Gen 14:6). This was the farthest point to which Chedorlaomer’s expedition extended. It is identified with the modern Desert of et-Tih. (See Paran )

Eltekeh: God is its Fear a City in the Tribe of Daniel It was a City of Refuge and a Levitical City (Jos 21:23). It has been identified with Beit-Likia, north-east of latrum.

Elul: (Neh 6:15), the name of the sixth Month of the ecclesiastical Year and the twelfth of the civil Year It began with the New moon of our August and September, and consisted of twenty-nine days.

Elymas: magician or Sorcerer the Arabic name of the Jew Bar-Jesus, who withstood Paul and Barnabas in Cyprus He was miraculously struck with blindness (Act 13:11).

Embalming: the process of preserving a body by means of aromatics (Gen 50:2, Gen 50:3, Gen 50:26). This art was practised by the Egyptians from the earliest times, and there brought to great perfection. This Custom probably originated in the belief in the future reunion of the soul with the body. The process became more and more complicated, and to such perfection was it carried that bodies embalmed thousands of years ago are preserved to the present Day in the numberless mummies that have been discovered in Egypt

The Embalming of Jacob and Joseph was according to the Egyptian Custom which was partially followed by the Jews (2Ch 16:14), as in the case of King Asa and of our Lord (Jhn 19:39, Jhn 19:40;Luk 23:56; Luk 24:1). (See Pharaoh )

Embroider: The art of embroidery was known to the Jews (Exo 26:36; Exo 35:35; Exo 38:23;Jdg 5:30;Psa 45:14). The skill of the women in this art was seen in the preparation of the sacerdotal robes of the High Priest (Exo 45:28). It seems that the art became hereditary in certain families (Exo 45:1 Chronicles Exo 4:21). The Assyrians were also noted for their embroidered robes (Ezk 27:24).

Emerald: Hebrews nophek (Exo 28:18; Exo 39:11); i.e., the “glowing stone”, probably the Carbuncle a precious Stone in the Breastplate of the High Priest It is mentioned (Rev 21:19) as one of the foundations of the New Jerusalem The name given to this Stone in the New Testament Greek is smaragdos, which means “live Coal ”

Emerod: See Haemorrhoids

Emims: terrors, a warlike Tribe of Giants who were defeated by Chedorlaomer and his allies in the Plain of Kiriathaim In the time of Abraham they occupied the country East of Jordan afterwards the land of the Moabites (Gen 14:5;Deu 2:10). They were, like the Anakim reckoned among the Rephaim and were conquered by the Moabites, who gave them the name of Emims i.e., “terrible men” (Deu 2:11). The Ammonites called them Zamzummims (Deu 2:20).

Emmanuel: God with us, Matthew 1:23). (See Immanuel )

Emmaus: hot baths, a village “three-score furlongs” from Jerusalem where our Lord had an interview with two of his disciples on the Day of his Resurrection (Luk 24:13). This has been identified with the modern el-Kubeibeh,Lyi 24:7 miles north-west of Jerusalem This name, el-Kubeibeh, meaning “little dome,” is derived from the remains of the Crusaders’ Church yet to be found there. Others have identified it with the modern Khurbet Khamasa i.e., “the ruins of Khamasa”,Abo 24:8 miles south-west of Jerusalem where there are ruins also of a Crusaders’ Church Its site, however has been much disputed.

Emmor: an Ass Acts 7:16. (See Hamor )

Encamp: An encampment was the resting-place for a longer or shorter period of an Army or company of travellers (Exo 13:20; Exo 14:19;Jos 10:5; Jos 11:5).

The 11:2And 11:3. The order of the encampment (see CAMP) was preserved in the march (Num 2:17), the signal for which was the blast of two Silver Trumpets Detailed regulations affecting the Camp for sanitary purposes are given (Lev 4:11, Lev 4:12; Lev 6:11; Lev 8:17; Lev 10:4, Lev 10:5; Lev 13:46; Lev 14:3;Num 12:14, Num 12:15; Num 31:19;Deu 23:10, Deu 23:12).

Criminals were executed without the Camp (Lev 4:12; comp.Jhn 19:17, Jhn 19:20), and there also the young Bullock for a sin-offering was Burnt (Lev 24:14; comp.Heb 13:12). ...

In the subsequent history of Israel frequent mention is made of their encampments in the time of war (Jdg 7:18;1Sa 13:2, 1Sa 13:3, 1Sa 13:16, 1Sa 13:23; 1Sa 17:3; 1Sa 29:1; 1Sa 30:9, 1Sa 30:24). The Temple was sometimes called “the Camp of the Lord” (2Ch 31:2, R.V.; comp.Psa 78:28). The multitudes who flocked to David are styled “a great Host (i.e., “camp;” Hebrews mahaneh), like the Host of God” (1Ch 12:22).

Enchantments: (1.) The rendering of Hebrew latim or lehatim , which means “something covered,” “muffled up;” secret arts, tricks (Exo 7:11, Exo 7:22; Exo 8:7, Exo 8:18), by which the Egyptian Magicians imposed on the credulity of Pharaoh

(Exo 8:2.) The rendering of the Hebrew keshaphim , “muttered spells” or “incantations,” rendered “sorceries” in Isaiah Exo 47:9, Exo 47:12, i.e., the using of certain formulae under the belief that men could thus be bound.

(Exo 47:3.) Hebrew lehashim, “charming,” as of serpents (Jer 8:17; comp.Psa 58:5).

(Psa 58:4.) Hebrew nehashim, the Enchantments or omens used by Balaam (Num 24:1); his endeavouring to gain omens favourable to his design.

(Num 24:5.) Hebrew Heber (Isa 47:9, Isa 47:12), “magical spells.” All ki nds of Enchantments were condemned by the Mosaic Law (Lev 19:26;Deu 18:10-12). (See Divination )

End: in Hebrews 13:7, is the rendering of the unusual Greek Word ekbasin, meaning “outcome”, i.e., DeathIt 13:1Cor 10:13, where it is rendered “escape.”

Endor: fountain of Dor i.e., “of the age”, a Place in the territory of Issachar (Jos 17:11) near the scene of the great victory which was gained by Deborah and Barak over Sisera and Jabin (comp.Psa 83:9, Psa 83:10). To Endor Saul resorted to consult one reputed to be a witch on the Eve of his last engagement with the Philistines (1Sa 28:7). It is identified with the modem village of Endur, “a dirty hamlet of some twenty houses, or rather huts, most of them falling to ruin,” on the northern slope of Little Hermon Abo 28:7 miles from Jezreel

EN-

Eglaem: fountain of two calves,A P 47:10. Somewhere near the Dead Sea

EN-

Gannim: fountain of Gardens (1.) A town in the plains of Judah (Jos 15:34), north-west of Jerusalem between Zanoah and Tappuah It is the modern Umm Jina.

(Jos 15:2.) A City on the border of Machar (Jos 19:21), allotted to the Gershonite Levites (Jos 21:29). It is identified with the modern Jenin,A L 21:4,A L 21:000 inhabitants,Sit 21:15 miles South of Mount Tabor through which the Road from Jezreel to Samaria and Jerusalem passes. When Ahaziah King of Judah attempted to escape from Jehu he “fled by the way of the garden house” i.e., by way of En-gannim. Here he was overtaken by Jehu and wounded in his Chariot and turned aside and fled to MegiddoA D 21:20 miles, to die there.

Engedi: fountain of the kid, Place in the Wilderness of Judah (Jos 15:62), on the western shore of the Dead Sea (Ezk 47:10), and nearly equidistant from both extremities. To the Wilderness near this town David fled for Fear of Saul (Jos 15:62; Jos 15:1 Samuel Jos 23:29). It was at first called Hazezon-tamar (Gen 14:7), a City of the Amorites

The vineyards of Engedi were celebrated in Solomon’s time (Cant. Gen 1:4). It is the modern ‘Ain Jidy. The “fountain”Fro 1:600 feet above the Sea and in its rapid descent spreads luxuriance all around it. Along its banks the osher grows abundantly. That shrub is thus described by Porter “The stem is stout, measuring sometimes nearly a foot in diameter,And 1:15 feet or more. ... It has a grayish bark and long oval leaves, which when broken off discharge a milky fluid. The Fruit resembles an Apple and hangs in clusters of two or three. When ripe it is of a rich yellow Colour but on being pressed it explodes like a puff-ball. It is chiefly filled with air. ..This is the so-called ‘apple of Sodom ’” Through Samaria etc. (See Apple )

Engines: (1.) Hebrews hishalon i.e., “invention” (As 7:29) contrivances indicating ingenuity.In 7:2Chr 26:15 it refers to inventions for the purpose of propelling missiles from the walls of a town, such as Stones (the Roman balista) and Arrows (the catapulta).

(Chr 26:2.) Hebrews mechi kobollo, i.e., the beating of that which is in front a battering-ram (Ezk 26:9), the use of which was common among the Egyptians and the Assyrians. Such an engine is mentioned in the reign of David (2Sa 20:15).

Engraver: Hebrews harash (Exo 35:35; Exo 38:23) means properly an Artificer in Wood Stone or metal. The Chief business of the Engraver was Cutting names or devices on rings and seals and signets (Exo 28:11, Exo 28:21, Exo 28:36; Genesis Exo 38:18).

EN-

Hakkore: fountain of the crier, the name of the Spring in Lehi which burst forth in answer to Samson’s Prayer when he was exhausted with the slaughter of the Philistines (Jdg 15:19). It has been identified with the Spring ‘Ayun Kara, near Zoreah.

Enmity: deep-rooted Hatred “I Will Put Enmity between thee and the Woman between thy seed and her seed” (Gen 3:15). The friendship of the world is “enmity with God” (Jas 4:4; Jas 4:1 John Jas 2:15, Jas 2:16). The “carnal mind” is “enmity against God” (Rom 8:7). By the abrogation of the Mosaic institutes the “enmity” between Jew and Gentile is removed. They are reconciled, are “made one” (Eph 2:15, Eph 2:16).

Enoch: initiated. (1.) The eldest Son of Cain (Gen 4:17), who built a City East of Eden in the land of Nod, and called it “after the name of his Son Enoch ” This is the first “city” mentioned in Scripture

(Gen 4:2.) The Son of Jared and Father of Methuselah (Gen 5:21;Luk 3:37). His Father was one hundred and sixty-two years Old when he was Born After the Birth of Methuselah Enoch “walked with God three hundred years” (Gen 5:22-24), when he was translated without tasting Death

His whole Life on earth was three hundred and sixty-five years. He was the “seventh from Adam” (Jud 1:14), as distinguished from the Son of Cain, the third from Adam He is spoken of in the catalogue of Old Testament worthies in the Epistle to the Hebrews (Jud 11:5). When he was translated, only Adam so far as recorded, had as yet died a natural Death and Noah was not yet Born Mention is made of Enoch’S P 1:14.

Enos: man the Son of Seth and grandson of Adam (Gen 5:6-11;Luk 3:38). He lived nine hundred and five years. In his time “men began to Call upon the name of the Lord” (Gen 4:26), meaning either (Gen 4:1) then began men to Call themselves by the name of the Lord (marg.) i.e., to distinguish themselves thereby from idolaters; or (Gen 4:2) then men in some public and Earnest way began to Call upon the Lord indicating a time of spiritual revival.

EN-

Rogel: fountain of the treaders; i.e., “foot-fountain;” also called the “fullers’ Fountain ” because fullers here trod the clothes in Water It has been identified with the “fountain of the virgin” (q.v.), the modern ‘Ain Ummel-Daraj. Others identify it, with perhaps some probability, with the Bir Eyub, to the South of the Pool of Siloam, and below the junction of the valleys of Kidron and Hinnom. (See LOUNTAIN.)

It was at this Fountain that Jonathan and Ahimaaz lay hid after the flight of David (2 Samuel 17:17); and here also Adonijah held the Feast when he aspired to the Throne of his Father (1Ki 1:9).

The Bir Eyub, or “Joab’s well,” “is a singular work of Ancient enterprise. The shaft sunk through the solid Rock in the BedOf 1:125 feet Deep The Water is pure and entirely sweet, quite different from that of Siloam; which proves that there is no connection between them.” Thomson’s Land and the Book.

EN-

Ensign: (1.) Hebrews ‘oth, a military standard, especially of a single Tribe (Num 2:2). Each separate Tribe had its own “sign” or “ensign.”

(Num 2:2.) Hebrews nes, a lofty signal, as a column or High pole (Num 21:8, Num 21:9); a standard or signal or Flag placed on High mountains to point out to the people a Place of rendezvous on the irruption of an enemy (Isa 5:26; Isa 11:12; Isa 18:3; Isa 62:10;Jer 4:6, Jer 4:21;Psa 60:4). This was an occasional signal, and not a military standard. Elevation and conspicuity are implied in the Word

(Psa 60:3.) The Hebrew Word degel denotes the standard given to each of the four divisions of the Host of the Israelites at the Exodus (Num 1:52; Num 2:2; Num 10:14). In Cant. Num 2:4 it is rendered “banner.” We have no definite information as to the nature of these military standards. (See Banner )

Entertain: Entertainments, “feasts,” were sometimes connected with a public festival (Deu 16:11, Deu 16:14), and accompanied by offerings (Deu 16:1 Samuel Deu 9:13), in token of alliances (Gen 26:30); sometimes in connection with domestic or social events, as at the weaning of children (Gen 21:8), at weddings (Gen 29:22; John Gen 2:1), on birth-days (Mat 14:6), at the time of sheep-shearing (Mat 14:2 Samuel Mat 13:23), and of vintage (Jdg 9:27), and at funerals (Jdg 9:2 Samuel Jdg 3:35; Jeremiah Jdg 16:7).

The guests were invited by servants (Pro 9:3; Matthew Pro 22:3), who assigned them their respective places (Pro 22:1 Samuel Pro 9:22; Luke Pro 14:8; Mark Pro 12:39). ... Like portions were sent by the master to each guest (Pro 12:1 Samuel Pro 1:4; Pro 1:2 Samuel Pro 6:19), except when special honour was intended, when the portion was increased (Gen 43:34).

The Israelites were forbidden to attend heathenish sacrificial entertainments (Exo 34:15), because these were in honour of false gods, and because at such Feast they would be liable to partake of unclean Flesh (1Co 10:28).

In the entertainments common in apostolic times among the Gentiles were frequent “revellings,” against which Christians were warned (Rom 13:13; Galatians Rom 5:21; Rom 5:1 Peter Rom 4:3). (See Banquet )

Epaenetus: commendable, a Christian at Rome to whom Paul sent his Salutation (Rom 16:5). He is spoken of as “the first Fruits of Achaia” (R.V., “of Asia”, i.e., of proconsular Asia, which is probably the correct reading). As being the first convert in that region, he was peculiarly dear to the Apostle He calls him his “well beloved.”

Epaphras: lovely, spoken of by Paul (Col 1:7; Col 4:12) as “his dear fellow-servant,” and “a Faithful Minister of Christ ” He was thus evidently with him at Rome when he wrote to the Colossians He was a distinguished Disciple and probably the founder of the Colossian Church He is also mentioned in the Epistle to Philemon (Col 1:23), where he is called by Paul his “fellow-prisoner.”

Epaphroditus: fair, graceful; belonging to Aphrodite or Venus the Messenger who came from Phillipi to the Apostle when he was a prisoner at Rome (Phil. 2:25-30; 4:10-18). Paul mentions him in words of esteem and Affection On his return to Philippi he was the Bearer of Paul’s Letter to the Church there.

Ephah: gloom. (1.) One of the five sons of Midian, and grandson of Abraham (Gen 25:4). The City of Ephah to which he gave his name,Is 60:6, Is 60:7. This City with its surrounding territory, formed part of Midian, on the East shore of the Dead Sea It abounded in dromedaries and camels (Jdg 6:5).

(Jdg 6:2.) Jdg 6:1 Chronicles Jdg 2:46, a Concubine of Caleb

(Jdg 2:3.) Jdg 2:1 Chronicles Jdg 2:47, a descendant of Judah

Ephah, a Word of Egyptian origin, meaning Measure a Grain Measure containing “three seahs or ten omers,” and equivalent to the Bath for liquids (Exo 16:36;1Sa 17:17; Zechariah 1Sa 5:6). The double EphahIn 20:10 (marg., “an Ephah and an ephah”),Deu 25:14, means two ephahs, the one false and the other just.

EPHERa

Dammim: boundary of blood, a Place in the Tribe of Judah where the Philistines encamped when David fought with Goliath (1Sa 17:1). It was probably so called as having been the scene of frequent sanguinary conflicts between Israel and the Philistines It is called Pas-dammim (1Ch 11:13). It has been identified with the modern Beit Fased, i.e., “house of bleeding”, near Shochoh (q.v.).

Ephesians: , Epistle TO was written by Paul at Rome about the same time as that to the Colossians which in many points it resembles.

Contents of. The Epistle to the Colossians is mainly polemical, designed to refute certain theosophic errors that had crept into the Church there. That to the Ephesians does not seem to have originated in any special circumstances, but is simply a Letter springing from Paul’s Love to the Church there, and indicative of his Earnest Desire that they should be fully instructed in the profound doctrines of the gospel. It contains (1) the Salutation (1:1, 2); (2) a general description of the blessings the gospel reveals, as to their source, means by which they are attained, purpose for which they are bestowed, and their final result, with a fervent Prayer for the further spiritual enrichment of the Ephesians (1:3-2:10); (3) “a record of that Marked change in spiritual position which the Gentile believers now possessed, ending with an account of the writer’s selection to and qualification for the apostolate of heathendom, a fact so considered as to keep them from being dispirited, and to Lead him to pray for enlarged spiritual benefactions on his absent sympathizers” (2:12-3:21); (4) a Chapter on unity as undisturbed by diversity of Gifts (4:1-16); (5) special injunctions bearing on ordinary Life (4:17-6:10); (6) the Imagery of a spiritual warfare, mission of Tychicus and valedictory blessing (6:11-24). ...

Planting of the Church at Ephesus Paul’s first and hurried visit for the space of three months to Ephesus is recorded in Acts 18:19-21. The work he began on this occasion was carried forward by Apollos (24 18:26) and Aquila and Priscilla. On his second visit, early in the following Year he remained at Ephesus “three years,” for he found it was the Key to the western provinces of Asia Minor. Here “a great door and effectual” was opened to him (1Co 16:9), and the Church was established and strengthened by his assiduous labours there (Act 20:20, Act 20:31). From Ephesus as a centre the gospel spread abroad “almost throughout all Asia” (Act 19:26). The Word “mightily grew and prevailed” despite all the opposition and Persecution he encountered.

On his last Journey to Jerusalem the Apostle landed at Miletus and summoning together the elders of the Church from Ephesus delivered to them his remarkable farewell charge (Act 20:18-35), expecting to see them no more.

The following parallels between this epistle and the Milesian charge may be traced:

(Act 20:1.) Acts Act 20:19 = Ephesians Act 4:2. The phrase “lowliness of mind” occurs nowhere else.

(Act 4:2.) Acts Act 20:27 = Ephesians Act 1:11. The Word “counsel,” as denoting the divine plan,Occ 6:17.

(Occ 6:3.) Acts Occ 20:32 = Ephesians Occ 3:20. The divine ability.

(Occ 3:4.) Acts Occ 20:32 = Ephesians Occ 2:20. The Building upon the foundation.

(Occ 2:5.) Acts Occ 20:32 = Ephesians Occ 1:14, Occ 1:18. “The inheritance of the saints.”

Place and Date of the Writing of the Letter It was evidently written from Rome during Paul’s first imprisonment (Occ 3:1; Occ 4:1; Occ 6:20), and probably soon after his arrival there,Abo 6:62, four years after he had parted with the Ephesian elders at Miletus The subscription of this epistle is correct.

There seems to have been no special occasion for the Writing of this Letter as already noted. Paul’s object was plainly not polemical. No errors had sprung up in the Church which he sought to point out and refute. The object of the Apostle is “to set forth the Ground the cause, and the Aim and End of the Church of the Faithful in Christ He speaks to the Ephesians as a type or sample of the Church universal.” The church’s foundations, its course, and its End are his theme. “Everywhere the foundation of the Church is the Will of the Father the course of the Church is by the satisfaction of the Son the End of the Church is the Life in the Holy Spirit ” In the Epistle to the Romans Paul writes from the point of view of Justification by the imputed righteousness of Christ here he writes from the point of view specially of union to the Redeemer, and hence of the oneness of the true Church of Christ “This is perhaps the profoundest book in existence.” It is a book “which sounds the lowest depths of Christian doctrine, and scales the loftiest heights of Christian experience;” and the fact that the Apostle evidently expected the Ephesians to understand it is an evidence of the “proficiency which Paul’s converts had attained under his preaching at Ephesus ”

Relation between this epistle and that to the Colossians (q.v.). “The letters of the Apostle are the fervent outburst of pastoral Zeal and attachment, written without reserve and in unaffected simplicity; sentiments come warm from the heart, without the shaping out, pruning, and punctilious arrangement of a formal discourse. There is such a fresh and familiar transcription of feeling, so frequent an introduction of coloquial idiom, and so much of conversational frankness and vivacity, that the reader associates the image of the writer with every paragraph, and the Ear seems to catch and recognize the very tones of Living address.” “Is it then any matter of amazement that one Letter should resemble another, or that two written about the same time should have so much in common and so much that is peculiar? The close relation as to style and subject between the Epistles to Colosse and Ephesus must strike every reader. Their precise relation to each other has given rise to much discussion. The great probability is that the epistle to Colosse was first written; the parallel passages in Ephesians which amount to about forty-two in number, having the appearance of being expansions from the epistle to Colosse. Compare:

Eph 1:7;Col 1:14Eph 1:10;Col 1:20Eph 3:2;Col 1:25Eph 5:19;Col 3:16Eph 6:22;Col 4:8Eph 1:19-2:Eph 1:5;Col 2:12,13 4:2-4;Col 3:12-15Eph 4:16;Col 2:19Eph 4:32;Col 3:13Eph 4:22-24;Col 3:9,10 5:6-8;Col 3:6-8Eph 5:15,Eph 5:16;Col 4:5Eph 6:19,Eph 6:20;Col 4:3,4 E 5:22-6:4 E 5:9;Col 3:18-4:Col 3:1 The style of this epistle is exceedingly animated, and corresponds with the state of the apostle’s mind at the time of Writing Overjoyed with the account which their Messenger had brought him of their Faith and Holiness (Eph 1:15), and transported with the consideration of the unsearchable wisdom of God displayed in the work of man’s Redemption and of his astonishing Love towards the Gentiles in making them partakers through Faith of all the benefits of Christ’s Death he soars High in his sentiments on those grand subjects, and gives his thoughts utterance in sublime and copious expression.”

Ephesus: the capital of proconsular Asia, which was the western part of Asia Minor. It was colonized principally from Athens In the time of the Romans it bore the title of “the first and greatest metropolis of Asia.” It was distinguished for the Temple of Diana (q.v.), who there had her Chief shrine; and for its Theatre which was the largest in the world, capable of containing 50,000 spectators. It was, like all Ancient theatres, Open to the sky. Here were exhibited the fights of wild beasts and of men with beasts. (Comp.1Co 4:9; 1Co 9:24, 1Co 9:25; 1Co 15:32.)

Many Jews took up their residence in this City and here the seeds of the gospel were sown immediately after Pentecost (Act 2:9; Act 6:9). ... At the close of his second missionary Journey (about A.D. Act 6:51), when Paul was returning from Greece to Syria (Act 18:18-21), he first visited this City He remained, however, for only a short time, as he was hastening to keep the Feast probably of Pentecost at Jerusalem but he Left Aquila and Priscilla behind him to carry on the work of spreading the gospel.

During his third missionary Journey Paul reached Ephesus from the “upper coasts” (Act 19:1), i.e., from the inland parts of Asia Minor, and tarried here for about three years; and so successful and abundant were his labours that “all they which dwelt in Asia heard the Word of the Lord Jesus both Jews and Greeks” (Act 19:10). Probably during this period the Seven churches of the Apocalypse were founded, not by Paul’s personal labours, but by missionaries whom he may have sent out from Ephesus and by the influence of converts returning to their homes.

On his return from his Journey Paul touched at MiletusSom 19:30 miles South of Ephesus (Act 20:15), and sending for the presbyters of Ephesus to Meet him there, he delivered to them that touching farewell charge which is recorded in Acts Act 20:18-35. Ephesus is not again mentioned till near the close of Paul’s Life when he writes to Timothy exhorting him to “abide still at Ephesus” (Act 20:1 Timothy Act 1:3).

Two of Paul’s companions, Trophimus and Tychicus were probably natives of Ephesus (Act 20:4; Act 21:29; Act 21:2 Timothy Act 4:12). In his second epistle to Timothy Paul speaks of Onesiphorus as having served him in many things at Ephesus (Act 4:2 Timothy Act 1:18). He also “sent Tychicus to Ephesus” (Act 4:12), probably to attend to the interests of the Church there. Ephesus is twice mentioned in the Apocalypse (Act 1:11; Act 2:1).

The Apostle John according to Tradition spent many years in Ephesus where he died and was buried.

A part of the site of this once famous City is now occupied by a small Turkish village, Ayasaluk, which is regarded as a corruption of the two Greek words, hagios theologos; i.e., “the Holy divine.”

Ephod: something girt, a sacred vestment worn originally by the High Priest (Exo 28:4), afterwards by the ordinary Priest (1Sa 22:18), and characteristic of his office (1Sa 2:18, 1Sa 2:28; 1Sa 14:3). It was worn by Samuel and also by David (2Sa 6:14). It was made of fine Linen and consisted of two Pieces which hung from the Neck and covered both the back and front, above the tunic and outer garment (Exo 28:31). That of the High Priest was embroidered with divers colours. The two Pieces were joined together over the shoulders (hence in Latin called superhumerale) by clasps or buckles of Gold or precious Stones and fastened round the waist by a “curious Girdle of Gold Blue purple, and fine twined linen” (Exo 28:6-12).

The Breastplate with the Urim and Thummim was attached to the Ephod

Ephphatha: the Greek form of a Syro-Chaldaic or Aramaic Word meaning “Be opened,” uttered by Christ when healing the Man who was deaf and Dumb (Mrk 7:34). It is one of the characteristics of Mark that he uses the very Aramaic words which fell from our Lord’s lips. (See 3:17; See 5:41; See 7:11; See 14:36; See 15:34.)

Ephraim: , Wood OF a Forest in which a fatal battle was fought between the Army of David and that of Absalom who was killed there (2 Samuel 18:6, 8). It lay on the East of Jordan not far from Mahanaim and was some part of the great Forest of Gilead.

Ephratah: fruitful. (1.) The second Wife of Caleb the Son of Hezron mother of Hur, and grandmother of Caleb who was one of those that were sent to spy the land (1 Chronicles 2:19, 50).

(2.) The Ancient name of Bethlehem in Judah (Gen 35:16, Gen 35:19; Gen 48:7). In Ruth Gen 1:2 it is called “Bethlehem-Judah,” but the inhabitants are called “Ephrathites;”In 5:2, “Bethlehem-Ephratah;” in Matthew In 2:6, “Bethlehem in the land of Judah ”In 132:6 it is mentioned as the Place where David spent his youth, and where he heard much of the Ark although he never saw it till he found it long afterwards at Kirjath-jearim; i.e., the “city of the Wood ” or the “forest-town” (1Sa 7:1; comp.2Sa 6:3, 2Sa 6:4).

Ephrathite: a citizen of Ephratah the Old name of Bethlehem (Rut 1:2;1Sa 17:12), or Bethlehem-Judah.

Ephron: fawn-like. (1.) The Son of Zohar a Hittite, the owner of the field and Cave of Machpelah (q.v.), which Abraham bought for 400 shekels of Silver (Gen 23:8-17; Gen 25:9; Gen 49:29, Gen 49:30).

(Gen 49:2.) A mountain range which formed one of the landmarks on the North boundary of the Tribe of Judah (Jos 15:9), probably the range on the west side of the Wady Beit-Hanina.

Epicureans: followers of Epicurus (who died at Athens B.C. 270), or adherents of the Epicurean philosophy (Act 17:18). This philosophy was a system of atheism, and taught men to seek as their highest Aim a pleasant and smooth Life They have been called the “Sadducees” of Greek paganism. They, with the Stoics, ridiculed the teaching of Paul (Act 17:18). They appear to have been greatly esteemed at Athens

Epistles: the apostolic letters. The New Testament contains twenty-one in all. They are divided into two classes. (1.) Paul’s Epistles fourteen in number, including Hebrews These are not arranged in the New Testament in the order of time as to their composition, but rather according to the rank of the cities or places to which they were sent. Who arranged them after this manner is u nk nown. Paul’s letters were, as a rule, dictated to an amanuensis, a fact which accounts for some of their peculiarities. He authenticated them, however, by adding a few words in his own Hand at the close. (See Galatians EPISTLE TO.)

The Epistles to Timothy and Titus are styled the Pastoral Epistles

(2.) The Catholic or General Epistles so called because they are not addressed to any particular Church or City or individual, but to Christians in general, or to Christians in several countries. ... Of these, three are written by John two by Peter and one each by James and Jude

It is an interesting and instructive fact that a large portion of the New Testament is taken up with Epistles The doctrines of Christianity are thus not set forth in any formal treatise, but mainly in a Collection of letters. “Christianity was the first great missionary religion. It was the first to break the bonds of race and Aim at embracing all mankind. But this necessarily involved a change in the mode in which it was presented. The Prophet of the Old Testament if he had anything to communicate, either appeared in person or sent messengers to speak for him by Word of mouth. The narrow limits of Palestine made direct personal communication easy. But the case was different when the Christian Church came to consist of a number of scattered parts, stretching from Mesopotamia in the East to Rome or even Spain in the far west. It was only natural that the Apostle by whom the greater number of these communities had been founded should seek to communicate with them by Letter ”

Erastus: beloved. (1.) The “chamberlain” of the City of Corinth (Rom 16:23), and one of Paul’s disciples. As treasurer of such a City he was a public officer of great dignity, and his Conversion to the gospel was accordingly a proof of the wonderful success of the apostle’s labours.

(Rom 16:2.) A companion of Paul at Ephesus who was sent by him along with Timothy into Macedonia (Act 19:22). Corinth was his usual Place of abode (Act 19:2 Timothy Act 4:20); but probably he may have been the same as the preceding.

Erech: (LXX., “Orech”), length, or Moon-town, one of the cities of Nimrod’s Kingdom in the Plain of Shinar (Gen 10:10); the Orchoe of the Greeks and Romans It was probably the City of the Archevites, who were transplanted to Samaria by Asnapper (Ezr 4:9). It lay on the Left bank of the Euphrates Abo 4:120 miles south-east of Babylon and is now represented by the mounds and ruins of Warka. It appears to have been the necropolis of the Assyrian kings, as the whole region is strewed with bricks and the remains of coffins. “Standing on the summit of the principal edifice, called the Buwarizza,A T 4:200 feet square in the centre of the ruins, the beholder is struck with astonishment at the enormous accumulation of mounds and Ancient relics at his feet. An irregular circle,Nea 4:6 miles in circumference, is defined by the traces of an earthen rampart,In 4:40 feet High ”

Esaias: the Greek form for Isaiah constantly used in the Authorized Version of the New Testament (Mat 3:3; Mat 4:14), but in the Revised Version always “Isaiah.”

Esarhaddon: Assur has given a Brother successor of Sennacherib (2Ki 19:37;Isa 37:38). He ascended the Throne about B.C. Isa 37:681. Nothing further is recorded of him in Scripture except that he settled certain colonists in Samaria (Ezr 4:2). But from the monuments it appears that he was the most powerful of all the Assyrian monarchs. He built many temples and palaces, the most magnificent of which was the south-west Palace at Nimrud, which is said to have been in its general design almost the same as Solomon’s Palace only much larger (1Ki 7:1-12).

In December B.C. 1Ki 7:681 Sennacherib was murdered by two of his sons, who, after holding Nineveh for forty-two days, were compelled to Fly to Erimenas of Ararat or Armenia Their Brother Esarhaddon who had been engaged in a campaign against Armenia led his Army against them. ... They were utterly overthrown in a battle fought April B.C. 1Ki 7:680, near Malatiyeh, and in the following Month Esarhaddon was crowned at Nineveh He restored Babylon conquered Egypt and received Tribute from Manasseh of Judah He died in October B.C. 1Ki 7:668, while on the march to suppress an Egyptian revolt, and was succeeded by his Son Assur-bani-pal, whose younger Brother was made viceroy of Babylonia.

Esau: hairy, Rebekah’s first-bom twin Son (Gen 25:25). The name of Edom “red”, was also given to him from his conduct in connection with the Red lentil “pottage” for which he sold his Birthright (Gen 25:30, Gen 25:31). The circumstances connected with his Birth foreshadowed the Enmity which afterwards subsisted between the twin brothers and the nations they founded (Gen 25:22, Gen 25:23, Gen 25:26). In process of time Jacob following his natural bent, became a Shepherd while Esau a “son of the Desert ” devoted himself to the perilous and toilsome Life of a huntsman. On a certain occasion, on returning from the chase, urged by the cravings of hunger, Esau sold his Birthright to his Brother Jacob who thereby obtained the Covenant blessing (Gen 27:28, Gen 27:29, Gen 27:36;Heb 12:16, Heb 12:17). ... He afterwards tried to regain what he had so recklessly parted with, but was defeated in his attempts through the stealth of his Brother (Gen 27:4, Gen 27:34, Gen 27:38).

At the Age of forty years, to the great grief of his parents, he married (Gen 26:34, Gen 26:35) two Canaanitish maidens, Judith the Daughter of Beeri and Bashemath the Daughter of Elon When Jacob was sent away to Padan-aram, Esau tried to conciliate his parents (Gen 28:8, Gen 28:9) by marrying his cousin Mahalath the Daughter of Ishmael This led him to cast in his Lot with the Ishmaelite tribes; and driving the Horites out of Mount Seir he settled in that region. After some thirty years’ sojourn in Padan-aram Jacob returned to Canaan and was reconciled to Esau who went forth to Meet him (Gen 33:4). Twenty years after this, Isaac their Father died, when the two brothers met, probably for the last time, beside his Grave (Gen 35:29). Esau now permanently Left Canaan and established himself as a powerful and wealthy Chief in the land of Edom (q.v.).

Long after this, when the descendants of Jacob came out of Egypt the Edomites remembered the Old quarrel between the brothers, and with fierce Hatred they warred against Israel

Eschew: from Old French eschever, “to flee from” (Job 1:1, Job 1:8; Job 2:3;1Pe 3:11).

Esdraelon: the Greek form of the Hebrew “Jezreel,” the name of the great Plain (called by the natives Merj Ibn Amer; i.e., “the Meadow of the Son of Amer”) which stretches across Central Palestine from the Jordan to the Mediterraanean, separating the mountain Ranges of Carmel and Samaria from those of Galilee, extending about 14 miles from North to South and 9 miles from East to west. It is drained by “that Ancient river” the Kishon, which flows Westward to the Mediterranean. From the foot of Mount Tabor it branches out into three valleys, that on the North passing between Tabor and Little Hermon (Jdg 4:14); that on the South between Mount Gilboa and En-gannim (2Ki 9:27); while the central portion, the “valley of Jezreel” proper, runs into the Jordan Valley (Whi 9:1,Whi 9:000 feet lower than Esdraelon) by Bethshean. ... Here Gideon gained his great victory over the Midianites (Jdg 7:1-25). Here also Barak defeated Sisera, and Saul’s Army was defeated by the Philistines and King Josiah while fighting in disguise against Necho, King of Egypt was slain (Jdg 7:2 Chronicles Jdg 35:20-27;2 K 35:29). This Plain has been well called the “battle-field of Palestine ” “It has been a Chosen Place for encampment in every contest carried on in this country, from the days of Nebuchadnezzar King of the Assyrians, in the history of whose wars with Arphaxad it is mentioned as the Great Plain of Esdraelon until the disastrous march of Napoleon Bonaparte from Egypt into Syria Jews, Gentiles Saracens, Crusaders, Frenchmen, Egyptians, Persians, Druses, Turks, and Arabs, warriors out of every nation which is under Heaven have pitched their tents in the Plain and have beheld the various banners of their nations wet with the dews of Tabor and Hermon” (Dr. Clark).

Esek: quarrel, a well which Isaac’s herdsmen dug in the Valley of Gerar and so called because the herdsmen of Gerar quarrelled with them for its possession (Gen 26:20).

Eshbaal

Eshean: a Place in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:52), supposed to be the ruin es-Simia, near Dumah South of Hebron

Eshtaol: narrow pass or recess, a town (Jos 15:33) in the low country, the She-phelah of Judah It was allotted to the Tribe of Dan (Jos 19:41), and was one of their strongholds. Here Samson spent his boyhood, and first began to show his mighty strength; and here he was buried in the burying-place of Manoah his Father (Jdg 13:25; Jdg 16:31; Jdg 18:2, Jdg 18:8, Jdg 18:11, Jdg 18:12). It is identified with the modern Yeshua,On 18:2 miles East of Zorah Others, however, identify it with Kustul, East of Kirjath-jearim.

Eshtemoa: obedience, a town in the mountains of Judah (Jos 21:14;1Ch 6:57), which was allotted, with the land round it, to the priests. It was frequented by David and his followers during their wanderings; and he sent presents of the spoil of the Amalekites to his friends there (1Sa 30:28). It is identified with es-Semu’a,A V 30:3 A V 30:1/A V 30:2 miles East of Socoh,And 30:7Or 30:8 miles South of Hebron around which there are Ancient remains of the ruined City It is the centre of the “south country” or Negeb. It is also called “Eshtemoh” (Jos 15:50).

Espouse: (2Sa 3:14), to Betroth The espousal was a ceremony of betrothing, a formal agreement between the parties then Coming under obligation for the purpose of marriage. Espousals are in the East frequently contracted years before the marriage is celebrated. It is referred to as figuratively illustrating the relations between God and his people (Jer 2:2;Mat 1:18;2Co 11:2). (See Betroth )

Essenes: a Jewish mystical Sect somewhat resembling the Pharisees They affected great purity. They originated about B.C. 100, and disappeared from history after the Destruction of Jerusalem They are not directly mentioned in ScriptureAlt 19:11, Alt 19:12, Colossians Alt 2:8, Alt 2:18, Alt 2:23.

Esther: , Book OF The authorship of this book is unknown. It must have been obviously written after the Death of Ahasuerus (the Xerxes of the Greeks), which took Place B.C. 465. The minute and particular account also given of many historical details makes it probable that the writer was contemporary with Mordecai and Esther Hence we may conclude that the book was written probably about B.C. 444-434, and that the author was one of the Jews of the Dispersion

This book is more purely historical than any other book of Scripture and it has this remarkable peculiarity that the name of God does not occur in it from first to last in any form. It has, however, been well observed that “though the name of God be not in it, his finger is.” The book wonderfully exhibits the providential government of God

Etam: eyrie. (1.) A village of the Tribe of Simeon (1 Chronicles 4:32). Into some cleft (“top,” A.V.,; R.V., “cleft”) of a Rock here Samson retired after his slaughter of the Philistines (Jdg 15:8, Jdg 15:11). It was a natural stronghold. It has been identified with Beit ‘Atab, west of Bethlehem near Zorah and Eshtaol On the crest of a rocky knoll, under the village, is a long tunnel, which may be the “cleft” in which Samson hid.

(Jdg 15:2.) A City of Judah fortified by Rehoboam (Jdg 15:2 Chronicles Jdg 11:6). It was near Bethlehem and Tekoah, and some distance apparently to the North of (Jdg 11:1). It seems to have been in the district called Nephtoah (or Netophah), where were the sources of the Water from which Solomon’s Gardens and pleasure-grounds and Pools as well as Bethlehem and the Temple were supplied. It is now ‘Ain ‘Atan, at the head of the Wady Urtas, a Fountain sending forth a copious supply of pure Water

Eternal: LIFE This expression occurs in the OldTes 12:2 (R.V., “everlasting life”).

It occurs frequently in the New Testament (Mat 7:14; Mat 18:8, Mat 18:9; Luke Mat 10:28; comp. Mat 18:18). It comprises the whole future of the redeemed (Luk 16:9), and is opposed to “eternal punishment” (Mat 19:29; Mat 25:46). It is the final reward and Glory into which the children of God enter (Mat 25:1 Timothy Mat 6:12, Mat 6:19;Rom 6:22; Galatians Rom 6:8; Rom 6:1 Timothy Rom 1:16;Rom 5:21); their Sabbath of Rest (Heb 4:9; comp. Heb 12:22).

The newness of Life which the believer derives from Christ (Rom 6:4) is the very essence of Salvation and hence the Life of Glory or the Eternal Life must also be theirs (Rom 6:8; Rom 6:2 Timothy Rom 2:11, Rom 2:12;Rom 5:17, Rom 5:21; Rom 8:30; Ephesians Rom 2:5, Rom 2:6). ... It is the “gift of God in Jesus Christ our Lord” (Rom 6:23). The Life the Faithful have here on earth (Jhn 3:36; Jhn 5:24; Jhn 6:47,53 6:58) is inseparably connected with the Eternal Life Beyond the endless Life of the future, the happy future of the saints in Heaven (Mat 19:16, Mat 19:29; Mat 25:46).

Etham: perhaps another name for Khetam, or “fortress,” on the Shur or great Wall of Egypt which extended from the Mediterranean to the Gulf of Suez. Here the Israelites made their third encampment (Exo 13:20;Num 33:6). The Camp was probably a little to the west of the modern town of Ismailia. Here the Israelites were commanded to change their route (Exo 14:2), and “turn” towards the South and Encamp before Pi-hahiroth. (See Exodus PITHOM.)

Ethan: firm. (1.) “The Ezrahite ” distinguished for his wisdom (1Ki 4:31).He 4:89th Psalm. He was of the Tribe of Levi

(He 4:2.) A Levite of the family of Merari one of the leaders of the Temple Music (He 4:1 Chronicles He 6:44; He 15:17, He 15:19). He was probably the same as Jeduthun He is supposed by some to be the same also as (He 15:1).

Ethanim: the Month of Gifts i.e., of vintage offerings; called Tisri after the Exile; corresponding to part of September and October. It was the first Month of the civil Year and the seventh of the sacred Year (1Ki 8:2).

ETH-

Ethiopia: country of Burnt faces; the Greek Word by which the Hebrew Cush is rendered (Gen 2:13;2Ki 19:9; Esther 2Ki 1:1;Job 28:19;Psa 68:31; Psa 87:4), a country which lay to the South of Egypt beginning at Syene on the First Cataract (Ezk 29:10; Ezk 30:6), and extending to Beyond the confluence of the White and Blue Nile. It corresponds generally with what is now known as the Soudan (i.e., the land of the blacks). This country was known to the HebrewsAnd 18:1;Zep 3:10. They carried on some commercial intercourse with it (Isa 45:14).

Its inhabitants were descendants of Ham (Gen 10:6; Jeremiah Gen 13:23;Isa 18:2, “scattered and peeled,” A.V.; but in R.V., “tall and smooth”). ... Herodotus, the Greek historian, describes them as “the tallest and handsomest of men.” They are frequently represented on Egyptian monuments, and they are all of the type of the true negro. As might be expected, the history of this country is interwoven with that of Egypt

Ethiopia is spoken of in Prophecy (Psa 68:31; Psa 87:4;Isa 45:14;Ezk 30:4-9;Dan 11:43; Nah Dan 3:8-10; Habakkuk Dan 3:7;Zep 2:12).

Ethiopian: WOMAN the Wife of Moses (Num 12:1). It is supposed that Zipporah, Moses’ first Wife (Exo 2:21), was now Dead His marriage of this “woman” descended from Ham gave Offence to Aaron and Miriam

Eunice

Eunuch: literally bed-keeper or Chamberlain and not necessarily in all cases one who was mutilated, although the practice of employing such mutilated persons in Oriental courts was common (2Ki 9:32;Est 2:3). The Law of Moses excluded them from the Congregation (Deu 23:1). They were common also among the Greeks and Romans It is said that even to-day there are some in Rome who are employed in singing soprano in the Sistine Chapel Three classes of eunuchs are mentioned in Matthew Deu 19:12.

Euodias: a good Journey a female member of the Church at Philippi She was one who laboured much with Paul in the gospel. He exhorts her to be of one mind with Syntyche (Phil. 4:2). From this it seems they had been at variance with each other.

Euphrates: Hebrew, Perath; Assyrian, Purat; Persian cuneiform, Ufratush, whence Greek Euphrates meaning “sweet Water ” The Assyrian name means “the Stream ” or “the great Stream ” It is generally called in the Bible simply “the river” (Exo 23:31), or “the great river” (Deu 1:7).

The Euphrates is first mentioned in Genesis Deu 2:14 as one of the Rivers of Paradise It is next mentioned in connection with the Covenant which God entered into with Abraham (Deu 15:18), when he promised to his descendants the land from the River of Egypt to the River Euphrates (comp.

Deu 11:24; Joshua Deu 1:4), a Covenant promise afterwards fulfilled in the extended conquests of David (2Sa 8:2-14; 2Sa 8:1 Chronicles 2Sa 18:3;1Ki 4:24). ... It was then the boundary of the Kingdom to the north-east. In the Ancient history of Assyria and Babylon and Egypt many events are recorded in which mention is made of the “great River ” Just as the Nile represented in Prophecy the power of Egypt so the Euphrates represented the Assyrian power (Isa 8:7; Jeremiah Isa 2:18).

It is by far the largest and most important of all the Rivers of Western Asia. From its source in the Armenian mountains to the Persian Gulf, into which it empties itself,It 2:1,It 2:700 miles. It has two sources, (It 2:1) the Frat or Kara-su (i.e., “the Black river”),Whi 2:25 miles north-east of Erzeroum; and (Whi 2:2) the Muradchai (i.e., “the River of desire”), which rises near Ararat on the northern slope of Ala-tagh. At Kebban Maden, Whi 2:400 miles from the source of the former,And 2:270 from that of the latter, they Meet and form the majestic Stream which is at length joined by the Tigris at Koornah, after which it is called Shat-el-Arab, which runs in a Deep and broad StreamFor 2:140 miles to the Sea It is estimated that the alluvium brought down by these Rivers encroaches on the Sea at the rate of about one mile in thirty years.

Euroclydon: south-east billow, the name of the wind which blew in the Adriatic Gulf, and which struck the ship in which Paul was wrecked on the coast of Malta (Act 27:14; R.V., “Euraquilo,” i.e., north-east wind). It is called a “tempestuous wind,” i.e., as literally rendered, a “typhonic wind,” or a typhoon. It is the modern Gregalia or Levanter. (Comp. Jonah Act 1:4.)

Eutychus: fortunate, (Act 20:9-12), a young Man of Troas who fell through drowsiness from the Open Window of the third floor of the House where Paul was preaching, and was “taken up Dead ” The lattice-work of the Window being Open to admit the air, the lad fell out and down to the Court below. Paul restored him to Life again. (Comp.1Ki 17:21;2Ki 4:34.)

Evangelist: a “publisher of glad tidings;” a missionary preacher of the gospel (Eph 4:11). This title is applied to Philip (Act 21:8), who appears to have gone from City to City preaching the Word (Act 8:4, Act 8:40). Judging from the case of Philip evangelists had neither the authority of an Apostle nor the Gift of Prophecy nor the responsibility of pastoral supervision over a portion of the flock. They were itinerant preachers, having it as their special function to carry the gospel to places where it was previously unknown. The writers of the four Gospels are known as the Evangelists.

Eve: life; Living the name given by Adam to his Wife (Gen 3:20; Gen 4:1).The 2:21, The 2:22. The Creator, by declaring that it was not good for Man to be alone, and by creating for him a suitable companion, gave sanction to monogamy. The commentator Matthew Henry says: “This companion was taken from his side to signify that she was to be dear unto him as his own Flesh Not from his head, lest she should rule over him; nor from his feet, lest he should tyrannize over her; but from his side, to denote that species of equality which is to subsist in the marriage state.” And again, “That Wife that is of God’s making by special Grace and of God’s bringing by special Providence is likely to prove a helpmeet to her Husband ” Through the subtle Temptation of the Serpent she violated the commandment of God by taking of the forbidden Fruit which she gave also unto her Husband (The 2:1 Timothy The 2:13-15;2Co 11:3). ... When she gave Birth to her first Son she said, “I have gotten a Man from the Lord” (R.V., “I have gotten a Man with the help of the Lord ”Gen 4:1). Thus she welcomed Cain, as some think, as if he had been the Promised One the “Seed of the Woman ”

Evening: the period following sunset with which the Jewish Day began (Gen 1:5;Mrk 13:35). The Hebrews reckoned two evenings of each Day as appears from Exodus Mrk 16:12: Mrk 30:8; Mrk 12:6 (marg.);Lev 23:5 (marg. R.V., “between the two evenings”). The “first evening” was that period when the Sun was verging towards setting, and the “second evening” the moment of actual sunset. The Word “evenings” in Jeremiah Lev 5:6 should be “deserts” (marg. R.V.).

Everlasting: eternal, applied to God (Gen 21:33;Deu 33:27;Psa 41:13; Psa 90:2). We also read of the “everlasting hills” (Gen 49:26); an “everlasting priesthood” (Exo 40:15;Num 25:13). (See Eternal )

Evileye: (Pro 23:6), figuratively, the envious or covetous. (Comp.Deu 15:9;Mat 20:15.)

EVlL-

Merodach: death; slaughter, the name of a Babylonian God probably the planet Mars (Jer 50:2), or it may be another name of Bel the guardian divinity of Babylon This name frequently occurs as a surname to the kings of Assyria and Babylon

MERODACH-

Executioner: (Mrk 6:27). Instead of the Greek Word Mark here uses a Latin Word speculator, which literally means “a scout,” “a spy,” and at length came to denote one of the armed bodyguard of the emperor. Herod Antipas in imitation of the emperor, had in attendance on him a company of speculatores. They were sometimes employed as executioners, but this was a mere accident of their office. (See Mark GOSPEL OF.)

Exercise: , BODILY (1 Timothy 4:8). An ascetic mortification of the Flesh and denial of personal gratification (comp. Colossians 2:23) to which some sects of the Jews, especially the Essenes attached importance.

E: xile (l.) Of the Kingdom of Israel In the time of Pekah Tiglath-pileser II. carried away Captive into Assyria (2 Kings 15:29; comp. Isaiah 10:5, 6) a part of the inhabitants of Galilee and of Gilead (B.C. 741).

After the Destruction of Samaria (B.C. 720) by Shalmaneser and Sargon (q.v.), there was a general deportation of the Israelites into Mesopotamia and Media (2 Kings 17:6; 18:9; 1 Chronicles 5:26). (See Israel Kingdom OF.)

(2.) Of the Kingdom of the two tribes, the Kingdom of Judah Nebuchadnezzar in the fourth Year of Jehoiakim (Jeremiah 25:1), invaded Judah and carried away some royal youths, including Daniel and his companions (B.C. ... 606), together with the sacred vessels of the Temple (2 Chronicles 36:7; Daniel 1:2). In B.C. 598 (Jeremiah 52:28; 2 Kings 24:12), in the beginning of Jehoiachin’ s reign (2 Kings 24:8), Nebuchadnezzar carried away Captive 3,023 eminent Jews, including the King (2 Chronicles 36: 10), with his family and officers (2 Kings 24: 12), and a large number of warriors (16), with very many persons of note (14), and artisans (16), leaving behind only those who were poor and helpless. This was the first general deportation to Babylon

In B.C. 588, after the revolt of Zedekiah (q.v.), there was a second general deportation of Jews by Nebuchadnezzar (Jeremiah 52:29; 2 Kings 25:8), including 832 more of the principal men of the Kingdom He carried away also the Rest of the sacred vessels (2 Chronicles 36:18). From this period, when the Temple was destroyed (2 Kings 25:9), to the complete restoration, B.C. 517 (Ezra 6:15), is the period of the “seventy years.”

In B.C. 582 occurred the last and final deportation. The entire number Nebuchadnezzar carried Captive was 4,600 heads of families with their wives and children and dependants (Jeremiah 52:30; 43:5-7; 2 Chronicles 36:20, etc.). Thus the exiles formed a very considerable community in Babylon

When Cyrus granted permission to the Jews to return to their own land (Ezra 1:5; 7:13), only a comparatively small number at first availed themselves of the privilege. It cannot be questioned that many belonging to the Kingdom of Israel ultimately joined the Jews under Ezra, Zerubbabel and Nehemiah and returned along with them to Jerusalem (Jeremiah 50:4, 5, 17-20, 33-35).

Large Numbers had, however, settled in the land of Babylon and formed numerous colonies in different parts of the Kingdom Their descendants very probably have spread far into Eastern lands and become absorbed in the general population. (See Judah Kingdom OF; Captivity )

Exodus: , Book OF Exodus is the name given in the LXX. to the second book of the Pentateuch (q.v.). It means “departure” or “outgoing.” This name was adopted in the Latin translation, and thence passed into other languages. The Hebrews called it by the first words, according to their Custom Ve-eleh shemoth (i.e., “and these are the names”).

It contains, (1.) An account of the increase and growth of the Israelites in Egypt (ch. 1) (2.) Preparations for their departure out of Egypt (2 12:36). (2 12:3.) Their journeyings from Egypt to Sinai (2 12:37-19:2 12:2). (2 12:4.) The giving of the Law and the establishment of the institutions by which the organization of the people was completed, the Theocracy “a Kingdom of Priest and an Holy nation” (2 19:3-ch. ... 2 19:40).

The time comprised in this book, from the Death of Joseph to the erection of the Tabernacle in the Wilderness is about one hundred and forty-five years, on the supposition that the four hundred and thirty years (2 12:40) are to be computed from the time of the promises made to Abraham (Gal 3:17).

The authorship of this book, as well as of that of the other books of the Pentateuch is to be ascribed to Moses The unanimous voice of Tradition and all internal evidences abundantly support this opinion.

Exorcist: (Acts 1 Act 9:1 Act 9:3). “In that sceptical and therefore superstitious Age professional Exorcist abounded. Many of these professional exorcists were disreputable Jews, like Simon in Samaria and Elymas in Cyprus (Act 8:9; Act 13:6).” Other references to exorcism as practised by the Jews are found in Matthew Act 12:27; Mark Act 9:38; Luke Act 9:49, Act 9:50. It would seem that it was an opinion among the Jews that miracles might be wrought by invoking the divine name. Thus also these “vagabond Jews” pretended that they could expel daemons.

The power of casting out devils was conferred by Christ on his apostles (Mat 10:8), and on the Seventy (Luk 10:17-19), and was exercised by believers after his ascension (Mrk 16:17; Acts Mrk 16:18); but this power was never spoken of as exorcism.

Expiation: Guilt is said to be expiated when it is visited with Punishment falling on a substitute. Expiation is made for our sins when they are punished not in ourselves but in another who consents to stand in our room. It is that by which reconciliation is effected. Sin is thus said to be “covered” by vicarious satisfaction.

The cover or lid of the Ark is termed in the LXX. hilasterion, that which covered or shut out the claims and demands of the Law against the sins of God’s people, whereby he became “propitious” to them.

The idea of vicarious Expiation runs through the whole Old Testament system of sacrifices. (See Propitiation )

Eye: (Hebrews ‘ain, meaning “flowing”), applied (1) to a Fountain frequently; (2) to Colour (Num 11:7; R.V., “appearance,” marg. “eye”); (Num 11:3) the Face (Exo 10:5, Exo 10:15;Num 22:5, Num 22:11),In 14:14, “face to face” (R.V. marg., “eye to eye”). “Between the eyes”, i.e., the Forehead (Exo 13:9, Exo 13:16).

The expression (Pro 23:31), “when it giveth his Colour in the cup,” is literally, “when it giveth out [or showeth] its Eye ” The beads or bubbles of wine are thus spoken of. “To set the eyes” on any one is to view him with favour (Gen 44:21;Job 24:23;Jer 39:12). This Word is used figuratively in the expressions an “evil eye” (Mat 20:15), a “bountiful eye” (Pro 22:9), “haughty eyes” (Pro 6:17 marg.), “wanton eyes” (Isa 3:16), “eyes full of adultery” (2Pe 2:14), “the lust of the eyes” (1Jn 2:16). ... Christians are warned against “eye-service” (Eph 6:6; Colossians Eph 3:22). Men were sometimes punished by having their eyes Put out (1Sa 11:2; Samson Jdg 16:21; Zedekiah 2Ki 25:7).

The 25:2Kin 9:30, R.V.;Jer 4:30;Ezk 23:40, a Custom which still prevails extensively among Eastern women.

Ezekias: Grecized form of Hezekiah (Mat 1:9, Mat 1:10).

Ezekiel

Ezel: a separation, (1 Samuel 20:19), a Stone or Heap of Stones in the neighbourhood of Saul’s residence, the scene of the parting of David and Jonathan (42). The margin of the Authorized Version reads, “The Stone that sheweth the way,” in this rendering following the Targum.

Geber: a valiant Man (1Ki 4:19), one of Solomon’s purveyors, having jurisdiction over a part of Gilead, comprising all the Kingdom of Sihon and part of the Kingdom of Og (Deu 4:2; Deu 4:31).

Ezrahite: a title given to Ethan (1Ki 4:31;Psa 4:89, title) and Heman (Psa 4:88, title). They were both sons of Zerah (Psa 4:1 Chronicles Psa 2:6).

Ezri: help of Jehovah the Son of Chelub. He superintended, under David those who “did the work of the field for tillage” (1 Chronicles 27:26).

Fable: applied in the New Testament to the traditions and speculations, “cunningly devised fables”, of the Jews on religious questions (1 Timothy 1:4; 4:7; 2 Timothy 4:4;Tit 1:14; Tit 1:2 Peter Tit 1:16). In such passages the Word means anything false and unreal. But the Word is used as almost equivalent to Parable Thus we have (Tit 1:1) the Fable of Jotham in which the trees are spoken of as choosing a King (Jdg 9:8-15); and (Jdg 9:2) that of the cedars of Lebanon and the Thistle as Jehoash’s answer to Amaziah (2Ki 14:9).

Face: means simply presence, as when it is recorded that Adam and Eve hid themselves from the “face [R.V., ‘presence’] of the Lord God” (Gen 3:8; comp. Exodus Gen 33:14, Gen 33:15, where the same Hebrew Word is rendered “presence”). The “light of God’s countenance” is his favour (Psa 44:3;Dan 9:17). “Face” signifies also Anger Justice severity (Gen 16:6, Gen 16:8; Exodus Gen 2:15;Psa 68:1; Revelation Psa 6:16). To “provoke God to his face” (Isa 65:3) is to sin against him openly.

The Jews prayed with their faces toward the Temple and Jerusalem (1Ki 8:38, 1Ki 8:44, 1Ki 8:48;Dan 6:10). To “see God’s face” is to have access to him and to enjoy his favour (Psa 17:15; Psa 27:8). This is the privilege of Holy angels (Mat 18:10; Luke Mat 1:19). The “face of Jesus Christ” (2Co 4:6) is the office and person of Christ the revealer of the Glory of God (Jhn 1:14, Jhn 1:18).

Fair

Fairs: (Hebrews ‘izabhonim), found Seven times in Ezekiel 27, and nowhere else. The Authorized Version renders the Word thus in all these instances, except in verse 33, where “wares” is used. The Revised Version uniformly renders by “wares,” which is the correct rendering of the Hebrew Word It never means “fairs” in the modern sense of the Word

Faith: Faith is in general the persuasion of the mind that a certain statement is true (Phil. 1:27; 2 Thessalonians 2:13). Its primary idea is trust. A thing is true, and therefore worthy of trust. It admits of many Degrees up to full Assurance of Faith in accordance with the evidence on which it rests.

Faith is the result of teaching (Rom 10:14-17). Knowledge is an essential element in all Faith and is sometimes spoken of as an equivalent to Faith (Jhn 10:38; Jhn 10:1 John Jhn 2:3). Yet the two are distinguished in this respect, that Faith includes in it assent, which is an act of the Will in addition to the act of the understanding. Assent to the Truth is of the essence of Faith and the ultimate Ground on which our assent to any revealed Truth rests is the veracity of God

Historical Faith is the apprehension of and assent to certain statements which are regarded as mere facts of history. ...

Temporary Faith is that state of mind which is awakened in men (e.g., Felix) by the exhibition of the Truth and by the influence of religious sympathy, or by what is sometimes styled the common operation of the Holy Spirit

Saving Faith is so called because it has Eternal Life inseparably connected with it. It cannot be better defined than in the words of the Assembly’s Shorter Catechism: “Faith in Jesus Christ is a saving Grace whereby we receive and Rest upon him alone for Salvation as he is offered to us in the gospel.”

The object of saving Faith is the whole revealed Word of God Faith accepts and believes it as the very Truth most sure. But the special act of Faith which unites to Christ has as its object the person and the work of the Lord Jesus Christ (Jhn 7:38; Acts Jhn 16:31). This is the specific act of Faith by which a sinner is justified before God (Rom 3:22, Rom 3:25; Galatians Rom 2:16; Phil. Rom 3:9; John Rom 3:16-36; Acts Rom 10:43; Rom 16:31). In this act of Faith the believer appropriates and rests on Christ alone as Mediator in all his offices.

This assent to or belief in the Truth received upon the divine Testimony has always associated with it a Deep sense of sin, a distinct view of Christ a consenting Will and a loving heart, together with a reliance on, a trusting in, or resting in Christ It is that state of mind in which a poor sinner, conscious of his sin, flees from his guilty self to Christ his Saviour and rolls over the Burden of all his sins on him. It consists chiefly, not in the assent given to the Testimony of God in his Word but in embracing with fiducial reliance and trust the one and only Saviour whom God reveals. This trust and reliance is of the essence of Faith By Faith the believer directly and immediately appropriates Christ as his own. Faith in its direct act makes Christ ours. It is not a work which God graciously accepts instead of perfect obedience, but is only the Hand by which we take hold of the person and work of our Redeemer as the only Ground of our Salvation

Saving Faith is a moral act, as it proceeds from a renewed Will and a renewed Will is necessary to believing assent to the Truth of God (1Co 2:14;2Co 4:4). Faith therefore, has its seat in the moral part of our nature fully as much as in the intellectual. The mind must first be enlightened by divine teaching (Jhn 6:44; Acts Jhn 13:48;2Co 4:6; Ephesians 2Co 1:17, 2Co 1:18) before it can discern the things of the Spirit

Faith is necessary to our Salvation (Mrk 16:16), not because there is any merit in it, but simply because it is the sinner’s taking the Place assigned him by God his falling in with what God is doing.

The warrant or Ground of Faith is the divine Testimony not the reasonableness of what God says, but the simple fact that he says it. Faith rests immediately on, “Thus saith the Lord ” But in order to this Faith the veracity, sincerity, and Truth of God must be owned and appreciated, together with his unchangeableness. God’s Word encourages and emboldens the sinner personally to transact with Christ as God’s Gift to close with him, embrace him, give himself to Christ and take Christ as his. That Word comes with power, for it is the Word of God who has revealed himself in his Works and especially in the Cross God is to be believed for his word’s sake, but also for his name’s sake.

Faith in Christ secures for the believer Freedom from condemnation, or Justification before God a participation in the Life that is in Christ the divine Life (Jhn 14:19; Romans Jhn 6:4-10; Ephesians Jhn 4:15,Jhn 4:16, etc.); “peace with God” (Rom 5:1); and Sanctification (Act 26:18; Galatians Act 5:6; Acts Act 15:9).

All who thus believe in Christ Will certainly be saved (Jhn 6:37, Jhn 6:40; Jhn 10:27, Jhn 10:28; Romans Jhn 8:1).

The faith=the gospel (Act 6:7; Romans Act 1:5; Galatians Act 1:23; Act 1:1 Timothy Act 3:9; Jude Act 1:3).

Faithful: as a designation of Christians, means full of Faith trustful, and not simply trustworthy (Act 10:45; Act 16:1;2Co 6:15; Colossians 2Co 1:2; 2Co 1:1 Timothy 2Co 4:3, 2Co 4:12; 2Co 5:16; 2Co 6:2;Tit 1:6;Eph 1:1;1Co 4:17, etc.).

It is used also of God’s Word or Covenant as true and to be trusted (Psa 119:86, Psa 119:138;Isa 25:1; Isa 25:1 Timothy Isa 1:15;Rev 21:5; Rev 22:6, etc.).

Fall: OF Man an expression probably borrowed from the Apocryphal Book of Wisdom, to express the fact of the revolt of our first parents from God and the consequent sin and misery in which they and all their posterity were involved.

The history of the Fall is recorded in Genesis 2 and 3. That history is to be literally interpreted. It records facts which underlie the whole system of revealed Truth It is referred to by our Lord and his apostles not only as being true, but as furnishing the Ground of all God’s subsequent dispensations and dealings with the children of men. The record of Adam’s Temptation and Fall must be taken as a true historical account, if we are to understand the Bible at all as a Revelation of God’s purpose of mercy. ...

The effects of this first sin upon our first parents themselves were (1) “shame, a sense of degradation and pollution; (2) dread of the displeasure of God or a sense of guilt, and the consequent Desire to hide from his presence. These effects were unavoidable. They prove the loss not only of innocence but of original righteousness, and, with it, of the favour and Fellowship of God The state therefore to which Adam was reduced by his disobedience, so far as his subjective condition is concerned, was analogous to that of the fallen angels. He was entirely and absolutely ruined” (Hodge’s Theology).

But the unbelief and disobedience of our first parents brought not only on themselves this misery and ruin, it entailed also the same sad consequences on all their descendants. (1.) The guilt, i.e., liability to Punishment of that sin comes by Imputation upon all men, because all were represented by Adam in the Covenant of Works (q.v.). (See Imputation )

(2.) Hence, also, all his descendants inherit a corrupt nature. In all by nature there is an inherent and prevailing tendency to sin. This universal depravity is taught by universal experience. All men sin as soon as they are capable of moral actions. The Testimony of the Scriptures to the same effect is most abundant (Romans 1; 2; Rom 3:1-19, etc.).

(Rom 3:3.) This innate depravity is total: we are by nature “dead in trespasses and sins,” and must be “born again” before we can enter into the Kingdom (Jhn 3:7, etc.).

(Jhn 3:4.) Resulting from this “corruption of our whole nature” is our absolute moral inability to change our nature or to obey the Law of God

Com 9:3, Ryle well remarks: “A Deep and instructive principle lies in these words. They surely throw some Light on that great question, the origin of evil. God has thought fit to allow evil to exist in order that he may have a platform for showing his mercy, Grace and compassion. If Man had never fallen there would have been no opportunity of showing divine mercy. But by permitting evil, mysterious as it seems, God’s Works of Grace mercy, and wisdom in saving sinners have been wonderfully manifested to all his creatures. The redeeming of the Church of Elect sinners is the means of ‘showing to principalities and powers the manifold wisdom of God’ (Eph 3:10). Without the Fall we should have known nothing of the Cross and the Gospel.”

On the monuments of Egypt are found representations of a deity in human form, piercing with a spear the head of a Serpent This is regarded as an illustration of the wide dissemination of the Tradition of the Fall The story of the “golden Age ” which gives Place to the “iron age”, the Age of purity and innocence, which is followed by a time when Man becomes a prey to sin and misery, as represented in the mythology of Greece and Rome has also been regarded as a Tradition of the Fall

FALLOW-

Deer: Deu 14:5 (R.V., “Wild goat”);1Ki 4:23 (R.V., “roebucks”). This Animal called in Hebrew yahmur, from a Word meaning “to be Red ” is regarded by some as the common fallow-deer, the Cervus dama, which is said to be found very generally over Western and Southern Asia. It is called “fallow” from its pale-red or yellow Colour

Some interpreters, however, regard the name as designating the bubale, Antelope bubale, the “wild cow” of North Africa, which is about the size of a stag, like the hartebeest of South Africa. A species of Deer has been found at Mount Carmel which is called yahmur by the Arabs. It is said to be similar to the European roebuck.

FALLOW-

Ground: The expression, “Break up your fallow ground” (Hos. 10:12; Jeremiah 4:3) means, “Do not sow your seed among thorns”, i.e., break off all your evil habits; clear your hearts of weeds, in order that they may be prepared for the seed of righteousness. Land was allowed to Lie fallow that it might become more fruitful; but when in this condition, it soon became overgrown with thorns and weeds. The cultivator of the soil was careful to “break up” his fallow Ground i.e., to clear the field of weeds, before sowing seed in it. So says the Prophet “Break off your evil ways, repent of your sins, cease to do evil, and then the good seed of the Word Will have room to grow and bear Fruit ”

Fami

Famine: The first mentioned in Scripture was so grievous as to compel Abraham to go down to the land of Egypt (Gen 26:1). Another is mentioned as having occurred in the days of Isaac causing him to go to Gerar (Gen 26:1, Gen 26:17). But the most remarkable of all was that which arose in Egypt in the days of Joseph which lasted for Seven years (Gen 26:45).

Lamines were sent as an effect of God’s Anger against a guilty people (2Ki 8:1, 2Ki 8:2;Amo 8:11;Deu 28:22-42;2Sa 21:1;2Ki 6:25-28; 2Ki 25:3;Jer 14:15; Jer 19:9; Jer 42:17, etc.). A Famine was predicted by Agabus (Act 11:28). Josephus makes mention of the Famine which occurred A.D. Act 11:45. Helena, Queen of Adiabene, being at Jerusalem at that time, procured corn from Alexandria and figs from Cyprus for its poor inhabitants.

Fan: a winnowing shovel by which Grain was thrown up against the wind that it might be cleansed from broken Straw and Chaff (Isa 30:24; Jeremiah Isa 15:7; Matthew Isa 3:12). (See Agriculture )

Farm: (Mat 22:5). Every Hebrew had a certain portion of land assigned to him as a possession (Num 26:33-56). In Egypt the lands all belonged to the King and the husbandmen were obliged to give him a fifth part of the produce; so in Palestine Jehovah was the sole possessor of the soil, and the people held it by direct tenure from him. By the enactment of Moses the Hebrews paid a Tithe of the produce to Jehovah which was assigned to the priesthood. Military service when required was also to be rendered by every Hebrew at his own expense. The occuptaion of a Husbandman was held in High honour (Num 26:1 Samuel1 1:5-7;1Ki 19:19; 1Ki 19:2 Chronicles 1Ki 26:10). (See 26:0(n/a); Tithe )

Farthing: (1.) Matthew 10:29; Luke 12:6. Greek assarion, i.e., a small as, which was a Roman Coin equal to a Tenth of a denarius or drachma, nearly equal to a halfpenny of our Money

(2.) Matthew 5:26;Mrk 12:42 (Gr. kodrantes), the quadrant, the fourth of an as, equal to two lepta, mites. The lepton (mite) was the very smallest Copper Coin

Fast: The sole Fast required by the Law of Moses was that of the great Day of Atonement (q.v.), Leviticus 23:26-32. It is called “the fast” (Act 27:9).

The only other mention of a periodical Fast in the Old Testament is in Zechariah Act 7:1-7; Act 8:19, from which it appears that during their Captivity the Jews observed four annual fasts.

(Act 8:1.) The Fast of the fourth Month kept on the seventeenth Day of Tammuz the anniversary of the capture of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans; to commemorate also the incident recorded Exodus Act 32:19. (Comp. Jeremiah Act 52:6,Act 52:7.)

(Act 52:2.) The Fast of the fifth Month kept on the ninth of Ab (comp. ... Numbers Act 14:27), to commemorate the burning of the City and Temple (Jer 52:12, Jer 52:13).

(Jer 52:3.) The Fast of the seventh Month kept on the third of Tisri (comp.2Ki 52:25), the anniversary of the Murder of Gedaliah (Jer 41:1, Jer 41:2).

(Jer 41:4.) The Fast of the Tenth Month (comp. Jeremiah Jer 52:4;Ezk 33:21;2Ki 25:1), to commemorate the beginning of the siege of the Holy City by Nebuchadnezzar

There was in addition to these the Fast appointed by Esther (2Ki 4:16).

Public national fasts on account of sin or to supplicate divine favour were sometimes held. (2Ki 4:1.) 2Ki 4:1 Samuel 2Ki 7:6; (2Ki 7:2.) 2Ki 7:2 Chronicles 2Ki 20:3; (2Ki 20:3.) Jeremiah 2Ki 36:6-10; (2Ki 36:4.) Nehemiah 2Ki 9:1.

There were also local fasts. (2Ki 9:1.)Jdg 20:26; (Jdg 20:2.) Jdg 20:2 Samuel Jdg 1:12; (Jdg 1:3.) Jdg 1:1 Samuel Jdg 31:13; (Jdg 31:4.)1Ki 21:9-12; (1Ki 21:5.)Ezr 8:21-23: (Ezr 8:6.) Jonah Ezr 3:5-9.

There are many instances of private occasional fasting (Ezr 3:1 Samuel Ezr 1:7: Ezr 20:34; Ezr 20:2 Samuel Ezr 3:35; Ezr 12:16;1Ki 21:27;Ezr 10:6; Nehemiah Ezr 1:4;Dan 10:2,Dan 10:3). Moses fasted forty days (Exo 24:18; Exo 34:28), and so also did Elijah (1Ki 19:8). Our Lord fasted forty days in the Wilderness (Mat 4:2).

In the lapse of time the practice of fasting was lamentably abused (Isa 58:4; Jeremiah Isa 14:12; Zechariah Isa 7:5). Our Lord rebuked the Pharisees for their hypocritical pretences in fasting (Mat 6:16). He himself appointed no Fast The early Christians, however, observed the ordinary fasts according to the Law of their fathers (Act 13:3; Act 14:23;2Co 6:5).

Fat: (Hebrews heleb) denotes the richest part of the Animal or the fattest of the flock, in the account of Abel’s Sacrifice (Gen 4:4). It sometimes denotes the best of any production (Gen 45:18; Numbers Gen 18:12;Psa 81:16; Psa 147:47). The Fat of sacrifices was to be burned (Lev 3:9-11; Lev 4:8; Lev 7:3; Lev 8:25; Numbers Lev 18:17. Comp. Exodus Lev 29:13-22; Leviticus Lev 3:3-5).

It is used figuratively for a dull, stupid state of mind (Ps 17:10).

In Joel Ps 2:24 the Word is equivalent to “vat,” a vessel. The Hebrew Word here thus rendered is elsewhere rendered “wine-fat” and “press-fat” (Hag. Ps 2:16; Isaiah Ps 63:2).

Father: a name applied (1) to any ancestor (Deu 1:11;1Ki 15:11; Matthew 1Ki 3:9; 1Ki 23:30, etc.); and (1Ki 23:2) as a title of respect to a Chief ruler, or elder, etc. (Jdg 17:10; Jdg 18:19;1Sa 10:12;2Ki 2:12; Matthew 2Ki 23:9, etc.). (2Ki 23:3) The author or beginner of anything is also so called; e.g., Jabal and Jubal (Gen 4:20, Gen 4:21; comp.Job 38:28).

Applied to God (Exo 4:22;Deu 32:6;2Sa 7:14;Psa 89:27, Psa 89:28, etc.). (Psa 89:1.) As denoting his Covenant relation to the Jews (Jer 31:9;Isa 63:16; Isa 64:8;Jhn 8:41, etc.).

(Jhn 8:2.) Believers are called God’s “sons” (Jhn 1:12;Rom 8:16; Matthew Rom 6:4, Rom 6:8, Rom 6:15, Rom 6:18; Rom 10:20, Rom 10:29). They also Call him “Father” (Rom 1:7;1Co 1:3;2Co 1:2; Galatians 2Co 1:4)

Fathom: (Old A.S. faethm, “bosom,” or the outstretched arms), a span of six feet (Act 27:28). Gr. orguia (from orego, “I stretch”), the distance between the extremities of both arms fully stretched out.

Fatling: (1.) A fatted Animal for slaughter (2Sa 6:13;Isa 6:1 Isa 1:6;Ezk 39:18. Comp. Matthew Ezk 22:4, where the Word used in the original, sitistos, means literally “corn-fed;” i.e., installed, fat). (Ezk 22:2.)Psa 66:15 (Hebrews meah, meaning “marrowy,” “fat,” a species of sheep). (Psa 66:3.)1Sa 15:9 (Hebrews mishneh, meaning “the second,” and hence probably “cattle of a second quality,” or lambs of the second Birth i.e., autmnal lambs, and therfore of less value).

Fear: OF THE Lord THE is in the Old Testament used as a designation of true Piety (Pro 1:7;Job 28:28;Psa 19:9). It is a Fear conjoined with Love and hope, and is therefore not a slavish dread, but rather filial reverence. (Comp. Deuteronomy Psa 32:6; Hos. Psa 11:1; Isaiah Psa 1:2; Psa 63:16; Psa 64:8.) God is called “the Fear of Isaac” (Gen 31:42, Gen 31:53), i.e., the God whom Isaac feared.

A Holy Fear is enjoined also in the New Testament as a preventive of carelessness in religion, and as an incentive to penitence (Mat 10:28;2Co 5:11; 2Co 7:1; Phil. 2Co 2:12; Ephesians 2Co 5:21; Hebrews 2Co 12:28, 2Co 12:29).

Feast: as a Mark of hospitality (Gen 19:3; Gen 19:2 Samuel Gen 3:20;2Ki 6:23); on occasions of domestic joy (Luk 15:23; Genesis Luk 21:8); on birthdays (Gen 40:20; Job Gen 1:4; Matthew Gen 14:6); and on the occasion of a marriage (Jdg 14:10; Genesis Jdg 29:22).

Feasting was a part of the observances connected with the Offering up of sacrifices (Deu 12:6, Deu 12:7; Deu 12:1 Samuel Deu 9:19; Deu 16:3, Deu 16:5), and with the annual Festivals (Deu 16:11). “It was one of the designs of the greater solemnities, which required the attendance of the people at the sacred Tent that the oneness of the nation might be maintained and cemented together, by statedly congregating in one Place and with one soul taking part in the same religious services. ... But that oneness was primarily and chiefly a religious and not merely a political one; the people were not merely to Meet as among themselves, but with Jehovah and to present themselves before him as one body; the meeting was in its own nature a binding of themselves in Fellowship with Jehovah so that it was not politics and commerce that had here to do, but the soul of the Mosaic Dispensation the foundation of the religious and political existence of Israel the Covenant with Jehovah To keep the people’s consciousness alive to this, to revive, strengthen, and perpetuate it, nothing could be so well adapated as these annual Feasts ” (See Festivals )

F: brightness; splendour; i.e., “the flower Month ” mentioned only in 1 Kings 6:1, 37, as the “second Month ” It was called Iyar by the later Jews. (See Month )

Fellowship: (l.) With God consisting in the knowledge of his Will (Job 22:21;Jhn 17:3); agreement with his designs (Amo 3:2); mutual Affection (Rom 8:38, Rom 8:39); enjoyment of his presence (Psa 4:6); conformity to his image (1Jn 2:6; 1Jn 1:6); and participation of his felicity (1Jn 1:3, 1Jn 1:4; Ephesians 1Jn 3:14-21).

(1Jn 3:2.) Of saints with one another, in duties (Rom 12:5;1Co 12:1;1Th 5:17, 1Th 5:18); in ordinances (Heb 10:25; Acts Heb 2:46); in Grace Love joy, etc. (Mal 3:16;2Co 8:4); mutual interest, spiritual and temporal (Rom 12:4, Rom 12:13; Hebrews Rom 13:16); in sufferings (Rom 15:1, Rom 15:2; Galatians Rom 6:1, Rom 6:2;Rom 12:15; and in Glory (Rev 7:9).

Fence: (Hebrews gader), Numbers 22:24 (R.V.). Fences were constructions of unmortared Stones to protect Gardens vineyards, sheepfolds, etc. From various causes they were apt to bulge out and Fall (Psa 62:3).In 80:12, R.V. (see Isaiah In 5:5), the psalmist says, “Why hast thou broken down her fences?” Serpents delight to lurk in the crevices of such fences (Ecc 10:8; comp. Amos Ecc 5:19).

Fenced: CITIES There were in Palestine (1) cities, (2) unwalled Villages and (3) Villages with castles or Towers (1Ch 27:25). Cities, so called, had walls, and were thus Fenced The fortifications consisted of one or two walls, on which were Towers or parapets at regular intervals (2Ch 32:5;Jer 31:38). Around Ancient Jerusalem were three walls, on one of which were ninety Towers on the second fourteen, and on the third sixty. The tower of Hananeel near the north-east Corner of the City Wall is frequently referred to (Neh 3:1; Neh 12:39;Zec 14:10). The gateways of such cities were also fortified (Neh 2:8; Neh 3:3, Neh 3:6;Jdg 16:2, Jdg 16:3;1Sa 23:7). ...

The Hebrews found many Fenced cities when they entered the Promised Fand (Num 13:28; Num 32:17,34 32:42;Jos 11:12, Jos 11:13;Jdg 1:27-33), and we may estimate the strength of some of these cities from the fact that they were long held in possession by the Canaanites The Jebusites e.g., were enabled to hold possession of Jerusalem till the time of David (2Sa 5:6, 2Sa 5:7;1Ch 11:5).

Several of the kings of Israel and Judah distinguished themselves as fortifiers or “builders” of cities.

Ferret: Fev 11:30(R.V., “gecko”), one of the unclean creeping things. It was perhaps the Facerta gecko which was intended by the Hebrew Word (anakah, a cry, “mourning,” the Creature which groans) here used, i.e., the “fan-footed” Lizard the gecko which makes a mournful wail. The LXX. translate it by a Word meaning “shrew-mouse,” of which there are three species in Palestine The Rabbinical writers regard it as the hedgehog. The translation of the Revised Version is to be preferred.

Ferry: BOAT (2 Samuel 19:18), some kind of boat for crossing the River which the men of Judah placed at the service of the King Floats or rafts for this purpose were in use from remote times (Isa 18:2).

Festivals: , Religious There were Daily (Leviticus 23), weekly, monthly, and yearly Festivals and great stress was laid on the regular observance of them in every particular (Num 28:1-8; Exodus Num 29:38-42; Leviticus Num 6:8-23; Exodus Num 30:7-9; Num 27:20).

(Num 27:1.) The septenary Festivals were,

(a) The weekly Sabbath (Lev 23:1-3; Exodus Lev 19:3-30; Lev 20:8-11; Lev 31:12, etc.).

(b) The seventh New moon, or the Feast of Trumpets (Num 28:11 28:15; 1 29:1-6).

(d) The Year of Jubilee (Lev 25:35; Lev 25:8-16; Lev 27:16-25). ...

(Lev 27:2.) The great Feasts were,

(a) The Passover (b) The Feast of Pentecost or of weeks, (c) The Feast of Tabernacles or of ingathering.

On each of these occasions every male Israelite was commanded “to appear before the Lord” (Deu 27:7; Nehemiah Deu 8:9-12). The attendance of women was voluntary. (Comp. Luke Deu 2:41;1Sa 1:7; 1Sa 2:19.) The promise that God would protect their homes (Exo 34:23, Exo 34:24) while all the males were absent in Jerusalem at these Feasts was always fulfilled. “During the whole period between Moses and Christ we never read of an enemy invading the land at the time of the three Festivals The first instance on record is thirty-three years after they had withdrawn from themselves the divine protection by imbruing their hands in the Saviour’s blood, when Cestius, the Roman general, slew fifty of the people of Lydda while all the Rest had gone up to the Feast of Tabernacles A.D. Exo 34:66.”

These Festivals besides their religious purpose, had an important bearing on the maintenance among the people of the feeling of a national unity. The times fixed for their observance were arranged so as to interfere as little as possible with the industry of the people. The Passover was kept just before the Harvest commenced, Pentecost at the conclusion of the corn Harvest and before the vintage, the Feast of Tabernacles after all the Fruits of the Ground had been gathered in.

(Exo 34:3.) The Day of Atonement the Tenth Day of the seventh Month (Lev 16:1, Lev 16:34; Lev 23:26-32;Num 29:7-11). (See Atonement Day OF.)

Of the post-Exilian Festivals reference is made to the Feast of Dedication (Jhn 10:22). This Feast was appointed by Judas Maccabaeus in commemoration of the Purification of the Temple after it had been polluted by Antiochus Epiphanes. The “feast of Purim” (q.v.), Esther Jhn 9:24-32, was also instituted after the Exile. (Cf. John Jhn 5:1.)

Festus: , PORCIUS the successor of Felix (A.D. 60) as procurator of Judea (Act 24:27). A few weeks after he had entered on his office the case of Paul then a prisoner at Caesarea was reported to him. The “next Day ” after he had gone down to Caesarea he heard Paul defend himself in the presence of Herod Agrippa II. and his sister Bernice and not finding in him anything worthy of Death or of bonds, would have set him free had he not appealed unto Caesar (Act 25:11, Act 25:12). In consequence of this Appeal Paul was sent to Rome Festus after being in office less than two years, died in Judea (See Agrippa )

Fever: (Deu 28:22; Matthew Deu 8:14;Mrk 1:30;Jhn 4:52; Acts Jhn 28:8), a burning heat, as the Word so rendered denotes, which attends all febrile attacks. In all Eastern countries such diseases are very common. Peter’s wife’s mother is said to have suffered from a “great fever” (Luk 4:38), an instance of Luke’s professional exactitude in describing disease. He adopts here the technical medical distinction, as in those times fevers were divided into the “great” and the “less.”

Fillets: Hebrews hashukum, plur., joinings (Exo 27:17; Exo 38:17, Exo 38:28), the rods by which the tops of the columns around the Tabernacle Court were joined together, and from which the curtains were suspended (Exo 27:10, Exo 27:11; Exo 36:38).

In Jeremiah Exo 52:21 the rendering of a different Word hut, meaning a “thread,” and designating a measuring-Lin 52:12 cubits in length for the circumference of the Copper pillars of Solomon’s Temple

Finer: a worker in Silver and Gold (Pro 25:4). In Judges Pro 17:4 the Word (tsoreph) is rendered “founder,” and in Isaiah Pro 41:7 “goldsmith.”

Fining: POT a crucible, melting-pot (Pro 17:3; Pro 27:21).

Fir

Fire: (1.) For sacred purposes. The sacrifices were consumed by Fire (Gen 8:20). The ever-burning Fire on the Altar was first kindled from Heaven (Lev 6:9, Lev 6:13; Lev 9:24), and afterwards rekindled at the Dedication of Solomon’s Temple (2Ch 7:1, 2Ch 7:3). The expressions “fire from heaven” and “fire of the Lord” generally denote Lightning but sometimes also the Fire of the Altar was so called (Exo 29:18;Lev 1:9; Lev 2:3; Lev 3:5,Lev 3:9).

Fire for a sacred purpose obtained otherwise than from the Altar was called “strange fire” (Lev 10:1, Lev 10:2;Num 3:4).

The victims slain for sin offerings were afterwards consumed by Fire outside the Camp (Lev 4:12, Lev 4:21; Lev 6:30; Lev 16:27;Heb 13:11). ...

(Heb 13:2.) For domestic purposes, such as baking, cooking, warmth, etc. (Jer 36:22;Mrk 14:54;Jhn 18:18). But on Sabbath no Fire for any domestic purpose was to be kindled (Exo 35:3;Num 15:32-36).

(Num 15:3.) Punishment of Death by Fire was inflicted on such as were guilty of certain forms of unchastity and incest (Lev 20:14; Lev 21:9). The burning of captives in war was not unknown among the Jews (2Sa 12:31;Jer 29:22). The bodies of infamous persons who were executed were also sometimes burned (Jos 7:25;2Ki 23:16).

(2Ki 23:4.) In war, Fire was used in the Destruction of cities, as Jericho (Jos 6:24), Ai (Jos 8:19), Hazor (Jos 11:11), Laish (Jdg 18:27), etc. The war-chariots of the Canaanites were Burnt (Jos 11:6, Jos 11:9, Jos 11:13). The Israelites burned the images (2Ki 10:26; R.V., “pillars”) of the House of Baal These objects of Worship seem to have been of the nature of obelisks, and were sometimes evidently made of Wood

Torches were sometimes carried by the soldiers in battle (Jdg 7:16).

(Jdg 7:5.) Figuratively, Fire is a symbol of Jehovah’s presence and the instrument of his power (Exo 14:19;Num 11:1, Num 11:3;Jdg 13:20;1Ki 18:38;2Ki 1:10, 2Ki 1:12; 2Ki 2:11;Isa 6:4;Ezk 1:4;Rev 1:14, etc.).

God’s Word is also likened unto Fire (Jer 23:29). It is referred to as an emblem of severe trials or misfortunes (Zec 12:6;Luk 12:49;1Co 3:13, 1Co 3:15;1Pe 1:7), and of Eternal Punishment (Mat 5:22;Mrk 9:44;Rev 14:10; Rev 21:8).

The influence of the Holy Ghost is likened unto Fire (Mat 3:11). His descent was denoted by the appearance of Tongues as of Fire (Act 2:3).

Firebrand: Isa 7:4,Amo 4:11,Zec 3:2, denotes the Burnt End of a stick (Hebrews ‘ud);In 15:4, a Lamp or torch, a flambeau (Hebrews lappid);In 26:18 (comp. Ephesians In 6:16), burning darts or Arrows (Hebrews zikkim).

Firepan: (Exo 27:3; Exo 38:3), one of the vessels of the Temple service (rendered “snuff-dish” Exodus Exo 25:38; Exo 37:23; and “censer”Lev 10:1; Lev 16:12). It was probably a metallic cinder-basin used for the purpose of carrying live Coal for burning Incense and of carrying away the snuff in trimming the lamps.

Firkin: Use 2:6; the Attic amphora, equivalent to the Hebrew Bath (q.v.),A M 2:8 A M 2:7/A M 2:8 gallons.

Firma: ME NT from the Vulgate firmamentum, which is used as the translation of the Hebrew raki’a. This Word means simply “expansion.” It denotes the space or expanse like an Arch appearing immediately above us. They who rendered raki’a by firmamentum regarded it as a solid body. The language of Scripture is not scientific but popular, and hence we read of the Sun rising and setting, and also here the use of this particular Word It is Plain that it was used to denote solidity as well as expansion. It formed a division between the waters above and the waters below (Gen 1:7). The raki’a supported the upper reservoir (Psa 148:4). It was the support also of the heavenly bodies (Gen 1:14), and is spoken of as having “windows” and “doors” (Gen 7:11;Isa 24:18;Mal 3:10) through which the rain and Snow might descend.

FIRST-

Born: , Redemption OF From the beginning the office of the priesthood in each family belonged to the eldest Son But when the extensive plan of sacrificial Worship was introduced, requiring a company of men to be exclusively devoted to this ministry, the primitive office of the first-born was superseded by that of the Levites (Num 3:11-13), and it was ordained that the first-bom of Man and of unclean a ni mals should henceforth be redeemed (Num 18:15).

The laws concerning this Redemption of the first-Bor 13:12-15; Bor 22:29; Bor 34:20;Num 3:45; Num 8:17; Num 18:16;Lev 12:2, Lev 12:4.

The first-born male of every Clean Animal was to be given up to the Priest for Sacrifice (Deu 12:6;Exo 13:12; Exo 34:20;Num 18:15-17).

But the first-bom of unclean animals was either to be redeemed or sold and the price given to the Priest (Lev 27:11 27:13, 1 27:27). The first-born of an Ass if not redeemed, was to be Put to Death (Exo 13:13; Exo 34:20).

First-born

Fruits: The first-fruits of the Ground were offered unto God just as the first-bom of Man and animals.

The Law required, (1.) That on the morrow after the Passover Sabbath a sheaf of New corn should be waved by the Priest before the Altar (Lev 23:5,Lev 23:6, Lev 23:10, Lev 23:12; Lev 2:12).

(Lev 2:2.) That at the Feast of Pentecost two loaves of leavened Bread made from the New Flour were to be waved in like manner (Lev 23:15, Lev 23:17;Num 28:26).

(Num 28:3.) The Feast of Tabernacles was an acknowledgement that the Fruits of the Harvest were from the Lord (Exo 23:16; Exo 34:22). ...

(Exo 34:4.) Every individual, besides, was required to consecrate to God a portion of the first-fruits of the land (Exo 22:29; Exo 23:19; Exo 34:26;Num 15:20, Num 15:21 ).

(Num 15:5.) The Law enjoined that no Fruit was to be gathered from newly-planted fruit-trees for the first three years, and that the first-fruits of the fourth Year were to be consecrated to the Lord (Lev 19:23-25). Jeremiah (Lev 2:3) alludes to the ordinance of “first-fruits,” and hence he must have been acquainted with the books of Exodus Leviticus and Numbers where the laws regarding it are recorded.

Fish: called dag by the Hebrews a Word denoting great fecundity (Gen 9:2;Num 11:22; Jonah Num 2:1, Num 2:10). No Fish is mentioned by name either in the Old or in the New Testament Fish abounded in the Mediterranean and in the lakes of the Jordan so that the Hebrews were no doubt acquainted with many species. Two of the Villages on the shores of

the Sea of Galilee derived their names from their fisheries, Bethsaida (the “house of fish”) on the East and on the west. There is probably no other sheet of Water in the world of equal dimensions that contains such a variety and profusion of Fish About thirty-seven different ki nds have been found. Some of the fishes are of a European type, such as the roach, the barbel, and the blenny; others are markedly African and tropical, such as the eel - lik e silurus. ... There was a regular fish-market apparently in Jerusalem (Num 2:2 Chronicles Num 33:14; Nehemiah Num 3:3; Num 12:39;

Zep 1:10), as there was a fish-gate which was probably contiguous to it.

Sidon is the oldest Fishing establishment known in history.

Fisher: Besides its literal sense (Luk 5:2), this Word is also applied by our Lord to his disciples in a figurative sense (Mat 4:19;Mrk 1:17).

Fish-hooks

Fishing: , THE ART OF was prosecuted with great industry in the waters of Palestine It was from the fishing-nets that Jesus called his disciples (Mrk 1:16-20), and it was in a fishing-boat he rebuked the Winds and the waves (Mat 8:26)And 8:13. He twice miraculously fed multitudes with Fish and Bread (Mat 14:19; Mat 15:36). It was in the mouth of a Fish that the tribute-money was found (Mat 17:27). And he “ate a piece of broiled fish” with his disciples after his Resurrection (Luk 24:42, Luk 24:43; comp. Acts Luk 1:3). At the Sea of Tiberias (Jhn 21:1-14), in obedience to his direction, the disciples cast their Net “on the right side of the ship,” and enclosed so many that “they were not able to draw it for the multitude of fishes.”

Two ki nds of fishing-nets are mentioned in the New Testament

(Jhn 21:1.) The casting-net (Mat 4:18;Mrk 1:16).

(Mrk 1:2.) The drag-net or seine (Mat 13:48).

Fish were also caught by the fishing-hook (Mat 17:27). (See Net )

FlSH-

Pools: (Cant. 7:4) should be simply “pools,” as in the Revised Version The reservoirs near Heshbon (q.v.) were probably stocked with Fish (2Sa 2:13; 2Sa 4:12;Isa 7:3; Isa 22:9, Isa 22:11).

Fitches: (Isa 28:25, Isa 28:27), the rendering of the Hebrew ketsah , “without doubt the Nigella sativa, a small annual of the order Ranunculacece, which grows wild in the Mediterranean countries, and is cultivated in Egypt and Syria for its seed.” It is rendered in margin of the Revised Version “black Cummin ” The seeds are used as a condiment.

In 4:9 this Word is the rendering of the Hebrew kussemeth (incorrectly rendered “rye” in the Authorized Version of Exodus In 9:32 and Isaiah In 28:25, but “spelt” in the Revised Version). The reading “fitches” here is an error; it should be “spelt.”

Flag: (Hebrews , or rather Egyptian, ahu,Job 8:11), rendered “meadow”In 41:2, In 41:18; probably the Cyperus esculentus, a species of Rush eaten by Cattle the Nile Reed It also grows in Palestine

In 2:3, In 2:5,Isa 19:6, it is the rendering of the Hebrew Suph a Word which occurs frequently in connection with yam; as yam Suph to denote the “Red Sea” (q.v.) or the Sea of weeds (as this Word is rendered, Jonah Isa 2:5). It denotes some kind of sedge or Reed which grows in marshy places. (See Paper Reed )

Flagon: Hebrews ashishah, (2Sa 6:19;1Ch 16:3; Cant. 1Ch 2:5; Hos. 1Ch 3:1), meaning properly “a Cake of pressed Raisins ” “Flagons of wine” of the Authorized Version should be, as in the Revised Version “cakes of raisins” in all these passages.In 22:24 it is the rendering of the Hebrew nebel, which properly means a Bottle or vessel of Skin (Comp.1Sa 1:24; 1Sa 10:3; 1Sa 25:18;2Sa 16:1, where the same Hebrew Word is used.)

Flame: OF Fire is the Chosen symbol of the Holiness of God (Exo 3:2; Revelation Exo 2:18), as indicating “the intense, all-consuming operation of his Holiness in relation to sin.”

Flax: (Hebrews pishtah, i.e., “peeled”, in allusion to the fact that the stalks of Flax when dried were first split or peeled before being steeped in Water for the purpose of destroying the pulp). This plant was cultivated from earliest times. The Flax of Egypt was destroyed by the Plague of Hail when it “was boiled”, i.e., was forming pods for seed (Exo 9:31). It was extensively cultivated both in Egypt and PalestineRef 2:6 to the Custom of drying flax-stalks by exposing them to the Sun on the flat roofs of houses. It was much used in forming articles of clothing such as girdles, also cords and Bands (Lev 13:48, Lev 13:52, Lev 13:59;Deu 22:11). (See Linen )

Flea: David at the Cave of Adullam thus addressed his persecutor Saul (1Sa 24:14): “After whom is the King of Israel come out? after whom dost thou pursue? after a Dead Dog after a flea?” He thus speaks of himself as the poor, contemptible object of the monarch’s pursuit, a “worthy object truly for an expedition of the King of Israel with his picked troops!” This insect is in Eastern language the popular emblem of insignificance.In 24:1Sam 26:20 the LXX. read “come out to seek my life” instead of “to seek a Flea ”

Fleece: the wool of a Sheep whether shorn off or still attached to the Skin (Deu 18:4; Job Deu 31:20). The Miracle of Gideon’s Fleece (Jdg 6:37-40) consisted in the Dew having fallen at one time on the Fleece without any on the floor, and at another time in the Fleece remaining dry while the Ground was wet with Dew

Flesh: in the Old Testament denotes (1) a particular part of the body of Man and animals (Gen 2:21; Gen 41:2;Psa 102:5, marg.); (Psa 102:2) the whole body (Psa 16:9); (Psa 16:3) all Living things having Flesh and particularly humanity as a whole (Gen 6:12, Gen 6:13); (Gen 6:4) mutability and weakness (Gen 6:2 Chronicles Gen 32:8; comp. Isaiah Gen 31:3;Psa 78:39). As suggesting the idea of softness it is used in the expression “heart of flesh” (Ezk 11:19). The expression “my Flesh and bone” (Jdg 9:2; Isaiah Jdg 58:7) denotes relationship.

In the New Testament besides these it is also used to denote the sinful element of human nature as opposed to the “Spirit” (Rom 6:19; Matthew Rom 16:17). ... Being “in the flesh” means being unrenewed (Rom 7:5; Rom 8:8, Rom 8:9), and to live “according to the flesh” is to live and act sinfully (Rom 8:4, Rom 8:5, Rom 8:7, Rom 8:12).

This Word also denotes the human nature of Christ (Jhn 1:14, “The Word was made Flesh ” Comp,Als 1:1 Timothy Als 3:16; Romans Als 1:3).

FLESH-

Hook: (1.) Hebrews hah, a “ring” inserted in the nostrils of animals to which a Cord was fastened for the purpose of restraining them (2Ki 9:28;Isa 37:28, Isa 37:29;Ezk 29:4; Ezk 38:4). “The Orientals make use of this contrivance for curbing their work-beasts... When a beast becomes unruly they have only to draw the Cord on one side, which, by stopping his breath, punishes him so effectually that after a few repetitions he fails not to become quite tractable whenever he begins to feel it” (Michaelis). So God’s agents are never Beyond his control.

(Ezk 38:2.) Hakkah, a Fish “hook” (Job 41:2, Hebrews Text, Job 40:25;Isa 19:8; Habakkuk Isa 1:15).

(Isa 1:3.) Vav, a “peg” on which the curtains of the Tabernacle were hung (Exo 26:32). ...

(Exo 26:4.) Tsinnah, a fish-hooks (Amo 4:2).

(Amo 4:5.) Mazleg, flesh-hooks (1Sa 2:13, 1Sa 2:14), a kind of fork with three teeth for turning the sacrifices on the Fire etc.

(1Sa 2:6.) Mazmeroth, pruning-hooks (Isa 2:4; Joel Isa 3:10).

(Isa 3:7.) ‘Agmon (Job 41:2, HebrewsTex 40:26), incorrectly rendered in the Authorized Version Properly a rush-rope for binding animals, as in Revised Version margin.

Hope

Flint: abounds in all the plains and valleys of the Wilderness of the forty years’ wanderings.In 50:7And 3:9 the expressions, where the Word is used, means that the “Messiah would be firm and resolute amidst all contempt and scorn which he would Meet that he had made up his mind to endure it, and would not shrink from any kind or degree of suffering which would be necessary to accomplish the great work in which he was engaged.” (Comp.Ezk 3:8, Ezk 3:9.) The words “like a flint” are used with reference to the hoofs of horses (Isa 5:28).

Flood

Flour: Grain reduced to the form of meal is spoken of in the time of Abraham (Gen 18:6). As baking was a Daily necessity, Grain was also Ground Daily at the mills (Jer 25:10). The Flour mingled with Water was kneaded in kneading-troughs, and sometimes Leaven (Exo 12:34) was added and sometimes omitted (Gen 19:3). The Dough was then formed into thin cakes nine or ten inches in diameter and baked in the Oven

Fine Flour was offered by the poor as a sin-offering (Lev 5:11-13), and also in connection with other sacrifices (Num 15:3-12; Num 28:7-29).

Flowers: Very few species of Flowers are mentioned in the Bible although they abounded in Palestine It has been calculated that in Western Syria and Palestine from two thousand to two thousand five hundred plants are found, of which about five hundred probably are British wild-flowers. Their beauty is often alluded to (Cant. 2:12; Matthew 6:28). They are referred to as affording an emblem of the transitory nature of human Life (Job 14:2;Psa 103:15; Isaiah Psa 28:1; Psa 40:6; James Psa 1:10). Gardens containing Flowers and fragrant herbs are spoken of (Cant. Psa 4:16; Psa 6:2 ).

Flute: a musical instrument, probably composed of a number of pipes,Men 3:5, Men 3:7, Men 3:10, Men 3:15.

In Matthew Men 9:23, Men 9:24, notice is taken of players on the Flute here called “minstrels” (but in R.V. “flute -players”).

Flutes were in common use among the Ancient Egyptians.

Fly: Hebrews Zebub (Ecc 10:1;Isa 7:18). This Fly was so grievous a pest that the Phoenicians invoked against it the aid of their God Baal-zebub (q.v.). The Prophet Isaiah (Isa 7:18) alludes to some poisonous Fly which was believed to be found on the confines of Egypt and which would be called by the Lord Poisonous flies exist in many parts of Africa, for instance, the different kinds of tsetse.

Hebrews ‘arob, the name given to the insects sent as a Plague on the land of Egypt (Exo 8:21-31;Psa 78:45; Psa 105:31). The LXX. render this by a Word which means the “dog-fly,” the cynomuia. The Jewish commentators regarded the Hebrew Word here as connected with the Word ’arab, which means “mingled;” and they accordingly supposed the Plague to consist of a mixed multitude of animals, beasts, reptiles, and insects. ... But there is no doubt that “the ’arab' denotes a single definite species. Some interpreters regard it as the Blatta orientalis, the cockroach, a species of Beetle These insects “inflict very painful bites with their jaws; gnaw and destroy clothes, household furniture, leather, and articles of every kind, and either consume or render unavailable all eatables.”

Foam: (Hos. 10:7), the rendering of ketseph, which properly means twigs or splinters (as rendered in the LXX. and marg. R.V.). The expression in Hosea may therefore be read, “as a chip on the Face of the Water ” denoting the helplessness of the piece of Wood as compared with the irresistable current.

Fodder: Hebrews belil, (Job 6:5), meaning properly a mixture or medley (Lat. farrago), “made up of various kinds of Grain as wheat, Barley vetches, and the like, all mixed together, and then sown or given to cattle” (Job 24:6, A.V. “com,” R.V. “provender;”Isa 30:24, provender”).

Fold: a strong Fenced enclosure for the protection of the Sheep gathered within it (Num 32:24; Num 32:1 Chronicles Num 17:7;Psa 50:9; Psa 78:70). In John Psa 10:16 the Authorized Version renders by “fold” two distinct Greek words, aule and poimne, the latter of which properly means a “flock,” and is so rendered in the Revised Version (See also Matthew Psa 26:31; Luke Psa 2:8;1Co 9:7.) (See Fold )

SHEEP-

Food: Originally the Creator granted the use of the vegetable world for Food to Man (Gen 1:29), with the exception mentioned (Gen 2:17). The use of Animal Food was probably not unknown to the antediluvians. There is, however, a distinct Law on the subject given to Noah after the Deluge (Gen 9:2-5). Various articles of Food used in the patriarchal Age are mentioned in Genesis Gen 18:6-8; Gen 25:34; Gen 27:3, Gen 27:4; Gen 43:1 Gen 43:1. Regarding the Food of the Israelites in Egypt see Exodus Gen 16:3; Numbers1 1:5. In the Wilderness their ordinary Food was miraculously supplied in the manna. They had also quails (Exo 16:11-13; Numbers Exo 11:31). ...

In the Law of Moses there are special regulations as to the animals to be used for Food (Lev 11:11; Deuteronomy Lev 14:3-21). The Jews were also forbidden to use as Food anything that had been consecrated to idols (Exo 34:15), or animals that had died of disease or had been torn by wild beasts (Exo 22:31; Leviticus Exo 22:8). (See also for other restrictions Exodus Exo 23:19; Exo 29:13-22; Leviticus Exo 3:4-9; Exo 9:18, Exo 9:19; Exo 22:8; Deuteronomy Exo 14:21.) But Beyond these restrictions they had a large grant from God (Deu 14:26; Deu 32:13, Deu 32:14).

Food was prepared for use in various ways. The cereals were sometimes eaten without any preparation (Lev 23:14; Deuteronomy Lev 23:25;2Ki 4:42). Vegetables were cooked by boiling (Gen 25:30, Gen 25:34;2Ki 4:38, 2Ki 4:39), and thus also other articles of Food were prepared for use (Gen 27:4;Pro 23:3;Ezk 24:10; Luke Ezk 24:42; John Ezk 21:9). Food was also prepared by roasting (Exo 12:8; Leviticus Exo 2:14). (See COOK.)

Footstool: connected with a Throne (2 Chronicles 9:18). Jehovah symbolically dwelt in the Holy Place between the cherubim above the Ark of the Covenant The Ark was his Footstool (1 Chronicles 28:2;Psa 99:5; Psa 132:7). And as Heaven is God’s Throne so the earth is his Footstool (Psa 110:1;Isa 66:1; Matthew Isa 5:35).

Forces: of the Gentiles (Isa 60:5, Isa 60:11; R.V., “the wealth of the nations”) denotes the wealth of the Heathen The whole Passage means that the wealth of the Gentile world should be consecrated to the service of the Church

Ford

Forehead: The practice common among Oriental nations of colouring the Forehead or impressing on it some distinctive Mark as a sign of devotion to some deity is alluded to in Revelation 13:16, 17; 14:9; 17:5; 20:4.

The “jewel on thy forehead”Men 16:12 (R.V., “a ring upon thy nose”) was in all probability the “nose-ring” (Isa 3:21).

In 3:7 the Word “impudent” is rightly rendered in the Revised Version “an hard Forehead ” (See also ver. In 3:8, In 3:9.)

Foreigner: a Gentile. Such as resided among the Hebrews were required by the Law to be treated with ki ndness (Exo 22:21; Exo 23:9;Lev 19:33, Lev 19:34; Lev 23:22;Deu 14:28; Deu 16:10, Deu 16:11; Deu 24:19). They enjoyed in many things equal rights with the native-born residents (Exo 12:49;Lev 24:22;Num 15:15; Num 35:15), but were not allowed to do anything which was an Abomination according to the Jewish Law (Exo 20:10;Lev 17:15,Lev 17:16; Lev 18:26; Lev 20:2; Lev 24:16, etc.).

Foreknowledge: OF God Acts 2:23;Rom 8:29; Rom 11:2;1Pe 1:2), one of those High attributes essentially appertaining to him the full import of which we cannot comprehend. In the most absolute sense his knowledge is infinite (1Sa 23:9-13; Jeremiah 1Sa 38:17-23; 1Sa 42:9-22, Matthew 1Sa 11:21, 1Sa 11:23; Acts 1Sa 15:18).

Forerunner: John the Baptist went before our Lord in this character (Mrk 1:2, Mrk 1:3). Christ so called (Heb 6:20) as entering before his people into the Holy Place as their head and guide.

Forest: Hebrews ya’ar, meaning a dense Wood from its luxuriance. Thus all the great primeval forests of Syria (Ecc 2:6; Isaiah Ecc 44:14; Jeremiah Ecc 5:6;Mic 5:8). The most extensive was the trans-Jordanic Forest of Ephraim (Mic 5:2 Samuel Mic 18:6, Mic 18:8; Joshua Mic 17:15, Mic 17:18), which is probably the same as the Wood of Ephratah (Psa 132:6), some part of the great Forest of Gilead. It was in this Forest that Absalom was slain by Joab David withdrew to the Forest of Hareth in the mountains of Judah to avoid the Fury of Saul (Psa 132:1 Samuel Psa 22:5). We read also of the Forest of Bethel (2Ki 2:23, 2Ki 2:24), and of that which the Israelites passed in their pursuit of the Philistines (2Ki 2:1 Samuel 2Ki 14:25), and of the Forest of the cedars of Lebanon (1Ki 4:33;2Ki 19:23; Hos. ... 2Ki 14:5, 2Ki 14:6).

“The House of the Forest of Lebanon (1Ki 7:2; 1Ki 10:17; 1Ki 10:2 Chronicles 1Ki 9:16) was probably Solomon’s Armoury and was so called because the Wood of its many pillars came from Lebanon and they had the appearance of a Forest (See Baalbec )

Hebrews horesh, denoting a thicket of trees, underwood, jungle, bushes, or trees entangled, and therefore affording a safe hiding-place, Place This Word is rendered “forest”Onl 9:2 Chronicles Onl 27:4. It is also rendered “wood”, the “wood” in the “wilderness of Ziph,” in which David concealed himself (Onl 27:1 Samuel Onl 23:15), which lay south-east of Hebron In Isaiah Onl 17:19 this Word is in Authorized Version rendered incorrectly “bough.”

Hebrews pardes, meaning an enclosed garden or plantation. Asaph is (Neh 2:8) called the “keeper of the king’s Forest ” The same Hebrew Word is used Ecclesiastes Neh 2:5, where it is rendered in the plural “orchards” (R.V., “parks”), and Cant. Neh 4:13, rendered “orchard” (R.V. marg., “a paradise”).

“The Forest of the vintage” (Zec 11:2, “inaccessible Forest ” or R.V. “strong forest”) is probably a figurative allusion to Jerusalem or the verse may simply point to the devastation of the region referred to.

The Forest is an image of unfruitfulness as contrasted with a cultivated field (Isa 29:17; Isa 32:15; Jeremiah Isa 26:18; Hos. Isa 2:12). Isaiah (Isa 10:19, Isa 10:33, Isa 10:34) likens the Assyrian Host under Sennacherib (q.v.) to the trees of some huge Forest to be suddenly cut down by an unseen stroke.

Forgiveness: OF SIN one of the constituent parts of Justification In pardoning sin, God absolves the sinner from the condemnation of the Law and that on account of the work of Christ i.e., he removes the guilt of sin, or the sinner’s actual liability to Eternal wrath on account of it. All sins are forgiven freely (Act 5:31; Act 13:38;1Jn 1:6-9). The sinner is by this act of Grace for ever freed from the guilt and penalty of his sins. This is the Peculiar prerogative of God (Psa 130:4;Mrk 2:5). It is offered to all in the gospel. (See Justification )

Fornication: in every form of it was sternly condemned by the Mosaic Law (Lev 21:9; Lev 19:29;Deu 22:20, Deu 22:21,23 22:29; 23 23:18; Exodus 23 22:16). (See Adultery )

But this Word is more frequently used in a symbolical than in its ordinary sense. It frequently means a forsaking of God or a following after idols (Isa 1:2; Jeremiah Isa 2:20;Ezk 2:16; Hos. Ezk 1:2; Ezk 2:1-5; Jeremiah Ezk 3:8,Ezk 3:9).

Fortunatus: fortunate, a Disciple of Corinth who visited Paul at Ephesus and returned with Stephanas and Achaicus, the bearers of the apostle’s first Letter to the Corinthians (1Co 16:17).

Fountain: OF THE Virgin the perennial source from which the Pool of Siloam (q.v.) is supplied, the waters flowing in a copious Stream to it through a tunnel cut through the Rock the actual length of which is 1,750 feet. The Spring rises in a Cave 20 feet by 7. A serpentine tunnel 67 feet long runs from it toward the Left off which the tunnel to the Pool of Siloam branches. It is the only unfailing Fountain in Jerusalem

The Fountain received its name from the “fantastic legend” that here the Virgin washed the swaddling-clothes of our Lord

This Spring has the singular characteristic of being intermittent, flowing from three to five times Daily in winter, twice Daily in summer, and only once Daily in autumn. This peculiarity is accounted for by the supposition that the outlet from the reservoir is by a Passage in the form of a siphon.

Fowler: the arts of,Ref 91:3; Ref 124:7;Pro 6:5; Jeremiah Pro 5:26; Hos. Pro 9:8;Ezk 17:20;Ecc 9:12. Birds of all kinds abound in Palestine and the capture of these for the table and for other uses formed the employment of many persons. The traps and snares used for this purpose are mentioned Hos. Ecc 5:1;Pro 7:23; Pro 22:5;Amo 3:5;Psa 69:22; comp.Deu 22:6, Deu 22:7.

Fox: (Hebrews shu’al, a name derived from its digging or burrowing under ground), the Vulpes thaleb, or Syrian Fox the only species of this Animal indigenous to Palestine It burrows, is silent and solitary in its habits, is destructive to vineyards, being a plunderer of ripe grapes (Cant. 2: 15). The Vulpes Niloticus, or Egyptian dog-fox, and the Vulpes vulgaris, or common Fox are also found in Palestine

The proverbial cunning of the FoxIs 13:4,And 13:32, where our Lord calls Herod “that Fox ”In 15:4, In 15:5, the reference is in all probability to the jackal. The Hebrew Word shu’al through the Persian schagal becomes our jackal (Canis aureus), so that the Word may bear that signification here. ... The reasons for preferring the rendering “jackal” are (In 15:1) that it is more easily caught than the Fox (In 15:2) that the Fox is shy and suspicious, and flies mankind, while the jackal does not; and (In 15:3) that foxes are difficult, jackals comparatively easy, to treat in the way here described. Jackals hunt in large Numbers and are still very numerous in Southern Palestine

Frankincense: (Hebrews Lebonah Gr. libanos, i.e., “white”), an odorous resin imported from Arabia (Isa 60:6; Jeremiah Isa 6:20), yet also growing in Palestine (Cant. Isa 4:14). It was one of the ingredients in the perfume of the Sanctuary (Exo 30:34), and was used as an accompaniment of the meat-offering (Lev 2:1, Lev 2:16; Lev 6:15; Lev 24:7). When Burnt it emitted a fragrant odour, and hence the Incense became a symbol of the Divine name (Mal 1:11; Cant. Mal 1:3) and an emblem of Prayer (Psa 141:2; Luke Psa 1:10; Revelation Psa 5:8; Psa 8:3).

This Frankincense or olibanum, used by the Jews in the Temple services is not to be confounded with the Frankincense of modern commerce, which is an exudation of the Norway spruce fir, the Pinus abies. It was probably a resin from the Indian Tree known to botanists by the name of Boswellia serrata or thurifera, which grows to the height of forty feet.

Freedom: The Law of Moses pointed out the cases in which the servants of the Hebrews were to receive their Freedom (Exo 21:2-4, Exo 21:7, Exo 21:8;Lev 25:39-42,47 25:55;Deu 15:12-18). Under the Roman Law the “freeman” (ingenuus) was one Born free; the “freedman” (libertinus) was a manumitted Slave and had not equal rights with the freeman (Act 22:28; comp. Acts Act 16:37-39; Act 21:39; Act 22:25; Act 25:11, Act 25:12).

FREE-

Will: OFFERING a spontaneous Gift (Exo 35:29), a voluntary Sacrifice (Lev 22:23;Ezr 3:5), as opposed to one in consequence of a vow, or in Expiation of some Offence

Frog: (Hebrews tsepharde’a, meaning a “marsh-leaper”). This reptile is mentioned in the Old Testament only in connection with one of the plagues which fell on the land of Egypt (Exo 8:2-14;Psa 78:45; Psa 105:30).

In the New Testament this Word occurs only in Revelation Psa 16:13, where it is referred to as a symbol of uncleanness. The only species of Frog existing in Palestine is the green Frog (Rana esculenta), the well-known edible Frog of the Continent.

Frontlets: occurs only in Exodus 13:16;Deu 6:8,And 11:18. The meaning of the injunction to the Israelites, with regard to the statues and precepts given them, that they should “bind them for a sign upon their Hand and have them as Frontlets between their eyes,” was that they should keep them distinctly in view and carefully attend to them. But soon after their return from Babylon they began to interpret this injunction literally, and had accordingly portions of the Law written out and worn about their person. These they called tephillin, i.e., “prayers.” The passages so written out on strips of Parchment were these, Exodus And 12:2-10; And 13:11-21;Deu 6:4-9; Deu 11:18-21. They were then “rolled up in a case of Black calfskin, which was attached to a stiffer piece of leather, having a thong one finger broad and one Cubit and a half long. ... Those worn on the Forehead were written on four strips of Parchment and Put into four little cells within a square case, which had on it the Hebrew Letter called shin, the three points of which were regarded as an emblem of God ” This case tied around the Forehead in a particular way was called “the tephillah on the head.” (See PHYLACTERY.)

Frost: (Hebrews kerah, from its smoothness)Job 37:10 (R.V., “ice”);Gen 31:40; Jeremiah Gen 36:30; rendered “ice”In 6:16, In 38:29; and crystal”In 1:22. “At the present Day Frost is entirely unknown in the lower portions of the Valley of the Jordan but slight frosts are sometimes felt on the sea-coast and near Lebanon ” Throughout Western Asia cold frosty nights are frequently succeeded by warm days.

“Hoar frost” (Hebrews kephor, so called from its Covering the ground) is mentioned in Exodus In 16:14;Job 38:29;Psa 147:16.

In 78:47 the Word rendered “frost” (R.V. marg., “great hail-stones”), hanamal, occurs only there. It is rendered by Gesenius, the Hebrew lexicographer, “ant,” and so also by others, but the usual interpretation derived from the Ancient versions may be maintained.

Fruit: a Word as used in Scripture denoting produce in general, whether vegetable or Animal The Hebrews divided the Fruits of the land into three classes:,

(1.) The Fruit of the field, “corn-fruit” (Hebrews dagan); all ki nds of Grain and Pulse

(2.) The Fruit of the Vine “vintage-fruit” (Hebrews tirosh); grapes, whether moist or dried.

(3.) “Orchard-fruits” (Hebrews yitshar), as dates, figs, citrons, etc.

Injunctions concerning offerings and tithes were expressed by these Hebrew terms alone (Num 18:12;Deu 14:23). This Word “fruit” is also used of children or offspring (Gen 30:2;Deu 7:13;Luk 1:42;Psa 21:10; Psa 132:11); also of the progeny of beasts (Deu 28:51;Isa 14:29). ...

It is used metaphorically in a variety of forms (Psa 104:13;Pro 1:31; Pro 11:30; Pro 31:16;Isa 3:10; Isa 10:12; Matthew Isa 3:8; Isa 21:41; Isa 26:29;Heb 13:15;Rom 7:4, Rom 7:5; Rom 15:28).

The Fruits of the Spirit (Gal 5:22, Gal 5:23;Eph 5:9;Jas 3:17, Jas 3:18) are those gracious dispositions and habits which the Spirit produces in those in whom he dwells and Works

FRYING-

Pan: (Hebrews marhesheth, a “boiler”), a pot for boiling meat (Lev 2:7; Lev 7:9).

Fuel: Almost every kind of combustible matter was used for Fuel such as the withered stalks of herbs (Mat 6:30), thorns (Psa 58:9;

Ecc 7:6), Animal excrements (Ezk 4:12-15; Ezk 15:4, Ezk 15:6; Ezk 21:32). Wood or charcoal is much used still in all the towns of Syria and Egypt It is largely brought from the region of Hebron to Jerusalem (See Coal )

Fugitive: Gen 4:12, Gen 4:14, a rover or wanderer (Hebrews n’a);Jdg 12:4, a refugee, one who has escaped (Hebrews palit);2Ki 25:11, a deserter, one who has fallen away to the enemy (Hebrews nophel);Ezk 17:21, one who has broken away in flight (Hebrews mibrah);Isa 15:5; Isa 43:14, a breaker away, a Fugitive (Hebrews beriah), one who flees away.

Fuller: ’S Soap (Hebrews borith mekabbeshim, i.e., “alkali of those treading cloth”). Mention is made (Pro 25:20; Jeremiah Pro 2:22) of Nitre and also (Mal 3:2) of Soap (Hebrews borith) used by the Fuller in his operations. Nitre is found in Syria and vegetable alkali was obtained from the Ashes of certain plants. (See Soap )

Fulness: (1.) Of time (Gal 4:4), the time appointed by God and foretold by the prophets, when Messiah should appear. (Gal 4:2.) Of Christ (Jhn 1:16), the superabundance of Grace with which he was filled. (Jhn 1:3.) Of the Godhead bodily dwelling in Christ (Col 2:9), i.e., the whole nature and attributes of God are in Christ (Col 2:4.) Ephesians Col 1:23, the Church as the Fulness of Christ i.e., the Church makes Christ a complete and perfect head.

Funeral: Burying was among the Jews the only mode of disposing of corpses (Gen 23:19; Gen 25:9; Gen 35:8, Gen 35:9, etc.).

The first traces of burning the DeadAre 35:1Sam 31:12. The burning of the body was affixed by the Law of Moses as a penalty to certain crimes (Lev 20:14; Lev 21:9).

To leave the Dead unburied was regarded with horror (1Ki 13:22; 1Ki 14:11; 1Ki 16:4; 1Ki 21:24, etc.).

In the earliest times of which we have record kinsmen carried their Dead to the Grave (Gen 25:9; Gen 35:29;Jdg 16:31), but in later times this was done by others (Amo 6:16).

Immediately after decease the body was washed, and then wrapped in a large cloth (Act 9:37; Matthew Act 27:59;Mrk 15:46). ... In the case of persons of distinction, aromatics were laid on the folds of the cloth (Jhn 19:39; comp.Jhn 12:7).

As a rule the Burial (q.v.) took Place on the very Day of the Death (Act 5:6, Act 5:10), and the body was removed to the Grave in an Open Coffin or on a bier (Luk 7:14). After the Burial a Funeral meal was usually given (2Sa 3:35; Jeremiah 2Sa 16:5, 2Sa 16:7; Hos. 2Sa 9:4).

Furlong: a stadium, a Greek Measure of distance equal to 606 feet and 9 inches (Luk 24:13;Jhn 6:19; Jhn 11:18;Rev 14:20; Rev 21:16).

Furnace: (l.) Chald. attun, a large Furnace with a wide Open mouth, at the top of which materials were cast in (Dan 3:22, Dan 3:23; comp. Jeremiah Dan 29:22). This Furnace would be in constant requisition, for the Babylonians disposed of their Dead by cremation, as did also the Accadians who invaded Mesopotamia.

(Dan 29:2.) Hebrews kibshan, a smelting Furnace (Gen 19:28), also a lime- ki ln (Isa 33:12; Amos Isa 2:1).

(Isa 2:3.) Hebrews kur, a refining Furnace (Pro 17:3; Pro 27:21;Ezk 22:18).

(Ezk 22:4.) Hebrews alii, a crucible;Onl 12:6.

(Onl 12:5.) Hebrews tannur, Oven for baking Bread (Gen 15:17;Isa 31:9; Nehemiah Isa 3:11). ... It was a large pot, narrowing towards the top. When it was heated by a Fire made within, the Dough was spread over the heated surface, and thus was baked. “A smoking Furnace and a burning lamp” (Gen 15:17), the symbol of the presence of the Almighty, passed between the divided Pieces of Abraham’s Sacrifice in ratification of the Covenant God made with him. (See Oven )

(Gen 15:6.) Gr. kamnos, a Furnace kiln, or Oven (Mat 13:42, Mat 13:50; Revelation Mat 1:15; Mat 9:2).

Furrow: an opening in the Ground made by the plough (Psa 65:10; Hos. Psa 10:4, Psa 10:10).

Fury: as attributed to God is a figurative expression for dispensing afflictive Judgments (Lev 26:28;Job 20:23;Isa 63:3; Jeremiah Isa 4:4;Ezk 5:13;Dan 9:16; Zechariah Dan 8:2).

Gaal: loathing, the Son of Ebed, in whom the Shechemites “placed their confidence” when they became discontented with Abimelech He headed the revolution, and led out the men of Shechem against Abimelech but was defeated, and fled to his own home (Jdg 9:26-46). We hear no more of him after this battle.

Gaash: a shaking, a Hill on the North side of which Joshua was buried (Jos 24:30;Jdg 2:9), in the territory of Ephraim (See TIMNATH-SERAH.)

Gabbatha: Gab Baitha, i.e., “the ridge of the house” = “the temple-mound,” on a part of which the fortress of Antonia was built. This “temple-mound” was covered with a tesselated “pavement” (Gr. lithostroton, i.e., “stone-paved”). A judgement-seat (bema) was placed on this “pavement” outside the Hall of the “praetorium” (q.v.), the judgment-hall (Jhn 18:28; Jhn 19:13).

Gabriel: champion of God used as a proper name to designate the Angel who was sent to Daniel (8:16) to explain the Vision of the Ram and the he-goat, and to communicate the prediction of the Seventy weeks (Dan 9:21-27).

He announced also the Birth of John the Baptist (Luk 1:11), and of the Messiah (Luk 1:26). He describes himself in the words, “I am Gabriel who stand in the presence of God” (Luk 1:19).

Gad

Gadara: the capital of the Roman province of Peraea. It stood on the summit of a mountain about 6 miles south-east of the Sea of Galilee. Mark (It 5:1) and Luke (It 8:26-39) describe the Miracle of the healing of the demoniac (Matthew [It 8:28-34] says two demoniacs) as having been wrought “in the country of the Gadarenes ” thus describing the scene generally. The Miracle could not have been wrought at Gadara itself, for between the lake and this town there is the Deep almost impassable ravine of the Hieromax (Jarmuk). It is identified with the modern village of Um-Keis, which is surrounded by very extensive ruins, all bearing Testimony to the splendour of Ancient Gadara

“The most interesting remains of Gadara are its tombs, which dot the cliffs for a considerable distance round the City chiefly on the north-east declivity; but many beautifully sculptured sarcophagi are scattered over the surrounding heights. ... They are excavated in the limestone Rock and consist of chambers of various dimensions,Som 8:20 feet square,

with recesses in the sides for bodies... The present inhabitants of Um-Keis are all troglodytes, ‘dwelling in tombs,’ like the poor maniacs of Old and occasionally they are almost as dangerous to unprotected travellers.”

Gadarenes: the inhabitants of Gadara in Revised Version “Gerasenes” (Mrk 5:1;Luk 8:26, Luk 8:37). In Matthew Luk 8:28 they are called Gergesenes, Revised Version “Gadarenes.”

Gaddi: fortunate, the representative of the Tribe of Manasseh among the twelve “spies” sent by Moses to spy the land (Num 13:11).

Gaddiel: fortune (i.e., sent) of God the representative of the Tribe of Zebulum among the twelve Spies (Num 13:10).

Gahar: lurking-place, one of the Chief of the Nethinim whose descendants returned to Jerusalem under Zerubbabel (Ezr 2:47).

Ius: (1.) A Macedonian, Paul’s fellow-traveller, and his Host at Corinth when he wrote his Epistle to the Romans (16:23). He with his household were baptized by Paul (1Co 1:14). During a Heathen outbreak against Paul at Ephesus the mob seized Gaius and Aristarchus because they could not find Paul and rushed with them into the Theatre Some have identified this Gaius with No. (1Co 1:2).

(1Co 1:2.) A Man of DerbeWho 1:3.) A Christain of Asia Minor to whom John addressed his third epistle (3Jn 1:1).

Galatia: has been called the “Gallia” of the East Roman writers Calling its inhabitants Galli. They were an intermixture of Gauls and Greeks, and hence were called Gallo-Graeci, and the country Gallo-Graecia. The Galatians were in their origin a part of that great Celtic migration which invaded Macedonia about B.C. 280. They were invited by the King of Bithynia to Cross over into Asia Minor to assist him in his wars. There they ultimately settled, and being strengthened by fresh accessions of the same clan from Europe, they overran Bithynia, and supported themselves by plundering neighbouring countries. They were great warriors, and hired themselves out as mercenary soldiers, sometimes fighting on both sides in the great battles of the times. They were at length brought under the power of Rome in B.C. ... 189, and Galatia became a Roman province B.C. 25.

This province of Galatia within the limits of which these Celtic tribes were confined, was the central region of Asia Minor.

During his second missionary Journey Paul accompanied by Silas and Timothy (Act 16:6), visited the “region of Galatia ” where he was detained by sickness (Gal 4:13), and had thus the longer opportunity of preaching to them the gospel. On his third Journey he went over “all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order” (Act 18:23). Crescens was sent thither by Paul toward the close of his Life (Act 18:2 Timothy Act 4:10).

Galatians: , Epistle TO The genuineness of this epistle is not called in question. Its Pauline origin is universally acknowledged.

Occasion of. The churches of Galatia were founded by Paul himself (Act 16:6; Galatians Act 1:8; Act 4:13, Act 4:19). They seem to have been composed mainly of converts from heathenism (Act 4:8), but partly also of Jewish converts, who probably, under the influence of Judaizing teachers, sought to incorporate the rites of Judaism with Christianity, and by their active Zeal had succeeded in inducing the majority of the churches to adopt their views (Act 1:6; Act 3:1). This epistle was written for the purpose of counteracting this Judaizing tendency, and of recalling the Galatians to the simplicity of the gospel, and at the same time also of vindicating Paul’s claim to be a divinely-commissioned Apostle

Time and Place of Writing The epistle was probably written very soon after Paul’s second visit to Galatia (Act 18:23). ... The references of the epistle appear to agree with this conclusion. The visit to Jerusalem mentioned in Galatians Act 2:1-10, was identical with that of Acts Act 2:15, and it is spoken of as a thing of the past, and consequently the epistle was written subsequently to the Council of Jerusalem The similarity between this epistle and that to the Romans has led to the conclusion that they were both written at the same time, namely, in the winter of A.D.57 2:8, during Paul’s stay in Corinth (Act 20:2, Act 20:3). This to the Galatians is written on the urgency of the occasion, tidings having reached him of the state of matters; and that to the Romans in a more deliberate and systematic way, in exposition of the same great doctrines of the gospel.

Contents of. The great question discussed is, Was the Jewish Law binding on Christians? The epistle is designed to prove against the Jews that men are justified by Faith without the Works of the Law of Moses After an introductory address (Gal 1:1-10) the Apostle discusses the subjects which had occasioned the epistle. (Gal 1:1) He defends his apostolic authority (Gal 1:11-19; Gal 2:1-14); (Gal 2:2) shows the evil influence of the Judaizers in destroying the very essence of the gospel (3 A 2:4); (3 A 2:3) exhorts the Galatian believers to stand Fast in the Faith as it is in Jesus and to abound in the Fruits of the Spirit and in a right use of their Christian Freedom (5 6:1-10); (5 6:4) and then concludes with a summary of the topics discussed, and with the benediction.

The Epistle to the Galatians and that to the Romans taken together “form a complete proof that Justification is not to be obtained meritoriously either by Works of morality or by rites and ceremonies, though of divine appointment; but that it is a free Gift proceeding entirely from the mercy of God to those who receive it by Faith in Jesus our Lord ”

In the conclusion of the epistle (5 6:1 5 6:1) Paul says, “Ye see how large a Letter I have written with mine own Hand ” It is implied that this was different from his ordinary usage, which was simply to write the concluding Salutation with his own Hand indicating that the Rest of the epistle was written by another Hand Regarding this conclusion, Lightfoot, in his Commentary on the epistle, says: “At this point the Apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own Hand From the time when letters began to be forged in his name (2Th 2:2; 2Th 3:17) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own Handwriting as a precaution against such forgeries. ..In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr. pelikois grammasin), that his hand-writing may reflect the energy and determination of his soul.” (See Justification )

Galbanum: Hebrews helbenah, (Exo 30:34), one of the ingredients in the Holy Incense It is a gum, probably from the Galbanum officinale.

Galeed: heap of Witness the name of the pile of Stones erected by Jacob and Laban to Mark the League of friendship into which they entered with each other (Gen 31:47, Gen 31:48). This was the name given to the “heap” by Jacob It is Hebrew while the name Jegar-sahadutha, given to it by Laban is Aramaic (Chaldee or Syriac). Probably Nahor’s family originally spoke Aramaic, and Abraham and his descendants learned Hebrew a ki ndred dialect, in the land of Canaan

Galilean: an inhabitant or native of Galilee. This Word was used as a name of contempt as applied to our Lord’s disciples (Luk 22:59; Acts Luk 2:7). All the apostles, with the exception of Judas Iscariot (Act 1:11), were Galileans. Peter was detected by his Galilean accent (Mat 26:69;Mrk 14:70).

This was also one of the names of reproach given to the early Christians. Julian the Apostate, as he is called, not only used the epithet himself when referring to Christ and his apostles, but he made it a Law that no one should ever Call the Christians by any other name.

■G alilee Circuit Solomon rewarded Hiram for certain services rendered him by the Gift of an upland Plain among the mountains of Naphtali Hiram was dissatisfied with the Gift and called it “the land of Cabul” (q.v.). ... The Jews called it Galil. It continued long to be occupied by the original inhabitants, and hence came to be called “Galilee of the Gentiles” (Mat 4:15), and also “Upper Galilee,” to distinguish it from the extensive addition afterwards made to it toward the South which was usually called “Lower Galilee.” In the time of our Lord Galilee embraced more than one-third of Western Palestine extending “from Dan on the North at the base of Mount Hermon to the ridges of Carmel and Gilboa on the South and from the Jordan Valley on the East away across the splendid plains of Jezreel and Acre to the shores of the Mediterranean on the west.” Palestine was divided into three provinces, Judea Samaria and Galilee, which comprehended the whole northern section of the country (Act 9:31), and was the largest of the three.

It was the scene of some of the most memorable events of Jewish history. Galilee also was the home of our Lord during at least thirty years of his Life The first three Gospels are chiefly taken up with our Lord’s public ministry in this province. “The entire province is encircled with a halo of Holy associations connected with the Life Works and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.” “It is noteworthy that of his thirty-two Beautiful parables, no less than ninteen were spoken in Galilee. And it is no less remarkable that of his entire thirty-three great miracles, twenty-five were wrought in this province. His first Miracle was wrought at the wedding in Cana of Galilee, and his last, after his Resurrection on the shore of Galilee’s Sea In Galilee our Lord delivered the Sermon on The Mount and the discourses on ‘The Bread of Life ’ on ‘Purity,’ on ‘Forgiveness,’ and on ‘Humility.’ In Galilee he called his first disciples; and there occurred the sublime scene of the Transfiguration” (Porter’s Through Samaria).

When the Sanhedrin were about to proceed with some plan for the condemnation of our Lord (Jhn 7:45-52), Nicodemus interposed in his behalf. (Comp.Deu 1:16,Deu 1:17; Deu 17:8.) They replied, “Art thou also of Galilee?.... Out of Galilee ariseth no Prophet ” This saying of theirs was “not historically true, for two prophets at least had arisen from Galilee, Jonah of Gath-hep her, and the greatest of all the prophets, Elijah of Thisbe, and perhaps also Nahum and Hosea Their contempt for Galilee made them lose sight of historical accuracy” (Alford, Com.).

The Galilean accent differed from that of Jerusalem in being broader and more guttural (Mrk 14:70).

■G ALILEE , Sea OF (Mat 4:1 Mat 4:8 ; Mat 15:29), is mentioned in the Bible under three other names. (Mat 15:1.) In the Old Testament it is called the “sea of Chinnereth” (Num 34:11;Jos 12:3; Jos 13:27), as is supposed from its harp-like shape. (Jos 13:2). The “lake of Gennesareth” once by Luke (Jos 5:1), from the flat district lying on its west coast. (Jos 5:3.) John (Jos 6:1; Jos 21:1) calls it the “sea of Tiberias” (q.v.). The modern Arabs retain this name, Bahr Tabariyeh.

Thi 21:12 Thi 21:1/Thi 21:2 miles long,And 21:4To 21:7 To 21:1/To 21:2 broad.Its 21:682 feet below the level of the Mediterranean.Its 21:80To 21:160 feet.The 21:10 The 21:1/The 21:2 miles below the southern extremity of the Huleh Lake,Or 21:26 Or 21:1/Or 21:2 miles from its source.In 21:26 In 21:1/In 21:2 miles there is a Fall in the RiverOf 21:1,Of 21:682 feet,Or 21:60 feet to the mile.It 21:27 miles East of the Mediterranean,And 21:60 miles north-east of Jerusalem It is of an oval shape, and abounds in Fish

Its present appearance is thus described: “The utter loneliness and absolute stillness of the scene are exceedingly impressive. It seems as if all nature had gone to Rest languishing under the scorching heat. How different it was in the days of our Lord! Then all was Life and bustle along the shores; the cities and Villages that thickly studded them resounded with the hum of a busy population; while from hill-side and corn-field came the cheerful cry of Shepherd and ploughman. The lake, too, was dotted with dark fishing-boats and spangled with white sails. Now a mournful, solitary silence reigns over Sea and shore. The cities are in ruins!”

This Sea is chiefly of interest as associated with the public ministry of our Lord Capernaum “his own city” (Mat 9:1), stood on its shores. From among the fishermen who plied their Calling on its waters he chose Peter and his Brother Andrew and James and John to be disciples, and sent them forth to be “fishers of men” (Mat 4:18,Mat 4:22;Mrk 1:16-20;Luk 5:1-11). He stilled its tempest, saying to the storm that swept over it, “Peace, be still” (Mat 8:23-27;Mrk 7:31-35); and here also he showed himself after his Resurrection to his disciples (Jhn 7:21).

“The Sea of Galilee is indeed the cradle of the gospel. The subterranean fires of nature prepared a lake basin, through which a River afterwards ran, keeping its waters always fresh. In this basin a vast quantity of shell-fish swarmed, and multiplied to such an extent that they formed the Food of an extraordinary profusion of Fish The great variety and abundance of the Fish in the lake attracted to its shores a larger and more varied population than existed elsewhere in Palestine whereby this secluded district was brought into contact with all parts of the world. And this large and varied population, with access to all nations and countries, attracted the Lord Jesus and induced him to make this spot the centre of his public ministry.”

Gall: (l) Hebrews mererah, meaning “bitterness” (Job 16:13); i.e., the bile secreted in the Liver This Word is also used of the Poison of asps (Job 20:14), and of the vitals, the seat of Life (Job 20:25).

(Job 20:2.) Hebrews Rosh In 32:33And 20:16 it denotes the Poison of serpents. In Hos. And 10:4 the Hebrew Word is rendered “hemlock.” The original probably denotes some Bitter poisonous plant, most probably the poppy, which grows up quickly, and is therefore coupled with Wormwood (Deu 29:18; Jeremiah Deu 9:15;Lam 3:19). Comp. Jeremiah Lam 8:14; Lam 23:15, “water of Gall ” Gesenius, “poppy juice;” others, “water of Hemlock ” “bitter Water ”

(Lam 23:3.) Gr. ... chole (Mat 27:34), the LXX. translation of the HebrewRos 27:69; Ros 27:21, which foretells our Lord’s sufferings. The Drink offered to our Lord was Vinegar (made of Light wine rendered acid, the common Drink of Roman soldiers) “mingled with Gall ” or, according to Mark (Ros 15:23), “mingled with Myrrh ” both expressions meaning the same thing, namely, that the Vinegar was made Bitter by the infusion of Wormwood or some other Bitter substance, usually given, according to a merciful Custom as an anodyne to those who were crucified, to render them insensible to pain. Our Lord knowing this, refuses to Drink it. He would take nothing to Cloud his faculties or blunt the pain of dying. He chooses to suffer every element of woe in the Bitter cup of Agony given him by the Father (Jhn 18:11).

Gallery: (l.) Hebrews ‘attik (Ezk 41:15, Ezk 41:16), a terrace; a projection; ledge.

(Ezk 41:2.) Hebrews rahit (Cant. Ezk 1:17), translated “rafters,” marg. “galleries;” probably panel- work or fretted Ceiling

Gallim: heaps, (1Sa 25:44; Isaiah 1Sa 10:30). The native Place of Phalti to whom Michal was given by Saul It was probably in Benjamin to the North of Jerusalem

Gallic: ) the elder Brother of Seneca the philosopher, who was tutor and for some time Minister of the emperor Nero He was “deputy”, i.e., proconsul, as in Revised Version of Achaia under the emperor Claudius when Paul visited Corinth (Act 18:12). The Word used here by Luke in describing the rank of Gallio shows his accuracy. Achaia was a senatorial province under Claudius and the Governor of such a province was called a “proconsul.” He is spoken of by his contemporaries as “sweet Gallio,” and is described as a most popular and affectionate Man When the Jews brought Paul before his tribunal on the charge of persuading “men to Worship God contrary to the law” (Act 18:13), he refused to listen to them, and “drave them from the Judgment seat” (Act 18:16).

Gallows: Hebrews ‘ets, meaning “a tree” (Est 6:4), a Post or gibbet.In 40:19And 21:22 the Word is rendered “tree.”

Gamaliel: reward of God (1.) A Chief of the Tribe of Manasseh at the Census at Sinai (Num 1:10; Num 2:20; Num 7:54, Num 7:59).

(Num 7:2.) The Son of Rabbi Simeon and grandson of the famous Rabbi Hillel. He was a Pharisse, and therefore the opponent of the party of the Sadducees He was noted for his learning, and was president of the Sanhedrim during the regins of Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius and died, it is said, about eighteen years before the Destruction of Jerusalem

When the apostles were brought before the Council charged with preaching the Resurrection of Jesus as a zealous Pharisee Gamaliel councelled moderation and calmness. By a reference to well-known events, he advised them to “refrain from these men.” If their work or counsel was of Man it would come to nothing; but if it was of God they could not destroy it, and therefore ought to be on their Guard lest they should be “found fighting against God” (Act 5:34-40). Paul was one of his disciples (Act 22:3).

Games: (1.) Of children (Zec 8:5; Matthew Zec 11:16). The Jewish youth were also apparently instructed in the use of the Bow and the Sling (Jdg 20:16; Jdg 20:1 Chronicles Jdg 12:2).

(Jdg 12:2.) Public Games such as were common among the Greeks and Romans were foreign to the Jewish institutions and customs. Reference, however, is made to such Games in two passages (Psa 19:5; Ecclesiastes Psa 9:11).

(Psa 9:3.) Among the Greeks and Romans Games entered largely into their social Life

(a) Reference in the New Testament is made to gladiatorial shows and fights with wild beasts (1Co 15:32). These were common among the Romans and sometimes on a large scale. ...

(b) Allusion is frequently made to the Grecian gymnastic contests (Gal 2:2; Gal 5:7; Phil. Gal 2:16; Gal 3:14; Gal 3:1 Timothy Gal 6:12; Gal 6:2 Timothy Gal 2:5; Hebrews Gal 12:1, Gal 12:4, Gal 12:12). These were very numerous. The Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian Games were esteemed as of great national importance, and the victors at any of these Games of wrestling, racing, etc., were esteemed as the noblest and the happiest of mortals.

Gammadim: (Ezk 27:11) brave warriors; R.V. marg., “valorous men;” others interpret this Word as meaning “short-swordsmen,” or “daring ones”, the name of a class of men who were defenders of the Towers of Tyre.

Gardens: mentioned in Scripture of Eden (Gen 2:8, Gen 2:9); Ahab’s garden of herbs (1Ki 21:2); the royal garden (2Ki 21:18); the royal garden at Susa (Est 1:5); the garden of Joseph of Arimathea (Jhn 19:41); of Gethsemane (Jhn 18:1).

The “king’s garden”Men 18:2Kin 25:4, Nehemiah Kin 3:15, was near the Pool of Siloam.

Gardens were surrounded by hedges of thorns (Isa 5:5) or by walls of Stone (Pro 24:31). “Watch-towers” or “lodges” were also built in them (Isa 1:8;Mrk 12:1), in which their keepers sat. On account of their retirement they were frequently used as places for secret Prayer and Communion with God (Gen 24:63; Matthew Gen 26:30-36;Jhn 1:48; Jhn 18:1, Jhn 18:2). The Dead were sometimes buried in Gardens (Gen 23:19, Gen 23:20;2Ki 21:18, 2Ki 21:26;1Sa 25:1;Mrk 15:46;Jhn 19:41). (See Paradise )

Gareb: scabby; itch. (1.) One of David’s warriors (2Sa 23:38), an Ithrite.

(2Sa 23:2.) A Hill near Jerusalem (Jer 31:39), probably the Hill of lepers, and consequently a Place outside the boundary of the City

Garlands: (Act 14:13). In Heathen sacrifices the victims were adorned with Fillets and Garlands made of wool, with leaves and Flowers interwoven. The Altar and the priests and attendants were also in like manner adorned.

Garlic: (Hebrews shum, from its strong odour), mentioned only once (Numbers 1 Num 1:5). The Garlic common in Eastern countries is the Allium sativum or Allium Ascalonicum, so called from its having been brought into Europe from Ascalon by the Crusaders. It is now known by the name of “shallot” or “eschalot.”

Garner: (1.) Hebrews ‘otsar, a Treasure a store of goods laid up, and hence also the Place where they are deposited (Jol 1:17; Jol 1:2 Chronicles Jol 32:27, rendered “treasury”).

(Jol 32:2.) Hebrews mezev, a cell, storeroom (Psa 144:13); Gr. apotheke, a Place for storing anything, a granary (Mat 3:12;Luk 3:17).

Garnish: overlay with Stones (2 Chronicles 3:6), adorn (Rev 21:19), deck with Garlands (Mat 23:29), furnish (Mat 12:44).

In 26:13 (Hebrews Shiphrah meaning “brightness”), “By his Spirit the heavens are brightness” i.e., are bright, splendid, Beautiful

Garrison: (l.) Hebrews matstsab, a station; a Place where one stands (1Sa 14:12); a military or fortified Post (1Sa 13:23; 1Sa 14:1, 1Sa 14:4, 1Sa 14:6, etc.).

(1Sa 14:2.) Hebrews netsib, a prefect, superintendent; hence a military Post (1Sa 10:5; 1Sa 13:3, 1Sa 13:4;2Sa 8:6). This Word has also been explained to denote a Pillar set up to Mark the Philistine conquest, or an officer appointed to collect Taxes but the idea of a military Post seems to be the correct one.

(2Sa 8:3.) Hebrews matstsebah, properly a monumental column; improperly rendered pi. “garrisons”In 26:11; correctly in Revised Version “pillars,” marg. “obelisks,” probably an idolatrous image.

Hepher: a well or Stream (1.) A royal City of the Canaanites taken by Joshua (12:17).

(2.) The youngest Son of Gilead (Num 26:32; Num 27:1).

(Num 27:3.) The second Son of Asher (Num 27:1 Chronicles Num 4:6).

(Num 4:4.) One of David’s heroes (Num 4:1 Chronicles Num 11:36).

Rimmon: (composed of the names of two Syrian idols), the name of a Place in the Valley of Megiddo It is alluded to by the Prophet Zechariah (12:11) in a proverbial expression derived from the Lamentation for Josiah who was mortally wounded near this Place (2 Chronicles 35:22-25). It has been identified with the modern Rummaneh, a village “at the foot of the Megiddo hills, in a notch or Valley about an Hour and a half South of Tell Metzellim.”

Gaulanitis: a name derived from “Golan” (q.v.), one of the cities of Refuge in the territory of Manasseh (Jos 20:8; Jos 21:27;Deu 4:43). This was one of the provinces ruled by Herod Antipas It lay to the East of the Lake of Galilee, and included among its towns Bethsaida-Julias (Mrk 8:22) and Seleucia

Gaza: called also Azzah, which is its Hebrew name (Deu 2:23;1Ki 4:24; Jeremiah 1Ki 25:20), strong, a City on the Mediterranean shore, remarkable for its early importance as the Chief centre of a great commercial traffic with Egypt It is one of the oldest cities of the world (Gen 10:19;Jos 15:47). Its earliest inhabitants were the Avims, who were conquered and displaced by the Caphtorims (Deu 2:23;Jos 13:2, Jos 13:3), a Philistine Tribe In the division of the land it fell to the Lot of Judah (Jos 15:47;Jdg 1:18). It was the southernmost of the five great Philistine cities which gave each a Golden Emerod as a trespass-offering unto the Lord (1Sa 6:17). ... Its gates were carried away by Samson (Jdg 16:1-3). Here he was afterwards a prisoner, and “did Grind in the prison House ” Here he also pulled down the Temple of Dagon and slew “all the lords of the Philistines ” himself also perishing in the ruin (Jdg 16:21-30). The prophets denounce the Judgments of God against it (Jer 25:20; Jer 47:5;Amo 1:6, Amo 1:7;Zep 2:4). It is referred to in Acts Zep 8:26. Philip is here told to take the Road from Jerusalem to Gaza (Abo 8:6 miles south-west of Jerusalem), “which is desert”, i.e., the “desert Road ” probably by Hebron through the Desert hills of Southern Judea (See Samson )

It is noticed on monuments as early as B.C. Abo 8:1600. Its small port is now called el-Mineh.

GEBAthe

Gebal: a line (or natural boundary, as a mountain range). (1.) A tract in the land of Edom South of the Dead Sea (Psa 83:7); now called Djebal.

(Psa 83:2.) A Phoenician City not far from the Sea coast, to the North of Beyrout (Ezk 27:9); called by the Greeks Byblos. Now Jibeil. Mentioned in the Amarna tablets.

An important Phoenician text, referring to the Temple of Baalath on a monument of Yehu-melek, its King (probably B.C. Ezk 27:600), has been discovered.

Gebalites: (1Ki 5:18 R.V., in A.V. incorrectly rendered, after the Targum, “stone-squarers,” but marg. “Giblites”), the inhabitants of Gebal (1Ki 5:2).

Gebim: cisterns, (rendered “pits,” Jeremiah 14:3; “locusts,”Isa 33:4), a small Place North of Jerusalem whose inhabitants fled at the approach of the Assyrian Army (Isa 10:31). It is probably the modern el-Isawiyeh.

Gedaliah: made great by Jehovah (1.) the Son of Jeduthum (1 Chronicles 25:3, 9). (2.) The grandfather of the Prophet Zephaniah and the Father of Cushi (Zep 1:1). (Zep 1:3.) One of the Jewish nobles who conspired against Jeremiah (Jer 38:1). (Jer 38:4.) The Son of Ahikam, and grandson of Shaphan secretary of King Josiah (Jer 26:24). After the Destruction of Jerusalem (see ZEDEKIAH), Nebuchadnezzar Left him to govern the country as tributary to him (2Ki 25:22; Jeremiah 2Ki 40:5; 2Ki 52:16). Ishmael however, at the head of a party of the royal family, “Jewish irreconcilables”, Rose against him, and slew him and “all the Jews that were with him” (Jer 41:2, Jer 41:3) at Mizpah about three months after the Destruction of Jerusalem He and his band also plundered the town of Mizpah, and carried off many captives. He was, however, overtaken by Johanan and routed. He fled with such of his followers as escaped to the Ammonites (Jer 41:15). The little remnant of the Jews now fled to Egypt

Geder: a walled Place (Jos 12:13), perhaps the same as Gederah or Gedor (Jos 15:58).

Gederah: the fortress; a fortified Place a town in the Plain (shephelah) of Judah (Jos 15:36). This is a very common Canaanite and Phoenician name. It is the feminine form of Geder (Jos 12:13); the plural form is Gederoth (Jos 15:41). This Place has by some been identified with Jedireh,A R 15:9 miles from Lydda toward Eleutheropolis,And 15:4 miles North of Sur’ah (Zorah), in the Valley of Elah

Derathue: an epithet applied to Josabad, one of David’s warriors at Ziklag (1Ch 12:4), a native of Gederah

Gedor: a Wall (1.) A City in the mountains or Hill country of Judah (Jos 15:58), identified with Jedar, between Jerusalem and Hebron

(Jos 15:2.) Jos 15:1 Chronicles Jos 4:39, the Gederah of Joshua Jos 15:36, or the well-known Gerar as the LXX. read, where the patriarchs of Old had sojourned and fed their flocks (Gen 20:1, Gen 20:14, Gen 20:15; Gen 26:1, Gen 26:6, Gen 26:14).

(Gen 26:3.) A town apparently in Benjamin (Gen 26:1 Chronicles Gen 12:7), the same probably as Geder (Jos 12:13).

Gehazi: valley of Vision Elisha’s trusted servant (2Ki 4:31; 2Ki 5:25; 2Ki 8:4, 2Ki 8:5). He appears in connection with the history of the Shunammite (2Ki 4:14, 2Ki 4:31) and of Naaman the Syrian. On this latter occasion he was guilty of duplicity and dishonesty of conduct, causing Elisha to denounce his crime with righteous sternness, and pass on him the terrible doom that the Leprosy of Naaman would cleave to him and his for ever (2Ki 5:20-27).

He afterwards appeared before King Joram to whom he recounted the great deeds of his master (2Ki 8:1-6).

Gehenna: (originally Ge bene Hinnom; i.e., “the Valley of the sons of Hinnom”), a Deep narrow glen to the South of Jerusalem where the idolatrous Jews offered their children in Sacrifice to Molech (2 Chronicles 28:3; 33:6; Jeremiah 7:31; 19:2-6). This Valley afterwards became the common receptacle for all the refuse of the City Here the Dead bodies of animals and of criminals, and all kinds of filth, were cast and consumed by Fire kept always burning. It thus in process of time became the image of the Place of Everlasting Destruction In this sense it is used by our Lord in Matthew 5:22, 29, 30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15, 33; Mark 9:43, 45, 47; Luke 12:5. In these passages, and also in James 3:6, the Word is uniformly rendered “hell,” the Revised Version placing “Gehenna” in the margin. (See HELL; HINNOM.)

Geliloth: circles; regions, a Place in the border of Benjamin (Jos 18:17);Cal 15:7.

Gemariah: Jehovah has made perfect. (1.) The Son of Shaphan and one of the Levites of the Temple in the time of Jehoiakim (Jer 36:10;2Ki 22:12). Baruch read aloud to the people from Gemariah’s Chamber and again in the hearing of Gemariah and other Scribes the prophecies of Jeremiah (Jer 36:11-20), which filled him with terror. He joined with others in entreating the King not to destroy the roll of the prophecies which Baruch had read (21 36:25).

(21 36:2.) The Son of Hilkiah, who accompanied Shaphan with the tribute-money from Zedekiah to Nebuchadnezzar and was the Bearer at the same time of a Letter from Jeremiah to the Jewish captives at Babylon (Jer 29:3, Jer 29:4).

Generation: Gen 2:4, “These are the generations,” means the “history.” Gen 5:1, “The book of the generations,” means a family register, or history of Adam Gen 37:2, “The generations of Jacob” = the history of Jacob and his descendants. Gen 7:1, “In this generation” = in this Age Psa 49:19, “The Generation of his fathers” = the dwelling of his fathers, i.e., the Grave Psa 73:15, “The Generation of thy children” = the contemporary race.Isa 53:8, “Who shall declare his generation?” = His manner of Life who shall declare? or rather = His race, posterity, shall be so numerous that no one shall be able to declare it.

In 1:17, the Word means a succession or series of persons from the same stock.Mat 3:7, “Generation of vipers” = brood of vipers. ... Mat 24:34, “This generation” = the persons then Living contemporary with Christ 1Pe 2:9, “A Chosen generation” = a Chosen people.

The Hebrews seem to have reckoned time by the Generation In the time of Abraham a Generation was an hundred years, thus:Gen 15:16, “In the fourth generation” = in four hundred years (comp,Ver 15:13And 12:40).In 1:35And 2:14 a Generation is a period of thirty-eight years.

Genesis: The five books of Moses were collectively called the Pentateuch a Word of Greek origin meaning “the five-fold book.” The Jews called them the Torah, i.e., “the Law ” It is probable that the division of the Torah into five books proceeded from the Greek translators of the Old Testament The names by which these several books are generally known are Greek.

The first book of the Pentateuch (q.v.) is called by the Jews Bereshith, i.e., “in the beginning”, because this is the first Word of the book. It is generally known among Christians by the name of Genesis i.e., “creation” or “generation,” being the name given to it in the LXX. as designating its character, because it gives an account of the origin of all things. It contains, according to the usual computation, the history of about two thousand three hundred and sixty-nine years. ...

Genesis is divided into two principal parts. The first part (1-11) gives a general history of mankind down to the time of the Dispersion The second part presents the early history of Israel down to the Death and Burial of Joseph (12-50).

There are five principal persons brought in succession under our notice in this book, and around these persons the history of the successive periods is grouped, viz., Adam (1-3), Noah (4-9), Abraham (10 25:18), Isaac (10 25:19-35:10 25:29), and Jacob (36 25:50).

In this book we have several prophecies concerning Christ (36 3:15; 36 12:3; 36 18:18; 36 22:18; 36 26:4; 36 28:14; 36 49:10). The author of this book was Moses Under divine guidance he may indeed have been led to make use of materials already existing in primeval documents, or even of traditions in a trustworthy form that had come down to his time, purifying them from all that was unworthy; but the Hand of Moses is clearly seen throughout in its composition.

Gennesaret: a garden of riches. (1.) A town of Naphtali called Chinnereth (Jos 19:35), sometimes in the plural form Chinneroth (1 1:2). In later times the name was gradually changed to Genezar and Gennesaret (Luk 5:1). This City stood on the western shore of the lake to which it gave its name. No trace of it remains. The Plain of Gennesaret has been called, from its fertility and beauty, “the Paradise of Galilee.” It is now called el-Ghuweir.

(Luk 5:2.) The Lake of Gennesaret the Grecized form of Chinnereth (q.v.). (See GALILEE, Sea OF.)

Gentiles: (Hebrews , usually in plural, goyim), meaning in general all nations except the Jews. In course of time, as the Jews began more and more to pride themselves on their Peculiar privileges, it acquired unpleasant associations, and was used as a term of contempt.

In the New Testament the Greek Word Hellenes, meaning literally Greek (as in Acts 16:1, 3; 18:17; Romans 1:14), generally denotes any non-Jewish nation.

Genubath: theft, the Son of Hadad of the Edomitish royal family. He was brought up in Pharaoh’s household. His mother was a sister of Tahpenes the King of Egypt’s Wife mentioned in 1 Kings 1 Kin 1:20.

Gera: grain. (1.) The Son of Bela and grandson of Benjamin (1Ch 8:3, 1Ch 8:5,1Ch 8:7).

(1Ch 8:2.) The Father of Ehud the Judge (Jdg 3:15).

(Jdg 3:3.) The Father of Shimei who so grossly abused David (2Sa 16:5; 2Sa 19:16, 2Sa 19:18).

Gerah: a bean, probably of the carob Tree the smallest weight, and also the smallest piece of Money among the Hebrews equal to the twentieth part of a Shekel (Exo 30:13;Lev 27:25;Num 3:47). This Word came into use in the same way as our Word “grain,” from a Grain of wheat.

Gerar: a region; lodging-place, a very Ancient town and district in the South border of Palestine which was ruled over by a King named Abimelech (Gen 10:19; Gen 20:1, Gen 20:2). Abraham sojourned here, and perhaps Isaac was Born in this Place Both of these patriarchs were guilty of the sin of here denying their wives, and both of them entered into a treaty with the King before they departed to Beersheba (Gen 21:23-34; Gen 21:26). It seems to have been a rich pastoral country (Gen 21:2 Chronicles Gen 14:12-18). Isaac here reaped an hundred-fold, and was blessed of God (Gen 26:12). The “valley of Gerar” (Gen 26:17) was probably the modem Wady el-Jerdr.

Gergesa

Gershom: expulsion. (1.) The eldest Son of Levi (1Ch 6:16, 1Ch 6:17, 1Ch 6:20, 1Ch 6:43, 1Ch 6:62, 1Ch 6:71; 1Ch 15:7)=GERSHON (q.v.).

(1Ch 15:2.) The elder of the two sons of Moses Born to him in Midian (Exo 2:22; Exo 18:3). On his way to Egypt with his family, in obedience to the command of the Lord Moses was attacked by a sudden and dangerous illness (Exo 4:24-26), which Zipporah his Wife believed to have been sent because he had neglected to circumcise his Son She accordingly took a “sharp stone” and circumcised her Son Gershom saying, “Surely a Bloody Husband art thou to me”, i.e., by the blood of her Child she had, as it were, purchased her Husband had won him back again.

(Exo 4:3.) A descendant of Phinehas who returned with Ezra from Babylon (Ezra :Exo 4:2).

(Exo 4:4.) The Son of Manasseh (Jdg 18:30), in R.V. “of Moses ”

Gershon: =Ger’ shorn expulsion, the eldest of Levi’s three sons (Gen 46:11; Exodus Gen 6:16).

In the Wilderness the sons of Gershon had charge of the fabrics of the Tabernacle when it was moved from Place to Place the curtains, veils, tent-hangings (Num 3:21-26). Thirteen Levitical cities fell to the Lot of the Gershonites (Jos 21:27-33).

Geshem: or Gashmu, firmness, probably Chief of the Arabs South of Palestine one of the enemies of the Jews after the return from Babylon (Neh 2:19; Neh 6:1, Neh 6:2). He united with Sanballat and Tobiah in opposing the rebuilding of the Wall of Jerusalem

Geshur: bridge, the name of a district or principality of Syria near Gilead, between Mount Hermon and the Lake of Tiberias (2 Samuel 15:8; 1 Chronicles 2:23). The Geshurites probably inhabited the rocky fastness of Argob the modern Lejah, in the north-east comer of Bashan In the time of David it was ruled by Talmai whose Daughter he married, and who was the mother of Absalom who fled to Geshur after the Murder of Amnon (2 Samuel 13:37).

Geshurites: (1.) The inhabitants of Geshur They maintained friendly relations with the Israelites on the East of Jordan (Jos 12:5; Jos 13:11, Jos 13:13).

(Jos 13:2.) Another aboriginal people of Palestine who inhabited the south-west border of the land.Ges 13:2 should be “the Geshurite,” not the Geshurites mentioned in ver. Ges 13:11, Ges 13:13,But 13:1Sam 27:8.

Gethsemane: oil-press, the name of an olive-yard at the foot of the Mount of Olives, to which Jesus was wont to retire (Luk 22:39) with his disciples, and which is specially memorable as being the scene of his Agony (Mrk 14:32;Jhn 18:1;Luk 22:44). The plot of Ground pointed out as Gethsemane is now surrounded by a Wall and is laid out as a modern European flower-garden. It contains eight venerable olive-trees, the Age of which cannot, however, be determined. The exact site of Gethsemane is still in question. Dr. Thomson (The Land and the Book) says: “When I first came to Jerusalem and for many years afterward, this plot of Ground was Open to all whenever they chose to come and meditate beneath its very Old olivetrees. ... The Latins, however, have within the last few years succeeded in gaining sole possession, and have built a High Wall around it... The Greeks have invented another site a little to the North of it... My own impression is that both are wrong. The position is too near the City and so close to what must have always been the great thoroughfare eastward, that our Lord would scarcely have selected it for retirement on that dangerous and dismal night. ..I am inclined to Place the garden in the secluded vale several hundred yards to the north-east of the present Gethsemane ”

Gezer: a precipice, an Ancient royal Canaanitish City (Jos 10:33; Jos 12:12). It was allotted with its Suburbs to the Kohathite Levites (Jos 21:21; Jos 21:1 Chronicles Jos 6:67). It stood between the lower Beth-horon and the Sea (Jos 16:3;1Ki 9:17). It was the last point to which David pursued the Philistines (2Sa 5:25; 2Sa 5:1 Chronicles 2Sa 14:16) after the battle of Baal-perazim. The Canaanites retained possession of it till the time of Solomon when the King of Egypt took it and gave it to Solomon as a part of the Dowry of the Egyptian princess whom he married (1Ki 9:15-17). It is identified with Tell el-Jezer,Abo 9:10 miles south-west of Beth-horon. It is mentioned in the Amarna tablets.

Ghost

Giants: (1.) Hebrews Nephilim meaning “violent” or “causing to fall” (Gen 6:4). These were the violent tyrants of those days, those who fell upon others. The Word may also be derived from a root signifying “wonder,” and hence “monsters” or “prodigies.”In 13:33 this name is given to a Canaanitish Tribe a race of large stature, “the sons of Anak ” The Revised Version in these passages, simply transliterates the original, and reads “Nephilim.”

(In 13:2.) Hebrews Rephaim a race of Giants (Deu 3:11) who lived on the East of Jordan from whom Og was descended. They were probably the original inhabitants of the land before the immigration of the Canaanites They were conquered by Chedorlaomer (Gen 14:5), and their territories were promised as a possession to Abraham (Gen 15:20). ... The Anakim Zuzim, and Emim were branches of this stock.

In 26:5 (R.V., “they that are deceased;” marg., “the shades,” the “Rephaim”)And 14:9 this Hebrew Word is rendered (A.V.) “dead.” It means here “the shades,” the departed spirits in Sheol In 21:16, In 21:18, In 21:20, In 21:33, “the giant” is (A.V.) the rendering of the singular form ha raphah, which may possibly be the name of the Father of the four Giants referred to here, or of the founder of the Rephaim The Vulgate here reads “Arapha,” whence Milton (in Samson Agonistes) has borrowed the name “Harapha.” (See 21:1 Chron. See 20:5, See 20:6, See 20:8;Deu 2:11, Deu 2:20; Deu 3:13;Jos 15:8, etc., where the Word is similarly rendered “giant.”) It is rendered “dead” in (A.V.)Psa 88:10;Pro 2:18; Pro 9:18; Pro 21:16: in all these places the Revised Version marg. has “the shades.” (See 26:14.)

(See 26:3.) Hebrews ‘Anakim (Deu 2:10, Deu 2:11, Deu 2:21;Jos 11:21, Jos 11:22; Jos 14:12, Jos 14:15; called “sons of Anak ”Num 13:33; “children of Anak ” Num 13:22;Jos 15:14), a nomad race of Giants descended from Arba (Jos 14:15), the Father of Anak that dwelt in the South of Palestine near Hebron (Gen 23:2;Jos 15:13). They were a Cushite Tribe of the same race as the Philistines and the Egyptian Shepherd kings. David on several occasions encountered them (2Sa 21:15-22). From this race sprung Goliath (1Sa 17:4).

(1Sa 17:4.) Hebrews ‘emin, a warlike Tribe of the Ancient Canaanites They were “great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims” (Gen 14:5;Deu 2:10 , Deu 2:11 ).

(Deu 2:5.) Hebrews Zamzummim (q.v.),Deu 2:20 so called by the Amorites

(Deu 2:6.) Hebrews gibbor (Job 16:14), a mighty one, i.e., a Champion or hero. In its plural form (gibborim) it is rendered “mighty men” (2Sa 23:8-39;1Ki 1:8; 1Ki 1:1 Chronicles 1Ki 11:9-47; 1Ki 29:24.) The band of six hundred whom David gathered around him when he was a Fugitive were so designated. They were divided into three divisions of two hundred each, and thirty divisions of twenty each. The captians of the thirty divisions were called “the thirty,” the captains of the two hundred “the three,” and the Captain over the whole was called “chief among the captains” (2Sa 23:8). The sons BornOf 6:4 are also called by this Hebrew name.

Bbethon: a height, a City of the Philistines in the territory of Dan given to the Kohathites (Jos 19:44; Jos 21:23). Nadab the King of Israel while besieging it, was slain under its walls by Baasha one of his own officers (1Ki 15:27). It was in the possession of the Philistines after the secession of the ten tribes (1Ki 15:2 Chronicles 1Ki 11:13, 1Ki 11:14).

Beah: OF Phinehas (Jos 15:57, R.V. marg.), a City on Mount Ephraim which had been given to Phinehas (Jos 24:33 “hill,” A.V.; R.V. marg. and Hebrews “Gibeah.”). Here Eleazar the Son of Aaron was buried. It has been identified with the modern Khurbet Jibia, Jos 24:5 miles North of Guphna towards Shechem

Haaraloth: (Jos 5:3, marg.), Hill of the foreskins, a Place at Gilgal where those who had been Born in the Wilderness were circumcised. All the others, i.e., those who were under twenty years Old at the time of the sentence at Kadesh had already been circumcised.

Beon: robber; or dyed. (1.) A Hivite (Gen 36:2).

(Gen 36:2.) A Horite, and Son of Seir (Gen 36:20).

Gideon: called also Jerubbaal (Jdg 6:29, Jdg 6:32), was the first of the Judges whose history is circumstantially narrated (Jud 6:8). His Calling is the commencement of the second period in the history of the Judges After the victory gained by Deborah and Barak over Jabin Israel once more sank into Idolatry and the Midianites (q.v.) and Amalekites, with other “children of the East ” crossed the Jordan each Year for Seven successive years for the purpose of plundering and desolating the land. Gideon received a direct Call from God to undertake the task of delivering the land from these warlike invaders. He was of the family of Abiezer (Jos 17:2; Jos 17:1 Chronicles Jos 7:18), and of the little township of Ophrah (Jdg 6:11). ... First, with ten of his servants, he overthrew the altars of Baal and cut down the Asherah which was upon it, and then blew the trumpet of Alarm and the people flocked to his standard on the crest of Mount Gilboa to the number of twenty-two thousand men. These were, however, reduced to only three hundred. These, strangely armed with torches and pitchers and Trumpets rushed in from three different points on the Camp of Midian at midnight, in the Valley to the North of Moreh with the terrible war-cry, “For the Lord and for Gideon” (Jdg 7:18, R.V.). Terror-stricken, the Midianites were Put into dire confusion, and in the Darkness slew one another, so that only fifteen thousand out of the great Army of one hundred and twenty thousand escaped alive. The memory of this great deliverance impressed itself deeply on the mind of the nation (1Sa 12:11;Psa 83:11;Isa 9:4; Isa 10:26; Hebrews Isa 11:32). The land had now Rest for forty years. Gideon died in a good Old Age and was buried in the Sepulchre of his fathers. Soon after his Death a change came over the people. They again forgot Jehovah and turned to the Worship of Baalim “neither shewed they kindness to the House of Jerubbaal” (Jdg 8:35). Gideon Left behind him Seventy sons, a feeble, sadly degenerated race, with one exception, that of Abimelech who seems to have had much of the courage and energy of his Father yet of restless and unscrupulous ambition. He gathered around him a band who slaughtered all Gideon’s sons, except Jotham upon one Stone (See Ophrah )

Gift: (l.) An gratuity (Pro 19:6) to secure favour (Pro 18:16; Pro 21:14), a thank-offering (Num 18:11), or a Dowry (Gen 34:12).

(Gen 34:2.) An oblation or proppitatory Gift (2Sa 8:2,2Sa 8:6;Ich 18:2,Ich 18:6;2Ch 26:8;Psa 45:12; Psa 72:10).

(Psa 72:3.) A Bribe to a Judge to obtain a favourable verdict (Exo 23:8;Deu 16:19).

(Deu 16:4.) Simply a thing given (Mat 7:11;Luk 11:13; Ephesians Luk 4:8); sacrifical (Mat 5:23, Mat 5:24; Mat 8:4); eleemosynary (Luk 21:1); a gratuity (Jhn 4:10; Acts Jhn 8:20). In Acts Jhn 2:38 the generic Word dorea is rendered Gift ” It differs from the charisma (1Co 12:4) as denoting not miraculous powers but the working of a New Spirit in men, and that Spirit from God

The giving of presents entered largely into the affairs of common Life in the East The nature of the presents was as various as were the occasions: Food (1Sa 9:7; 1Sa 16:20), Sheep and Cattle (Gen 32:13-15), Gold (2Sa 18:11), jewels (Gen 24:53), furniture, and vessels for Eating and drinking (2Sa 17:28); delicacies, as Spices Honey etc. ... (1Ki 10:25;2Ki 5:22). The mode of presentation was with as much parade as possible: the presents were conveyed by the hands of servants (Fud 3:18), or still better, on the backs of beasts of Burden (2Ki 8:9). The refusal of a present was regarded as a High indignity; and this constituted the aggravated insult noticed in Matthew 2Ki 22:1 2Ki 22:1, the marriage robe having been offered and refused.

Gifts: , SPIRITUAL (Gr. charismata), Gifts supernaturally bestowed on the early Christians, each having his own proper Gift or Gifts for the edification of the body of Christ These were the result of the extraordinary operation of the Spirit as on the Day of Pentecost They were the Gifts of speaking with Tongues casting out devils, healing, etc. (Mrk 16:17, Mrk 16:18), usually communicated by the medium of the laying on of the hands of the apostles (Act 8:17; Act 19:6; Act 19:1 Timothy Act 4:14). These charismata were enjoyed only for a time. They could not continue always in the Church They were suited to its infancy and to the necessities of those times.

Hon: striking down. The whole country on the East of Jordan from the Arnon to the Jabbok was possessed by the Amorites whose King Sihon, refused to permit the Israelites to pass through his territory, and Put his Army in array against them. The Israelites went forth against him to battle, and gained a complete victory. The Amorites were defeated; Sihon, his sons, and all his people were smitten with the Sword his walled towns were captured, and the entire country of the Amorites was taken possession of by the Israelites (Num 21:21-30;Deu 2:24-37).

The country from the Jabbok to Hermon was at this time ruled by Og, the last of the Rephaim He also tried to prevent the progress of the Israelites, but was utterly routed, and all his cities and territory fell into the hands of the Israelites (comp.Num 21:33-35;Deu 3:1-14;Psa 135:10-12; Psa 136:17-22). ...

These two victories gave the Israelites possession of the country on the East of Jordan from the Arnon to the foot of Hermon The 136:1,The 136:500 square miles,Whi 136:3,Whi 136:000 square miles.

Lboa: boiling Spring a mountain range, now Jebel Fukua’, memorable as the scene of Saul’s disastrous defeat by the Philistines Here also his three sons were slain, and he himself died by his own Hand (1Sa 28:4; 1Sa 31:1-8;2Sa 1:6-21; 2Sa 21:12; 2Sa 21:1 Chronicles 2Sa 10:1, 2Sa 10:8). It was a low Barren range of mountains bounding the Valley of Esdraelon (Jezreel) on the East between it and the Jordan Valley When the tidings of this defeat were conveyed to David he gave utterance to those pathetic words in the “Song of the Bow” (2Sa 1:19-27).

Lead: a town on the East of Jordan on the top of one of the green hills of Gilead, within the limits of the half Tribe of Manasseh and in full view of Beth-shan. It is first mentioned in connection with the vengeance taken on its inhabitants because they had refused to come up to Mizpeh to take part with Israel against the Tribe of Benjamin (Jdg 21:8-14). After the battles at Gibeah, that Tribe was almost extinguished, only six hundred men remaining. An expedition went against Jabesh-Gilead, the whole of whose inhabitants were Put to the Sword except four hundred maidens, whom they brought as prisoners and sent to “proclaim peace” to the Benjamites who had fled to the crag Rimmon These captives were given to them as wives, that the Tribe might be saved from extinction (Jdg 21:21). ...

This City was afterwards taken by Nahash King of the Ammonites, but was delivered by Saul the newly-elected King of Israel In gratitude for this deliverance, forty years after this, the men of Jabesh-Gilead took down the bodies of Saul and of his three sons from the walls of Beth-shan, and after burning them, buried the bones under a Tree near the City (1Sa 31:11-13). David thanked them for this act of Piety (2Sa 2:4-6), and afterwards transferred the remains to the royal Sepulchre (2Sa 21:14). It is identified with the ruins of ed-Deir,Abo 21:6 miles South of Pella, on the North of the Wady Yabis.

Lgal: rolling. (1.) Lrom the Solemn transaction of the reading of the Law in the Valley of Shechem between Ebal and Gerizim the Israelites moved forward to Gilgal and there made a permanent Camp (Jos 9:6; Jos 10:6). It was “beside the oaks of Moreh ” near which Abraham erected his first Altar (Gen 12:6, Gen 12:7). This was one of the three towns to which Samuel resorted for the administration of Justice (Gen 12:1 Samuel Gen 7:16), and here also he offered sacrifices when the Ark was no longer in the Tabernacle at Shiloh (Gen 7:1 Samuel Gen 10:8; Gen 13:7-9). To this Place as to a central Sanctuary all Israel gathered to renew their allegiance to Saul (1 1:14). ... At a later period it became the scene of idolatrous Worship (Hos. 1 4:15; 1 9:15). It has been identified with the ruins of Jiljilieh,Abo 9:5 miles south-west of Shiloh and about the same distance from Bethel.

(Abo 9:2.) The Place in “the plains of Jericho ” “in the East border of Jericho ” where the Israelites first encamped after crossing the Jordan (Jos 4:19, Jos 4:20). Here they kept their first Passover in the land of Canaan (Jos 5:10) and renewed the rite of Circumcision and so “rolled away the reproach” of their Egyptian slavery. Here the twelve memorial Stones taken from the Bed of the Jordan were set up; and here also the Tabernacle remained till it was removed to Shiloh (Jos 18:1). It has been identified with Tell Jiljulieh,Abo 18:5 miles from Jordan

(Abo 18:3.) A Place probably in the Hill country of Ephraim where there was a school of the prophets (2Ki 4:38), and whence Elijah and Elisha, who resided here, “went down” to Bethel (2Ki 2:1,2Ki 2:2). It is mentioned also in Deuteronomy 2Ki 11:30. It is now known as Jiljilia, a Place 2Ki 11:8 miles North of Bethel.

Loh: exile, a City in the south-west part of the hill-country of Judah (Jos 15:51). It was the native Place or residence of the traitor Ahithophel “the Gilonite” (Jos 15:51;2Sa 15:12), and where he committed suicide (2Sa 17:23). It has been identified with Kurbet Jala,Abo 17:7 miles North of Hebron

Mzo: a Place fertile in sycamores, a City in the Plain of Judah the Villages of which were seized by the Philistines (2Ch 28:18). It is now called Jimzu,Abo 28:3 miles south-east of Ludd, i.e., Lydda

N: a low palm-tree, the south-eastern Corner of the Desert et-Tih, the Wilderness of Paran between the Gulf of Akabah and the head of the Wady Guraiyeh (Numbers 13:21). To be distinguished from the Wilderness of Sin (q.v.).

Girdle: (1.) Hebrews hagor, a Girdle of any kind worn by soldiers (1Sa 18:4;2Sa 20:8;1Ki 2:5;2Ki 3:21) or women (Isa 3:24).

(Isa 3:2.) Hebrews ‘ezor, something “bound,” worn by prophets (2Ki 1:8; Jeremiah 2Ki 13:1), soldiers (Isa 5:27;2Sa 20:8;Ezk 23:15), Kings (Job 12:18).

(Job 12:3.) Hebrews mezah, a “band,” a Girdle worn by men alone (Psa 109:19;Isa 22:21).

(Isa 22:4.) Hebrews ‘abnet, the Girdle of sacerdotal and state officers (Exo 28:4, Exo 28:39, Exo 28:40; Exo 29:9; Exo 39:29).

(Exo 39:5.) Hebrews hesheb, the “curious girdle” (Exo 28:8; R.V., “cunningly woven band”) was attached to the Ephod and was made of the same material. ...

The common Girdle was made of leather (2Ki 1:8; Matthew 2Ki 3:4); a Finer sort of Linen (Jer 13:1;Ezk 16:10;Dan 10:5). Girdles of Sackcloth were worn in token of sorrow (Isa 3:24; Isa 22:12). They were variously fastened to the wearer (Mrk 1:6; Jeremiah Mrk 13:1;Ezk 16:10).

The Girdle was a symbol of strength and power (Job 12:18, Job 12:21; Job 30:11;Isa 22:21; Isa 45:5). “Righteousness and faithfulness” are the Girdle of the Messiah (Isa 11:5).

Girdles were used as purses or pockets (Mat 10:9. A. V., “purses;” R.V., marg., “girdles.”Als 6:8).

Rgashite: dwelling in clayey soil, the descendants of the fifth Son of Canaan (Gen 10:16), one of the original tribes inhabiting the land of Canaan before the time of the Israelites (Gen 15:21;Deu 7:1). They were a Branch of the great family of the Hivites. Of their geographical position nothing is certainly known. Probably they lived somewhere in the central part of Western Palestine

GlTTAH-

Ttaim: two wine-presses, (2Sa 4:3;Neh 11:33), a town probably in Benjamin to which the Beerothites fled.

Gottie: a native of the Philistine City of Gath (Jos 13:3). Obed-edom, in whose House the Ark was placed, is so designated (Jos 13:2 Samuel Jos 6:10). Six hundred Gittites came with David from Gath into Israel (Jos 15:18, Jos 15:19).

Gmi

Th: a stringed instrument of Music This Word is found in the titles of Psalm 8, 81, 84. In these places the LXX. render the Word by “on the wine-fats.” The Targum explains by “on the Harp which David brought from Gath ” It is the only stringed instrument named in the titles of the Psalms

Zonite: a name given to Hashem, an inhabitant of Gizoh, a Place somewhere in the mountains of Judah (1 Chronicles 11:34; 2 Samuel 23:32, 34).

Glass: was known to the Egyptians at a very early period of their national history, at least B.C. 1500. Various articles both useful and ornamental were made of it, as bottles, vases, etc. A Glass Bottle with the name of S argon on it was found among the ruins of the north-west Palace of Nimroud. The Hebrew Word zekukith (Job 28:17), rendered in the Authorized Version “crystal,” is rightly rendered in the Revised Version “glass.” This is the only allusion to Glass found in the Old Testament It 4:6; It 15:2; It 21:18, It 21:21.In 37:18, the Word rendered “looking-glass” is in the Revised Version properly rendered “mirror,” formed, i.e., of some metal. (Comp.Exo 38:8: “looking-glasses” are brazen mirrors, R.V.).A M 1:23.

Glean: The corners of fields were not to be reaped, and the sheaf accidentally Left behind was not to be fetched away, according to the Law of Moses (Lev 19:9; Lev 23:22; Deuteronomy Lev 24:21). They were to be Left for the poor to Glean Similar laws were given regarding vineyards and oliveyards. (Comp. Ruth Lev 2:2.)

Glede: an Old English name for the common Kite Men 14:13 (Hebrews ra’ah), the Milvus ater or Black Kite The Hebrew Word does not occur in the parallel Passage in Leviticus (Men 11:14, da’ ah, rendered “vulture;” in R.V., “kite”). It was an unclean Bird The Hebrew name is from a root meaning “to see,” “to look,” thus designating a Bird with a keen sight. The Bird intended is probably the buzzard, of which there are three species found in Palestine (See Vulture )

Glorify: (1.) To make glorious, or cause so to appear (Jhn 12:28; Jhn 13:31,Jhn 13:32; Jhn 17:4,Jhn 17:5).

(Jhn 17:2.) Spoken of God to “shew forth his praise” (1Co 6:20; 1Co 10:31).

Glory: (Hebrews kabhod; Gr. doxa). (1.) Abundance, wealth, Treasure and hence honour (Psa 49:12); Glory (Gen 31:1; Matthew Gen 4:8; Revelation Gen 21:24, Gen 21:26).

(Gen 21:2.) Honour, dignity (1Ki 3:13; Hebrews 1Ki 2:71Pe 1:24); of God (Psa 19:1; Psa 29:1); of the mind or heart (Gen 49:6;Psa 7:5; Acts Psa 2:46).

(Psa 2:3.) Splendour, brightness, majesty (Gen 45:13;Isa 4:5; Acts Isa 22:11;2Co 3:7); of Jehovah (Isa 59:19; Isa 60:1;2Th 1:9).

(2Th 1:4.) The glorious moral attributes, the infinite perfections of God (Isa 40:5; Acts Isa 7:2;Rom 1:23; Rom 9:23; Ephesians Rom 1:12). ... Jesus is the “brightness of the Father’s glory” (Heb 1:3;Jhn 1:14; Jhn 2:11).

(Jhn 2:5.) The bliss of Heaven (Rom 2:7, Rom 2:10; Rom 5:2; Rom 8:18; Hebrews Rom 2:10;1Pe 5:1, 1Pe 5:10).

(1Pe 5:6.) The phrase “Give Glory to God” (Jos 7:19; Jeremiah Jos 13:16) is a Hebrew idiom meaning, “Confess your sins.” The words of the Jews to the Blind Man “Give God the praise” (Jhn 9:24), are an Adjuration to confess. They are equivalent to, “Confess that you are an impostor,” “Give God the Glory by speaking the Truth ” for they denied that a Miracle had been wrought.

Glutton: (Deu 21:20), Hebrews zolel, from a Word meaning “to shake out,” “to squander;” and hence one who is prodigal, who wastes his means by indulgence.In 23:21, the Word means debauchees or wasters of their own body.In 28:7, the Word (pi.) is rendered Authorized Version “riotous men;” Revised Version “gluttonous.”Mat 11:19,Luk 7:34, Greek phagos, given to Eating gluttonous.

Gnash: Hebrews harak, meaning “to Grate the teeth”, (Job 16:9;Psa 112:10; Lamentations Psa 2:16), denotes rage or sorrow. (See also Acts Psa 7:54;Mrk 9:18.)

Gnat: only in Matthew 23:24, a small two- winged stinging Fly of the genus Culex, which includes mosquitoes. Our Lord alludes here to the Gnat in a proverbial expression probably in common use, “who Strain out the Gnat ” the words in the Authorized Version “strain at a Gnat ” being a mere typographical error, which has been corrected in the Revised Version The Custom of filtering wine for this purpose was common among the Jews.It 11:23. It is supposed that the “lice,” Exodus It 8:16 (marg. R.V., “sand-flies”), were a species of Gnat

Goad: (Hebrews malmad,Onl 3:31), an instrument used by ploughmen for guiding their oxen. Shamgar slew six hundred Philistines with an ox-goad. “The Goad is a formidable weapon. It is sometimes ten feet long, and has a sharp point. We could now see that the feat of Shamgar was not so very wonderful as some have been accustomed to think.”

In 3:1Sam 13:21, a different Hebrew Word is used, dorban, meaning something pointed. The expression (Act 9:5, omitted in the R.V.), “It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks”, i.e., against the Goad was proverbial for unavailing resistance to superior power.

Goat: (l.) Hebrews ‘ez, the she-goat (Gen 15:9; Gen 30:35; Gen 31:38). This Hebrew Word is also used for the he-goat (Exo 12:5; Leviticus Exo 4:23; Numbers Exo 28:15), and to denote a kid (Gen 38:17, Gen 38:20). Hence it may be regarded as the generic name of the Animal as domesticated. It literally means “strength,” and points to the superior strength of the Goat as compared with the Sheep

(Gen 38:2.) Hebrews ‘attud, only in plural; rendered “rams” (Gen 31:10,Gen 31:12); he-goats (Num 7:17-88; Isaiah Num 1:11); goats (Deu 32:14;Psa 50:13). They were used in Sacrifice (Psa 66:15). This Word is used metaphorically for princes or chiefs in Isaiah Psa 14:9, and in Zechariah Psa 10:3 as leaders. ... (Comp. Jeremiah Psa 50:8.)

(Psa 50:3.) Hebrews gedi, properly a kid. Its Flesh was a delicacy among the Hebrews (Gen 27:9, Gen 27:14, Gen 27:17;Jdg 6:19).

(Jdg 6:4.) Hebrews sa’ir, meaning the “shaggy,” a hairy Goat a he-goat (Jdg 6:2 Chronicles Jdg 29:23); “a goat” (Lev 4:24); “satyr” (Isa 13:21); “devils” (Lev 17:7). It is the Goat of the sin-offering (Lev 9:3, Lev 9:15; Lev 10:16).

(Lev 10:5.) Hebrews tsaphir, a he-goat of the goats (Lev 10:2 Chronicles Lev 29:21).In 8:5, In 8:8 it is used as a symbol of the Macedonian empire.

(In 8:6.) Hebrews tayish, a “striker” or “butter,” rendered “he-goat” (Gen 30:35; Gen 32:14).

(Gen 32:7.) Hebrews ‘azazel (q.v.), the “scapegoat” (Lev 16:8, Lev 16:10,Lev 16:26).

(Lev 16:8.) There are two Hebrew words used to denote the undomesticated Goat Yael, only in plural mountain goats (Lev 16:1 Samuel Lev 24:2; Job Lev 39:1;Psa 104:18). It is derived from a Word meaning “to climb.” It is the ibex, which abounded in the mountainous parts of Moab And ’akko, only in Deuteronomy Psa 14:5, the wild Goat

Goats are mentioned in the New Testament in Matthew Psa 25:32,Psa 25:33; Hebrews Psa 9:12,Psa 9:13, Psa 9:19; Psa 10:4. They represent oppressors and wicked men (Ezk 34:17; Ezk 39:18; Matthew Ezk 25:33).

Several varieties of the Goat were familiar to the Hebrews They had an important Place in their rural economy on account of the milk they afforded and the excellency of the Flesh of the kid. They formed an important part of pastoral wealth (Gen 31:10, Gen 31:12;Gen 32:14; Gen 32:1 Samuel Gen 25:2).

Goath: a lowing, a Place near Jerusalem mentioned only in Jeremiah 31:39.

Gob: a Pit a Place mentioned in 2 Samuel Men 21:18, Men 21:19; called also GezerIn 21:1 Chronicles In 20:4.

Goblet: a Laver or Trough for Washing garments. In Cant. 7:2, a Bowl or drinking vessel, a Bowl for mixing wine; in Exodus 24:6, a sacrificial basin. (See CUP.)

God: (A.S. and Dutch God Daniel Gud; Ger. Gott), the name of the Divine Being. It is the rendering (1) of the Hebrew ’El, from a Word meaning to be strong; (2) of ’ Eloah , plural ’Elohim. The singular form, Eloah, is used only in Poetry The plural form is more commonly used in all parts of the Bible The Hebrew Word Jehovah (q.v.), the only other Word generally employed to denote the Supreme Being, is uniformly rendered in the Authorized Version by “LORD,” printed in small capitals. The existence of God is taken for granted in the Bible There is nowhere any argument to prove it. He who disbelieves this Truth is spoken of as one devoid of understanding (Psa 14:1).

The arguments generally adduced by theologians in proof of the being of God are:

(Psa 14:1.) The a priori argument, which is the Testimony afforded by reason. ...

(Psa 14:2.) The a posteriori argument, by which we proceed logically from the facts of experience to causes. These arguments are,

(a) The cosmological, by which it is proved that there must be a First Cause of all things, for every effect must have a cause.

(b) The teleological, or the argument from design. We see everywhere the operations of an intelligent Cause in nature.

(c) The moral argument, called also the anthropological argument, based on the moral consciousness and the history of mankind, which exhibits a moral order and purpose which can only be explained on the supposition of the existence of God Conscience and human history testify that “verily there is a God that judgeth in the earth.”

The attributes of God are set forth in order by Moses in Exodus Psa 34:6,Psa 34:7. (See 6:4; See 10:17;Num 16:22; Exodus Num 15:11; Num 33:19;Isa 44:6;Hab 3:6;Psa 102:26;Job 34:12.)The 5:12And 7:12.

God’s attributes are spoken of by some as absolute, i.e., such as belong to his essence as Jehovah Jah etc.; and relative, i.e., such as are ascribed to him with relation to his creatures. Others distinguish them into communicable, i.e., those which can be imparted in degree to his creatures: Goodness Holiness wisdom, etc.; and incommunicable, which cannot be so imparted: independence, immutability, immensity, and eternity. They are by some also divided into natural attributes, eternity, immensity, etc.; and moral, Holiness Goodness etc.

Godhead: (Act 17:29;Rom 1:20; Colossians Rom 2:9), the essential being or the nature of God

Godliness: the whole of practical Piety (1 Timothy 4:8;2Pe 1:6). “It supposes knowledge, veneration, Affection dependence, submission, gratitude, and obedience.”In 1:1 Timothy In 3:16 it denotes the substance of revealed religion.

Goel: in Hebrew the participle of the verb Gaal “to redeem.” It is rendered in the Authorized Version “kinsman,”Num 5:8; Ruth Num 3:12; Num 4:1, Num 4:6, Num 4:8; “redeemer,”Job 19:25; “avenger,”Num 35:12;Deu 19:6, etc. The Jewish Law gave the right of redeeming and repurchasing, as well as of avenging blood, to the next relative, who was accordingly called by this name. (See REDEEMER.)

Gog: multitude of Gog the name of the Valley in which the slaughtered Forces of Gog are to be buried (Ezk 39:11,Ezk 39:15), “the Valley of the passengers on the East of the Sea ”

Golan: exile, a City of Bashan (Deu 4:43), one of the three cities of Refuge East of Jordan Abo 4:12 miles north-east of the Sea of Galilee (Jos 20:8). There are no further notices of it in Scripture It became the head of the province of Gaulanitis one of the four provinces into which Bashan was divided after the Babylonish Captivity and almost identical with the modern Jaulan, in Western Hauran Abo 20:39Mil 20:18 in breath.

Gold: (1.) Hebrews Zahab so called from its yellow Colour (Exo 25:11; Exo 25:1 Chronicles Exo 28:18; Exo 28:2 Chronicles Exo 3:5).

(Exo 3:2.) Hebrews segor, from its compactness, or as being enclosed or treasured up; thus precious or “fine gold” (1Ki 6:20; 1Ki 7:49).

(1Ki 7:3.) Hebrews paz, native or pure Gold (Job 28:17;Psa 19:10; Psa 21:3, etc.).

(Psa 21:4.) Hebrews betzer, “ore of Gold or silver” as dug out of the mine (Job 36:19, where it means simply riches).

(Job 36:5.) Hebrews kethem, i.e., something concealed or separated (Job 28:16,Job 28:19;Psa 45:9;Pro 25:12). ... Rendered “golden wedge” in Isaiah Pro 13:12.

(Pro 13:6.) Hebrews haruts, i.e., dug out; poetic for Gold (Pro 8:10; Pro 16:16; Zechariah Pro 9:3).

Gold was known from the earliest times (Gen 2:11). It was principally used for ornaments (Gen 24:22). It was very abundant (Gen 24:1 Chronicles Gen 22:14; Nah Gen 2:9;Dan 3:1). Many tons of it were used in connection with the Temple (Dan 3:2 Chronicles Dan 1:15). It was found in Arabia Sheba and Ophir (1Ki 9:28; 1Ki 10:1;Job 28:16), but not in Palestine

In 2:38, the Babylonian Empire is spoken of as a “head of gold” because of its great riches; and Babylon was called by Isaiah (In 14:4) the “golden city” (R.V. marg., “exactress,” adopting the reading marhebah , instead of the usual Word madhebah).

Golden: CALF (Exo 32:4,Exo 32:8; Deuteronomy Exo 9:16; Nehemiah Exo 9:18). This was a molten image of a Calf which the idolatrous Israelites formed at Sinai. This symbol was borrowed from the Custom of the Egyptians. It was destroyed at the command of Moses (Exo 32:20). (See Aaron Moses )

Goldsmith: (Neh 3:8,Neh 3:32;Isa 40:19; Isa 41:7; Isa 46:6). The Word so rendered means properly a founder or Finer

Golgotha: the common name of the spot where Jesus was crucified. It is interpreted by the evangelists as meaning “the Place of a skull”

(Mat 27:33; Mark Mat 15:22; John Mat 19:17). This name represents in Greek letters the Aramaic Word Gulgaltha, which is the Hebrew Gulgoleth (Num 1:2; Num 1:1 Chronicles Num 23:3, Num 23:24;2Ki 9:35), meaning “a skull.” It is identical with the Word Calvary (q.v.). It was a little knoll rounded like a bare skull. It is obvious from the evangelists that it was some well-known spot outside the Gate (comp. Hebrews 2Ki 13:12), and near the City (Luk 23:26), containing a “garden” (Jhn 19:41), and on a thoroughfare leading into the country. Hence it is an untenable idea that it is embraced within the present “Church of the Holy Sepulchre ” The hillock above Jeremiah’s Grotto, to the North of the City is in all probability the true site of Calvary The skull-like appearance of the Rock in the southern precipice of the hillock is very remarkable.

Goliath: great. (1.) A famous giant of Gath who for forty days openly defied the armies of Israel but was at length slain by David with a Stone from a Sling (1Sa 17:4). He was probably descended from the Rephaim who found Refuge among the Philistines after they were dispersed by the Ammonites (Deu 2:20, Deu 2:21). His height was “six cubits and a span,” which,Tak 2:21 inches,Is 2:10 Is 2:1/Is 2:2 feet. David cut off his head (1Sa 17:51) and brought it to Jerusalem while he hung the Armour which he took from him in his Tent His Sword was preserved at Nob as a religious trophy (1Sa 21:9). David’s victory over Goliath was the turning point in his Life He came into public notice now as the deliverer of Israel and the Chief among Saul’s men of war (1Sa 18:5), and the devoted friend of Jonathan

(1Sa 18:2.)In 18:2Sam 21:19 there is another giant of the same name mentioned as slain by Elhanan The staff of his apear “was like a weaver’s Beam ” The Authorized Version interpolates the words “the Brother of’Fro 21:1 Chronicles Fro 20:5, where this giant is called Lahmi. ...

Gomer: complete; vanishing. (1.) The Daughter of Diblaim, who (probably in Vision only) became the Wife of Hosea (1:3).

(2.) The eldest Son of Japheth and Father of Ashkenaz Riphath, and Togarmah (Gen 10:2, Gen 10:3), whose descendants formed the principal Branch of the population of South-eastern Europe. He is generally regarded as the ancestor of the Celtae and the Cimmerii, who in early times settled to the North of the Black Sea and gave their name to the Crimea, the Ancient Chersonesus Taurica. Traces of their presence are found in the names Cimmerian Bosphorus, Cimmerian Isthmus, etc. In the seventh century B.C. they were driven out of their original seat by the Scythians, and overran western Asia Minor, whence they were afterwards expelled. They subsequently reappear in the times of the Romans as the Cimbri of the North and west of Europe, whence they crossed to the British Isles, where their descendants are still found in the Gaels and Cymry. Thus the whole Celtic race may be regarded as descended from Gomer

Gomorrah: submersion, one of the five cities of the Plain of Siddim (q.v.) which were destroyed by Fire (Gen 10:19; Gen 13:10; Gen 19:24, Gen 19:28). These cities probably stood close together, and were near the northern extremity of what is now the Dead Sea This City is always mentioned next after Sodom both of which were types of impiety and wickedness (Gen 18:20;Rom 9:29). Their Destruction is mentioned as an “ensample unto those that after should live ungodly” (2Pe 2:6;Jud 1:4-7). Their wickedness became proverbial (Deu 32:32;Isa 1:9, Isa 1:10;Jer 23:14). But that wickedness may be exceeded (Mat 10:15;Mrk 6:11). (See Dead SEA).

Goodly: TREES boughs of, were to be carried in festive procession on the first Day of the Feast of Tabernacles (Lev 23:40). This was probably the Olive Tree (Neh 8:15), although no special Tree is mentioned.

Goodness: OF God a perfection of his character which he exercises towards his creatures according to their various circumstances and relations (Psa 145:8, Psa 145:9; Psa 103:8;1Jn 4:8). Viewed generally, it is benevolence; as exercised with respect to the miseries of his creatures it is mercy, pity, compassion, and in the case of impenitent sinners, long-suffering patience; as exercised in communicating favour on the unworthy it is Grace “Goodness and Justice are the several aspects of one unchangeable, infinitely Wise and sovereign moral perfection. God is not sometimes merciful and sometimes just, but he is eternally infinitely just and merciful.” God is infinitely and unchangeably good (Zep 3:17), and his Goodness is incomprehensible by the finite mind (Rom 11:35, Rom 11:36). “God’s Goodness appears in two things, giving and forgiving.”

Gopher: a Tree from the Wood of which Noah was directed to build the Ark (Gen 6:14). It is mentioned only there. The LXX. render this Word by “squared beams,” and the Vulgate by “planed Wood ” Other versions have rendered it “pine” and “cedar;” but the weight of authority is in favour of understanding by it the Cypress Tree which grows abundantly in Chaldea and Armenia

Goshen: (1.) a district in Egypt where Jacob and his family settled, and in which they remained till the Exodus (Gen 45:10; Gen 46:28, Gen 46:29, Gen 46:31, etc.). It is called “the land of Goshen” (Gen 47:27), and also simply “Goshen” (Gen 46:28), and “the land of Rameses” (Gen 47:11;Exo 12:37), for the towns Pithom and Rameses lay within its borders; also Zoan or Tanis (Psa 78:12). It lay on the East of the Nile, and apparently not far from the royal residence. It was “the best of the land” (Gen 47:6, Gen 47:11), but is now a Desert It is first mentioned in Joseph’s message to his Father It has been identified with the modern Wady Tumilat, lying between the eastern part of the Delta and the west border of Palestine It was a pastoral district, where some of the king’s Cattle were kept (Gen 47:6). ... The inhabitants were not exclusively Israelites (Exo 3:22; Exo 11:2; Exo 12:35, Exo 12:36).

(Exo 12:2.) A district in Palestine (Jos 10:41; Jos 11:16). It was a part of the maritime Plain of Judah and lay between Gaza and Gibeon.

(Jos 11:3.) A town in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:51).

Gospel

Gospels: The central fact of Christian preaching was the intelligence that the Saviour had come into the world (Mat 4:23;Rom 10:15); and the first Christian preachers who called their account of the person and mission of Christ by the term evangelion (= good message) were called evangelistai (= evangelists) (Eph 4:11; Acts Eph 21:8).

There are four historical accounts of the person and work of Christ “the first by Matthew announcing the Redeemer as the promised King of the Kingdom of God the second by Mark declaring him ‘a Prophet mighty in deed and word’; the third by Luke of whom it might be said that he represents Christ in the special character of the Saviour of sinners (Luk 7:36; Luk 15:18); the fourth by John who represents Christ as the Son of God in whom deity and humanity become one. ... The Ancient Church gave to Matthew the symbol of the lion, to Mark that of a Man to Luke that of the ox, and to John that of the eagle: these were the four faces of the cherubim” (Ezk 1:10).

Date. The Gospels were all composed during the latter part of the first century, and there is distinct historical evidence to show that they were used and accepted as authentic before the End of the second century.

Mutual relation. “If 1:100, their proportionate distribution Will be: Matthew Mark and Luke

If 1:53; Matthew and Luke If 1:21; Matthew and Mark If 1:20; Mark and Luke If 1:6. Looking only at the general result, it may be said that of the contents of the synoptic Gospels [i.e., the first three Gospels] about two-fifths are common to the three, and that the parts Peculiar to one or other of them are little more than one-third of the whole.”

Origin. Did the evangelists copy from one another? The opinion is well founded that the Gospels were published by the apostles orally before they were committed to Writing and that each had an independent origin. (See Matthew GOSPEL OF.)

Gourd: (1.) Jonah’s Gourd (Jon 4:6-10), bearing the Hebrew name kikayon (found only here), was probably the kiki of the Egyptians, the croton. This is the castor-oil plant, a species of ricinus, the palma Christi, so called from the palmate division of its leaves. Others with more probability regard it as the cucurbita the el-keroa of the Arabs, a kind of pumpkin Peculiar to the East “It is grown in great abundance on the alluvial banks of the Tigris and on the Plain between the River and the ruins of Nineveh ” At the present Day it is trained to run over structures of mud and brush to form boots to protect the gardeners from the heat of the noon-day Sun It grows with extraordinary rapidity, and when cut or injured withers away also with great rapidity. ...

(Jon 4:2.) Wild gourds (2Ki 4:38-40), Hebrews pakkuoth, belong to the family of the cucumber-like plants, some of which are poisonous. The species here referred to is probably the colocynth (Cucumis colocynthus). The LXX. render the Word by “wild pumpkin.” It abounds in the Desert parts of Syria Egypt and Arabia There is, however, another species, called the Cucumis prophetarum, from the idea that it afforded the Gourd which “the sons of the prophets” shred by mistake into their Pottage

Government

Governments: (1Co 12:28), the powers which fit a Man for a Place of influence in the Church “the steersman’s art; the art of guiding aright the vessel of Church or state.”

Governor: (l.) Hebrews nagid, a prominent, conspicuous person, whatever his capacity: as, Chief of the royal Palace (2Ch 28:7; comp.1Ki 4:6), Chief of the Temple (1Ch 9:11; Jeremiah 1Ch 20:1), the leader of the Aaronites (1Ch 12:27), Keeper of the sacred Treasury (1Ch 26:24), Captain of the Army (1Ch 13:1), the King (1Sa 9:16), the Messiah (Dan 9:25).

(Dan 9:2.) Hebrews nasi, raised; exalted. Used to denote the chiefs of families (Num 3:24, Num 3:30, Num 3:32, Num 3:35); also of tribes (Num 2:3; Num 7:2; Num 3:32). These dignities appear to have been elective, not hereditary.

(Num 3:3.) Hebrews pakid, an officer or Magistrate It is used of the delegate of the High Priest (2Ch 24:11), the Levites (Neh 11:22), a military commander (2Ki 25:19), Joseph’s officers in Egypt (Gen 41:34). ...

(Gen 41:4.) Hebrews shallit, one who has power, who rules (Gen 42:6;Ezr 4:20;Ecc 8:8;Dan 2:15; Dan 5:29).

(Dan 5:5.) Hebrews aluph, literally one Put over a thousand, i.e., a clan or a subdivision of a Tribe Used of the “dukes” of Edom (Gen 5:36), and of the Jewish chiefs (Zec 9:7).

(Zec 9:6.) Hebrews moshel, one who rules, holds dominion. Used of many classes of rulers (Gen 3:16; Gen 24:2; Gen 45:8;Psa 105:20); of the Messiah (Mic 5:2); of God (1Ch 29:12;Psa 103:19).

(Psa 103:7.) Hebrews sar, a ruler or Chief a Word of very general use. It is used of the Chief baker of Pharaoh (Gen 40:16); of the Chief Butler (Gen 40:2, etc.See 47:6;Exo 1:11;Dan 1:7;Jdg 10:18;1Ki 22:26; 1Ki 20:15;2Ki 1:9;2Sa 24:2). It is used also of angels, guardian angels (Dan 10:13, Dan 10:20, Dan 10:21; Dan 12:1; Dan 10:13; Dan 8:25).

(Dan 8:8.) Pehah, whence pasha , i.e., friend of the King adjutant; Governor of a province (2Ki 18:24;Isa 36:9; Jeremiah Isa 51:57;Ezk 23:6, Ezk 23:23;Dan 3:2;Est 3:12), or a perfect (Neh 3:7; Neh 5:14;Ezr 5:3; Hag. Ezr 1:1). This is a foreign Word Assyrian, which was early adopted into the Hebrew idiom (1Ki 10:15).

(1Ki 10:9.) The Chaldean Word segan is applied to the governors of the Babylonian satrapies (Dan 3:2, Dan 3:27; Dan 6:7); the prefects over the Magi (Dan 2:48). The corresponding Hebrew Word segan is used of provincial rulers (Jer 51:23, Jer 51:28, Jer 51:57); also of chiefs and rulers of the people of Jerusalem (Ezr 9:2;Neh 2:16; Neh 4:14, Neh 4:19; Neh 5:7, Neh 5:17; Neh 7:5; Neh 12:40).

In the New Testament there are also different Greek words rendered thus.

(Neh 12:1.) Meaning an ethnarch (2Co 11:32), which was an office distinct from military command, with considerable latitude of application.

(2Co 11:2.) The procurator of Judea under the Romans (Mat 27:2). (Comp.Luk 2:2, where the verb from which the Greek Word so rendered is derived is used.)

(Luk 2:3.) Steward (Gal 4:2).

(Gal 4:4.) Governor of the Feast (Jhn 2:9), who appears here to have been merely an intimate friend of the bridegroom, and to have presided at the marriage Banquet in his stead.

(Jhn 2:5.) A director, i.e., helmsman; Lat. gubemator, (Jas 3:4).

Gozan

Grace: , M E ANS OF an expression not used in Scripture but employed (1) to denote those institutions ordained by God to be the ordinary channels of Grace to the souls of men. These are the Word Sacraments, and Prayer

(2.) But in popular language the expression is used in a wider sense to denote those exercises in which we engage for the purpose of obtaining spiritual blessing; as hearing the gospel, reading the Word meditation, self-examination, Christian Conversation etc.

Graft: the process of inoculating fruit-trees (Rom 11:17-24). It is peculiarly appropriate to olive-trees. The union thus of branches to a stem is used to illustrate the union of true believers to the true Church

Grain: used,In 9:9, of a small Stone or kernel; in Matthew In 13:31, of an individual seed of MustardIn 12:24,1Co 15:37, of wheat. The Hebrews sowed only wheat, Barley and spelt; rye and oats are not mentioned in Scripture

Grape: the Fruit of the Vine which was extensively cultivated in Palestine Grapes are spoken of as “tender” (Cant. 2:13, 15), “unripe” (Job 15:33), “sour” (Isa 18:5), “wild” (Isa 5:2,Isa 5:4). (See Revelation Isa 14:18;Mic 7:1; Jeremiah Mic 6:9;Ezk 18:2, for figurative use of the Word ) (See Vine )

Grass: (l.) Hebrews hatsir, ripe Grass fit for Mowing (1Ki 18:5;Job 40:15;Psa 104:14). As the herbage rapidly fades under the scorching Sun it is used as an image of the brevity of human Life (Isa 40:6, Isa 40:7;Psa 90:5).In 11:5 this Word is rendered “leeks.”

(In 11:2.) Hebrews deshe’, green Grass (Gen 1:11, Gen 1:12; Isaiah Gen 66:14;Deu 32:2). “The sickly and forced blades of Grass which Spring up on the flat plastered roofs of houses in the East are used as an emblem of speedy Destruction because they are small and weak, and because, under the scorching rays of the Sun they soon wither away” (2Ki 19:26;Psa 129:6; Isaiah Psa 37:27).

The dry stalks of Grass were often used as Fuel for the Oven (Mat 6:30; Mat 13:30; Luke Mat 12:28).

Grasshopper: belongs to the class of neuropterous insects called Gryllidae. This insect is not unknown in Palestine

In 6:5; In 7:12;Job 39:30; Jeremiah Job 46:23, where the Authorized Version has “grasshopper,” the Revised Version more correctly renders the Hebrew Word (‘arbeh) by “locust.” This is the case also in Amos Job 7:1; Nah Job 3:17, where the Hebrew Word Gob is used; and in Leviticus Job 11:22;Num 13:33;Ecc 12:5;Isa 40:22, where hagab is used. In all these instances the proper rendering is probably “locust” (q.v.).

Grate: a network of Brass for the bottom of the great Altar of Sacrifice (Exo 27:4; Exo 35:16; Exo 38:4, Exo 38:5, Exo 38:30).

Grave: Among the Ancient Hebrews graves were outside of cities in the Open field (Luk 7:12; John Luk 11:30). Kings (1Ki 2:10) and prophets (1Ki 2:1 Samuel 1Ki 25:1) were generally buried within cities. Graves were generally grottoes or caves, natural or hewn out in rocks (Isa 22:16; Matthew Isa 27:60). There were family cemeteries (Gen 47:29; Gen 50:5; Gen 50:2 Samuel Gen 19:37). Public burial-places were assigned to the poor (Jer 26:23;2Ki 23:6). Graves were usually closed with Stones which were whitewashed, to warn strangers against contact with them (Mat 23:27), which caused ceremonial pollution (Num 19:16).

There were no graves in Jerusalem except those of the kings, and according to Tradition that of the prophetess Huldah

Graven: Ima 27:15;Psa 97:7 (Hebrews pesel), refers to the household gods of idolaters. “Every nation and City had its own gods. ..Yet every family had its separate household or tutelary God ”

Graving: (1.) Hebrews hatsabh.Job 19:24, rendered “graven,” but generally means hewn Stone or Wood in quarry or Forest

(Job 19:2.) Hebrews harush. Jeremiah Job 17:1, rendered “graven,” and indicates generally artistic work in metal, Wood and Stone effected by fine instruments.

(Job 17:3.) Hebrews haqaq.Ezk 4:1, engraving a plan or map, rendered “pourtray;”Job 19:23, “written.”

(Job 19:4.) Hebrews pasal points rather to the sculptor’s or the carver’s art (Isa 30:22; Isa 40:19; Isa 41:7; Isa 44:12-15).

(Isa 44:5.) Pathah refers to intaglio work, the Cutting and engraving of precious Stones (Exo 28:9-11, Exo 28:21; Zechariah Exo 3:9; Cant. Exo 1:10, Exo 1:11).

(Exo 1:6.) Heret. In Exodus Exo 32:4 rendered “graving tool;”And 8:1, “a pen.”

Greaves: only in 1Sam 17:6, a piece of defensive Armour (q.v.) reaching from the foot to the knee; from French greve, “the shin.” They were the Roman cothurni.

Grecians: Hellenists, Greek-Jews; Jews Born in a foreign country, and thus did not speak Hebrew (Act 6:1; Act 9:29), nor join in the Hebrew services of the Jews in Palestine but had synagogues of their own in Jerusalem Jol 3:6 =Greeks.

Greece: orginally consisted of the four provinces of Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia and Peleponnesus.In 20:2 it designates only the Roman province of Macedonia. Greece was conquered by the Romans B.C. In 20:146.Aft 20:1831.

Moses makes mention of Greece under the name of Javan (Gen 10:2-5); and this name does not again occur in the Old Testament till the time of Joel (Gen 3:6). Then the Greeks and Hebrews first came into contact in the Tyrian slave-market. Prophetic notice is taken of GreeceIn 8:21 .

The cities of Greece were the special scenes of the labours of the Apostle Paul

G: REE K Found only in the New Testament where a distinction is observed between “Greek” and “Grecian” (q.v.). The former is (1) a Greek by race (Acts 16:1-3; 18:17; Romans 1:14), or (2) a Gentile as opposed to a Jew (Romans 2:9, 10). The latter, meaning properly “one who speaks Greek,” is a foreign Jew opposed to a home Jew who dwelt in Palestine

The Word “Grecians” in Acts 11:20 should be “Greeks,” denoting the Heathen Greeks of that City as rendered in the Revised Version according to the reading of the best manuscripts (“Hellenes”).

Greyhound: (Pro 30:3 Pro 30:1), the rendering of the Hebrew zarzir mothnayim, meaning literally “girded as to the lions.” Some (Gesen.; R.V. marg.) render it “war-horse.” The LXX. and Vulgate versions render it “cock.” It has been by some interpreters rendered also “stag” and “warrior,” as being girded about or panoplied, and “wrestler.” The Greyhound however, was evidently known in Ancient times, as appears from Egyptian monuments.

Grind: (Exo 32:20;Deu 9:21;Jdg 16:21), to crush small (Hebrews tahan); to oppress the poor (Isa 3:5). The hand-mill was early used by the Hebrews (Num 11:8). It consisted of two Stones the upper (Deu 24:6;2Sa 11:21) being movable and slightly concave, the lower being stationary.The 12:3 are the teeth. (See MILL.)

Grizzled: party-coloured, as goats (Gen 31:10, Gen 31:12), horses (Zec 6:3, Zec 6:6).

Grove: (1.) Hebrews ‘asherah, properly a wooden image, or a Pillar representing Ashtoreth a sensual Canaanitish goddess, probably usually set up in a Grove (2Ki 21:7; 2Ki 23:4). In the Revised Version the Word “Asherah” (q.v.) is introduced as a proper noun, the name of the wooden symbol of a goddess, with the plurals Asherim (Exo 34:13) and Asheroth (Jdg 3:13).

The LXX. have rendered AsherahIn 3:2 Chronicles In 15:16 by “Astarte.”The 3:7.

(The 3:2.) Hebrews ‘eshel (Gen 21:33).In 21:1 Samuel In 22:6And 31:13 the Authorized Version renders this Word by “tree.” In all these passages the Revised Version renders by “tamarisk Tree ” It has been identified with the Tamariscus orientalis, five species of which are found in Palestine

(And 31:3.) The Hebrews Word ‘elon, uniformly rendered in the Authorized Version by “plain,” properly signifies a Grove or plantation. ... In the Revised Version it is rendered, pi., “oaks” (Gen 13:18; Gen 14:13; Gen 18:1; Gen 12:6; Deuteronomy Gen 11:30; Joshua Gen 19:33). In the earliest times groves are mentioned in connection with religious Worship The Heathen consecrated groves to particular gods, and for this reason they were forbidden to the Jews (Jer 17:3;Ezk 20:28).

Guard: (1.) Hebrews tabbah (properly a “cook,” and in a secondary sense “executioner,” because this office fell to the Lot of the cook in Eastern countries), the bodyguard of the kings of Egypt (Gen 37:36) and Babylon (2Ki 25:8; Jeremiah 2Ki 40:1;Dan 2:14).

(Dan 2:2.) Hebrews rats, properly a “courier,” one whose office was to run before the king’s Chariot (Dan 2:2 Samuel Dan 15:1;1Ki 1:5). The couriers were also military guards (1Ki 1:1 Samuel 1Ki 22:17;2Ki 10:25). They were probably the same who under David were called Pelethites (1Ki 14:27; 1Ki 14:2 Samuel 1Ki 15:1).

(1Ki 15:3.) Hebrews mishmereth, one who Watches (Neh 4:22), or a watch-station (Neh 7:3; Neh 12:9; Job Neh 7:12). ...

In the New Testament (Mrk 6:27) the Authorized Version renders the Greek spekulator by “executioner,” earlier English versions by “hangman,” the Revised Version by “soldier of his Guard ” The Word properly means a “pikeman” or “halberdier,” of whom the bodyguard of kings and princes was composed. In Matthew Mrk 27:65, Mrk 27:66; Mrk 28:11, the Authorized Version renders the Greek kustodia by “watch,” and the Revised Version by “guard,” the Roman Guard which consisted of four soldiers, who were relieved every three hours (Act 12:4). The “captain of the guard” mentioned Acts Act 28:16 was the commander of the Praetorian troops, whose duty it was to receive and take charge of all prisoners from the provinces.

GUEST-

Gur: a whelp, a Place near Ibleam where Jehu’s servants overtook and mortally wounded King Ahaziah (2Ki 9:27); an ascent from the Plain of Jezreel

GUR-

Guiter: Hebrews tsinnor, (2Sa 5:8). This HebrewWor 42:7 in the plural, where it is rendered “waterspouts.” It denotes some Passage through which Water passed; a water-course.

In 30:38, In 30:41 the Hebrew Word rendered “gutters” is rahat, and denotes vessels overflowing with Water for Cattle (Exo 2:16); drinking-troughs .

Habakkuk: , PROPHECIES OF were probably written about B.C. 650-627, or, as some think, a few years later. This book consists of three chapters, the contents of which are thus comprehensively described: “When the Prophet in Spirit saw the formidable power of the Chaldeans approaching and menacing his land, and saw the great evils they would cause in Judea he bore his complaints and doubts before Jehovah the just and the pure (650 1:2-17). And on this occasion the future Punishment of the Chaldeans was revealed to him (650 1:2). In the third Chapter a presentiment of the Destruction of his country, in the inspired heart of the Prophet contends with his hope that the enemy would be chastised.” The third Chapter is a sublime song dedicated “to the Chief Musician ” and therefore intended apparently to be used in the Worship of God It is “unequalled in majesty and splendour of language and Imagery ”

The PassageIn 2:4, “The just shall live by his Faith ” is quoted by the ApostleIn 1:17. (Comp. Galatians In 3:12; Hebrews In 10:37, In 10:38.)

Habergeon: an Old English Word for Breastplate In Job 41:26 (Hebrews shiryah) it is properly a “coat of Mail ” the Revised Version has “pointed shaft.” In Exodus 28:32, 39:23, it denotes a military garment strongly and thickly woven and covered with Mail round the Neck and breast. Such Linen corselets have been found in Egypt The Word used in these verses is tahra, which is of Egyptian origin. The Revised Version however, renders it by “coat of Mail ” (See Armour )

Habitation: God is the Habitation of his people, who find Rest and safety in him (Psa 71:3; Psa 91:9). Justice and Judgment are the Habitation of God’s Throne (Psa 89:14, Hebrews mekhon, “foundation”), because all his Acts are founded on Justice and Judgment (See 132:5, See 132:13;Eph 2:22, of Canaan Jerusalem and the Temple as God’s Habitation ) God inhabits eternity (Isa 57:15), i.e., dwells not only among men, but in eternity, where time is unknown; and “the praises of Israel” (Psa 22:3), i.e., he dwells among those praises and is continually surrounded by them.

Habor: the united Stream or, according to others, with Beautiful banks, the name of a River in Assyria and also of the district through which it flowed (1 Chronicles 5:26). There is a River called Khabur which rises in the central highlands of Kurdistan, and flows south-west till it falls into the Tigris,Abo 5:70 miles above Mosul. This was not, however, the Habor of Scripture

There is another River of the same name (the Chaboras) which,Aft 5:200 miles, flows into the Euphrates at Karkesia, the Ancient Circesium. This was, there can be little doubt, the Ancient Habor

Hachilah: the darksome Hill one of the peaks of the long ridge of el-Kolah, running out of the Ziph plateau, “on the South of Jeshimon” (i.e., of the “waste”), the district to which one looks down from the plateau of Ziph (1Sa 23:19). After his reconciliation with Saul at Engedi (1Sa 24:1-8), David returned to Hachilah where he had fixed his quarters. The Ziphites treacherously informed Saul of this, and he immediately (1Sa 26:1-4) renewed his pursuit of David and “pitched in the Hill of Hachilah ” David and his nephew Abishai stole at night into the midst of Saul’s Camp when they were all asleep, and noiselessly removed the royal spear and the cruse from the side of the King and then, crossing the intervening Valley to the height on the other side, David cried to the people, and thus awoke the sleepers. He then addressed Saul who recognized his voice, and expostulated with him. Saul professed to be penitent; but David could not Put confidence in him, and he now sought Refuge at Ziklag. David and Saul never afterwards met. (1Sa 26:13-25).

Hadadezer: Hadad is help; called also Hadarezer Adod is his help, the King of Zobah Hanun the King of the Ammonites, hired among others the Army of Hadadezer to assist him in his war against David Joab who was sent against this confederate Host found them in double battle array, the Ammonities toward their capital of Rabbah and the Syrian mercenaries near Medeba In the battle which was fought the Syrians were scattered, and the Ammonites in Alarm fled into their capital. After this Hadadezer went North “to recover his border” (2Sa 8:3, A.V.); but rather, as the Revised Version renders, “to recover his dominion”, i.e., to recruit his Forces Then followed another battle with the Syrian Army thus recruited, which resulted in its being totally routed at Helam (2Sa 10:17). ... Shobach the leader of the Syrian Army died on the field of battle. The Syrians of Damascus who had come to help Hadadezer were also routed, and Damascus was made tributary to David All the spoils taken in this war, “shields of gold” and “very much Brass ” from which afterwards the “brasen Sea and the pillars, and the vessels of brass” for the Temple were made (1Ch 18:8), were brought to Jerusalem and dedicated to Jehovah Thus the power of the Ammonites and the Syrians was finally broken, and David’s empire extended to the Euphrates (2Sa 10:15-19;1Ch 19:15-19).

HADAD-

Hadar: Adod, brave(?). (1.) A Son of Ishmael (Gen 25:15);In 25:1 Chronicles In 1:30 written Hadad

(In 1:2.) One of the Edomitish kings (Gen 36:39) about the time of Saul Called also Hadad (Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:50, Gen 1:51).

It is probable that in these cases Hadar may be an error simply of transcription for Hadad

Hadarezer: Adod is his help, the name given to Hadadezer (2Sa 8:3-12)In 8:2Sam 8:10.

Hadashah

Hadassah: myrtle, the Jewish name of Esther (q.v.),Est 2:7.

Hadattah: New Hazor a City in the South of Judah (Jos 15:25). It is probably identified with the ruins of el-Hazzarah, near Beit Jebrin.

HEAD-

Hadid: pointed, a Place in the Tribe of Benjamin near Lydda or Lod, and Ono (Ezr 2:33; Nehemiah Ezr 7:37). It is identified with the modern el-Haditheh, Ezr 7:3 miles East of Lydda

Hadlai: resting, an Ephraimite; the Father of Amasa mentioned in 2 Chronicles Men 28:12.

Hadoram: is exalted. (1.) The Son of Tou, King of Hamath sent by his Father to congratulate David on his victory over Hadarezer King of Syria (1 Chronicles 18:10;Cal 18:2Sam 8:10).

(Sam 8:2.) The fifth Son of Joktan the founder of an Arab Tribe (Gen 10:27; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:21).

(Gen 1:3.) One who was “over the Tribute ” i.e., “over the Levy ” He was stoned by the Israelites after they had revolted from Rehoboam (Gen 1:2 Chronicles Gen 10:18). Called also Adoram (2Sa 20:24) and Adoniram (1Ki 4:6).

Hadrach: the name of a country (Zec 9:1) which cannot be identified. Rawlinson would identify it with Edessa. He mentions that in the Assyrian inscriptions it is recorded that “Shalmanezer III. made two expeditions, the first against Damascus B.C. Zec 9:773, and the second against Hadrach B.C. Zec 9:772; and again that Asshurdanin-il II. made expeditions against Hadrach in B.C.765 9:755.”

Haemorrhoids: or Emerods, bleeding piles known to the Ancient Romans as mariscae, but more probably malignant boils of an infectious and fatal character. With this loathsome and infectious disease the men of Ashdod were smitten by the Hand of the Lord This calamity they attributed to the presence of the Ark in their midst, and therefore they removed it to Gath (1Sa 5:6-8). But the same consequences followed from its presence in Gath and therefore they had it removed to Ekron1 5:1 miles distant. The Ekronites were afflicted with the same dreadful malady, but more severely; and a panic seizing the people, they demanded that the Ark should be sent back to the land of Israel (9 5:12; 9 6:1-9).

Haft: a handle as of a dagger (Jdg 3:22).

Hagar: flight, or, according to others, Stranger an Egyptian, Sarah’s Handmaid (Gen 16:1; Gen 21:9, Gen 21:10), whom she gave to Abraham (q.v.) as a secondary Wife (Gen 16:2). When she was about to become a mother she fled from the cruelty of her mistress, intending apparently to return to her relatives in Egypt through the Desert of Shur which lay between. Wearied and worn she had reached the Place she distinguished by the name of Beer-lahai-roi (“the well of the visible God”), where the Angel of the Lord appeared to her. In obedience to the heavenly visitor she returned to the Tent of Abraham where her Son Ishmael was bom, and where she remained (Gen 16:16) till after the Birth of Isaac the space of fourteen years. ... Sarah after this began to vent her dissatisfaction both on Hagar and her Child Ishmael’ s conduct was insulting to Sarah, and she insisted that he and his mother should be dismissed. This was accordingly done, although with reluctance on the part of Abraham (Gen 21:14). They wandered out into the Wilderness where Ishmael exhausted with his Journey and faint from thirst, seemed about to die. Hagar “lifted up her voice and wept,” and the Angel of the Lord as before, appeared unto her, and she was comforted and delivered out of her distresses (Gen 21:18, Gen 21:19).

Ishmael afterwards established himself in the Wilderness of Paran where he married an Egyptian (Gen 21:20,Gen 21:21).

“Hagar” allegorically represents the Jewish Church (Gal 4:24), in Bondage to the ceremonial Law while “Sarah” represents the Christian Church which is free.

Hagarene: or Hagarite. (1.) One of David’s mighty men (1 Chronicles 11:38), the Son of a Foreigner

(2.) Used of Jaziz (1 Chronicles 27:31), who was over David’s flocks. “A Hagarite had charge of David’s flocks, and an Ishmaelite of his herds, because the animals were pastured in districts where these nomadic people were accustomed to feed their Cattle ”

(3.) In the reign of Saul a great war was waged between the trans-Jordanic tribes and the Hagarites (1 Chronicles 5), who were overcome in battle. A great Booty was captured by the two tribes and a half, and they took possession of the land of the Hagarites.

Subsequently the “Hagarenes,” still residing in the land on the East of Jordan entered into a conspiracy against Israel (comp.Psa 83:6). They are distinguished from the Ishmaelites.

Haggai: , BOOK OF consists of two brief, comprehensive chapters. The object of the Prophet was generally to urge the people to proceed with the rebuilding of the Temple

Chapter first comprehends the first address (2-11) and its effects (12-15). Chapter second contains,

(1.) The second Prophecy (1-9), which was delivered a Month after the first.

(2.) The third Prophecy (10-19), delivered two months and three days after the second; and 3.) The fourth Prophecy (20-23), delivered on the same Day as the third.

The 5:1; The 6:14;Heb 12:26. (Comp. Hag. Heb 2:7, Heb 2:8, Heb 2:22.)

Haggith: festive; the dancer, a Wife of David and the mother of Adonijah (2 Samuel 3:4;1Ki 1:5, 1Ki 1:11; 1Ki 2:13; 1Ki 2:1 Chronicles 1Ki 3:2), who, like Absalom was famed for his beauty.

Hagiographa

Hail: frozen rain-drops; one of the plagues of Egypt (Exo 9:23). It is mentioned by Haggai as a divine Judgment (Hag. Exo 2:17). A hail-storm destroyed the Army of the Amorites when they fought against Joshua (Jos 10:11). Ezekiel represents the Wall daubed with untempered Mortar as destroyed by great hail-stones (Ezk 13:11). (See 38:22;Rev 8:7; Rev 11:19; Rev 16:21.)

Hair: (1.) The Egyptians let the Hair of their head and Beard grow only when they were in mourning, shaving it off at other times. “So particular were they on this point that to have neglected it was a subject of reproach and ridicule; and whenever they intended to convey the idea of a Man of low condition, or a slovenly person, the artists represented him with a Beard ” Joseph shaved himself before going in to Pharoah (Gen 41:14). The women of Egypt wore their Hair long and plaited. Wigs were worn by priests and laymen to cover the shaven skull, and false beards were common. The great masses of Hair seen in the portraits and statues of kings and priests are thus altogether artificial.

(Gen 41:2.) A precisely opposite practice, as regards men, prevailed among the Assyrians. ... In Assyrian sculptures the Hair always appears long, and combed closely down upon the head. The Beard also was allowed to grow to its full length.

(Gen 41:3.) Among the Greeks the Custom in this respect varied at different times, as it did also among the Romans In the time of the Apostle among the Greeks the men wore short Hair while that of the women was long (1Co 11:14, 1Co 11:15). Paul reproves the Corinthians for falling in with a style of manners which so far confounded the distinction of the sexes and was hurtful to good morals. (See, however, 1Co 11:1 Timothy 1Co 2:9,And 2:1Pet 3:3, as regards women.)

(Pet 3:4.) Among the Hebrews the natural distinction between the sexes was preserved by the women wearing long Hair (Luk 7:38;Jhn 11:2;1Co 11:6), while the men preserved theirs as a rule at a moderate length by frequent clipping.

Baldness disqualified any one for the priest’s office (Lev 11:21).

Elijah is called a “hairy man” (2Ki 1:8) from his flowing locks, or more probably from the shaggy Cloak of Hair which he wore. His raiment was of camel’s Hair

Long Hair is especially noticed in the description of Absalom’s person (2Sa 14:26); but the wearing of long Hair was unusual, and was only practised as an act of religious observance by Nazarites (Num 6:5;Jdg 13:5) and others in token of special mercies (Act 18:18).

In times of affliction the Hair was cut off (Isa 3:17, Isa 3:24; Isa 15:2; Isa 22:12;Jer 7:29;Amo 8:10). Tearing the Hair and letting it go dishevelled were also tokens of grief (Ezr 9:3). “Cutting off the hair” is a figure of the entire Destruction of a people (Isa 7:20). The Hebrews anointed the Hair profusely with fragrant ointments (Rut 3:3;2Sa 14:2;Psa 23:5; Psa 45:7, etc.), especially in Seasons of rejoicing (Mat 6:17;Luk 7:46).

Hakkoz: the Thorn the head of one of the Courses of the priests (1 Chronicles 24:10).

Halah: a district of Media to which Captive Israelites were transported by the Assyrian kings (2Ki 17:6; 2Ki 18:11; 2Ki 18:1 Chronicles 2Ki 5:26). It lay along the banks of the upper Khabur, from its source to its junction with the Jerujer. Probably the district called by Ptolemy Chalcitis.

Halak: smooth; bald, a Hill at the southern extremity of Canaan (Jos 11:17). It is referred to as if it were a Landmark in that direction, being prominent and conspicuous from a distance. It has by some been identified with the modern Jebel el-Madura, on the South frontier of Judah between the South End of the Dead Sea and the Wady Gaian.

Halhul: full of hollows, a town in the highlands of Judah (Jos 15:58). It is now a small village of the same name,And 15:5 miles north-east of Hebron on the way to Jerusalem There is an Old Jewish Tradition that Gad David’s Seer (2Sa 24:1 2Sa 24:1), was buried here.

Hall: (Gr. aule,Luk 22:55; R.V., “court”), the Open Court or quadrangle belonging to the High priest’s House In Matthew Luk 26:69And 14:66 this Word is incorrectly rendered “palace” in the Authorized Version but correctly “court” in the Revised VersionIn 10:1,In 10:16 it means a “sheep-fold.” In Matthew In 27:27And 15:16 (A.V., “common Hall ” R.V., “palace”) it refers to the proetorium or residence of the Roman Governor at Jerusalem The “porch” in Matthew And 26:71 is the entrance-hall or Passage leading into the central Court which is Open to the sky.

Hallel: praise, the name given to the group of Psalms 1 13-118, which are preeminently Psalms of praise. It is called “The Egyptian Hallel ” because it was chanted in the Temple whilst the Passover lambs were being slain. It was chanted also on other festival occasions, as at Pentecost the Feast of Tabernacles and the Feast of Dedication The Levites, standing before the Altar chanted it verse by verse, the people responding by repeating the verses or by intoned hallelujahs. It was also chanted in private families at the Feast of Passover This was probably the Hymn which our Saviour and his disciples sung at the conclusion of the Passover Supper kept by them in the upper room at Jerusalem (Mat 26:30;Mrk 14:26).

There is also another group called “The Great Hallel ” comprehending Psalms118 14:136, which was recited on the first Evening at the Passover Supper and on occasions of great joy.

Hallelujah: praise ye Jehovah frequently rendered “Praise ye the Lord ” stands at the beginning of ten of the Psalms (106, 111-113, 135, 146-150), hence called “hallelujah Psalms ” From its frequent occurrence it grew into a formula of praise. The Greek form of the Word (alleluia)Is 19:1, Is 19:3, Is 19:4, Is 19:6.

Hallow: to render sacred, to consecrate (Exo 28:38; Exo 29:1). This Word is from the Saxon, and properly means “to make Holy ” The name of God is “hallowed”, i.e., is reverenced as Holy (Mat 6:9).

Halt: lame on the feet (Gen 32:31;Psa 38:17). To “halt between two opinions” (1Ki 18:21) is supposed by some to be an expression used in “allusion to birds, which hop from spray to spray, forwards and backwards.” The LXX. render the expression “How long go ye lame on both knees?” The Hebrew verb rendered “halt” is used of the irregular Dance (“leaped upon”) around the Altar (ver. 1Ki 18:26). It indicates a lame, uncertain gait, going now in one direction, now in another, in the frenzy of wild leaping.

Ham: warm, hot, and hence the South also an Egyptian Word meaning “black”, the youngest Son of Noah (Gen 5:32; comp. Gen 9:22,Gen 9:24). The curse pronounced by Noah against Ham properly against Canaan his fourth Son was accomplished when the Jews subsequently exterminated the Canaanites

One of the most important facts recorded in Genesis Gen 9:10 is the foundation of the earliest monarchy in Babylonia by Nimrod the grandson of Ham (Gen 9:6, Gen 9:8, Gen 9:10). The primitive Babylonian empire was thus Hamitic, and of a cognate race with the primitive inhabitants of Arabia and of Ethiopia (See Accad )

Ham Cush Mizraim Phut Caanan

I I I

Seba, Havilah Sabtah Ludim Anamin, Lehabim, Sidom, Heth Jesubite,

Raamah, Sabtechah Naphuthim, Pathrusim Amorite, Hivite, Arkite,

I Casluhim Caphtorim Sinite, Arvadite, Zemarite

Sheba, Dedan I Hamathite

Philistim The race of Ham were the most energetic of all the descendants of Noah in the early times of the post-diluvian world. ...

Haman: (of Persian origin), magnificent, the name of the vizier (i.e., the prime minister) of the Persian King Ahasuerus (Est 3:1, etc.). He is called an “Agagite,” which seems to denote that he was descended from the royal family of the Amalekites, the bitterest enemies of the Jews, as Agag was one of the titles of the Amalekite kings. He or his parents were brought to Persia as captives taken in war. He was hanged on the Gallows which he had erected for Mordecai the Jew (Est 7:10). (See Esther )

Hamath: fortress, the capital of one of the kingdoms of Upper Syria of the same name, on the Orontes, in the Valley of Lebanon at the northern boundary of Palestine (Num 13:21; Num 34:8), at the foot of Hermon (Jos 13:5) towards Damascus (Zec 9:2; Jeremiah Zec 49:23). It is called “Hamath the great”In 6:2, and “Hamath-zobah”In 6:2Chr 8:3.

Hamath, now Hamah, had an Aramaean population, but Hittite monuments discovered there show that it must have been at one time occupied by the Hittites. It was among the conquests of the Pharaoh Thothmes III. Its King Tou or Toi, made Alliance with David (2Sa 8:10), and in B.C. 2Sa 8:740 Azariah formed a League with it against Assyria It was, however, conquered by the Assyrians, and its nineteen districts placed under Assyrian governors. ... In B.C. 2Sa 8:720 it revolted under a certain Yahu-bihdi, whose name, compounded with that of the God of Israel (Yahu), perhaps shows that he was of Jewish origin. But the revolt was suppressed, and the people of Hamath were transported to Samaria (2Ki 17:24, 2Ki 17:30), where they continued to Worship their God Ashima. Hamah is beautifully situated on the Orontes, 2Ki 17:32 miles North of Emesa,And 17:36 South of the ruins of Assamea.

The Kingdom of Hamath comprehended the great Plain lying on both banks of the Orontes from the Fountain near Riblah to Assamea on the North and from Lebanon on the west to the Desert on the East The “entrance of Hamath” (Num 34:8), which was the North boundary of Palestine led from the west between the North End of Lebanon and the Nusairiyeh mountains.

HAMATH-

Hammath: warm springs, one of the “fenced cities” of Naphtali (Jos 19:35). It is identified with the warm baths (the heat of the WaterRan 19:136 DegreesTo 19:144 degrees) still found on the shore a little to the South of Tiberias under the name of Hummam Tabariyeh (“Bath of Tiberias”).

Hammedatha: father of Haman designated usually “the Agagite” (Est 3:1, Est 3:10; Est 8:5).

Hammelech: the king’s, the Father of Jerahmeel mentioned in Jeremiah 36:26. Some take this Word as a common noun, “the king”, and understand that Jerahmeel was Jehoiakim’s Son Probably, however, it is to be taken as a proper name.

Hamm

Hammoleketh: the Queen the Daughter of Machir and sister of Gilead (1Ch 7:17, 1Ch 7:18). Abiezer was one of her three children.

Hamm: ON warm springs. (1.) A town in the Tribe of Asher near Zidon (Jos 19:28), identified with ‘Ain Hamul

(Jos 19:2.) A Levitical City of Naphtali (Jos 19:1 Chronicles Jos 6:76).

HAMMOTH-

Hamonah: multitude, a name figuratively assigned to the Place in which the slaughter and Burial of the Forces of Gog were to take Place (Ezk 39:16).

HAMON-

Hamor: he-ass, a Hivite from whom Jacob purchased the plot of Ground in which Joseph was afterwards buried (Gen 33:19). He is called “Emmor”In 7:16. His Son Shechem founded the City of that name which Simeon and Levi destroyed because of his crime in the matter of Dinah Jacob’s Daughter (Gen 34:20). Hamor and Shechem were also slain (ver. Gen 34:26).

Hamul: spared, one of the sons of Pharez Son of Judah (1 Chronicles 2:5). His descendants are called Hamulites (Num 26:21).

Hamutal: kinsman of the Dew the Daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah, Wife of King Josiah and mother of King Jehoahaz (2Ki 23:31), also of King Zedekiah (2Ki 24:18).

Hanameel: whom God has graciously given, the cousin of Jeremiah to whom he sold the field he possessed in Anathoth before the siege of Jerusalem (Jer 32:6-12).

Hananeel: God has graciously given, a tower in the Wall of Jerusalem (Neh 3:1; Neh 12:39). It is mentioned also in Jeremiah Neh 31:38; Zechariah Neh 14:10.

Hanani: God has gratified me, or is gracious. (1.) One of the sons of Heman (1 Chronicles 25:4, 25). (2.) A Prophet who was sent to rebuke King Asa for entering into a League with Benhadad I., King of Syria against Judah (2 Chronicles 16:1-10). He was probably the Father of the Prophet Jehu (1Ki 16:7). (1Ki 16:3.) Probably a Brother of Nehemiah (Neh 1:2; Neh 7:2), who reported to him the melancholy condition of Jerusalem Nehemiah afterwards appointed him to have charge of the City gates.

Hananiah: Jehovah has given. (1.) A Chief of the Tribe of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 8:24). (2.) One of the sons of Heman (1 Chronicles 25:4,23). (3.) One of Uzziah’s military officers (2 Chronicles 26:11). (4.) Grandfather of the Captain who arrested Jeremiah (Jer 37:13). (Jer 37:5.) Jeremiah Jer 36:12. (Jer 36:6.) Nehemiah Jer 10:23. (Jer 10:7.) Shadrach one of the “three Hebrew children” (Dan 10:1; Dan 6:7). (Dan 6:8.) Son of Zerubbabel (Dan 6:1 Chronicles Dan 3:19, Dan 3:21). (Dan 3:9.)Ezr 10:28. (Ezr 10:10.) The “ruler of the Palace he was a Faithful Man and feared God above many” (Neh 7:2). (Neh 7:11.) Nehemiah Neh 3:8. (Neh 3:12.) Nehemiah Neh 3:30 (Neh 3:13.) A Priest Son of Jeremiah (Neh 12:12). (Neh 12:14.) A false Prophet contemporary with Jeremiah (Neh 28:3, Neh 28:17).

Hand: Called by Galen “the instrument of instruments.” It is the symbol of human action (Psa 9:16;Job 9:30;Isa 1:15; Isa 1:1 Timothy Isa 2:8). Washing the hands was a symbol of innocence (Psa 26:6; Psa 73:13; Matthew Psa 27:24), also of Sanctification (1Co 6:11;Isa 51:16;Psa 24:3, Psa 24:4).In 77:2 the correct rendering is, as in the Revised Version “My Hand was stretched out,” etc., instead of, as in the Authorized Version “My sore ran in the night,” etc.

The right Hand denoted the South and the Left the North (Job 23:9;1Sa 23:19). To give the right Hand was a pledge of fidelity (2Ki 10:15;Ezr 10:19); also of submission to the victors (Ezk 17:18; Jeremiah Ezk 50:15). ... The right Hand was lifted up in taking an Oath (Gen 14:22, etc.). The Hand is frequently mentioned, particularly the right Hand as a symbol of power and strength (Psa 60:5;Isa 28:2). To Kiss the Hand is an act of homage (1Ki 19:18;Job 31:27), and to pour Water on one’s hands is to serve him (2Ki 3:11). The Hand of God is the symbol of his power: its being upon one denotes favour (Ezr 7:6, Ezr 7:28;Isa 1:25;Luk 1:66, etc.) or Punishment (Exo 9:3;Jdg 2:15; Acts Jdg 13:11, etc.). A position at the right Hand was regarded as the Chief Place of honour and power (Psa 45:9; Psa 80:17; Psa 110:1; Matthew Psa 26:64).

Handbreadth: a Measure of four fingers, equal to about four inches (Exo 25:25; Exo 37:12;Psa 39:5, etc.).

Handkerchief: Only once in Authorized Version (Act 19:12). The Greek Word (sudarion) so rendered means properly “a sweat-cloth.” It is rendered “napkin”In 11:44; In 20:7;Luk 19:20.

Handmaid: servant (Gen 16:1; Ruth Gen 3:9;Luk 1:48). It is probable that Hagar was Sarah’s personal attendant while she was in the House of Pharaoh and was among those maid-servants whom Abram had brought from Egypt

Handwriting: (Col 2:14). The “blotting out the handwriting” is the removal by the Grace of the gospel of the condemnation of the Law which we had broken.

Hanes: a Place in Egypt mentioned only in Isaiah 30:4 in connection with a reproof given to the Jews for trusting in Egypt It was considered the same as Tahpanhes, a fortified town on the eastern frontier, but has been also identified as Ahnas-el-Medeeneh, 70 miles from Cairo.

Hanging: (as a punishment), a Mark of infamy inflicted on the Dead bodies of criminals (Deu 21:23) rather than our modern mode of Punishment Criminals were first strangled and then hanged (Nu. Deu 25:4;Deu 21:22). (See 21:2Sam 21:6 for the practice of the Gibeonites.)

Hanging (as a curtain). (Sam 21:1.) Hebrews masak, (a) before the entrance to the Court of the Tabernacle (Exo 35:17); (b) before the door of the Tabernacle (Exo 26:36, Exo 26:37); (c) before the entrance to the most Holy Place called “the Veil of the covering” (Exo 35:12; Exo 39:34), as the Word properly means.

(Exo 39:2.) Hebrews kelaim, tapestry Covering the walls of the Tabernacle (Exo 27:9; Exo 35:17;Num 3:26) to the half of the height of the Wall (Exo 27:18; comp. ... Exo 26:16). These hangings were fastened to pillars.

(Exo 26:3.) Hebrews bottim (2Ki 23:7), “hangings for the grove” (R.V., “for the Asherah”); marg., instead of “hangings,” has “tents” or “houses.” Such curtained structures for idolatrous WorshipAre 16:16.

Hannah: favour, Grace one of the wives of Elkanah the Levite and the mother of Samuel (1 Samuel 1; 2). Her home was at Ramathaim-zophim, whence she was wont every Year to go to Shiloh where the Tabernacle had been pitched by Joshua to attend the Offering of sacrifices there according to the Law (Exo 23:15; Exo 34:18;Deu 16:16), probably at the Feast of the Passover (comp. Exodus Deu 13:10). On occasion of one of these “yearly” visits, being grieved by reason of Peninnah’s conduct toward her, she went forth alone, and kneeling before the Lord at the Sanctuary she prayed inaudibly. Eli the High Priest who sat at the entrance to the Holy Place observed her, and misunderstanding her character he harshly condemned her conduct (1Sa 1:14-16). ... After hearing her explanation he retracted his injurious charge and said to her, “Go in Peace and the God of Israel grant thee thy petition.” Perhaps the story of the Wife of Manoah was not unknown to her. Thereafter Elkanah and his family retired to their quiet home, and there, before another Passover Hannah gave Birth to a Son whom, in grateful memory of the Lord’s Goodness she called Samuel i.e., “heard of God ” After the Child was weaned (probably in his third year) she brought him to Shiloh into the House of the Lord and said to Eli the aged Priest “Oh my Lord I am the Woman that stood by thee here, praying unto the Lord For this Child I prayed; and the Lord Hath given me my petition which I asked of him: therefore I also have granted him to the Lord as long as he liveth he is granted to the Lord” (1Sa 1:27, 1Sa 1:28, R.V.). Her gladness of heart then found vent in that remarkable prophetic song (1Sa 2:1-10; comp.Luk 1:46-55) which contains the first designation of the Messiah under that name (1Sa 2:10, “Annointed” = “Messiah”). And so Samuel and his parents parted. He was Left at Shiloh to Minister “before the Lord ” And each Year when they came up to Shiloh Hannah brought to her absent Child “a little coat” (Hebrews meil, a term used to denote the “robe” of the Ephod worn by the High Priest Exodus 1Sa 28:31), a priestly robe, a long upper tunic (1Sa 28:1 Chronicles 1Sa 15:27), in which to Minister in the Tabernacle (1Sa 2:19; 1Sa 15:27;Job 2:12). “And the Child Samuel grew before the Lord ” After Samuel Hannah had three sons and two daughters.

Hanniel: grace of God (1.) A Chief of the Tribe of Manasseh (Num 34:23). (Num 34:2.) A Chief of the Tribe of Asher (1Ch 7:39).

Hanun: graciously given. (1.) The Son and successor of Nahash King of Moab David’s messengers, sent on an embassy of condolence to him to Rabbah Ammon his capital, were so grossly insulted that he proclaimed war against Hanun David’s Army under the command of Joab forthwith crossed the Jordan and gained a complete victory over the Moabites and their allies (2Sa 10:1-14) at Medeba (q.v.).

(2Sa 10:2.)Neh 3:13. (Neh 3:3.) Neh 3:30.

Hara

Haradah: fright; Fear the twenty-fifth station of the Israelites in their wanderings (Num 33:24).

Haran: (1.) Hebrews Haran i.e., “mountaineer.” The eldest Son of Terah Brother of Abraham and Nahor and Father of Lot Milcah, and Iscah He died before his Father (Genesis 1 Gen 1:27), in Ur of the Chaldees

(Gen 1:2.) Hebrews Haran i.e., “parched;” or probably from the Accadian charana, meaning “a Road ” A celebrated City of Western Asia, now Harran, where Abram remained, after he Left Ur of the Chaldees till his Father Terah died (Gen 11:31, Gen 11:32), when he continued his Journey into the land of Canaan It is called “Charran” in the LXX. and in Acts Gen 7:2. It is called the “city of Nahor” (Gen 24:10), and Jacob resided here with Laban (Gen 30:43). ... It stood on the River Belik, an affluent of the EuphratesAbo 30:70 miles above where it joins that River in Upper Mesopotamia or Padan-aram,And 30:600 miles northwest of Ur in a direct line. It was on the caravan route between the East and west. It is afterwards mentioned among the towns taken by the King of Assyria (2Ki 19:12; Isaiah 2Ki 37:12). It was known to the Greeks and Romans under the name Carrhae.

(2Ki 37:3.) The Son of Caleb of Judah (2Ki 37:1 Chronicles 2Ki 2:46) by his Concubine Ephah

Harbona: (a Persian Word meaning “ass-driver”), one of the Seven eunuchs or chamberlains of King Ahasuerus (Est 1:10; Est 7:9).

Hare: (Hebrews ‘arnebeth) was prohibited as Food according to the Mosaic Law (Lev 11:6;Deu 14:7), “because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the Hoof ” The habit of this Animal is to Grind its teeth and move its jaw as if it actually chewed the cud. But, like the cony q.v.), it is not a ruminant with four stomachs, but a rodent like the squirrel, rat, etc. Moses speaks of it according to appearance. It is interdicted because, though apparently chewing the cud, it did not divide the Hoof

There are two species in Syria (Deu 14:1) the Lepus Syriacus or Syrian Hare which is like the English Hare and (Deu 14:2) the Lepus Sinaiticus, or Hare of the Desert No rabbits are found in Syria

Hareth: thicket, a Wood in the mountains of Judah where David hid when pursued by Saul (1 Samuel 22:5).It 22:2 Samuel It 23:14-17, It 23:1 Chronicles It 11:16-19 occurred. This Place has not been identified, but perhaps it may be the modern Kharas, on the borders of the ChainOf 11:3 miles East of Keilah

Harhaiah: zeal of Jehovah (Neh 3:8) “of the goldsmiths,” one whose Son helped to repair the Wall of Jerusalem

Harhur: fever, one of the Nethinim (Ezr 2:51).

Harim: flat-nosed. (1.) The head of the second course of priests (1 Chronicles 24:8). (2.)Ezr 2:32, Ezr 2:39; Nehemiah Ezr 7:35, Ezr 7:42. (Ezr 7:3.) Nehemiah Ezr 3:11. (Ezr 3:4.) Ezr 12:3. (Ezr 12:5.) Ezr 10:5

Hariph: autumnal rain. (1.)Neh 7:24. (Neh 7:2.) Neh 10:19.

Harlot: (1.) Hebrews zonah (Gen 34:31; Gen 38:15).In 38:21, In 38:22 the Hebrew Word used in kedeshah, i.e., a Woman consecrated or devoted to prostitution in connection with the abominable Worship of Asherah or Astarte, the Syrian Venus.Thi 23:17; Hos. Thi 4:14. Thus Tamar sat by the wayside as a consecrated kedeshah.

It has been attempted to show that Rahab usually called a “harlot” (Jos 2:1; Jos 6:17;Heb 11:31;Jas 2:25), was only an innkeeper. This interpretation, however, cannot be maintained.

Jephthah’s mother is called a “strange woman” (Jdg 11:2). This, however, merely denotes that she was of foreign extraction.

In the time of Solomon harlots appeared openly in the streets, and he solemnly warns against association with them (Pro 7:12; Pro 9:14.See 3:2;Ezk 16:24, Ezk 16:25, Ezk 16:31). ... The Revised Version following the LXX., has “and the harlots washed,” etc., instead of the rendering of the Authorized Version “now they washed,”Of 16:1Kin 22:38.

To commit Fornication is metaphorically used for to practice Idolatry (Jer 3:1;Ezk 16:15; Hos. throughout); hence Jerusalem is spoken of as a Harlot (Isa 1:21).

(Isa 1:2.) Hebrews nokriyah, the “strange woman” (1Ki 11:1;Pro 5:20; Pro 7:5; Pro 23:27). Those so designated were Canaanites and other Gentiles (Jos 23:13). To the same class belonged the “foolish”, i.e., the sinful, “woman.”

In the New Testament the Greek pomai, plural, “harlots,”Occ 21:31,Occ 21:32, where they are classed with publicans;Luk 15:30;1Co 6:15,1Co 6:16;Heb 11:31;Jas 2:25.It 17:1, It 17:5, It 17:15, It 17:16; It 19:2.

Harnepher: a Chief of the Tribe of Asher (1Ch 7:36).

Harness: (1.) Hebrews ‘asar, “to bind;” hence the act of fastening animals to a Cart (1Sa 6:7, 1Sa 6:10; Jeremiah 1Sa 46:4, etc.).

(1Sa 46:2.) An Old English Word for “armour;” Hebrews neshek (1Sa 46:2 Chronicles 1Sa 9:24).

(1Sa 9:3.) Hebrews shiryan, a Coat of Mail (1Ki 22:34; 1Ki 22:2 Chronicles 1Ki 18:33; rendered “breastplate”In 59:17).

(In 59:4.) The children of Israel passed out of Egypt “harnessed” (Exo 13:18), i.e., in an orderly manner, and as if to Meet a foe. The Word so rendered is probably a derivative from Hebrew hamesh (i.e., “five”), and may denote that they went up in five divisions, viz., the Van centre, two wings, and rear-guard.

Harod: palpitation, a Fountain near which Gideon and his Army encamped on the morning of the Day when they encountered and routed the Midianites (Judges 7). It was South of the Hill Moreh The present ‘Ain Jalud (“Goliath’s Fountain”), South of Jezreel and nearly opposite Shunem is probably the Fountain here referred to (Jdg 7:4, Jdg 7:5).

Harodite: an epithet applied to two of David’s heroes (2Sa 23:25). (Comp. 2Sa 23:1 Chronicles 2Sa 11:27.)

Harosheth: OF THE Gentiles (Jdg 4:2) or nations, a City near Hazor in Galilee of the Gentiles or Upper Galilee, in the North of Palestine It was here that Jabin’s great Army was marshalled before it went forth into the great battlefield of Esdraelon to encounter the Army of Israel by which it was routed and Put to flight (Jdg 4:4). It was situated “at the entrance of the pass to Esdraelon from the Plain of Acre” at the base of Carmel The name in the Hebrew is Harosheth ha Gojim, i.e., “the smithy of the nations;” probably, as is supposed, so called because here Jabin’s Iron war-chariots, armed with scythes, were made. It is identified with el-Harithiyeh.

Harp: (Hebrews kinnor), the national instrument of the Hebrews It was invented by Jubal (Gen 4:21). Some think the Word kinnor denotes the whole class of stringed instruments. It was used as an accompaniment to songs of cheerfulness as well as of praise to God (Gen 31:27;1Sa 16:23; 1Sa 16:2 Chronicles 1Sa 20:28;Psa 33:2; Psa 137:2).

In Solomon’s time harps were made of almug-trees (1Ki 10:11, 1Ki 10:12).In 10:1 Chronicles In 15:21 mention is made of “harps on the Sheminith ” Revised Version “harps set to the Sheminith ” better perhaps “harps of eight strings.” The soothing effect of the Music of the HarpIs 15:1Sam 16:16, Sam 16:23; Sam 18:10; Sam 19:9. The Church in Heaven is represented as celebrating the triumphs of the Redeemer “harping with their harps” (Rev 14:2).

Harrow: (Hebrews harits), a tribulum or sharp threshing sledge; a frame armed on the under side with rollers or sharp spikes (2 Samuel 12:31; 1 Chronicles 20:3).

Hebrews verb sadad, to Harrow a field, break its clods (Job 39:10; Isaiah Job 28:4; Hos. Job 10:11). Its form is unknown. It may have resembled the instrument still in use in Egypt

Harsha

Hart: (Hebrews ‘ayal), a stag or male Deer It is ranked among the Clean animals (Deu 12:15; Deu 14:5; Deu 15:22), and was commonly killed for Food (1Ki 4:23). The Hart is frequently alluded to in the poetical and prophetical books (Isa 35:6; Cant. Isa 2:8, Isa 2:9;Lam 1:6;Psa 42:1).

Harum: elevated, (1 Chronicles 4:8), a descendant of Judah

Haruphite: a native of Hariph an epithet given to Shephatiah one of those who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:5).

Haruz: eager, the Father of Meshullemeth the Wife of King Manasseh (2Ki 21:19) and mother of King Amon

Harvest: the season for gathering Grain or Fruit On the 16th Day of Abib (or April) a handful of ripe ears of corn was offered as a first-fruit before the Lord and immediately after this the Harvest commenced (Lev 23:9-14;2Sa 21:9, 2Sa 21:10;Rut 2:23). It began with the Feast of Passover and ended with Pentecost thus lasting for Seven weeks (Exo 23:16). The Harvest was a season of joy (Psa 126:1-6;Isa 9:3).Thi 9:37; Thi 13:30;Luk 10:2;Jhn 4:35. (See Agriculture )

Hasadiah: favoured by Jehovah one of the sons of Pedaiah (1 Chronicles 3:20), of the royal line of David

Hasenuah: bristling or hated, a Benjamite (1 Chronicles 9:7).

Hashabiah: regarded by Jehovah (1.) Merarite Levite (1 Chronicles 6:45; 9: 14). (2.) A Son of Jeduthun (25:3, 19). (3.) Son of Kemuel (26:30). (4.) One of the Chief Levites (2 Chronicles 35:9). (5.) A Levite (Neh 35:1 Neh 1:22). (Neh 1:6.) One of the Chief priests in the time of Ezra (Ezr 8:24). (Ezr 8:7.) A Chief of the Levites (Neh 12:24). (Neh 12:8.)Ezr 8:19. (Ezr 8:9.) Nehemiah Ezr 3:17.

Hashabniah: (1.) Nehemiah 3:10. (2.) One of the Levites whom Ezra appointed to interpret the Law to the people (Neh 9:5).

Hashbadana: consideration in judging, stood at Ezra’s Left Hand when he read the Law (Neh 8:4).

Hashmonah: fatness, the thirtieth halting-place of the Israelites during their wanderings in the Wilderness not far from Mount Hor (Num 33:29, Num 33:30).

Hashub: intelligent. (1.) A Levite of the family of Merari (Neh 11:15; Neh 11:1 Chronicles Neh 9:14). (Neh 9:2.) Nehemiah Neh 3:23. Neh 3:11.

Hashubah: ibid., a descendant of David (1 Chronicles 3:20).

Hashum: opulent. (1.)Ezr 2:19; Nehemiah Ezr 7:22. (Ezr 7:2.) Stood on Ezra’s Left Hand while he read the Law (Neh 8:4).

Hasrah: poverty, “keeper of the wardrobe,” i.e., of the sacerdotal vestments (2Ch 34:22);Cal 34:2Kin 22:14. He was Husband of the prophetess Huldah

Hasupha: uncovered, one of the Nethinim (Ezr 2:43; Nehemiah Ezr 7:46).

Hat

Hatach: verity, one of the eunuchs or chamberlains in the Palace of Ahasuerus (Est 4:5, Est 4:6, Est 4:9, Est 4:10).

Hathath: terror, Son of Othniel (1 Chronicles 4:13).

Hatipha: captured, one of the Nethinim (Ezr 2:54).

Hath: A exploration, one of the Temple porters or janitors (Ezr 2:42). He returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel

Hatred: among the Works of the Flesh (Gal 5:20).Alt 21:15; Matthew Alt 6:24; Luke Alt 14:26;Rom 9:13, where it denotes only a less degree of Love

Hattush: assembled. (1.) A Priest who returned with Zerubbabel (Neh 12:2). (Neh 12:2.)Ezr 8:2. (Ezr 8:3.) Nehemiah Ezr 3:10. (Ezr 3:4.) Nehemiah Ezr 10:4. (Ezr 10:5.) Ezr 10:1 Chronicles Ezr 3:22.

Hauran: cave-land,Men 47:16, Men 47:18. It was one of the Ancient divisions of Bashan (q.v.), and lay on the south-east of Gaulanitis or the Jaulan, and on the South of Lejah, extending from the Arnon to the Hieromax. It was the most fertile region in Syria and to this Day abounds in the ruins of towns, many of which have Stone doors and massive walls. It retains its Ancient name. It was known by the Greeks and Romans as “Auranitis.”

Haven: a harbour (Psa 107:30; Acts Psa 27:12). The most famous on the coast of Palestine was that of Tyre (Ezk 27:3). That of Crete called “Fair Havens,” is mentioned Acts Ezk 27:8.

Havilah: the sand region. (1.)A L 2:11 rich in Gold and Bdellium and Onyx Stone The question as to the locality of this region has given rise to a great diversity of opinion. It may perhaps be identified with the sandy tract which skirts Babylonia along the whole of its western border, stretching from the lower Euphrates to the mountains of Edom

(A L 2:2.) A district in Arabia-Felix. It is uncertain whether the Tribe gave its name to this region or derived its name from it, and whether it was originally a Cushite (Gen 10:7) or a Joktanite Tribe (Gen 10:29; comp. Gen 25:18), or whether there were both a Cushite and a loktanite Havilah It is the opinion of Kalisch, however, that Havilah “in both instances designates the same country, extending at least from the Persian to the Arabian Gulf, and on account of its vast extent easily divided into two distinct parts.” This opinion may be well vindicated.

(Gen 25:3.) One of the sons of Cush (Gen 10:7).

(Gen 10:4.) A Son of loktan (Gen 10:29; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:23).

HAVOTH-

Hawk: (Hebrews tahmas) occurs only in the list of unclean birds (Lev 11:16; Deuteronomy Lev 14:15). This was supposed to be the night-jar (Caprimulgus), allied to the swifts. The Hebrew Word is derived from a root meaning “to scratch or tear the Face ” and may be best rendered, in accordance with the Ancient versions, “an owl” (Strix flammea). The Revised Version renders “night-hawk.”

Hay: properly so called, was not in use among the Hebrews Straw was used instead. They cut the Grass green as it was needed. The Word rendered “hay”In 27:25 means the first shoots of the Grass In Isaiah In 15:6 the Revised Version has correctly “grass,” where the Authorized Version has “hay.”

Hazael: whom God beholds, an officer of Ben-hadad II., King of Syria who ultimately came to the Throne according to the Word of the Lord to Elijah (1Ki 19:15), after he had Put the King to Death (2Ki 8:15).His 8:2Kin 8:8. The Assyrians soon after his accession to the Throne came against him and defeated him with very great loss; and three years afterwards again invaded Syria but on this occasion Hazael submitted to them. He then turned his arms against Israel and ravaged “all the land of Gilead,” etc. (2Ki 10:33), which he held in a degree of subjection to him (2Ki 13:3-7, 2Ki 13:22). He aimed at the subjugation also of the Kingdom of Judah when Joash obtained Peace by giving him “all the Gold that was found in the treasures of the House of the Lord and in the king’s house” (2Ki 12:18; 2Ki 12:2 Chronicles 2Ki 24:24). ... He reigned about forty-six years (B.C.886 24:840), and was succeeded on the Throne by his Son Ben-hadad (2Ki 13:22-25), who on several occasions was defeated by Jehoash the King of Israel and compelled to restore all the land of Israel his Father had taken.

HAZAR-

Enan: village of fountains, a Place on the north-east frontier of Palestine (Num 34:9, Num 34:10). Some have identified it with Ayan ed-Dara in the heart of the central Chain of Anti-Libanus. More probably, however, it has been identified with Kuryetein,Abo 34:60 miles east-north-east of Damascus (Comp.Ezk 47:17; Ezk 48:1.)

HAZAR-

Gaddah: village of fortune, a City on the South border of Judah (Jos 15:27), midway between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea

HAZAR-

Hatticon: village of the midway, a Place near Hamath in the confines of Hauran (Ezk 47:16), probably on the North brow of Hermon

HAZAR-

Maveth: court of Death the third Son of Joktan and a region in Arabia-Felix settled by him (Gen 10:26; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:20). It is probably the modern province of Hadramaut, situated on the Indian Ocean East of the modem Yemen.

HAZAR-

Shual: , THE LAND OF land of the Fox a district in the Tribe of Benjamin (1Sa 13:17); possibly the same as Shalim (1Sa 9:4), in the neighbourhood of Shaalabbin (Jos 19:42).

Susah: village of the Horse the same as Sansannah one of Solomon’s “chariot cities” (Jos 15:31; Jos 15:2 Chronicles Jos 1:14), a depot in the South border of Judah

■Ha zel Hebrews Luz (Gen 30:37), a nutbearing Tree The Hebrew Word is rendered in the Vulgate by amygdalinus, “the almond-tree,” which is probably correct. That Tree flourishes in Syria

Hazerim: villages, probably the name of the temporary Villages in which the nomad Avites resided (Deu 2:23).

Hazeroth: fenced enclosures consisting of “a low Wall of Stones in which thick bundles of thorny Acacia are inserted, the tangled branches and long needle-like spikes forming a perfectly impenetrable hedge around the encampment” of tents and Cattle which they sheltered. Such like enclosures abound in the Wilderness of Paran which the Israelites entered after leaving Sinai (Num 11:35; Num 12:16; Num 33:17, Num 33:18). This third encampment of the Israelites has been identified with the modern ‘Ain el-Hudhera,Som 33:40 miles north-east of Sinai. Here Miriam (q.v.), being displeased that Moses had married a Cushite Wife (Num 12:1), induced Aaron to join with her in rebelling against Moses God vindicated the authority of his “servant Moses ” and Miriam was smitten with Leprosy Moses interceded for her, and she was healed (Num 12:4-16). From this encampment the Israelites marched Northward across the plateau of et-Tih, and at length reached Kadesh

HAZEZON-

Heap: When Joshua took the City of Ai (Joshua 8), he burned it and “made it an Heap [Hebrews tel] for ever” (Jos 8:28). The ruins of this City were for a long time sought for in vain. It has been at length, however, identified with the mound which simply bears the name of “Tel.” “There are many Tels in modern Palestine that land of Tels, each Tel with some other name attached to it to Mark the former site. But the site of Ai has no other name ‘unto this Day ’ It is simply et-Tel, ‘the heap’ par excellence.”

Heathen: (Hebrews plural goyum). At first the Word goyim denoted generally all the nations of the world (Gen 18:18; comp.Gal 3:8). The Jews afterwards became a people distinguished in a Marked manner from the other goyim. They were a separate people (Lev 20:23;

Lev 26:14-45;Deu 26:28), and the other nations, the Amorites Hittites, etc., were the goyim, the Heathen with whom the Jews were forbidden to be associated in any way (Jos 23:7;1Ki 11:2). The practice of Idolatry was the characteristic of these nations, and hence the Word came to designate idolaters (Psa 106:47;Jer 46:28;Lam 1:3;Isa 36:18), the wicked (Psa 9:5, Psa 9:15, Psa 9:17).

The corresponding Greek Word in the New Testament ethne, has similar shades of meaning. In Acts Psa 22:21,Gal 3:14, it denotes the people of the earth generally;And 6:7, an idolater. In modern usage the Word denotes all nations that are strangers to revealed religion.

Heaven: (1.) Definitions. The phrase “heaven and earth” is used to indicate the whole universe (Gen 1:1; Jeremiah Gen 23:24; Acts Gen 17:24). According to the Jewish notion there were three heavens,

(a) The firmament, as “fowls of the heaven” (Gen 2:19; Gen 7:3, Gen 7:23;Psa 8:8, etc.), “the eagles of heaven” (Lam 4:19), etc.

(b) The starry heavens (Deu 17:3; Jeremiah Deu 8:2; Matthew Deu 24:29).

(2Co 12:2.) Meaning of words in the original,

(a) The usual Hebrew Word for “heavens” is shamayim, a plural form meaning “heights,” “elevations” (Gen 1:1; Gen 2:1). ...

(b) The Hebrew Word marom is also used (Psa 68:18; Psa 93:4; Psa 102:19, etc.) as equivalent to shamayim, “high places,” “heights.”

(d) Hebrews shahak, rendered “sky” (Deu 33:26;Job 37:18;Psa 18:11), plural “clouds” (Job 35:5; Job 36:28;Psa 68:34, marg. “heavens”), means probably the firmament.

(e) Hebrews rakia is closely connected with (d), and is rendered “firmamentum” in the Vulgate, whence our “firmament” (Gen 1:6;Deu 33:26, etc.), regarded as a solid expanse.

(Deu 33:3.) Metaphorical meaning of term.Isa 14:13, Isa 14:14; “doors of heaven” (Psa 78:23); Heaven “shut” (1Ki 8:35); “opened” (Ezk 1:1). (See 1:1 Chronicles See 21:16.)

(See 21:4.) Spiritual meaning. The Place of the Everlasting blessedness of the righteous; the abode of departed spirits.

(a) Christ calls it his “Father’s house” (Jhn 14:2).

(b) It is called “paradise” (Luk 23:43;2Co 12:4;Rev 2:7).

(d) The “kingdom of heaven” (Mat 25:1; James Mat 2:5).

(e) The “eternal kingdom” (2Pe 1:11).

(f) The “eternal inheritance” (1Pe 1:4;Heb 9:15).

(g) The “better country” (Heb 11:14, Heb 11:16).

(h) The blessed are said to “sit down with Abraham Isaac and Jacob ” and to be “in Abraham’s bosom” (Luk 16:22; Matthew Luk 8:11); to “reign with Christ” (Luk 8:2 Timothy Luk 2:12); and to enjoy “rest” (Heb 4:10, Heb 4:11).

In Heaven the blessedness of the righteous consists in the possession of “life Everlasting ” “an Eternal weight of glory” (2Co 4:17), an exemption from all sufferings for ever, a deliverance from all evils (2Co 5:1, 2Co 5:2) and from the society of the wicked (2Co 5:2 Timothy 2Co 4:18), bliss without termination, the “fulness of joy” for ever (Luk 20:36;2Co 4:16, 2Co 4:18;1Pe 1:4; 1Pe 5:10;1Jn 3:2). The believer’s Heaven is not only a state of Everlasting blessedness, but also a “place”, a Place “prepared” for them (Jhn 14:2).

Heave: OFFERING Hebrews terumah, (Exo 29:27) means simply an Offering a present, including all the offerings made by the Israelites as a present. This Hebrew Word is frequently employed. Some of the rabbis attach to the Word the meaning of elevation, and refer it to the Heave Offering which consisted in presenting the Offering by a motion up and down, distinguished from the Wave Offering which consisted in a repeated movement in a horizontal direction, a “wave Offering to the Lord as ruler of earth, a Heave Offering to the Lord as ruler of Heaven ” The right shoulder, which fell to the priests in presenting thank offerings, was called the Heave shoulder (Lev 7:34;Num 6:20). The first Fruits offered in harvest-time (Num 15:20, Num 15:21) were Heave offerings.

Heber: passing over. (1.) Son of Beriah and grandson of Asher (Gen 46:17; Gen 46:1 Chronicles Gen 7:31, Gen 7:32).

(Gen 7:2.) The Kenite (Jdg 4:11, Jdg 4:17; Jdg 5:24), a descendant of Hobab. His Wife Jael received Sisera (q.v.) into her Tent and then killed him.

(Jdg 5:3.) Jdg 5:1 Chronicles Jdg 4:18.

(Jdg 4:4.) A Benjamite (Jdg 4:1 Chronicles Jdg 8:17).

(Jdg 8:5.) A Gadite (Jdg 5:13). (See Eber )

Hebrew: OF THE Hebrews one whose parents are both Hebrews (Phil. 3:5;2Co 11:22); a genuine Hebrew

Hebrews: , Epistle TO (1.) Its canonicity. All the results of critical and historical research to which this epistle has been specially subjected abundantly vindicate its right to a Place in the New Testament Canon among the other inspired books.

(2.) Its authorship. A considerable variety of opinions on this subject has at different times been advanced. Some have maintained that its author was Silas Paul’s companion. Others have attributed it to Clement of Rome or Luke or Barnabas or some unknown Alexandrian Christian or Apollos but the conclusion which we think is best supported, both from internal and external evidence, is that Paul was its author. There are, no doubt, many difficulties in the way of accepting it as Paul’s; but we may at least argue with Calvin that there can be no difficulty in the way of “embracing it without controversy as one of the apostolical Epistles ”

(3.) Date and Place of Writing It was in all probability written at Rome near the close of Paul’s two years’ imprisonment (Heb 13:19,Heb 13:24). ... It was certainly written before the Destruction of Jerusalem (Heb 13:10).

(Heb 13:4.) To whom addressed. Plainly it was intended for Jewish converts to the Faith of the gospel, probably for the Church at Jerusalem The subscription of this epistle is, of course, without authority. In this case it is incorrect, for obviously Timothy could not be the Bearer of it (Heb 13:23).

(Heb 13:5.) Its design was to show the true End and meaning of the Mosaic system, and its symbolical and transient character. It proves that the Levitical priesthood was a “shadow” of that of Christ and that the legal sacrifices prefigured the great and all-perfect Sacrifice he offered for us. It explains that the gospel was designed, not to modify the Law of Moses but to supersede and abolish it. Its teaching was fitted, as it was designed, to check that tendency to apostatize from Christianity and to return to Judaism which now showed itself among certain Jewish Christians. The supreme authority and the transcendent Glory of the gospel are clearly set forth, and in such a way as to strengthen and confirm their allegiance to Christ

(Heb 13:6.) It consists of two parts: (a) doctrinal (1 10:18), (b) and practical (1 10:19-ch. 1 10:13). There are found in it many references to portions of the Old Testament It may be regarded as a treatise supplementary to the Epistles to the Romans and Galatians and as an inspired commentary on the book of Leviticus

Hebron: a community; Alliance (1.) A City in the South End of the Valley of Eshcol, about midway between Jerusalem and Beersheba from which it is distant about 20 miles in a straight line. It was built “seven years before Zoan in Egypt” (Gen 13:18;Num 13:22). It still exists under the same name, and is one of the most Ancient cities in the world. Its earlier name was Kirjath-arba (Gen 23:2;Jos 14:15; Jos 15:3). But “Hebron would appear to have been the original name of the City and it was not till after Abraham’s stay there that it received the name Kirjath-arba, who [i.e., Arba] was not the founder but the conqueror of the City having led thither the Tribe of the Anakim to which he belonged. ... It retained this name till it came into the possession of Caleb when the Israelites restored the original name Hebron” (Keil, Com.). The name of this City does not occur in any of the prophets or in the New Testament It is found about forty times in the Old It was the favorite home of Abraham Here he pitched his Tent under the oaks of Mamre by which name it came afterwards to be known; and here Sarah died, and was buried in the Cave of Machpelah (Gen 23:17-20), which he bought from Ephron the Hittite. From this Place the Patriarch departed for Egypt by way of Beersheba (Gen 37:14; Gen 46:1). It was taken by Joshua and given to Caleb (Jos 10:36, Jos 10:37; Jos 12:10; Jos 14:13). It became a Levitical City and a City of Refuge (Jos 20:7; Jos 21:1 Jos 21:1). When David became King of Judah this was his royal residence, and he resided here for Seven and a half years (2Sa 5:5); and here he was anointed as King over all Israel (2Sa 2:1-4, 2Sa 2:11;1Ki 2:11). It became the residence also of the rebellious Absalom (2Sa 15:10), who probably expected to find his Chief support in the Tribe of Judah now called el-Khulil.

In one part of the modern City is a great mosque, which is built over the Grave of Machpelah The first European who was permitted to enter this mosque was the PrinceOf 15:1862.It 15:1866, and by the late Emperor Frederick of Germany (then Crown-Prince of Prussia)In 15:1869.

One of the largest oaks in Palestine is found in the Valley of Eshcol,Abo 15:3 miles North of the town. It is supposed by some to be the Tree under which Abraham pitched his Tent and is called “Abraham’s oak.” (See OAK.)

(Abo 15:2.) The third Son of Kohath the Levite (Exo 6:18;1Ch 6:2, 1Ch 6:18).

(1Ch 6:3.)1Ch 2:42, 1Ch 2:43.

(1Ch 2:4.) A town in the North border of Asher (Jos 19:28).

Hegai

Heir: Under the patriarchs the property of a Father was divided among the sons of his legitimate wives (Gen 21:10; Gen 24:36; Gen 25:5), the eldest Son getting a larger portion than the Rest The Mosaic Law made specific regulations regarding the transmission of real property, which are given in detail in Deuteronomy Gen 21:17; Numbers Gen 27:8; Gen 36:6; Gen 27:9-11. Succession to property was a matter of right and not of favour. Christ is the “heir of all things” (Heb 1:2; Colossians Heb 1:15). Believers are heirs of the “promise,” “of righteousness,” “of the Kingdom ” “of the world,” “of God ” “joint heirs” with Christ (Gal 3:29; Hebrews Gal 6:17; Gal 11:7; James Gal 2:5; Romans Gal 4:13; Gal 8:17).

Helah: rust, (1Ch 4:5, 1Ch 4:7), one of the wives of Ashur.

Helam: place of abundance, a Place on the East of Jordan and west of the Euphrates where David gained a great victory over the Syrian Army (2 Samuel 10:16), which was under the command of Shobach Some would identify it with Alamatta, near Nicephorium.

Helbah: fatness, a town of the Tribe of Asher (Jdg 1:31), in the Plain of Phoenicia

Helbon: fat; i.e., “fertile”, (Ezk 27:18 only), a Place whence wine was brought to the great Market of Tyre. It has been usually identified with the modern Aleppo, called Haleb by the native Arabs, but is more probably to be found in one of the Villages in the Wady Helbon which is celebrated for its grapes, on the East slope of Anti-Lebanon, North of the River Barada (Abana).

Heldai: wordly. (1.) 1 Chronicles 27:15; called also Heleb (2Sa 23:29); one of David’s captains.

(2Sa 23:2.)Zec 6:10, one who returned from Babylon

Heleb: fatness, one of David’s warriors (2Sa 23:29).

Heled: this world, (1 Chronicles1 1:30); called Heleb (1 1:2 Samuel 1 23:29).

Helek: a portion, (Jos 17:2), descended from Manasseh

Helem: a stroke, great-grandson of Asher (1 Chronicles 7:35).

Heleph: exchange, a City on the North border of Naphtali (Jos 19:33).

Heli: elevation, Father of Joseph in the line of our Lord’s ancestry (Luk 3:23).

Helkai: smooth-tongued, one of the Chief priests in the time of Joiakim (Neh 12:15).

Helkath: smoothness, a town of Asher on the East border (Jos 19:25; Jos 21:31); called also Hukok (1Ch 6:75).

HELKATH-

Hazzurim: plot of the sharp blades, or the field of heroes, (2Sa 2:16). After the battle of Gilboa, so fatal to Saul and his House David as divinely directed, took up his residence in Hebron and was there anointed King over Judah Among the fugitives from Gilboa was Ish-bosheth, the only surviving Son of Saul whom Abner Saul’s uncle, took across the Jordan to Mahanaim and there had him proclaimed King Abner gathered all the Forces at his command and marched to Gibeon, with the object of wresting Judah from David Joab had the command of David’s Army of trained men, who encamped on the South of the Pool which was on the East of the Hill on which the town of Gibeon was built, while Abner’s Army lay on the North of the Pool Abner proposed that the conflict should be decided by twelve young men engaging in personal combat on either side. ... So fiercely did they encounter each other that “they caught every Man his Fellow by the head, and thrust his Sword in his fellow’s side; so they fell down together: wherefore that Place was called Helkath-hazzurim.” The combat of the champions was thus indecisive, and there followed a severe general engagement between the two armies, ending in the total rout of the Israelites under Abner The general result of this battle was that “David waxed stronger and stronger, and the House of Saul waxed weaker and weaker” (2Sa 3:1). (See GIBEON.)

Helmet: (Hebrews kob’a), a cap for the defence of the head (1Sa 17:5, 1Sa 17:38). In the New Testament the Greek equivalent is used (Eph 6:17;1Th 5:8). (See ARMS.)

Helon: strong, Father of Eliab who was “captain of the children of Zebulun” (Num 1:9; Num 2:7).

HELP-

Meet: (Hebrews ‘ezer ke-negdo; i.e., “a help as his counterpart” = a help suitable to him), a Wife (Gen 2:18-20).

Helps: (1Co 12:28) may refer to help (i.e., by interpretation) given to him who speaks with Tongues or more probably simply help which Christians can render to one another, such as caring for the poor and needy, etc.

Hem: of a garment, the fringe of a garment. The Jews attached much importance to these,Bec 15:38, Bec 15:39. These borders or fringes were in process of time enlarged so as to attract special notice (Mat 23:5). The Hem of Christ’s garment touched (Mat 9:20; Mat 14:36;Luk 8:44).

Heman: faithful. (1.)1Ki 4:31; 1Ki 4:1 Chronicles 1Ki 2:6, a Son of Zerah noted for his wisdom. (1Ki 2:2.) Grandson of Samuel (1Ki 2:1 Chronicles 1Ki 6:33; 1Ki 15:17),To 15:88th Psalm probably was inscribed. He was one of the “seers”Nam 15:2 Chronicles Nam 29:14, Nam 29:30, and took a leading part in the administration of the sacred services.

Hemath: a Kenite (1Ch 2:55), the Father of the House of Rechab

Hemlock: (l.) Hebrews Rosh (Hos. 10:4; rendered “gall”In 29:18; In 32:32;Psa 69:21;Jer 9:15; Jer 23:15; “poison,”Job 20:16; “venom,”Deu 32:33). “Rosh is the name of some poisonous plant which grows quickly and luxuriantly; of a Bitter taste, and therefore coupled with Wormwood (Deu 29:18;Lam 3:19). Hence it would seem to be not the Hemlock cicuta, nor the colocynth or wild Gourd nor lolium darnel, but the poppy so called from its heads” (Gesenius, Lex.).

(Lam 3:2.) Hebrews la’anah, generally rendered “wormwood” (q.v.),Deu 29:18,Tex 29:17;Pro 5:4;Jer 9:15; Jer 23:15. Once it is rendered “hemlock” (Amo 6:12; R.V., “wormwood”). This Hebrew Word is from a root meaning “to curse,” hence the accursed.

Hen: common in later times among the Jews in Palestine (Mat 23:37; Luke Mat 13:34). It is noticeable that this familiar Bird is only mentioned in these passages in connection with our Lord’s Lamentation over the impenitence of Jerusalem

Hena: one of the cities of Mesopotamia destroyed by Sennacherib (2Ki 18:34; 2Ki 19:13). It is identified with the modern Anah lying on the right bank of the Euphrates not far from Sepharvaim.

Henadad: favour of Hadad the name of a Levite after the Captivity (Ezr 3:9).

Henoch

Hephzibah: my delight is in her. (1.) The Wife of Hezekiah and mother of King Manasseh (2Ki 21:1).

(2Ki 21:2.) A symbolical name of Zion, as representing the Lord’s favour toward her (Isa 62:4).

Herb: (l.) Hebrews ‘eseb, any green plant; herbage (Gen 1:11, Gen 1:12, Gen 1:29, Gen 1:30; Gen 2:5; Gen 3:18, etc.); comprehending vegetables and all green herbage (Amo 7:1,Amo 7:2).

(Amo 7:2.) Yarak, green; any green thing; foliage of trees (2Ki 19:26;Psa 37:2); a plant; Herb (Deu 11:10).

(Deu 11:3.) Or, meaning “light”In 26:19 it means “green herbs;”In 26:2Kin 4:39 probably the Fruit of some plant.

(Kin 4:4.) Merorim, plural, “bitter herbs,” eaten by the Israelites at the Passover (Exo 12:8;Num 9:11). They were Bitter plants of various sorts, and referred symbolically to the oppression in Egypt

Herd: Gen 13:5;Deu 7:14. (See Cattle )

Herdsman: In Egypt herdsmen were probably of the lowest caste. Some of Joseph’s brethren were made rulers over Pharaoh’s Cattle (Gen 47:6, Gen 47:17). The Israelites were known in Egypt as “keepers of Cattle ” and when they Left it they took their flocks and herds with them (Exo 12:38). Both David and Saul came from “following the herd” to occupy the Throne (1Sa 12:9; 1Sa 11:5;Psa 78:70). David’s herd-masters were among his Chief officers of state. The daughters also of wealthy chiefs were wont to tend the flocks of the family (Gen 29:9; Exodus Gen 2:16). The “chief of the herdsmen” was in the time of the monarchy an officer of High rank (1Sa 21:7; comp.1Ch 27:29). The herdsmen lived in tents (Isa 38:12; Jeremiah Isa 6:3); and there were folds for the Cattle (Num 32:16), and watch-towers for the herdsmen, that he might therefrom observe any Coming danger (Mic 4:8; Nah Mic 3:8).

Heres: according to some MSS., meaning “city of Destruction ” Other MSS. read ’Irhahares; rendered “city of the sun”, Isaiah 19:18, where alone the Word occurs. This name may probably refer to Heliopolis. The Prophecy here points to a time when the Jews would so increase in number there as that the City would Fall under their influence. This might be in the time of the Ptolemies. (See ON.)

Heresy: from a Greek Word signifying (1) a choice, (2) the opinion Chosen and (3) the Sect holding the opinion. In the Acts of the Apostles (5:17; 15:5; 24:5, 14; 26:5) it denotes a Sect without reference to its character. Elsewhere, however, in the New Testament it has a different meaning attached to it. Paul ranks “heresies” with crimes and seditions (Gal 5:20). This Word also denotes divisions or schisms in the Church (1Co 11:19).In 3:10 a “heretical person” is one who follows his own self-willed “questions,” and who is to be avoided. Heresies thus came to signify self-chosen doctrines not emanating from God (In 3:2 Peter In 2:1).

Hermas: Mercury, a Roman Christian to whom Paul sends greetings (Rom 16:14). Some suppose him to have been the author of the celebrated religious romance called The Shepherd but it is very probable that that work is the production of a later Generation

Hermes: Mercury, a Roman Christian (Rom 16:14).

Hermogenes: Mercury-born, at one time Paul’s fellow-labourer in Asia Minor, who, however, afterwards abandoned him, along with one Phygellus probably on account of the perils by which they were beset (2 Timothy 1:15).

Hermonites: , THE (Psa 42:6, Psa 42:7) = “the Hermons”, i.e., the three peaks or summits of Hermon which are about a quarter of a mile apart.

Herod: Philip II. the Son of Herod the Great and Cleopatra of Jerusalem He was “tetrarch” of Batanea, Iturea, Trachonitis and Auranitis. He rebuilt the City of Caesarea Philippi Calling it by his own name to distinguish it from the Caesarea on the sea-coast which was the seat of the Roman government. He married Salome the Daughter of Herodias (Mat 16:13;Mrk 8:27;Luk 3:1).

Herod

Herodians: a Jewish political party who sympathized with (Mrk 3:6; Mrk 12:13; Matt, Mrk 22:16;Luk 20:20) the Herodian rulers in their general policy of government, and in the social customs which they introduced from Rome They were at one with the Sadducees in holding the duty of submission to Rome and of supporting the Herods on the Throne (Comp.Mrk 8:15;Mat 16:6.)

Herodias: (Mat 14:3-11;Mrk 6:17-28;Luk 3:19), the Daughter of Aristobulus and Bernice While residing at Rome with her Husband Herod Philip I. and her Daughter Herod Antipas fell in with her during one of his journeys to that City She consented to leave her Husband and become his Wife Some time after, Herod met John the Baptist, who boldly declared the marriage to be unlawful. For this he was “cast into prison,” in the Castle probably of Machaerus (q.v.), and was there subsequently beheaded.

Herodion: a Christian at Rome whom Paul salutes and calls his “ ki nsman” (Rom 16:11).

Heron: (Lev 11:19;Deu 14:18), ranked among the unclean birds. The Hebrew name is ’anaphah, and indicates that the Bird so named is remarkable for its angry disposition. “The herons are wading-birds, peculiarly irritable, remarkable for their voracity, frequenting marshes and oozy Rivers and spread over the regions of the East ” The Ardea russeta, or little Golden egret, is the commonest species in Asia.

Heshbon: intelligence, a City ruled over by Sihon, King of the Amorites (Jos 3:10; Jos 13:17). It was taken by Moses (Num 21:23-26), and became afterwards a Levitical City (Jos 21:39) in the Tribe of Reuben (Num 32:37). After the Exile it was taken possession of by the Moabites (Isa 15:4; Jeremiah Isa 48:2, Isa 48:34, Isa 48:45).The 48:20 miles East of Jordan from the North End of the Dead Sea There are reservoirs in this district, which are probably the “fishpools” referred to in Cant. The 7:4.

Heshmon: fatness, a town in the South of Judah (Jos 15:27).

Heth: dread, a descendant of Canaan and the ancestor of the Hittites (Gen 10:18;Deu 7:1), who dwelt in the vicinity of Hebron (Gen 23:3, Gen 23:7). The Hittites were a Hamitic race. They are called “the sons of Heth” (Gen 23:3, Gen 23:5, Gen 23:7, Gen 23:10, Gen 23:16, Gen 23:18, Gen 23:20).

Hethlon: wrapped up, a Place on the North border of Palestine The “way of Hethlon” (Ezk 47:15; Ezk 48:1) is probably the pass at the End of Lebanon from the Mediterranean to the great Plain of Hamath (q.v.), or the “entrance of Hamath ”

He: ZE KTAH whom Jehovah has strengthened. (1.) Son of Ahaz (2 Kings 18:1; 2 Chronicles 29:1), whom he succeeded on the Throne of the Kingdom of Judah He reigned twenty-nine years (B.C. 726-697). The history of this King is contained in 2 Kings 18:20, Isaiah 36-39, and 2 Chronicles 29-32. He is spoken of as a great and good King In public Life he followed the example of his great-granfather Uzziah He set himself to abolish Idolatry from his Kingdom and among other things which he did for this End he destroyed the “brazen Serpent ” which had been removed to Jerusalem and had become an object of idolatrous Worship (Numbers 21:9). A great reformation was wrought in the Kingdom of Judah in his Day (2 Kings 18:4; 2 Chronicles 29:3-36). ...

On the Death of Sargon and the accession of his Son Sennacherib to the Throne of Assyria Hezekiah refused to pay the Tribute which his Father had paid, and “rebelled against the King of Assyria and served him not,” but entered into a League with Egypt (Isaiah 30; 31; 36:6-9). This led to the invasion of Judah by Sennacherib (2 Kings 18:13-16), who took forty cities, and besieged Jerusalem with mounds. Hezekiah yielded to the demands of the Assyrian King and agreed to pay him three hundred talents of Silver and thirty of Gold (18: 14).

But Sennacherib dealt treacherously with Hezekiah (Isaiah 33:1), and a second time within two years invaded his Kingdom (2 Kings 18:17; 2 Chronicles 32:9; Isaiah 36). This invasion issued in the Destruction of Sennacherib’s Army Hezekiah prayed to God and “that night the Angel of the Lord went out, and smote in the Camp of the Assyrians 185,000 men.” Sennacherib fled with the shattered remnant of his Forces to Nineveh where, seventeen years after, he was assassinated by his sons Adrammelech and Sharezer (2 Kings 19:37). (See Sennacherib )

The narrative of Hezekiah’ s sickness and miraculous recovery is found in 2 Kings 20:1, 2 Chronicles 32:24, Isaiah 38:1. Various ambassadors came to congratulate him on his recovery, and among them Merodach-baladan, the viceroy of Babylon (2 Chronicles 32:23; 2 Kings 20:12). He closed his days in Peace and prosperity, and was succeeded by his Son Manasseh He was buried in the “chiefest of the sepulchres of the sons of David” (2 Chronicles 32:27-33). He had “after him none like him among all the kings of Judah nor any that were before him” (2 Kings 18:5). (See Isaiah )

Hezion: vision, the Father of Tabrimon and grandfather of Ben-hadad, King of Syria (1Ki 15:18).

Hezro: a Carmelite, one of David’s warriors (1 Chronicles 11:37).

Hezron: enclosed. (1.) One of the sons of Reuben (Gen 46:9; Exodus Gen 6:14). (Gen 6:2.) The older of the two sons of Pharez (Gen 46:12). (Gen 46:3.) A Plain in the South of Judah west of Kadesh-barnea (Jos 15:3).

Ddai: rejoicing of Jehovah one of David’s thirty- Seven guards (2Sa 23:30).

Hiddekel: called by the Accadians id Idikla; i.e., “the River of Idikla”, the third of the four Rivers of Paradise (Gen 2:14). Gesenius interprets the Word as meaning “the rapid Tigris.” The Tigris rises in the mountains of Armenia Gen 2:15 miles South of the source of the Euphrates which, after pursuing a south-east course, it joins at Kurnah,Abo 2:50 miles above Bassorah.Its 2:1,Its 2:150 miles.

Ggaion: In 92:3 means the Murmuring tone of the Harp In 9:16 it is a musical sign, denoting probably a pause in the instrumental interlude.In 19:14 the Word is rendered “meditation;” and in Lamentations In 3:62, “device” (R.V., “imagination”).

High

High: PRIEST Aaron was the first who was solemnly set apart to this office (Exo 29:7; Exo 30:23;Lev 8:12). He wore a Peculiar Dress which on his Death passed to his successor in office (Exo 29:29, Exo 29:30). Besides those garments which he wore in common with all priests, there were four that were Peculiar to himself as High Priest

(Exo 29:1.) The “robe” of the Ephod all of Blue of “woven work,” worn immediately under the Ephod It was without seam or sleeves. The Hem or skirt was ornamented with pomegranates and Golden bells, seventy-two of each in alternate order. The sounding of the bells intimated to the people in the outer Court the time when the High Priest entered into the Holy Place to burn Incense before the Lord (Exo 29:28). ...

(Exo 29:2.) The “ephod” consisted of two parts, one of which covered the back and the other the breast, which were united by the “curious Girdle ” It was made of fine twined Linen and ornamented with Gold and purple. Each of the shoulder-straps was adorned with a precious Stone on which the names of the twelve tribes were engraved. This was the High priest’s distinctive vestment (1Sa 2:28; 1Sa 14:3; 1Sa 21:9; 1Sa 23:6, 1Sa 23:9; 1Sa 30:7).

(1Sa 30:3.) The “breastplate of judgment” (Exo 28:6-12,25 28:28; 25 39:2-7) of “cunning work.” It was a piece of cloth doubled, of one span square. It bore twelve precious Stones set in four rows of three in a row, which constituted the Urim and Thummim (q.v.). These Stones had the names of the twelve tribes engraved on them. When the High Priest clothed with the Ephod and the Breastplate inquired of the Lord answers were given in some mysterious way by the Urim and Thummim (1Sa 14:3, 1Sa 14:18, 1Sa 14:19; 1Sa 23:2, 1Sa 23:4, 1Sa 23:9, 1Sa 23:11,1Sa 23:12; 1Sa 28:6;2Sa 5:23).

(2Sa 5:4.) The “mitre,” or upper turban, a twisted band of eight yards of fine Linen coiled into a cap, with a Gold plate in front, engraved with “Holiness to the Lord ” fastened to it by a ribbon of Blue

To the High Priest alone it was permitted to enter the Holy of holies, which he did only once a Year on the great Day of Atonement for “the way into the holiest of all was not yet made manifest” (Heb 5:9; Heb 5:10). Wearing his gorgeous priestly vestments, he entered the Temple before all the people, and then, laying them aside and assuming only his Linen garments in secret, he entered the Holy of holies alone, and made Expiation sprinkling the blood of the sin Offering on the mercy seat, and Offering up Incense Then resuming his splendid robes, he reappeared before the people (Lev 5:16). Thus the wearing of these robes came to be identified with the Day of Atonement

The office, Dress and ministration of the High Priest were typical of the priesthood of our Lord (Heb 4:14; Heb 7:25; Heb 9:12, etc.).

It is supposed that there were in all eighty-three High priests, beginning with Aaron (B.C. Heb 9:1657) and ending with Phannias (A.D. Heb 9:70). At its first institution the office of High Priest was held for Life (but comp.1Ki 2:27), and was hereditary in the family of Aaron (Num 3:10). The office continued in the line of Eleazar Aaron’s eldest Son for two hundred and ninety-six years, when it passed to Eli the first of the line of Ithamar who was the fourth Son of Aaron In this line it continued to Abiathar whom Solomon deposed, and appointed Zadok of the family of Eleazar in his stead (1Ki 2:35), in which it remained till the time of the Captivity After the Return, Joshua the Son of Josedek, of the family of Eleazar was appointed to this office. After him the succession was changed from time to time under priestly or political influences.

Highway: a raised Road for public use. Such roads were not found in Palestine hence the force of the language used to describe the return of the captives and the advent of the Messiah (Isa 11:16; Isa 35:8; Isa 40:3; Isa 62:10) under the figure of the preparation of a grand thoroughfare for their march.

During their possession of Palestine the Romans constructed several important highways, as they did in all countries which they ruled.

Lkiah: portion of Jehovah (1.) 1 Chronicles 6:54. (2.) 1 Chronicles 26: 11. (3.) The Father of Eliakim (2Ki 18:18, 2Ki 18:26, 2Ki 18:37). (2Ki 18:4.) The Father of Gemariah (Jer 29:3). (Jer 29:5.) The Father of the Prophet Jeremiah (Jer 1:1).

(Jer 1:6.) The High Priest in the reign of Josiah (Jer 1:1 Chronicles Jer 6:13;Ezr 7:1). To him and his Deputy (2Ki 23:5), along with the ordinary priests and the Levites who had charge of the gates, was entrusted the Purification of the Temple in Jerusalem While this was in progress, he discovered in some hidden comer of the Building a book called the “book of the law” (2Ki 22:8) and the “book of the covenant” (2Ki 23:2). ... Some have supposed that this “book” was nothing else than the original autograph copy of the Pentateuch written by Moses (Deu 31:9-26). This remarkable discovery occurred in the eighteenth Year of Josiah’s reign (B.C. Deu 31:624), a discovery which permanently affected the whole subsequent history of Israel (See Josiah Shaphan )

(Deu 31:7.) Nehemiah Deu 12:7. (Deu 12:8.) Nehemiah Deu 8:4.

Ll: (l.) Hebrews gib’eah, a curved or rounded Hill such as are common to Palestine (Psalm 65:12; 72:3; 114:4, 6).

(2.) Hebrews har, properly a mountain range rather than an individual eminence (Exodus 24:4, 12, 13, 18; Numbers 14:40, 44, 45). In Deuteronomy 1:7, Joshua 9:1; 10:40; 11:16, it denotes the elevated district of Judah Benjamin and Ephraim which forms the watershed between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea

(3.) Hebrews ma’aleh in 1 Samuel 9:11. Authorized Version “hill” is correctly rendered in the Revised Version “ascent.”

(4.) In Luke 9:37 the “hill” is the Mount of Transfiguration

Llel: praising, a Pirathonite, Father of the Judge Abdon (Jdg 12:13, Jdg 12:15).

Hind: Hebrews ‘ayalah (2Sa 22:34;Psa 18:33, etc.) and ‘ayeleth (Psa 18:22, title), the female of the Hart or stag. It is referred to as an emblem of activity (Gen 49:21), gentleness (Pro 5:19), feminine modesty (Cant. Pro 2:7; Pro 3:5), Earnest longing (Psa 42:1), timidity (Psa 9:9).In 9:22, the Word probably refers to some tune bearing that name.

Hinge: (Hebrews tsir), that on which a door revolves. “Doors in the East turn rather on pivots than on what we term hinges. In Syria and especially in the Hauran there are many Ancient doors, consisting of Stone slabs with pivots carved out of the same piece inserted in sockets above and below, and fixed during the Building of the house” (Pro 26:14).

Nnom: a Deep narrow ravine separating Mount Zion from the so-called “Hill of Evil Counsel.” It took its name from “some Ancient hero, the Son of Hinnom.” It is first mentioned in Joshua 15:8. It had been the Place where the idolatrous Jews burned their children alive to Moloch and Baal A particular part of the Valley was called Tophet or the “fire-stove,” where the children were burned. After the Exile, in order to show their abhorrence of the locality, the Jews made this Valley the receptacle of the offal of the City for the Destruction of which a Fire was, as is supposed, kept constantly burning there.

The Jews associated with this Valley these two ideas, (1) that of the sufferings of the victims that had there been sacrificed; and (2) that of filth and corruption. ... It became thus to the popular mind a symbol of the abode of the wicked hereafter. It came to signify hell as the Place of the wicked. “It might be shown by infinite examples that the Jews expressed hell, or the Place of the damned, by this Word The Word Gehenna [the Greek contraction of Hinnom] was never used in the time of Christ in any other sense than to denote the Place of future Punishment ” About this fact there can be no question. In this sense the Word is used eleven times in our Lord’s discourses (Mat 23:33; Luke Mat 12:5; Matthew Mat 5:22, etc.).

Hireling: a labourer employed on hire for a limited time (Job 7: J; Job 14:6;Mrk 1:20). His Wages were paid as soon as his work was over (Lev 19:13). In the time of our Lord a day’s wage was a “penny” (q.v.) i.e., a Roman denarius (Mat 20:1-14).

Hiss

Vites: one of the original tribes scattered over Palestine from Hermon to Gibeon in the South The name is interpreted as “midlanders” or “villagers” (Gen 10:17; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:15). They were probably a Branch of the Hittites. At the time of Jacob’s return to Canaan Hamor the Hivite was the “prince of the land” (Gen 24:2-28).

They are next mentioned during the Conquest (Jos 9:7; Jos 11:19). They principally inhabited the northern confines of Western Palestine (Jos 1:3;Jdg 3:3). A remnant of them still existed in the time of Solomon (1Ki 9:20).

Zkiah: an ancestor of the Prophet Zephaniah (1:1).

Zkijah: (Neh 10:17), one who sealed the Covenant

Hobab

Hobah: hiding-place, a Place to the North of Damascus to which Abraham pursued Chedorlaomer and his confederates (Gen 14:15).

Hodijah: majesty of Jehovah (1.) One of the Levites who assisted Ezra in expounding the Law (Neh 8:7; Neh 9:5). (Neh 9:2.)Neh 10:18, a Levite who sealed the Covenant

Hoglah: partridge, one of the daughters of Zelophehad the Gileadite, to whom portions were assigned by Moses (Num 26:33; Num 27:1; Num 36:1 Num 36:1).

Hoham: Jehovah impels, the King of Hebron who joined the League against Gibeon. He and his allies were defeated (Jos 10:3, Jos 10:5,16 10:27).

Hold

Holiness: in the highest sense belongs to God (Isa 6:3;Rev 15:4), and to Christians as consecrated to God’s service, and in so far as they are conformed in all things to the Will of God (Rom 6:19, Rom 6:22;Eph 1:4;Tit 1:8;1Pe 1:15). Personal Holiness is a work of gradual development. It is carried on under many hindrances, hence the frequent admonitions to watchfulness, Prayer and Perseverance (1Co 1:30;2Co 7:1;Eph 4:23, Eph 4:24). (See Sanctification )

Holy

Holy: PLACE one of the two portions into which the Tabernacle was divided (Exo 26:31; Exo 37:17-25; Hebrews Exo 9:2).It 9:20Cub 9:10 in height and breadth. It was illuminated by the Golden Candlestick as it had no opening to admit the Light It contained the table of showbread (Exo 25:23-29) and the Golden Altar of Incense (Exo 30:1-11). It was divided from the Holy of holies by a Veil of the most costly materials and the brightest colours.

The arrangement of the Temple (q.v.) was the same in this respect. In it the walls of hewn Stone were wainscotted with Cedar and overlaid with Gold and adorned with Beautiful carvings. It was entered from the Porch by folding doors overlaid with Gold and richly embossed. Outside the Holy Place stood the great tank or “sea” of molten Brass supported by twelve oxen, three turned each way, capable of containing two thousand baths of Water Besides this there were ten lavers and the brazen Altar of Burnt Sacrifice

Homer: heap, the largest of dry measures, containing about 8 bushels or 1 quarter English = 10 ephahs (Lev 27:16;Num 11:32) = a COR. (See Omer )

“Half a Homer ” a Grain Measure mentioned only in Hos. Num 3:2.

Honey: (1.) Hebrews ya’ar, occurs only 1Sam 14:25, Sam 14:27, Sam 14:29; Cant. Sam 5:1, where it denotes the Honey of bees. Properly the Word signifies a Forest or copse, and refers to Honey found in woods.

(Sam 5:2.) Nopheth, Honey that drops (Psa 19:10;Pro 5:3; Cant. Pro 4:11).

(Pro 4:3.) Debash denotes bee-honey (Jdg 14:8); but also frequently a vegetable Honey distilled from trees (Gen 43:11;Ezk 27:17). In these passages it may probably mean “dibs,” or syrup of grapes, i.e., the juice of ripe grapes boiled down to one-third of its bulk.

(Ezk 27:4.) Tsuph, the cells of the honey-comb full of Honey (Pro 16:24;Psa 19:10). ...

(Psa 19:5.) “Wild honey” (Mat 3:4) may have been the vegetable Honey distilled from trees, but rather was Honey stored by bees in rocks or in trees (Deu 32:13;Psa 81:16;1Sa 14:25-29).

Canaan was a “land flowing with milk and honey” (Exo 3:8). Milk and Honey were among the Chief dainties in the earlier ages, as they are now among the Bedawin; and Butter and Honey are also mentioned among articles of Food (Isa 7:15). The ancients used Honey instead of sugar (Psa 119:103;Pro 24:13); but when taken in great quantities it caused nausea,A F 25:16, A F 25:17 to inculcate moderation in pleasures. Honey and milk also are Put for sweet discourse (Cant. A F 4:11).

Hood: (Hebrews tsaniph) a tiara round the head (Isa 3:23; R.V., pi., “turbans”). Rendered “diadem,”Job 29:14; High priest’s “mitre,” Zechariah Job 3:5; “royal Diadem ” Isaiah Job 62:3.

Hoof: a cleft Hoof as of neat Cattle (Exo 10:26;Ezk 32:13); hence also of the Horse though not cloven (Isa 5:28). The “parting of the hoof’ is one of the distinctions between Clean and unclean a ni mals (Lev 11:3;Deu 14:7).

Hophni: pugilist or client, one of the two sons of Eli the High Priest (1Sa 1:3; 1Sa 2:34), who, because he was “very Old ” resigned to them the active duties of his office. By their scandalous conduct they brought down a curse on their father’s House (1Sa 2:22,12 2:27,27 2:36; 27 3:11-14). For their wickedness they were called “sons of Belial,” i.e., worthless men (27 2:12). They both perished in the disastrous battle with the Philistines at Aphek (27 4:11). (See Phinehas )

Hophra: i.e., PHARAOH-HOPHRA (called Apries by the Greek historian Herodotus) King of Egypt (B.C. 591-572) in the time of Zedekiah King of Judah (Jer 37:5 Jer 44:30;Ezk 29:6, Ezk 29:7).

Hor

Horeb: desert or mountain of the dried-up Ground a general name for the whole mountain range of which Sinai was one of the summits (Exo 3:1; Exo 17:6; Exo 33:6;Psa 106:19, etc.). The modern name of the whole range is Jebel Musa. It is a huge mountain block,Abo 106:2Mil 106:1 in breadth, with a very spacious Plain at its north-east End called the Er Rahah, in which the Israelites encamped for nearly a whole Year (See SINAI.)

Horem: consecrated, one of the Fenced cities of Naphtali (Jos 19:38).

Horites: cave-men, a race of Troglodytes who dwelt in the limestone caves which abounded in Edom Their ancestor was “Seir,” who probably gave his name to the district where he lived. They were a Branch of the Hivites (Gen 14:6; Gen 36:20-30;1Ch 1:38, 1Ch 1:39). They were dispossessed by the descendants of Esau and as a people gradually became extinct (Deu 2:12-22).

Hormah: banning; i.e., placing under a “ban,” or devoting to utter Destruction After the manifestation of God’s Anger against the Israelites, on account of their rebellion and their murmurings when the Spies returned to the Camp at Kadesh in the Wilderness of Paran with an evil report of the land, they quickly repented of their conduct, and presumed to go up “to the head of the mountain,” seeking to enter the Promised Land, but without the presence of the Lord without the Ark of the convenant, and without Moses The Amalekites and the Canaanites came down and “smote and discomfited them even unto Hormah” (Num 14:45). This Place or perhaps the watch-tower commanding it, was originally called Zephath (Jdg 1:17), the modern Sebaiteh. ... Afterwards (Num 21:1-3) Arad the King of the Canaanites at the close of the wanderings, when the Israelites were a second time encamped at Kadesh “fought against them, and took some of them prisoners.” But Israel vowed a vow unto the Lord utterly to destroy the cities of the Canaanites they “banned” them, and hence the Place was now called Hormah But this “ban” was not fully executed till the time of Joshua who finally conquered the King of this district, so that the Ancient name Zephath became “Hormah” (Jos 12:14;Jdg 1:17).

Horn: Trumpets were at first horns perforated at the tip, used for various purposes (Jos 6:4,Jos 6:5).

Llasks or vessels were made of hom (Jos 6:1 Samuel Jos 16:1, Jos 16:13;1Ki 1:39).

But the Word is used also metaphorically to denote the projecting corners of the Altar of Burnt offerings (Exo 27:2) and of Incense (Exo 30:2). The horns of the Altar of Burnt offerings were to be smeared with the blood of the slain Bullock (Exo 29:12; Leviticus Exo 4:7-18). The criminal, when his crime was accidental, found an asylum by laying hold of the horns of the Altar (1Ki 1:50; 1Ki 2:28).

The Word also denotes the peak or summit of a Hill (Isa 5:1, where the Word “hill” is the rendering of the same Hebrew word). ...

This Word is used metaphorically also for strength (Deu 33:17) and honour (Job 16:15; Lamentations Job 2:3). Horns are emblems of power, dominion, Glory and fierceness, as they are the Chief means of attack and defence with the animals endowed with them (Dan 8:5, Dan 8:9; Dan 8:1 Samuel Dan 2:1; Dan 16:1, Dan 16:13;1Ki 1:39; 1Ki 22:11; Joshua 1Ki 6:4, 1Ki 6:5;Psa 75:5, Psa 75:10; Psa 132:17; Luke Psa 1:69, etc.). The expression “horn of Salvation ” applied to Christ means a Salvation of strength, or a strong Saviour (Luk 1:69). To have the Horn “exalted” denotes prosperity and triumph (Psa 89:17, Psa 89:24). To “lift up” the Horn is to act proudly (Zec 1:21).

Horns are also the symbol of royal dignity and power (Jer 48:25; Zechariah Jer 1:18; Daniel Jer 8:24).

Hornet: Hebrews tsir’ah, “stinging”, (Exo 23:28;Deu 7:20;Jos 24:12). The Word is used in these passages as referring to some means by which the Canaanites were to be driven out from before the Israelites. Some have supposed that the Word is used in a metaphorical sense as the symbol of some panic which would seize the people as a “terror of God” (Gen 35:5), the consternation with which God would inspire the Canaanites In Palestine there are four species of hornets, differing from our hornets, being larger in size, and they are very abundant. They “attack human beings in a very furious manner.” “The furious attack of a swarm of hornets drives Cattle and horses to Madness and has even caused the Death of the animals.”

Horonaim: two caverns, a City of Moab to the South of the Arnon built, apparently, upon an eminence, and a Place of some importance (Isa 15:5; Jeremiah Isa 48:3, Isa 48:5, Isa 48:34).

Horonite: the designation of Sanballat (Neh 2:10, Neh 2:19), a native of Horonaim or of one of the two Beth-horons, the “upper” or the “nether,” mentioned in Joshua Neh 16:3,Neh 16:5.

Horse: always referred to in the Bible in connection with warlike operations,Exc 28:28. The war-Hor 39:19-25. For a long period after their settlement in Canaan the Israelites made no use of horses, according to the prohibition,Deu 17:16. David was the first to form a force of cavalry (2Sa 8:4). But Solomon from his connection with Egypt greatly multiplied their number (1Ki 4:26; 1Ki 10:26, 1Ki 10:29). After this, horses were freely used in Israel (1Ki 22:4;2Ki 3:7; 2Ki 9:21, 2Ki 9:33; 2Ki 11:16). The furniture of the Horse consisted simply of a Bridle (Isa 30:28) and a curb (Psa 32:9).

Horse

Leech: Occ 30:15 (Hebrews ‘alukah); the generic name for any blood- sucking annelid. There are various species in the marshes and Pools of Palestine That here referred to, the Hoemopis, is remarkable for the coarseness of its bite, and is therefore not used for medical purposes. They are spoken of in the East with feelings of aversion and horror, because of their propensity to fasten on the tongue and nostrils of horses when they come to Drink out of the Pools The medicinal Leech Hirudo medicinalis), besides other species of leeches, are common in the waters of Syria

Horseman: Hebrews ba’al parash, “master of a Horse ” The “horsemen” mentioned Exodus 14:9 were “mounted men”, i.e., men who rode in chariots. The Army of Pharaoh consisted of a Chariot and infantry force. We find that at a later period, however, the Egyptians had cavalry (2 Chronicles 12:3). (See Horse )

Hosah: refuge. (1.) A Place on the border of the Tribe of Asher (Jos 19:29), a little to the South of Zidon.

(Jos 19:2.) A Levite of the family of Merari (Jos 19:1 Chronicles Jos 16:38).

Hosanna

Hose: (Dan 3:21), a tunic or undergarment.

Hosea

Hosea: , PROPHECIES OF This book stands first in order among the “Minor Prophets.” “The probable cause of the location of Hosea may be the thoroughly national character of his oracles, their length, their Earnest tone, and vivid representations.” This was the longest of the prophetic books written before the Captivity Hosea prophesied in a dark and melancholy period of Israel’s history, the period of Israel’s decline and Fall Their sins had brought upon them great national disasters. “Their homicides and Fornication their perjury and theft, their Idolatry and impiety, are censured and satirized with a Faithful severity.” He was a contemporary of Isaiah The book may be divided into two parts, the first containing chapters 1-3, and symbolically representing the Idolatry of Israel under Imagery borrowed from the matrimonial relation. ... The figures of marriage and Adultery are common in the Old Testament writings to represent the spiritual relations between Jehovah and the people of Israel Here we see the apostasy of Israel and their Punishment with their future Repentance Forgiveness and restoration.

The second part, containing 4-14, is a summary of Hosea’s discourses, filled with denunciations, threatenings, exhortations, promises, and revelations of mercy.

Quotations from HoseaAre 2:15; Are 9:15; Are 12:7;Rom 9:25, Rom 9:26. There are, in addition, various allusions to it in other places (Luk 23:30;Rev 6:16, comp. Hos. Rev 10:8;Rom 9:25, Rom 9:26;1Pe 2:10, comp. Hos. 1Pe 1:10, etc.).

As regards the style of this writer, it has been said that “each verse forms a whole for itself, like one heavy toll in a Funeral knell.” “Inversions (1Pe 7:8; 1Pe 9:11, 1Pe 9:13; 1Pe 12:8), anacolutha (1Pe 9:6; 1Pe 12:8, etc.), ellipses (1Pe 9:4; 1Pe 13:9, etc.), paranomasias, and plays upon words, are very characteristic of Hosea (1Pe 8:7; 1Pe 9:15; 1Pe 10:5; 1Pe 11:5; 1Pe 12:11).”

Hoshea

Host: OF Heaven The Sun moon, and Stars are so designated (Gen 2:1). When the Jews fell into Idolatry they worshipped these (Deu 4:19;2Ki 17:16; 2Ki 21:3,2Ki 21:5; 2Ki 23:5; Jeremiah 2Ki 19:13;Zep 1:5; Acts Zep 7:42).

Hough

Hour: Fir 3:6; Fir 4:19, Fir 4:33;Fir 5:5. It is the rendering of the Chaldee shaah, meaning a “moment,” a “look.” It is used in the New Testament frequently to denote some determinate season (Mat 8:13; Luke Mat 12:39).

With the Ancient Hebrews the divisions of the Day were “morning, Evening and noon-day” (Psa 55:17, etc.). The Greeks, following the Babylonians, divided the Day into twelve hours. The Jews, during the Captivity learned also from the Babylonians this method of dividing time. When Judea became subject to the Romans the Jews adopted the Roman mode of reckoning time. The night was divided into four Watches (Luk 12:38; Matthew Luk 14:25; Luk 13:25). Frequent allusion is also made to hours (Mat 25:13; Mat 26:40, etc.). (See Day )

An Hour was the twelfth part of the Day reckoning from sunrise to sunset, and consequently it perpetually varied in length.

House

Hukkok: decreed, a town near Zebulun not far from Jordan on the border of Naphtali (Jos 19:34). (See Helkath )

Hul

Huldah: weasel, a prophetess; the Wife of Shallum She was consulted regarding the “book of the law” discovered by the High Priest Hilkiah (2Ki 22:14-20;2Ch 34:22-28). She resided in that part of Jerusalem called the Mishneh (A.V., “the College ” R.V., “the second quarter”), supposed by some to be the suburb between the inner and the outer Wall the second or lower City Akra. Miriam (Exo 15:20) and Deborah (Jdg 4:4) are the only others who bear the title of “prophetess,”For 8:3 means only the prophet’s Wife

Humiliation: OF Christ (Phil. 2:8), seen in (1) his Birth (Gal 4:4; Luke Gal 2:7; John Gal 1:46; Hebrews Gal 2:9), (Gal 2:2) his circumstances, (Gal 2:3) his reputation (Isa 2:53; Matthew Isa 26:59, Isa 26:67;Psa 22:6; Matthew Psa 26:68), (Psa 26:4) his soul (Psa 22:1; Matthew Psa 4:1-11; Luke Psa 22:44; Hebrews Psa 2:17, Psa 2:18; Psa 4:15), (Psa 4:5) his Death (Luk 4:23; John Luk 4:19; Mark Luk 15:24, Luk 15:25), (Luk 15:6) and his Burial (Isa 53:9; Matthew Isa 27:57, Isa 27:58, Isa 27:60).

His Humiliation was necessary (Isa 27:1) to execute the purpose of God (Act 2:23, Act 2:24;Psa 40:6-8), (Psa 40:2) fulfil the Old Testament types and prophecies, (Psa 40:3) satisfy the Law in the room of the guilty (Isa 40:53; Hebrews Isa 9:12, Isa 9:15), procure for them Eternal Redemption (Isa 9:4) and to show us an example. ...

Humility: a prominent Christian Grace (Rom 12:3; Rom 15:17, Rom 15:18;1Co 3:5-7;2Co 3:5; Phil. 2Co 4:11-13). It is a state of mind well pleasing to God (1Pe 3:4); it preserves the soul in tranquillity (Psa 69:32, Psa 69:33), and makes us patient under trials (Job 1:22).

Christ has set us an example of Humility (Phil. Job 2:6-8). We should be led thereto by a remembrance of our sins (Lam 3:39), and by the thought that it is the way to honour (Pro 16:18), and that the greatest promises are made to the humble (Psa 147:6;Isa 57:15; Isa 66:2;1Pe 5:5). It is a “great paradox in Christianity that it makes Humility the avenue to Glory ”

Hunting: Men 10:9 in connection with Nimrod Esau was “a cunning hunter” (Gen 25:27). Hunting was practised by the Hebrews after their settlement in the “Land of Promise” (Lev 17:15;Pro 12:27). The lion and other ravenous beasts were found in Palestine (1Sa 17:34;2Sa 23:20;1Ki 13:24;Ezk 19:3-8), and it must have been necessary to hunt and destroy them. Various snares and gins were used in Hunting (Psa 91:3;Amo 3:5;2Sa 23:20).

War is referred to under the idea of Hunting (Jer 16:16;Ezk 32:30).

Hur

Hurai: linen- worker, one of David’s heroes, a native of the Valley of Mount Gaash (1Ch 11:32).

Husband: i.e., the “house-band,” connecting and keeping together the whole family. A Man when betrothed was esteemed from that time a Husband (Mat 1:16, Mat 1:20; Luke Mat 2:5). A recently married Man was exempt from going to war for “one year” (Deu 20:7; Deu 24:5).

Husbandman: one whose business it is to cultivate the Ground It was one of the first occupations, and was esteemed most honourable (Gen 9:20; Gen 26:12, Gen 26:14; Gen 37:7, etc.). All the Hebrews except those engaged in religious services, were husbandmen. (See Agriculture )

Hushai: quick, “the Archite ” “the king’s friend” (1 Chronicles 27:33). When David fled from Jerusalem on account of the rebellion of Absalom and had reached the summit of Olivet, he there met Hushai whom he sent back to Jerusalem for the purpose of counteracting the influence of Ahithophel who had joined the ranks of Absalom (2Sa 15:32, 2Sa 15:37; 2Sa 16:16-18). It was by his advice that Absalom refrained from immediately pursuing after David By this delay the cause of Absalom was ruined, for it gave David time to muster his Forces

Husk

Hymn: Occ 5:19And 3:16. The verb to “sing an hymn”Occ 26:30And 14:26. The same Greek Word is rendered to “sing praises”Act 16:25 (R.V., “sing hymns”)And 2:12. The “hymn” which our Ford sang with his disciples at the last Supper is generally supposed to have been the latter part of the Hallel Com 2:118. It was thus a name given to a number of Psalms taken together and forming a devotional Exercise

The noun Hymn is used only with reference to the services of the Greeks, and was distinguished from the psalm. The Greek tunes required Greek hymns. Our information regarding the hymnology of the early Christians is very limited.

Hypocrite: one who puts on a mask and feigns himself to be what he is not; a dissembler in religion. Our Lord severely rebuked the Scribes and Pharisees for their hypocrisy (Mat 6:2, Mat 6:5, Mat 6:16). “The hypocrite’s hope shall perish” (Job 8:13). The Hebrew Word here rendered “hypocrite” rather means the “godless” or “profane,” as it is rendered in Jeremiah Job 23:11, i.e., polluted with crimes.

Hyssop: (Hebrews ‘ezob; LXX. hyssopos),Fir 12:22 in connection with the institution of the Passover We 14:4, We 14:6, We 14:52;Num 19:6, Num 19:18;Heb 9:19. It is spoken of as a plant “springing out of the wall” (1Ki 4:33). Many conjectures have been formed as to what this plant really was. Some contend that it was a species of marjoram (origanum), six species of which are found in Palestine Others with more probability think that it was the caper plant, the Capparis spinosa of Linnaeus. This plant grew in Egypt in the Desert of Sinai, and in Palestine It was capable of producing a stem three or four feet in length (Mat 27:48;Mrk 15:36. Comp.Jhn 19:29).

Ibhar: Chosen one of David’s sons (1Ch 3:6;2Sa 5:15).

Ibleam: people-waster, a City assigned to Manasseh (Jos 17:11), from which the Israelites, however, could not expel the Canaanites (Jdg 1:27). It is also called Bileam (Jdg 1:1 Chronicles Jdg 6:70). It was probably the modem Jelamah,A V 6:2 A V 6:1/A V 6:2 miles North of Jenin.

Ibzan: illustrious, the Tenth Judge of Israel (Jdg 12:8-10). He ruled Seven years.

Ice: frequently mentioned (Job 6:16; Job 38:29;Psa 147:17, etc.). (See Crystal )

Ichabod: When the tidings of the disastrous defeat of the Israelites in the battle against the Philistines near to Mizpeh were carried to Shiloh the Wife of Phinehas “was near to be delivered. And when she heard the tidings that the Ark of God was taken, and that her father-in-law and her Husband were Dead she bowed herself and travailed” (1Sa 4:19-22). In her great distress she regarded not “the women that stood by her,” but named the Child that was Born “Ichabod” i.e., no Glory saying, “The Glory is departed from Isreal ” and with that Word on her lips she expired.

Iconium: the capital of Ancient Lycaonia. It was first visited by Paul and Barnabas from Antioch-in-Pisidia during the apostle’s first missionary Journey (Act 13:50, Act 13:51). Here they were persecuted by the Jews, and being driven from the City they fled to Lystra They afterwards returned to Iconium and encouraged the Church which had been founded there (Act 14:21,Act 14:22). It was probably again visited by Paul during his third missionary Journey along with Silas (Act 18:23). It is the modern Konieh, at the foot of Mount Taurus,Abo 18:120 miles inland from the Mediterranean.

Idalah: snares(?), a City near the west border of Zebulun (Jos 19:15). It has been identified with the modern Jeida, in the Valley of Kishon.

'IDDO (Jos 19:1.) Timely (Jos 19:1 Chronicles Jos 6:21). A Gershonite Levite

(Jos 6:2.) Lovely. The Son of Zechariah (Jos 6:1 Chronicles Jos 27:21), the ruler of Manasseh in David’s time.

(Jos 27:3.) Timely. The Father of Ahinadab, who was one of Solomon’s purveyors (1Ki 4:14).

(1Ki 4:4.) Lovely. A Prophet of Judah who wrote the history of Rehoboam and Abijah (1Ki 4:2 Chronicles 1Ki 12:15). He has been identified with Oded (1Ki 12:2 Chronicles 1Ki 15:1).

(1Ki 15:5.) Lovely. The Father of Berachiah, and grandfather of the Prophet Zechariah (Zec 1:1, Zec 1:7). He returned from Babylon (Neh 12:4).

Idol: (l.) Hebrews Aven “nothingness;” “vanity” (Isa 66:3; Isa 41:29;Deu 32:21;1Ki 16:13;Psa 31:6; Jeremiah Psa 8:19, etc.).

(Psa 8:2.) ‘Elil, “a thing of naught” (Psa 97:7;Isa 19:3); a Word of contempt, used of the gods of Noph (Ezk 30:13).

(Ezk 30:3.) ‘Emah, “terror,” in allusion to the hideous form of idols (Jer 50:38).

(Jer 50:4.) Miphletzeth, “a fright;” “horror” (1Ki 15:13; 1Ki 15:2 Chronicles 1Ki 15:16).

(1Ki 15:5.) Bosheth, “shame;” “shameful thing” (Jer 11:13; Hos. Jer 9:10); as characterizing the obscenity of the Worship of Baal

(Jer 9:6.) Gillulim, also a Word of contempt, “dung;” “refuse” (Ezk 16:36; Ezk 20:8;Deu 29:17, marg.). ...

(Deu 29:7.) Shikkuts, “filth;” “impurity” (Ezk 37:23; Nah Ezk 3:6).

(Ezk 3:8.) Semel, “likeness;” “a carved image” (Deu 4:16).

(Deu 4:9.) Tselem, “a shadow” (Dan 3:1;1Sa 6:5), as distinguished from the “likeness,” or the exact counterpart.

(1Sa 6:10.) Temunah, “similitude” (Deu 4:12-19). Here Moses forbids the several forms of Gentile Idolatry

(Deu 4:11.) ‘Atsab, “a figure;” from the root “to fashion,” “to labour;” denoting that idols are the result of man’s labour (Isa 48:5;Psa 139:24, “wicked way;” literally, as some translate, “way of an idol”).

(Psa 139:12.) Tsir, “a form;” “shape” (Isa 45:16).

(Isa 45:13.) Matztzebah, a “statue” set up (Jer 43:13); a memorial Stone like that erected by Jacob (Gen 28:18; Gen 31:45; Gen 35:14, Gen 35:20), by Joshua (Gen 4:9), and by Samuel (1Sa 7:12). It is the name given to the statues of Baal (2Ki 3:2; 2Ki 10:27).

(2Ki 10:14.) Hammanim, “sun-images.” Hamman is a synonym of Baal the sun-God of the Phoenicians (2Ki 10:2 Chronicles 2Ki 34:4, 2Ki 34:7; 2Ki 14:3, 2Ki 14:5;Isa 17:8).

(Isa 17:15.) Maskith, “device” (Lev 26:1;Num 33:52).In 26:1, the words “image of stone” (A.V.) denote “a Stone or cippus with the image of an Idol as Baal Astarte, etc.”In 8:12, “chambers of imagery” (maskith), are “chambers of which the walls are painted with the figures of idols;” comp. ver. In 8:10, In 8:11.

(In 8:16.) Pesel, “a graven” or “carved image” (Isa 44:10-20). It denotes also a figure cast in metal (Deu 7:25; Deu 27:15;Isa 40:19; Isa 44:10).

(Isa 44:17.) Massekah, “a molten image” (Deu 9:12;Jdg 17:3, Jdg 17:4).

(Jdg 17:18.) Teraphim pi., “images,” family gods (penates) worshipped by Abram’s kindred (Jos 24:14). Put by Michal in David’s Bed (Jdg 17:5; Jdg 18:14, Jdg 18:17, Jdg 18:18, Jdg 18:20;1Sa 19:13).

“Nothing can be more instructive and significant than this multiplicity and variety of words designating the instruments and inventions of Idolatry ”

Idolatry: image-worship or divine honour paid to any created object. Paul describes the origin of IdolatryIn 1:21-25: men forsook God and sank into ignorance and moral corruption (In 1:28).

The forms of Idolatry are, (In 1:1.) Fetishism, or the Worship of trees, Rivers hills, Stones etc.

(In 1:2.) Nature Worship the Worship of the Sun moon, and Stars as the supposed powers of nature.

(In 1:3.) Hero Worship the Worship of deceased ancestors, or of heroes.

In Scripture Idolatry is regarded as of Heathen origin, and as being imported among the Hebrews through contact with Heathen nations. The first allusion to Idolatry is in the account of Rachel stealing her father’s Teraphim (Gen 31:19), which were the relics of the Worship of other gods by Laban’s progenitors “on the other side of the River in Old time” (Jos 24:2). ... During their long residence in Egypt the Hebrews fell into Idolatry and it was long before they were delivered from it (Jos 24:14;Ezk 20:7). Many a token of God’s displeasure fell upon them because of this sin.

The Idolatry learned in Egypt was probably rooted out from among the people during the forty years’ wanderings; but when the Jews entered Palestine they came into contact with the monuments and associations of the Idolatry of the Old Canaanitish races, and showed a constant tendency to depart from the Living God and follow the idolatrous practices of those Heathen nations. It was their great national sin, which was only effectually rebuked by the Babylonian exile. That exile finally purified the Jews of all idolatrous tendencies.

The first and second Commandments are directed against Idolatry of every form. Individuals and communities were equally amenable to the rigorous code. The individual offender was devoted to Destruction (Exo 22:20). His nearest relatives were not only bound to denounce him and deliver him up to Punishment (Deu 13:20-10), but their hands were to strike the first blow when, on the evidence of two witnesses at least, he was stoned (Deu 17:2-7). To attempt to seduce others to false Worship was a crime of equal enormity (Deu 13:6-10). An idolatrous nation shared the same fate. No facts are more strongly declared in the Old Testament than that the extermination of the Canaanites was the Punishment of their Idolatry (Exo 34:15, Exo 34:16;Deu 34:7; Deu 12:29-31; Deu 20:17), and that the calamities of the Israelites were due to the same cause (Jer 2:17). “A City guilty of Idolatry was looked upon as a cancer in the state; it was considered to be in rebellion, and treated according to the laws of war. Its inhabitants and all their Cattle were Put to Death ” Jehovah was the theocratic King of Israel the civil Head of the commonwealth, and therefore to an Israelite Idolatry was a state Offence (1Sa 15:23), High treason. On taking possession of the land, the Jews were commanded to destroy all traces of every kind of the existing Idolatry of the Canaanites (Exo 23:24, Exo 23:32; Exo 34:13;Deu 7:5, Deu 7:25; Deu 12:1-3).

In the New Testament the term Idolatry is used to designate Covetousness (Mat 6:24;Luk 16:13; Colossians Luk 3:5;Eph 5:5).

Idumaea: the Greek form of Edom (Isa 34:5, Isa 34:6;Ezk 35:15; Ezk 36:5, but in R.V. “Edom”). (See EDOM).

Igal: avengers. (1.)Num 13:7, one of the Spies of the Tribe of Issachar (Num 13:2.) Son of Nathan of Zobah and one of David’s warriors (2Sa 23:36). (2Sa 23:3.) 2Sa 23:1 Chronicles 2Sa 3:22.

M: ruins. (1.) A City in the South of Judah (Joshua 15:29).

(2.) One of the stations of the Israelites in the Wilderness (Numbers 33:45).

IjE-

On: sunny; height, one of the eminences on which Jerusalem was built. It was surrounded on all sides, except the North by Deep valleys, that of the Tyropoeon (q.v.) separating it from Moriah (q.v.), which it surpasses in height by 105 feet. It was the south-eastern Hill of Jerusalem

When David took it from the Jebusites (Joshua 15:63; 2 Samuel 5:7) he built on it a citadel and a Palace and it became “the City of David” (1 Kings 8:1; 2 Kings 19:21, 31; 1 Chronicles 11:5). In the later books of the Old Testament this name was sometimes used (Psalm 87:2; 149:2; Isaiah 33:14; Joel 2:1) to denote Jerusalem in general, and sometimes God’s Chosen Israel (Psalm 51:18; 87:5).

In the New Testament (see SION) it is used sometimes to denote the Church of God (Hebrews 12:22), and sometimes the heavenly City (Revelation 14:1).

Illyricum: a country to the north-west of Macedonia, on the eastern shores of the Adriatic, now almost wholly comprehended in Dalmatia a name formerly given to the southern part of Illyricum (2 Timothy 4: 10). It was traversed by Paul in his third missionary Journey (Rom 15:19). It was the farthest district he had reached in preaching the gospel of Christ This reference to Illyricum is in harmony with Acts Rom 20:2, inasmuch as the apostle’s Journey over the parts of Macedonia would bring him to the borders of Illyricum

Imagery: only in the phrase “chambers of his imagery” (Ezk 8:12). (See Chamber )

Imla: replenisher, the Father of Micaiah the Prophet (2 Chronicles 18:7,8).

Immanuel: God with us. In the OldTes 7:14And 8:8. Most Christian interpreters have regarded these words as directly and exclusively a Prophecy of our Saviour an interpretation borne out by the words of the Evangelist Matthew (And 1:23).

Immer: talkative. (1.) The head of the sixteenth priestly order (1 Chronicles 24:14). (2.) Jeremiah 20:1. (3.)Ezr 2:37; Nehemiah Ezr 7:40. (Ezr 7:4.)Ezr 2:59; Nehemiah Ezr 7:61. (Ezr 7:5.) The Father of Zadok (Neh 3:29).

Immortality: perpetuity of existence. The doctrine of Immortality is taught in the Old Testament It is plainly implied in the writings of Moses (Gen 5:22, Gen 5:24; Gen 25:8; Gen 37:35; Gen 47:9; Gen 49:29, comp. Hebrews Gen 11:13-16; Exodus Gen 3:6, comp. Matthew Gen 22:23). It is more clearly and fully taught in the later books (Isa 14:9;Psa 17:15; Psa 49:15; Psa 73:24). It was thus a doctrine obviously well known to the Jews.

With the full Revelation of the gospel this doctrine was “brought to light” (Psa 73:2 Timothy Psa 1:10;1Co 1:15;2Co 5:1-6; 2Co 5:1 Thessalonians 2Co 4:13-18).

Imputation: is used to designate any action or Word or thing as reckoned to a person. Thus in doctrinal language (1) the sin of Adam is imputed to all his descendants, i.e., it is reckoned as theirs, and they are dealt with therefore as guilty; (2) the righteousness of Christ is imputed to them that believe in him, or so attributed to them as to be considered their own; and (3) our sins are imputed to Christ i.e., he assumed our “law-place,” undertook to answer the demands of Justice for our sins. In all these cases the nature of Imputation is the same (Rom 5:12-19; comp. Philemon Rom 1:18, Rom 1:19).

Incarnation: that act of Grace whereby Christ took our human nature into union with his Divine Person, became Man Christ is both God and Man Human attributes and actions are predicated of him, and he of whom they are predicated is God A Divine Person was united to a human nature (Act 20:28;Rom 8:32;1Co 2:8; Hebrews 1Co 2:11-14; 1Co 2:1 Timothy 1Co 3:16; Galatians 1Co 4:4, etc.). The union is hypostatical, i.e., is personal; the two natures are not mixed or confounded, and it is perpetual.

Incense: a fragrant composition prepared by the “art of the Apothecary ” It consisted of four ingredients “beaten small” (Exo 30:34-36). That which was not thus prepared was called “strange incense” (Exo 30:9). It was offered along with every meat-offering; and besides was Daily offered on the Golden Altar in the Holy Place and on the great Day of Atonement was Burnt by the High Priest in the Holy of holies (Exo 30:7, Exo 30:8). It was the symbol of Prayer (Psa 141:1,Psa 141:2; Revelation Psa 5:8; Psa 8:3, Psa 8:4).

India: Occ 1:1And 8:9, where the extent of the dominion of the Persian King is described. The country so designated here is not the peninsula of Hindustan, but the country surrounding the Indus, the Punjab. The people and the products of India were well known to the Jews, who seem to have carried on an active trade with that country (Ezk 27:15,Ezk 27:24).

Inkhorn: The Hebrew Word so rendered means simply a round vessel or cup for containing ink, which was generally worn by writers in the Girdle (Ezk 9:2, Ezk 9:3,1 9:1). The Word “inkhorn” was used by the translators, because in former times in this country horns were used for containing ink.

Inn: in the modern sense, unknown in the East The khans or caravanserais, which correspond to the European Inn are not alluded to in the Old Testament The “inn” mentioned in Exodus 4:24 was just the halting-place of the caravan. In later times khans were erected for the accommodation of travellers.In 2:7 the Word there so rendered denotes a Place for loosing the beasts of their burdens. It is rendered “guest-chamber”In 14:14And 22:11.In 10:34 the Word so rendered is different. That Inn had an “inn-keeper,” who attended to the wants of travellers.

Inspiration: that extraordinary or supernatural divine influence vouchsafed to those who wrote the Holy Scriptures, rendering their writings infallible. “All Scripture is given by Inspiration of God” (R.V., “Every Scripture inspired of God”), 2 Timothy 3:16. This is true of all the “sacred writings,” not in the sense of their being Works of genius or of supernatural insight, but as “theopneustic,” i.e., “breathed into by God” in such a sense that the writers were supernaturally guided to express exactly what God intended them to express as a Revelation of his mind and Will The Testimony of the sacred writers themselves abundantly demonstrates this Truth and if they are infallible as teachers of doctrine, then the doctrine of plenary Inspiration must be accepted. ... There are no errors in the Bible as it came from God none have been proved to exist. Difficulties and phenomena we cannot explain are not errors. All these books of the Old and New Testaments are inspired. We do not say that they contain, but that they are, the Word of God The Gift of Inspiration rendered the writers the organs of God for the infallible communication of his mind and Will in the very manner and words in which it was originally given.

As to the nature of Inspiration we have no information. This only we know, it rendered the writers infallible. They were all equally inspired, and are all equally infallible. The Inspiration of the sacred writers did not change their characters. They retained all their individual peculiarities as thinkers or writers. (See Bible Word OF God )

Intercession: OF THE Spirit (Rom 8:26, Rom 8:27; John Rom 14:26). “Christ is a royal Priest (Zec 6:13). From the same Throne as King he dispenses his Spirit to all the objects of his care, while as Priest he intercedes for them. The Spirit Acts for him, taking only of his things. They both act with one consent, Christ as principal, the Spirit as his agent. Christ intercedes for us, without us, as our Advocate in Heaven according to the provisions of the Everlasting Covenant The Holy Spirit Works upon our minds and hearts, enlightening and quickening, and thus determining our desires ‘according to the Will of God ’ as our Advocate within us. The work of the one is complementary to that of the other, and together they form a complete whole.”, Hodge’s Outlines of Theology.

Iphedeiah: set free by Jehovah a Chief of the Tribe of Benjamin (1Ch 8:25).

Ira

Irad: runner; wild Ass one of the antediluvian patriarchs, the Father of Mehujael (Gen 4:18), and grandson of Cain.

Iram: citizen, Chief of an Edomite Tribe in Mount Seir (Gen 36:43).

IRHA-

Iron: Tubal-Cain is the first-mentioned worker in Iron (Gen 4:22). The Egyptians wrought it at Sinai before the Exodus David prepared it in great abundance for the Temple (1Ch 22:3: 1Ch 29:7). The merchants of Dan and Javan brought it to the Market of Tyre (Ezk 27:19). Various instruments are mentioned as made of Iron (Deu 27:5; Deu 19:5;Jos 17:16, Jos 17:18;1Sa 17:7;2Sa 12:31;2Ki 6:5, 2Ki 6:6;1Ch 22:3;Isa 10:34).

Figuratively, a Yoke of Iron (Deu 28:48) denotes hard service; a rod of Iron (Psa 2:9), a stern government; a Pillar of Iron (Jer 1:18), a strong support; a Furnace of Iron (Deu 4:20), severe labour; a Bar of Iron (Job 40:18), strength; fetters of Iron (Psa 107:10), affliction; giving Silver for Iron (Isa 60:17), prosperity.

Irrigation: As streams were few in Palestine Water was generally stored up in winter in reservoirs, and distributed through Gardens in numerous rills, which could easily be turned or diverted by the foot (Deu 11:10).

For purposes of Irrigation Water was raised from streams or Pools by water-wheels, or by a shaduf, commonly used on the banks of the Nile to the present Day

Isaac: laughter. (1) Israel or the Kingdom of the ten tribes (Amo 7:9, Amo 7:16).

(Amo 7:2.) The only Son of Abraham by Sarah. He was the longest lived of the three patriarchs (Gen 21:1-3). He was circumcised when eight days Old (4 21:7); and when he was probably two years Old a great Feast was held in connection with his being weaned.

The next memorable event in his Life is that connected with the command of God given to Abraham to offer him up as a Sacrifice on a mountain in the land of Moriah (Gen 21:22). (See Abraham ) When he was forty years of Age Rebekah was Chosen for his Wife (Gen 21:24). After the Death and Burial of his Father he took up his residence at Beer-lahai-roi (Gen 25:7-11), where his two sons, Esau and Jacob were Born (21 25:26), the former of whom seems to have been his favourite Son (21 25:27,21 25:28). ...

In consequence of a Famine (Gen 26:1) Isaac went to Gerar where he practised deception as to his relation to Rebekah imitating the conduct of his Father in Egypt (Gen 12:12-20) and in Gerar (Gen 20:2). The Philistine King rebuked him for his prevarication.

After sojourning for some time in the land of the Philistines he returned to Beersheba where God gave him fresh Assurance of Covenant blessing, and where Abimelech entered into a Covenant of Peace with him.

The next Chief event in his Life was the blessing of his sons (Gen 27:1). He died at Mamre “being Old and full of days” (Gen 35:27-29), one hundred and eighty years Old and was buried in the Cave of Machpelah

In the New Testament reference is made to his having been “offered up” by his Father (Heb 11:17; James Heb 2:21), and to his blessing his sons (Heb 11:20). As the Child of promise, he is contrasted with Ishmael (Rom 9:7, Rom 9:10; Galatians Rom 4:28; Hebrews Rom 11:18).

Isaac is “at once a counterpart of his Father in simple devoutness and purity of Life and a contrast in his passive weakness of character, which in part, at least, may have sprung from his relations to his mother and Wife After the expulsion of Ishmael and Hagar Isaac had no competitor, and grew up in the shade of Sarah’s Tent moulded into feminine softness by habitual submission to her strong, loving Will ” His Life was so quiet and uneventful that it was spent “within the circle of a few miles; so guileless that he let Jacob overreach him rather than disbelieve his Assurance so tender that his mother’s Death was the poignant sorrow of years; so patient and gentle that Peace with his neighbours was dearer than even such a coveted possession as a well of Living Water dug by his own men; so grandly obedient that he Put his Life at his father’s disposal; so firm in his reliance on God that his greatest concern through Life was to honour the divine promise given to his race.”, Geikie’s Hours, etc.

Isaiah: , The Book OF consists of prophecies delivered (Isaiah 1) in the reign of Uzziah (1-5), (2) of Jotham (6), (3) Ahaz (7 14:28), (7 14:4) the first half of Hezekiah’s reign (7 14:28-35), (7 14:5) the second half of Hezekiah’s reign (36 14:66). Thus, counting from the fourth Year before Uzziah’ s Death (B.C. 36 14:762) to the last Year of Hezekiah (B.C. 36 14:698), Isaiah’s ministry extended over a period of sixty-four years. He may, however, have survived Hezekiah, and may have perished in the way indicated above.

The book, as a whole, has been divided into three main parts: (36 14:1.) The first thirty-five chapters, almost wholly prophetic, Israel’s enemy Assyria present the Messiah as a mighty Ruler and King (36 14:2.) Four chapters are historical (36 14:39), relating to the times of Hezekiah. ... (36 14:3.) Prophetical (40 14:66), Israel’s enemy Babylon describing the Messiah as a suffering victim, meek and lowly.

The genuineness of the section Isaiah40 14:66 has been keenly opposed by able critics. They assert that it must be the production of a deutero-Isaiah, who lived toward the close of the Babylonian Captivity This theory was originated by Koppe, a German writer at the close of the last century. There are other portions of the book also (e.g., ch. 40 14:13;24 14:27; and certain verses in ch.14 14:21) which they attribute to some other Prophet than Isaiah Thus they say that some five or Seven or even more, unknown prophets had a Hand in the production of this book. The considerations which have led to such a result are various: (14 14:1.) They cannot, as some say, conceive it possible that Isaiah Living in B.C. 14 14:700, could foretell the appearance and the exploits of a Prince called Cyrus who would set the Jews free from Captivity one hundred and Seventy years after. (14 14:2.) It is alleged that the Prophet takes the time of the Captivity as his standpoint, and speaks of it as then present; and (14 14:3) that there is such a difference between the style and language of the closing section (40 14:66) and those of the preceding chapters as to necessitate a different authorship, and Lead to the conclusion that there were at least two Isaiahs. But even granting the fact of a great diversity of style and language, this Will not necessitate the conclusion attempted to be drawn from it. The diversity of subjects treated of and the peculiarities of the prophet’s position at the time the prophecies were uttered Will sufficiently account for this.

The arguments in favour of the unity of the book are quite conclusive. When the LXX. Version was made (about B.C. 40 14:250) the entire contents of the book were ascribed to Isaiah the Son of Amoz It is not called in question, moreover, that in the time of our Lord the book existed in the form in which we now have it. Many prophecies in the disputed portions are quoted in the New Testament as the words of Isaiah (Mat 3:3; Luke Mat 3:4-6; Mat 4:16-41; John Mat 12:38; Acts Mat 8:28;Rom 10:16-21). Universal and persistent Tradition has ascribed the whole book to one author.

Besides this, the internal evidence, the similarity in the language and style, in the thoughts and images and rhetorical ornaments, all points to the same conclusion; and its local colouring and allusions show that it is obviously of Palestinian origin. The theory therefore of a double authorship of the book, much less of a manifold authorship, cannot be maintained. The book, with all the diversity of its contents, is one, and is, we believe, the production of the great Prophet whose name it bears.

Iscah: spy, the Daughter of Haran and sister of Milcah and Lot (Gen 11:29,Gen 11:31).

Iscariot

Ishbak: leaving, one of Abraham’s sons by Keturah (Gen 25:2).

ISHBI-

Benob: my seat at Nob one of the Rephaim whose spear was three hundred shekels in weight. He was slain by Abishai (2Sa 21:16, 2Sa 21:17).

Is: H-BOSHETH Man of shame or Humiliation the youngest of Saul’s four sons, and the only one who survived him (2 Samuel 2-4). His name was originally Eshbaal (1 Chronicles 8:33; 9:39). He was about forty years of Age when his Father and three brothers fell at the battle of Gilboa. Through the influence of Abner Saul’s cousin, he was acknowledged as successor to the Throne of Saul and ruled over all Israel except the Tribe of Judah (over whom David was king), for two years, having Mahanaim on the East of Jordan as his capital (2 Samuel 2:9). After a troubled and uncertain reign he was murdered by his Guard who stabbed him while he was asleep on his Couch at mid-day (2 Samuel 4:5-7); and having cut off his head, presented it to David who sternly rebuked them for this cold-blooded Murder and ordered them to be immediately executed (9-12).

Ishi: my Husband a symbolical name used in Hos. 2:16 (See BAALI.)

Ishmael: God hears. (1.) Abraham’s eldest Son by Hagar the Concubine (Gen 16:15; Gen 17:23). He was Born at Mamre when Abraham was eighty-six years of Age eleven years after his arrival in Canaan (Gen 16:3; Gen 21:5). At the Age of thirteen he was circumcised (Gen 17:25). He grew up a true Child of the Desert wild and wayward. On the occasion of the weaning of Isaac his rude and wayward Spirit broke out in expressions of insult and mockery (Gen 21:9, Gen 21:10); and Sarah, discovering this, said to Abraham “Expel this Slave and her Son ” Influenced by a divine admonition, Abraham dismissed Hagar and her Son with no more than a Skin of Water and some Bread The narrative describing this act is one of the most Beautiful and touching incidents of patriarchal Life (Gen 21:14-16). ... (See Hagar )

Ishmael settled in the land of Paran a region lying between Canaan and the mountains of Sinai; and “God was with him, and he became a great archer” (Gen 21:9-21). He became a great Desert Chief but of his history little is recorded. He was about ninety years of Age when his Father Abraham died, in connection with whose Burial he once more for a moment reappears. On this occasion the two brothers met after being long separated. “Isaac with his hundreds of household slaves, Ishmael with his troops of wild retainers and half-savage allies, in all the state of a Bedouin Prince gathered before the Cave of Machpelah in the midst of the men of Heth to pay the last duties to the ‘father of the Faithful ’ would make a notable subject for an artist” (Gen 25:9). Of the after events of his Life but little is known. He died at the Age of one hundred and thirty-seven years, but where and when are u nk nown (Gen 25:17). He had twelve sons, who became the founders of so many Arab tribes or colonies, the Ishmaelites, who spread over the wide Desert spaces of Northern Arabia from the Red Sea to the Euphrates (Gen 37:25, Gen 37:27, Gen 37:28; Gen 39:1), “their Hand against every Man and every man’s Hand against them.”

(Gen 39:2.) The Son of Nethaniah “of the seed royal” (Jer 40:8, Jer 40:15). He plotted against Gedaliah and treacherously Put him and others to Death He carried off many captives, “and departed to go over to the Ammonites.”

Ishmaiah: heard by Jehovah (1.) A Gibeonite who joined David at Ziklag, “a hero among the thirty and over the thirty” (1Ch 12:4).

(1Ch 12:2.) Son of Obadiah and viceroy of Zebulun under David and Solomon (1Ch 27:19).

*1Ch 27:1 SHM EET T I ES (Gen 37:28; Gen 39:1, A.V.) should be “Ishmaelites,” as in the Revised Version

Ishtob: man of Tob, one of the small Syrian kingdoms which together constituted Aram (2Sa 10:6,2Sa 10:8).

Island: (Hebrews ‘i, “dry land,” as opposed to water) occurs in its usual signification (Isa 42:4, Isa 42:10, Isa 42:12, Isa 42:15, comp. Jeremiah Isa 47:4), but more frequently simply denotes a maritime region or sea-coast (Isa 20:6, R.V.,” coastland;” Isa 23:2, Isa 23:6; Jeremiah Isa 2:10;Ezk 27:6, Ezk 27:7). (See CHITTIM.) The shores of the Mediterranean are called the “islands of the sea” (Isa 11:11), or the “isles of the Gentiles” (Gen 10:5), and sometimes simply “isles” (Psa 72:10);Ezk 26:15, Ezk 26:18; Ezk 27:3, Ezk 27:35;Dan 11:18).

Israel: , Kingdom OF (B.C. 975-B.C. 722). Soon after the Death of Solomon Ahijah’s Prophecy (1Ki 11:31-35) was fulfilled, and the Kingdom was rent in twain. Rehoboam the Son and successor of Solomon was scarcely seated on his Throne when the Old jealousies between Judah and the other tribes broke out anew, and Jeroboam was sent for from Egypt by the malcontents (1Ki 12:2,1Ki 12:3). Rehoboam insolently refused to lighten the burdensome taxation and services which his Father had imposed on his subjects (1Ki 12:4), and the rebellion became complete. Ephraim and all Israel raised the Old cry, “Every Man to his tents, O Israel” (2Sa 20:1). ... Rehoboam fled to Jerusalem (1Ki 12:1-18;2Ch 12:10), and Jeroboam was proclaimed King over all Israel at Shechem Judah and Benjamin remaining Faithful to Solomon’s Son War, with varying success, was carried on between the two kingdoms for about sixty years, till Jehoshaphat entered into an Alliance with the House of Ahab

Extent of the Kingdom In the time of Solomon the area of Palestine excluding the Phoenician territories on the shore of the Mediterranean,Did 12:13,Did 12:000 square miles. The Kingdom of IsraelCom 12:9,Com 12:375 square miles. Shechem was the first capital of this Kingdom (1Ki 12:25), afterwards Tirza (1Ki 14:17). Samaria was subsequently Chosen as the capital (1Ki 16:24), and continued to be so till the Destruction of the Kingdom by the Assyrians (2Ki 17:5). During the siege of Samaria (which lasted for three years) by the Assyrians, Shalmaneser died and was succeeded by Sargon who himself thus records the capture of that City “Samaria I looked at, I captured; 2Ki 17:27,2Ki 17:280 men who dwelt in it I carried away” (2Ki 17:6) into Assyria Thus after a duration of two hundred and fifty-three years the Kingdom of the ten tribes came to an End They were scattered throughout the East (See Captivity )

“Judah held its Ground against Assyria for yet one hundred and twenty-three years, and became the rallying-point of the dispersed of every Tribe and eventually gave its name to the whole race. Those of the people who in the last struggle escaped into the territories of Judah or other neighbouring countries naturally looked to Judah as the head and home of their race. And when Judah itself was carried off to Babylon many of the exiled Israelites joined them from Assyria and swelled that immense population which made Babylonia a second Palestine ”

After the deportation of the ten tribes, the deserted land was colonized by various eastern tribes, whom the King of Assyria sent thither (Ezr 4:2, Ezr 4:10;2Ki 17:24-29). (See KINGS.)

In contrast with the Kingdom of Judah is that of Israel (2Ki 17:1.) “There was no fixed capital and no religious centre. (2Ki 17:2.) The Army was often insubordinate. (2Ki 17:3.) The succession was constantly interrupted, so that out of nineteen kings there were no less than nine dynasties, each ushered in by a revolution. (2Ki 17:4.) The authorized priests Left the Kingdom in a body, and the priesthood established by Jeroboam had no divine sanction and no promise; it was corrupt at its very source.” (Maclean’s O. T. Hist.)

Issachar: hired (Gen 30:18). “God Hath given me,” said Leah “my hire (Hebrews sekhari)...and she called his name Issachar ” He was Jacob’s ninth Son and was Born in Padan-aram (comp. Gen 28:2). He had four sons at the going down into Egypt (Gen 46:13; Numbers Gen 26:23, Gen 26:25).

Issachar, Tribe of, during the Journey through the Wilderness along with Judah and Zebulun (Num 2:5), marched on the East of the Tabernacle This TribeCon 2:54,Con 2:400 fighting men when the Census was taken at Sinai. After the entrance into the Promised Land, this Tribe was one of the six which stood on Gerizim during the ceremony of the blessing and cursing (Deu 27:12). ... The allotment of Issachar is described in Joshua Deu 19:17-23. It included the Plain of Esdraelon (=Jezreel), which was and still is the richest portion of Palestine (Deu 33:18, Deu 33:19; Deu 33:1 Chronicles Deu 12:40).

The prophetic blessing pronounced by Jacob on Issachar corresponds with that of Moses (Gen 49:14, Gen 49:15; comp. Deuteronomy Gen 33:18, Gen 33:19).

Italian: BAND the name of the Roman cohort to which Cornelius belonged (Act 10:1), so called probably because it consisted of men recruited in Italy

Italy: Act 18:2; Act 27:1, Act 27:6; Hebrews Act 13:24), like most geographical names, was differently used at different periods of history. As the power of Rome advanced, nations were successively conquered and added to it till it came to designate the whole country to the South of the Alps. There was constant intercourse between Palestine and Italy in the time of the Romans

Ithamar: palm isle, the fourth and youngest Son of Aaron (1 Chronicles 6:3). He was consecrated to the priesthood along with his brothers (Exo 6:23); and after the Death of Nadab and Abihu he and Eleazar alone discharged the functions of that office (Lev 10:6, Lev 10:12;Num 3:4). He and his family occupied the position of common Priest till the High priesthood passed into his family in the person of Eli (1Ki 2:27), the reasons for which are not recorded. (See Zadok )

Ituraea: a district in the north-east of Palestine forming, along with the adjacent territory of Trachonitis the tetrarchy of Philip (Luk 3:1). The present Jedur comprehends the Chief part of Ituraea It is bounded on the East by Trachonitis on the South by Gaulanitis on the west by Hermon and on the North by the Plain of Damascus

Ivah: overturning, a City of the Assyrians, whence colonists were brought to Samaria (2Ki 18:34; 2Ki 19:13). It lay on the Euphrates

between Sepharvaim and Henah, and is supposed by some to have been the Ahava of Ezra (2Ki 8:15).

Ivory: (Hebrews pi. shenhabbim, the “tusks of elephants”) was early used in decorations by the Egyptians, and a great trade in it was carried on by the Assyrians (Ezk 27:6; Revelation Ezk 18:12). It was used by the Phoenicians to ornament the box-wood rowing-benches of their galleys, and Hiram’s skilled workmen made Solomon’s Throne of Ivory (1Ki 10:18). It was brought by the caravans of Dedan (Isa 21:13), and from the East Indies by the navy of Tarshish (1Ki 10:22). Many specimens of Ancient Egyptian and Assyrian ivory-work have been preserved. The Word habbim is derived from the Sanscrit ibhas, meaning “elephant,” preceded by the Hebrew article (ha); and hence it is argued that Ophir Fro 10:1Kin 10:22 were brought, was in India

Izhar: oil, one of the sons of Kohath and grandson of Levi (Exo 6:18, Exo 6:21;Num 16:1).

Izrahite: the designation of one of David’s officers (1Ch 27:8).

Jaakan: he twists, one of the sons of Ezer the Son of Seir the Horite (1 Chronicles 1:42).

Jaakobah: heel-catcher, a form of the name Jacob one of the descendants of Simeon (1Ch 4:36).

Jaala: a wild she-goat, one of the Nethinim whose descendants returned from the Captivity (Neh 7:58).

Jaalam: concealer, the second of Esau’s three sons by Aholibamah (Gen 36:5, Gen 36:14).

Jaanai: mourner, one of the Chief Gadites (1 Chronicles 5:12).

JAARE-

Oregim: forests of the weavers, a Bethlehemite (2 Samuel 21:19), and the Father of Elhanan who slew GoliathIn 21:1 Chronicles In 20:5 called Jair

Jaasau: fabricator, an Israelite who renounced his Gentile Wife after the Return (Ezr 10:37).

jAASIELmade

Aniah: heard by Jehovah (1.) The Son of Jeremiah and one of the Chief Rechabites (Jer 35:3).

(Jer 35:2.) The Son of Shaphan (Ezk 8:1 Ezk 8:1).

(Ezk 8:3.) The Son of Azur one of the twenty-five men seen by Ezekiel (Ezk 11:1) at the East Gate of the Temple

(Ezk 11:4.) A Maachathite (2Ki 25:23; Jeremiah 2Ki 40:8; 2Ki 42:1). He is also called Azariah (Jer 43:2).

Jaazer: he (God) Helps a City of the Amorites on the East of Jordan and assigned, with neighbouring places in Gilead, to Gad (Num 32:1, Num 32:35;Jos 13:25). It was allotted to the Merarite Levites (Jos 21:39). In David’s time it was occupied by the Hebronites, i.e., the descendants of Kohath (1Ch 26:31). It is mentioned in the “burdens” proclaimed over Moab (Isa 16:8, Isa 16:9; Jeremiah Isa 48:32). Its site is Marked by the modem ruin called Sar or Seir Abo 48:10 miles west of Amman,And 48:12 from Heshbon “The vineyards that once covered the hill-sides are gone; and the wild Bedawin from the eastern Desert make cultivation of any ki nd impossible.”

Jaaziah: comforted by Jehovah a descendant of Merari the Levite (1 Chronicles 24:26,27).

Jaaziel: comforted by God a Levitical Musician (1Ch 15:18).

Jabal: a Stream a descendant of Cain, and Brother of Jubal “the Father of such as Dwell in tents and have cattle” (Gen 4:20). This description indicates that he led a Wandering Life

Jabbok: a pouring out, or a wrestling, one of the streams on the East of Jordan into which it falls about midway between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea or about 45 miles below the Sea of Galilee. It rises on the eastern side of the mountains of Gilead, and runs a course of about 65 miles in a wild and Deep ravine. It was the boundary between the territory of the Ammonites and that of Og, King of Bashan (Jos 12:1-5;Num 21:24); also between the Tribe of Reuben and the half Tribe of Manasseh (Num 21:24;Deu 3:16). In its course Westward across the plains it passes more than once underground. “The scenery along its banks is probably the most picturesque in Palestine and the ruins of town and village and fortress which stud the surrounding mountain-side render the country as interesting as it is Beautiful ” This River is now called the Zerka, or Blue River

Jabesh: dry. (1.) For Jabesh-Gilead (1 Samuel 11:3,9,10).

(2.) The Father of Shallum (2Ki 15:10, 2Ki 15:13, 2Ki 15:14), who usurped the Throne of Israel on the Death of Zachariah

jABESH-Gl

Jabez: affiction. (1.) A descendant of Judah of whom it is recorded that “God granted him that which he requested” (1 Chronicles 4:9, 10).

(2.) A Place inhabited by several families of the Scribes (1 Chronicles 2:55).

Jabin: discerner; the Wise (1.) A King of Hazor at the time of the entrance of Israel into Canaan (Jos 11:1-14), whose overthrow and that of the northern Chief with whom he had entered into a confederacy against Joshua was the crowning act in the conquest of the land (Jos 11:21-23; comp. Jos 14:6-15). This great battle, fought at Lake Merom was the last of Joshua’s battles of which we have any record. Here for the first time the Israelites encountered the Iron chariots and horses of the Canaanites

(Jos 14:2.) Another King of Hazor called “the King of Canaan ” who overpowered the Israelites of the North one hundred and sixty years after Joshua’s Death and for twenty years held them in painful subjection. ... The whole population were paralyzed with Fear and gave way to hopeless despondency (Jdg 5:6-11), till Deborah and Barak aroused the national Spirit and gathering together ten thousand men, gained a great and decisive victory over Jabin in the Plain of Esdraelon (Jdg 4:10-16; comp.Psa 83:9). This was the first great victory Israel had gained since the days of Joshua They never needed to fight another battle with the Canaanites (Jdg 5:31).

Jabneel: built by God (1.) A town in the North boundary of Judah (Jos 15:11), called afterwards by the Greeks Jamnia, the modern Yebna, Jos 15:11 miles South of Jaffa. After the Fall of Jerusalem (A.D. Jos 15:70), it became one of the most populous cities of Judea and the seat of a celebrated school.

(Jos 15:2.) A town on the border of Naphtali (Jos 19:33). Its later name was Kefr Yemmah, “the village by the Sea ” on the South shore of Lake Merom

Jabneh: building, (2 Chronicles 26:6), identical with Jabneel (Jos 15:11).

Jachan: mourner, one of the Chief Gadite “brothers” in Bashan (1Ch 5:13).

Jachin: AND Boaz the names of two brazen columns set up in Solomon’s Temple (1Ki 7:15-22). Each was eighteen cubits High and twelve in circumference (Jer 52:21, Jer 52:23;1Ki 7:17-21). They had doubtless a symbolical import.

Jacinth: properly a flower of a reddish Blue or Deep purple (hyacinth), and hence a precious Stone of that Colour (Rev 21:20). It has been supposed to designate the same Stone as the ligure (Hebrews leshem) mentioned in Exodus Rev 28:19 as the first Stone of the third row in the High priest’s breast-plate. In Revelation Rev 9:17 the Word is simply descriptive of Colour

Jacob

Jacob: ’S W Ell (Jhn 4:5, Jhn 4:6). This is one of the few sites in Palestine about which there is no dispute. It was dug by Jacob and hence its name, in the “parcel of ground” which he purchased from the sons of Hamor (Gen 33:19). It still exists, but although after copious rains it contains a little Water it is now usually quite dry. It is at the entrance to the Valley between Ebal and Gerizim,Abo 33:2 miles south-east of ShechemIt 33:9Fee 33:75 feet in depth, though in Ancient times it was no doubt much deeper, probably twice as Deep The digging of such a well must have been a very laborious and costly undertaking.

“Unfortunately, the well of Jacob has not escaped that misplaced religious veneration which cannot be satisfied with leaving the object of it as it is, but must build over it a shrine to protect and make it sacred. ... A series of buildings of various styles, and of different ages, have cumbered the Ground choked up the well, and disfigured the natural beauty and simplicity of the spot. At present the rubbish in the well has been cleared out; but there is still a domed structure over it, and you gaze down the shaft cut in the Living RockAnd 33:70 feet the surface of the Water glimmering with a pale Blue Light in the Darkness while you notice how the limestone blocks that form its curb have been worn smooth, or else furrowed by the ropes of centuries” (Hugh Macmillan).

At the entrance of the enclosure round the well is planted in the Ground one of the wooden poles that hold the telegraph wires between Jerusalem and Haifa.

Jaddua: known. (1.) One of the chiefs who subscribed the Covenant (Neh 10:21).

(Neh 10:2.) The last High Priest mentioned in the Old Testament (Neh 12:11, Neh 12:22), sons of Jonathan

Jadon: judge, a Meronothite who assisted in rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem (Neh 3:7).

Jael: mountain-goat, the Wife of Heber the Kenite (Jdg 4:17-22). When the Canaanites were defeated by Barak Sisera, the Captain of Jabin’s Army fled and sought Refuge with the friendly Tribe of Heber beneath the oaks of Zaanaim As he drew near, Jael invited him to enter her Tent He did so, and as he lay wearied on the floor he fell into a Deep sleep. She then took in her Left Hand one of the great wooden pins (“nail”) which fastened down the cords of the Tent and in her right Hand the mallet, or “hammer,” used for driving it into the Ground and stealthily approaching her sleeping guest, with one well-directed blow drove the Nail through his temples into the earth (Jdg 5:27). She then led Barak who was in pursuit, into her Tent and boastfully showed him what she had done. (See SISERA; Deborah )

Jagur: place of sojourn, a City on the southern border of Judah (Jos 15:21).

Jah: a contraction for Jehovah (Psa 68:4).

Jahath: union. (1.) A Son of Shimei and grandson of Gershom (1Ch 23:10).

(1Ch 23:2.) One of the sons of Shelomoth, of the family of Kohath (1Ch 24:22).

(1Ch 24:3.) A Levite of the family of Merari one of the overseers of the repairs of the Temple under Josiah (2Ch 34:12).

Jahaz: trodden down (called also Jahaza,Jos 13:18; Jahazah, Jos 21:36; Jahzah,1Ch 6:78), a town where Sihon was defeated, in the borders of Moab and in the land of the Ammonites Beyond Jordan and North of the River Arnon (Num 21:23;Deu 2:32). It was situated in the Tribe of Reuben and was assigned to the Merarite Levites (Jos 13:18; Jos 21:36). Here was fought the decisive battle in which Sihon (q.v.) was completely routed, and his territory (the modern Belka) came into the possession of Israel This town is mentioned in the denunciations of the prophets against Moab (Isa 15:4; Jeremiah Isa 48:34).

Jahaziel: beheld by God (1.) The third Son of Hebron (1 Chronicles 23:19).

(2.) A Benjamite Chief who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:4).

(3.) A Priest who accompanied the removal of the Ark to Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 16:6).

(4.) The Son of Zechariah a Levite of the family of Asaph (2 Chronicles 20:14-17). He encouraged Jehoshaphat against the Moabites and Ammonites.

Jahdai: grasper, a descendant of Caleb of the family of Hezron (1 Chronicles 2:47).

Jahzeel: allotted by God the first of the sons of Naphtali (Gen 46:24).

Jahzerah: returner, the Son of Meshullam and Father of Adiel (1Ch 9:12).

Jailer: (of Philippi), Acts 16:23. The Conversion of the Roman Jailer a Man belonging to a class “insensible as a rule and hardened by habit, and also disposed to despise the Jews, who were the bearers of the message of the gospel,” is one of those cases which illustrate its universality and power.

Jairus: a ruler of the Synagogue at Capernaum whose only Daughter Jesus restored to Life (Mrk 5:22;Luk 8:41). Entering into the Chamber of Death accompanied by Peter and James and John and the Father and mother of the maiden, he went forward to the Bed whereon the corpse lay, and said, Talitha cumi, i.e., “Maid, arise,” and immediately the Spirit of the maiden came to her again, and she arose straightway; and “at once to strengthen that Life which had come back to her, and to prove that she was indeed no ghost, but had returned to the realities of a mortal existence, he commanded to give her something to eat” (Mrk 5:43).

Jakeh: pious, the Father of Agur (Pro 30:1). Nothing is known of him.

Jakim: establisher. (1.) Chief of the twelfth priestly order (1 Chronicles 24:12).

(2.) A Benjamite (1 Chronicles 8:19).

(3.) Margin in Matthew 1:11 means Jehoiakim.

Jalon: lodger, the last of the four sons of Ezra, of the Tribe of Judah (1 Chronicles 4: 17).

Jamb: RES one of those who opposed Moses in Egypt (2 Timothy 3:8). (See Jannes )

James: , Epistle OF (1.) Author of, was James the Less, the Lord’s Brother one of the twelve apostles. He was one of the three pillars of the Church (Gal 2:9).

(Gal 2:2.) It was addressed to the Jews of the Dispersion “the twelve tribes scattered abroad.”

(Gal 2:3.) The Place and time of the Writing of the epistle were Jerusalem where James was residing, and, from internal evidence, the period between Paul’s two imprisonments at Rome probably about A.D. Gal 2:62.

(Gal 2:4.) The object of the writer was to enforce the practical duties of the Christian Life “The Jewish vices against which he warns them are, formalism, which made the service of God consist in washings and outward ceremonies, whereas he reminds them (Gal 1:27) that it consists rather in active Love and purity; fanaticism, which, under the Cloak of religious Zeal was tearing Jerusalem in Pieces (Gal 1:20); fatalism, which threw its sins on God (Gal 1:13); meanness, which crouched before the rich (Gal 2:2); falsehood, which had made words and oaths play-things (Gal 3:2-12); partisanship (Gal 3:14); evil speaking (Gal 4:11); boasting (Gal 4:16); oppression (Gal 5:4). ... The great lesson which he teaches them as Christians is patience, patience in trial (Gal 1:2), patience in good Works (Gal 1:22-25), patience under provocation (Gal 3:17), patience under oppression (Gal 5:7), patience under Persecution (Gal 5:10); and the Ground of their patience is that the Coming of the Lord draweth nigh, which is to right all wrong (Gal 5:8).”

“Justification by Works ” which James contends for, is Justification before Man the Justification of our profession of Faith by a consistent Life Paul contends for the doctrine of “justification by Faith ” but that is Justification before God a being regarded and accepted as just by virtue of the righteousness of Christ which is received by Faith

Jannes: one of the Egyptians who “withstood Moses” (2 Timothy 3:8).

Janoah: or Jano’hah, Rest (1.) A town on the north-eastern border of Ephraim in the Jordan Valley (Jos 16:6, Jos 16:7). Identified with the modern Yanun, Jos 16:8 miles south-east of Nablus.

(Jos 16:2.) A town of Northern Palestine within the boundaries of Naphtali It was taken by the King of Assyria (2Ki 15:29).

Janum: slumber, a town in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:53).

Japheth: wide spreading: “God shall enlarge Japheth” (Hebrews Yaphat Elohim le-Yephet,Gen 9:27. Some, however, derive the name from yaphah, “to be Beautiful ” hence white), one of the sons of Noah mentioned last in order (Gen 5:32; Gen 6:10; Gen 7:13), perhaps first by Birth (Gen 10:21; comp. Gen 9:24). He and his Wife were two of the eight saved in the Ark (1Pe 3:20). He was the progenitor of many tribes inhabiting the East of Europe and the North of Asia (Gen 10:2-5). An act of filial Piety (Gen 9:20-27) was the occasion of Noah’s Prophecy of the extension of his posterity.

After the Flood the earth was re-peopled by the descendants of Noah “the sons of Japheth” (Gen 10:2), “the sons of Ham” (Gen 10:6), and “the sons of Shem” (Gen 10:22). ... It is important to notice that modern ethnological science, reasoning from a careful analysis of facts, has arrived at the conclusion that there is a three-fold division of the human family, corresponding in a remarkable way with the great ethnological Chapter of the book of Genesis (Gen 10:10). The three great races thus distinguished are called the Semitic, Aryan, and Turanian (Allophylian). “Setting aside the cases where the ethnic names employed are of doubtful application, it cannot reasonably be questioned that the author [Of 10:10] has in his account of the sons of Japheth classed together the Cymry or Celts (Gomer), the Medes (Madai), and the Ionians or Greeks (Javan), thereby anticipating what has become known in modern times as the ‘Indo-European Theory,’ or the essential unity of the Aryan (Asiatic) race with the principal races of Europe, indicated by the Celts and the Ionians. Nor can it be doubted that he has thrown together under the one head of ‘children of Shem’ the Assyrians (Asshur), the Syrians (Aram), the Hebrews (Eber), and the Joktanian Arabs (Joktan), four of the principal races which modern ethnology recognizes under the heading of ‘Semitic.’ Again, under the heading of ‘sons of Ham ’ the author has arranged ‘Cush’,

i.e., the Ethiopians; ‘Mizraim,’ the people of Egypt ‘Sheba and Dedan ’ or certain of the Southern Arabs; and ‘Nimrod,’ or the Ancient people of Babylon four races between which the latest linguistic researches have established a close affinity” (Rawlinson’s Hist. Illustrations).

Descendants of Japheth (gen. Of 10:1-5)

Japheth Gomer Magog Madai Javan Tubal Meshech Tiras Ashkenaz Riphath Togarmah Elisha Tarshish Kittim Dodanim

Japhia: splendid. (1.) The King of Lachish who joined in the confederacy against Joshua (Jos 10:3), and was defeated and slain. In one of the Amarna tablets he speaks of himself as King of Gezer Called also Horam (Jos 10:33).

(Jos 10:2.) One of the sons of David (Jos 10:2 Samuel Jos 5:15), bom in Jerusalem

(Jos 5:3.) A town in the southern boundary of Zebulum (Jos 19:12); now Yafa, Jos 19:2 miles south-west of Nazareth.

Japho: beauty, a sea-port in Dan (Jos 19:46); called Joppa (q.v.)In 19:2 Chronicles In 2:16;Ezr 3:7; Jonah Ezr 1:3; and in New Testament

Jared: descent. (1.) The fourth antediluvian Patriarch in descent from Seth (Gen 5:15-20; Luke Gen 3:37), the Father of EnochCal 3:1 Chronicles Cal 1:2.

(Cal 1:2.) A Son of Ezra probably (Cal 1:1 Chronicles Cal 4:18).

Jarib: an Adversary (1.) A Son of Simeon (1Ch 4:24).

(1Ch 4:2.) One of the chiefs sent by Ezra to bring up the priests to Jerusalem (Ezr 8:16).

(Ezr 8:3.)Ezr 10:18.

Jarmuth: height. (1.) A town in the Plain of Judah (Jos 15:35), originally the residence of one of the Canaanitish kings (Jos 10:3, Jos 10:5, Jos 10:23). It has been identified with the modem Yarmuk,A V 10:7 miles north-east of Beit-Jibrin.

(A V 10:2.) A Levitical City of the Tribe of Issachar (Jos 21:29), supposed by some to be the Ramah of Samuel (Jos 21:1 Samuel Jos 19:22).

Jashen: sleeping, called also Hashem (1 Chronicles 11:34); a person, several of whose sons were in David’s body-guard (2 Samuel 23:32).

Jasher: upright. “The Book of Jasher ” rendered in the LXX. “the Book of the Upright One,” by the Vulgate “the Book of Just Ones,” was probably a kind of national sacred song-book, a Collection of songs in praise of the heroes of Israel a “book of Golden deeds,” a national anthology. We have only two specimens from the book, (1) the words of Joshua which he spake to the Lord at the crisis of the battle of Beth-horon (Jos 10:12, Jos 10:13); and (Jos 10:2) “the Song of the Bow ” that Beautiful and touching mournful elegy which David composed on the occasion of the Death of Saul and Jonathan (Jos 10:2 Samuel Jos 1:18-27).

Jashobeam: dweller among the people; or to whom the people turn, the Hachmonite (1 Chronicles 11:11), one of David’s Chief heroes who joined him at Ziklag (12:6). He was the first of the three who broke through the Host of the Philistines to fetch Water to David from the well of Bethlehem (2Sa 23:13-17). He is also called Adino the Eznite (2Sa 23:8).

Jashub: returner. (1.) The third of Issachar’ s four sons (1Ch 7:1); called also Job (Gen 46:13).

(Gen 46:2.)Ezr 10:29.

Jason: he that Will cure, the Host of Paul and Silas in Thessalonica The Jews assaulted his House in order to seize Paul but failing to find him, they dragged Jason before the ruler of the City (Act 17:5-9). He was apparently one of the kinsmen of Paul (Rom 16:21), and accompanied him from Thessalonica to Corinth

Jasper: (Hebrews yashpheh, “glittering”), a gem of various colours, one of the twelve inserted in the High priest’s breast-plate (Exo 28:20). It is named in the Building of the New Jerusalem (Rev 21:18, Rev 21:19). It was most precious,” “clear as crystal” (Rev 21:11). It was emblematic of the Glory of God (Rev 4:3).

Jattir: pre-eminent, a City in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:48; Jos 21:14).

Javan: (1.) The fourth “son” of Japheth (Gen 10:2), whose descendants settled in Greece i.e., Ionia, which bears the name of Javan in Hebrew Alexander the Great is called the “king of Javan” (rendered “Grecia,”Dan 8:21; Dan 10:20; comp. Dan 11:2;Zec 9:13). This Word was universally used by the nations of the East as the generic name of the Greek race.

(Zec 9:2.) A town or district of Arabia Felix, from which the Syrians obtained Iron Cassia and Calamus (Ezk 27:19).

Javelin: (1.) Hebrews hanith, a lance, from its flexibility (1Sa 18:10, 1Sa 18:11; 1Sa 19:9, 1Sa 19:10; 1Sa 20:33).

(1Sa 20:2.) Hebrews romah, a lance for heavy-armed troops, so called from its piercing (Num 25:7). (See ARMS.)

JAW-

Bone: of an Ass afforded Samson a weapon for the great slaughter of the Philistines (Judges 15.15), in which he slew a thousand men. In verse 19 the Authorized Version reads, “God clave a hollow Place that was in the jaw, and there came Water thereout.” This is a mis-translation of the words. The rendering should be as in the Revised Version “God clave the hollow Place that is in Lehi ” etc., Lehi (q.v.) being the name of the Hill where this conflict was waged, possibly so called because it was in shape like a jaw-bone.

Jealousy: , Waters OF Water which the suspected Wife was required to Drink so that the result might prove her guilt or innocence (Num 5:12-17, Num 5:27). We have no record of this form of trial having been actually resorted to.

Jearim: City of jaars; i.e., of woods or forests, a Gibeonite town (Jos 9:17) on the border of Benjamin to which Tribe it was assigned (Jos 18:15, Jos 18:28). The Ark was brought to this Place (Jos 18:1 Samuel Jos 7:1, Jos 7:2) from Beth-shemesh and Put in charge of Abinadab a Levite Here it remained till it was removed by David to Jerusalem (Jos 7:2 Samuel Jos 6:2, Jos 6:3, Jos 6:12; Jos 6:1 Chronicles Jos 15:1-29; comp.Psa 15:132). It was also called Baalah (Jos 15:9) and Kirjath-baal (Jos 15:60). It has been usually identified with Kuriet el-‘Enab (i.e., “city of grapes”), among the hills,Abo 15:8 miles north-east of ‘Ain Shems (i.e., Beth-shemesh). ... The opinion, however, that it is to be identified with ‘Erma, Abo 15:4 miles East of ‘Ain Shems, on the edge of the Valley of Sorek seems to be better supported. (See KIRJATH.)

The 132:6, “We found it in the fields of the Wood ” refer to the sojourn of the Ark at Kirjath-jearim. “Wood” is here the rendering of the Hebrew Word jaar, which is the singular of Jearim

KlRJATH-

Jebus: trodden hard, or fastness, or “the waterless hill”, the name of the Canaanitish City which stood on Mount Zion (Jos 15:8; Jos 18:16, Jos 18:28). It is identified with Jerusalem (q.v.)In 19:10, and with the Castle or City of David (In 19:1 Chronicles In 11:4,In 11:5). It was a Place of great natural strength, and its capture was one of David’s most brilliant achievements (2Sa 5:8).

Jebusites: the name of the original inhabitants of Jebus mentioned frequently among the Seven nations doomed to Destruction (Gen 10:16; Gen 15:21; Exodus Gen 3:8, Gen 3:17; Gen 13:5, etc.). At the time of the arrival of the Israelites in Palestine they were ruled by Adonizedek (Jos 10:1, Jos 10:23). They were defeated by Joshua and their King was slain; but they were not entirely driven out of Jebus till the time of David who made it the capital of his Kingdom instead of Hebron The site on which the Temple was afterwards built belonged to Araunah a Jebusite, from whom it was purchased by David who refused to accept it as a free Gift (Jos 10:2 Samuel Jos 24:16-25; Jos 24:1 Chronicles Jos 21:24, Jos 21:25).

Jecoliah: able through Jehovah the Wife of King Amaziah and mother of King Uzziah (2Ch 26:3).

Jedaiah: (1.) Invoker of Jehovah The Son of Shimri a Chief Simeonite (1Ch 4:37).

(1Ch 4:2.) One of those who repaired the walls of Jerusalem after the return from Babylon (Neh 3:10).

(Neh 3:3.) Knowing Jehovah The Chief of one of the Courses of the priests (1Ch 24:7).

(1Ch 24:4.) A Priest in Jerusalem after the Exile (1Ch 9:10).

Jedlael: known by God (1.) One of the sons of Benjamin whose descendants numbered 17,200 warriors (1Ch 7:6, 1Ch 7:10, 1Ch 7:11).

(1Ch 7:2.) A Shimrite, one of David’s bodyguard (1Ch 7:1 1Ch 1:45).Pro 12:20.

(Pro 12:3.) A Korhite of the family of Ebiasaph, and one of the gate-keepers to the Temple (1Ch 26:2).

Jedidiah: beloved by Jehovah the name which, by the mouth of Nathan the Lord gave to Solomon at his Birth as a token of the divine favour (2Sa 12:25).

Jeduthun: lauder; praising, a Levite of the family of Merari and one of the three masters of Music appointed by David (1Ch 16:41, 1Ch 16:42; 1Ch 25:1-6).He 25:2Chr 35:15 “the king’s Seer ” His descendants are mentioned as singers and players on instruments (Neh 11:17). He was probably the same as Ethan (1Ch 15:17, 1Ch 15:19).In 15:39, In 15:62,And 15:77, the words “upon Jeduthun” probably denote a musical instrument; or they may denote the style or tune invented or introduced by Jeduthun or that the psalm was to be sung by his choir.

Jehaleleel: praiser of God (1.) A descendant of Judah (1 Chronicles 4:16).

(2.) A Levite of the family of Merari (2 Chronicles 29: 12).

Jehdeiah: rejoicer in Jehovah (1.) One of the Levitical attendants at the Temple a descendant of Shubael (1 Chronicles 24:20).

(2.) A Meronothite Herdsman of the asses under David and Solomon (1 Chronicles 27:30).

Jehiel: God’s Living one. (1.) The Father of Gibeon (1 Chronicles 9:35). (2.) One of David’s Guard (1 Chronicles 11:44).

(3.) One of the Levites “of the second degree,” appointed to conduct the Music on the occasion of the ark’s being removed to Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 15:18, 20).

(4.) A Hachmonite, a tutor in the family of David toward the close of his reign (1 Chronicles 27:32).

(5.) The second of Jehoshaphat’s six sons (2 Chronicles 21:2).

(6.) One of the Levites of the family of Heman who assisted Hezekiah in his work of reformation (2 Chronicles 29: 14).

(7.) A “prince” and “ruler of the House of God” who contributed liberally to the renewal of the Temple sacrifices under Josiah (2 Chronicles 35:8).

(8.) The Father of Obadiah (Ezr 8:9).

(Ezr 8:9.) One of the “sons” of Elam (Ezr 10:26).

(Ezr 10:10.)Ezr 10:21.

Jehizkiah: Jehovah strengthens, one of the chiefs of Ephraim (2Ch 28:12).

Jehoaddan: Jehovah his ornament, the Wife of King Jehoash and mother of King Amaziah (2Ki 14:2).

Jehoahaz: Jehovah his sustainer, or he whom Jehovah holdeth. (1.) The youngest Son of Jehoram King of Judah (2 Chronicles 21:17; 22:1, 6, 8, 9); usually Ahaziah (q.v.).

(2.) The Son and successor of Jehu King of Israel (2Ki 10:35). He reigned seventeen years, and followed the evil ways of the House of Jeroboam The Syrians, under Hazael and Benhadad, prevailed over him, but were at length driven out of the land by his Son Jehoash (2Ki 13:1-9, 2Ki 13:25).

(2Ki 13:3.) Josiah’s third Son usually called Shallum (2Ki 13:1 Chronicles 2Ki 3:15). He succeeded his Father on the Throne and reigned over Judah for three months (2Ki 23:31, 2Ki 23:34). He fell into the idolatrous ways of his predecessors (2Ki 23:32), was deposed by Pharaoh-Necho from the Throne and carried away prisoner into Egypt where he died in Captivity (2Ki 23:33, 2Ki 23:34; Jeremiah 2Ki 22:10-12; 2Ki 22:2 Chronicles 2Ki 36:1-4).

Jehoash: Jehovah-given. (1.) The Son of King Ahaziah While yet an infant, he was saved from the general massacre of the family by his aunt Jehosheba and was apparently the only surviving descendant of Solomon (2 Chronicles 21:4, 17). His uncle, the High Priest Jehoiada brought him forth to public notice when he was eight years of Age and crowned and anointed him King of Judah with the usual ceremonies. Athaliah was taken by surprise when she heard the shout of the people, “Long live the King ” and when she appeared in the Temple Jehoiada commanded her to be led forth to Death (2Ki 11:13-20). While the High Priest lived, Jehoash favoured the Worship of God and observed the Law but on his Death he fell away into evil Courses and the land was defiled with Idolatry Zechariah the Son and successor of the High Priest was Put to Death These evil deeds brought down on the land the judgement of God and it was oppressed by the Syrian invaders. ... He is one of the three kings omitted by Matthew (2Ki 1:8) in the genealogy of Christ the other two being Ahaziah and Amaziah He was buried in the City of David (2Ki 12:21). (See Joash [2Ki 12:4].)

(2Ki 12:2.) The Son and successor of Jehoahaz King of Israel (2Ki 14:1; comp. 2Ki 12:1; 2Ki 13:10). When he ascended the Throne the Kingdom was suffering from the invasion of the Syrians. Hazael “was Cutting Israel short.” He tolerated the Worship of the Golden calves, yet seems to have manifested a character of sincere devotion to the God of his fathers. He held the Prophet Elisha in honour, and wept by his bedside when he was dying, addressing him in the words Elisha himself had used when Elijah was carried up into Heaven “O my Father my Father the Chariot of Israel and the horsemen thereof.” He was afterwards involved in war with Amaziah the King of Judah (2Ki 13:2 Chronicles 2Ki 25:23-24), whom he utterly defeated at Beth-shemesh, on the borders of Dan and Philistia, and advancing on Jerusalem broke down a portion of the Wall and carried away the treasures of the Temple and the Palace He soon after died (B.C. 2Ki 25:825), and was buried in Samaria (2Ki 14:1-17, 2Ki 14:19, 2Ki 14:20). He was succeeded by his Son (See Joash [2Ki 14:5.].)

Jehohanan: Jehovah-granted, Jeroboam II. (1.) A Korhite, the head of one of the divisions of the Temple porters (1Ch 26:3).

(1Ch 26:2.) One of Jehoshaphat’s “captains” (2Ch 17:15).

(2Ch 17:3.) The Father of Azariah (2Ch 28:12).

(2Ch 28:4.) The Son of Tobiah an enemy of the Jews (Neh 6:18).

(Neh 6:5.)Neh 12:42.

(Neh 12:6.)Neh 12:13.

Jehoiachin: succeeded his Father Jehoiakin (B.C. 599) when only eight years of Age and reigned for one hundred days (2 Chronicles 36:9). He is also called Jeconiah (Jer 24:1; Jer 27:20, etc.), and Coniah (Jer 22:24; Jer 37:1). He was succeeded by his uncle, Mattaniah = Zedekiah (q.v.). He was the last direct Heir to the Jewish Crown He was carried Captive to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar along with the flower of the nobility, all the leading men in Jerusalem and a great body of the general population, some thirteen thousand in all (2Ki 24:12-16; Jeremiah 2Ki 52:28). After an imprisonment of thirty-seven years (Jer 52:31, Jer 52:33), he was liberated by Evil-merodach, and permitted to occupy a Place in the king’s household and sit at his table, receiving “every Day a portion until the Day of his Death all the days of his life” (Jer 52:32-34).

Jehoiada: Jehovah-known. (1.) The Father of Benaiah who was one of David’s Chief warriors (2Sa 8:18; 2Sa 20:23).

(2Sa 20:2.) The High Priest at the time of Athaliah’s usurpation of the Throne of Judah He married Jehosheba or Jehoshabeath, the Daughter of King Jehoram (2Ch 22:11), and took an active part along with his Wife in the preservation and training of Jehoash when Athaliah slew all the royal family of Judah

The 22:2Kin 11:2; Kin 12:2;2Ch 22:11; 2Ch 23:24. He was among the foremost of the benefactors of the Kingdom and at his Death was buried in the City of David among the kings of Judah (2Ch 24:15, 2Ch 24:16). He is said to have been one hundred and thirty years Old

jEHOIAKIMhe

Jehoiarib: Jehovah defends, a Priest at Jerusalem head of one of the sacerdotal Courses (1 Chronicles 9:10; 24:7). His “course” went up from Babylon after the Exile (Ezr 2:36-39; Nehemiah Ezr 7:39-42).

Jehonadab: Jehovah is liberal; or, whom Jehovah impels. (1.) A Son of Shimeah and nephew of David It was he who gave the fatal wicked advice to Amnon the Heir to the Throne (2 Samuel 13:3-6). He was very “subtil,” but unprincipled.

(2.) A Son of Rechab the founder of a Tribe who bound themselves by a vow to abstain from wine (Jer 35:6-19). There were different settlements of Rechabites (Jdg 1:16; Jdg 4:11; Jdg 4:1 Chronicles Jdg 2:55). (See Rechab ITE.) His interview and Alliance with JehuAre 2:2Kin 10:15-23. He went with Jehu in his Chariot to Samaria

Jehonathan: whom Jehovah gave. (1.) One of the stewards of David’s store-houses (1 Chronicles 27:25).

(2.) A Levite who taught the Law to the people of Judah (2 Chronicles 17:8).

(3.) Nehemiah 12:18.

Jehoram: Jehovah-exalted. (1.) Son of Toi, King of Hamath sent by his Father to congratulate David on the occasion of his victory over Hadadezer (2Sa 8:10).

(2Sa 8:2.) A Levite of the family of Gershom (2Sa 8:1 Chronicles 2Sa 26:25).

(2Sa 26:3.) A Priest sent by Jehoshaphat to instructruct the people in Judah (2Sa 26:2 Chronicles 2Sa 17:8).

(2Sa 17:4.) The Son of Ahab and Jezebel and successor to his Brother Ahaziah on the Throne of Israel He reigned twelve years, B.C.896 17:884 (2Ki 1:17; 2Ki 3:1). His first work was to reduce to subjection the Moabites, who had asserted their independence in the reign of his Brother Jehoshaphat King of Judah assisted Jehoram in this effort. ... He was further helped by his ally the King of Edom Elisha went forth with the confederated Army (2Ki 3:1-19), and at the solicitation of Jehoshaphat encouraged the Army with the Assurance from the Lord of a speedy victory. The Moabites under Mesha their King were utterly routed and their cities destroyed. At Kir-haraseth Mesha made a final stand. The Israelites refrained from pressing their victory further, and returned to their own land.

Elisha afterwards again befriended Jehoram when a war broke out between the Syrians and Israel and in a remarkable way brought that war to a bloodless close (2Ki 6:23). But Jehoram becoming confident in his own power, sank into Idolatry and brought upon himself and his land another Syrian invasion, which led to great suffering and distress in Samaria (2Ki 6:24-33). By a remarkable providential interposition the City was saved from utter Destruction and the Syrians were Put to flight (2Ki 7:6-15).

Jehoram was wounded in a battle with the Syrians at Ramah, and obliged to return to Jezreel (2Ki 8:29; 2Ki 9:14, 2Ki 9:15), and soon after the Army proclaimed their leader Jehu King of Israel and revolted from their allegiance to Jehoram (2Ki 9:9). Jehoram was pierced by an arrow from Jehu’s Bow on the piece of Ground at Jezreel which Ahab had taken from Naboth and there he died (2Ki 9:21-29).

(2Ki 9:5.) The eldest Son and successor of Jehoshaphat King of Judah He reigned eight years (B.C.892 9:885) alone as King of Judah having been previously for some years associated with his Father (892 9:2 Chronicles 892 21:5, 892 21:20;2Ki 8:16). His Wife was Athaliah the Daughter of Ahab and Jezebel His Daughter Jehosheba was married to the High Priest Jehoiada He sank into gross Idolatry and brought upon himself and his Kingdom the Anger of Jehovah The Edomites revolted from under his Yoke and the Philistines and the Arabians and Cushites invaded the land, and carried away great spoil, along with Jehoram’s wives and all his children, except Ahaziah He died a painful Death from a fearful malady, and was refused a Place in the Sepulchre of the kings (2Ki 8:16-24; 2Ki 8:2 Chronicles 2Ki 8:21).

Jehoshaphat: , Valley OL mentioned in Scripture only in Joel 3:2, 12. This is the name given in modern times to the Valley between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives, and the Kidron flows through it. Here Jehoshaphat overthrew the confederated enemies of Israel (Psa 83:6-8); and in this Valley also God was to overthrow the Tyrians, Zidonians, etc. (Jol 3:4, Jol 3:19), with an utter overthrow. This has been fulfilled; but Joel speaks of the final conflict, when God would destroy all Jerusalem’s enemies, of whom Tyre and Zidon, etc., were types. The “valley of Jehoshaphat” may therefore be simply regarded as a general term for the Theatre of God’s final Judgments on the enemies of Israel

This Valley has from Ancient times been used by the Jews as a burial-ground. It is all over paved with flat Stones as tombstones, bearing on them Hebrew inscriptions.

Jehosheba: Jehovah-swearing, the Daughter of Jehoram the King of Israel She is called Jehoshabeath in 2 Chronicles She 22:11. She was the only princess of the royal House who was married to a High Priest Jehoiada (She 22:2 Chronicles She 22:11).

Jehovah: the special and significant name (not merely an appellative title such as Lord [adonai]) by which God revealed himself to the Ancient Hebrews (Exo 6:2, Exo 6:3). This name, the Tetragrammaton of the Greeks, was held by the later Jews to be so sacred that it was never pronounced except by the High Priest on the great Day of Atonement when he entered into the most Holy Place Whenever this name occurred in the sacred books they pronounced it, as they still do, “Adonai” (i.e., Lord), thus using another Word in its stead. The Massorets gave to it the vowel-points appropriate to this Word This Jewish practice was founded on a false interpretation of Leviticus Exo 24:16. The meaning of the Word appears from Exodus Exo 3:14 to be “the unchanging, Eternal self-existent God ” the “I am that I am,” a convenant-keeping God (Comp. ... Malachi Exo 3:6; Hos. Exo 12:5; Revelation Exo 1:4, Exo 1:8.)

The Hebrew name “Jehovah” is generally translated in the Authorized Version (and the Revised Version has not departed from this rule) by the Word Lord printed in small capitals, to distinguish it from the rendering of the Hebrew Adonai and the Greek Kurios, which are also rendered Lord but printed in the usual type. The Hebrew Word is translated “Jehovah” only in Exodus Exo 6:3;Psa 83:18; Isaiah Psa 12:2; Psa 26:4, and in the compound names mentioned below.

It is worthy of notice that this name is never used in the LXX., the Samaritan Pentateuch the Apocrypha or in the New Testament It is found, however, on the “Moabite stone” (q.v.), and consequently it must have been in the days of Mesba so commonly pronounced by the Hebrews as to be familiar to their Heathen neighbours.

jEHOVAH-

Jireh: Jehovah Will see; i.e., Will provide, the name given by Abraham to the scene of his Offering up the Ram which was caught in the thicket on Mount Moriah The 22:14, “in the Mount of the Lord it shall be seen,” has been regarded as equivalent to the saying, “Man’s extremity is God’s opportunity.”

JEHOVAH-

Nissi: Jehovah my Banner the title given by Moses to the Altar which he erected on the Hill on the top of which he stood with uplifted hands while Israel prevailed over their enemies the Amalekites (Exo 17:15).

JEHOVAH-

Shalom: Jehovah send Peace the name which Gideon gave to the Altar he erected on the spot at Ophrah where the Angel appeared to him (Jdg 6:24).

JEHOVAH-

Shammah: desert. (1.) One of the “dukes” of Edom (Gen 36:13, Gen 36:17).

(Gen 36:2.) One of the sons of Jesse (1Sa 16:9). He is also called Shimeah (2Sa 13:3) and Shimma (1Ch 2:13).

(1Ch 2:3.) One of David’s three mighty men (2Sa 23:11, 2Sa 23:12).

(2Sa 23:4.) One of David’s mighties (2Sa 23:25); called also Shammoth (1Ch 11:27) and Shamhuth (1Ch 27:8).

Tsidkenu: Jehovah our rightousness, rendered in the Authorized Version “The Lord our righteousness,” a title given to the Messiah (Jer 23:6, marg.), and also to Jerusalem (Jer 33:16, marg.).

Jehozabad: Jehovah-given. (1.) The Son of Obed-edom (1 Chronicles 26:4), one of the Levite porters.

(2.) The Son of Shomer one of the two conspirators who Put King Jehoash to Death in Millo in Jerusalem (2Ki 12:21).

(2Ki 12:3.) 2Ki 12:2 Chronicles 2Ki 17:18.

Jehozadak: Jehovah-justified, the Son of the High Priest Seraiah at the time of the Babylonian exile (1 Chronicles 6:14, 15). He was carried into Captivity by Nebuchadnezzar and probably died in Babylon He was the Father of Jeshua or Joshua who returned with Zerubbabel

Jehu: Jehovah is he. (1.) The Son of Obed and Father of Azariah (1 Chronicles 2:38).

(2.) One of the Benjamite slingers that joined David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:3).

(3.) The Son of Hanani a Prophet of Judah (1Ki 16:1, 1Ki 16:7; 1Ki 16:2 Chronicles 1Ki 19:2; 1Ki 20:34), who pronounced the sentence of God against Baasha the King of Israel

(1Ki 20:4.) King of Israel the Son of Jehoshaphat (2Ki 9:2), and grandson of Nimshi. The story of his exaltation to the Throne is deeply interesting. During the progress of a war against the Syrians, who were becoming more and more troublesome to Israel in a battle at Ramoth-gilead Jehoram the King of Israel had been wounded; and leaving his Army there, had returned to Jezreel whither his ally, Ahaziah King of Judah had also gone on a visit of sympathy with him (2Ki 8:28, 2Ki 8:29). ... The commanders, being Left in charge of the conduct of the war, met in Council and while engaged in their deliberations, a Messenger from Elisha appeared in the Camp and taking Jehu from the Council led him into a secret Chamber and there anointed him King over Israel and immediately retired and disappeared (2Ki 9:5, 2Ki 9:6). On being interrogated by his companions as to the object of this mysterious visitor, he informed them of what had been done, when immediately, with the utmost enthusiasm, they blew their Trumpets and proclaimed him King (2Ki 9:11-14). He then with a Chosen band set forth with all speed to Jezreel where, with his own Hand he slew Jehoram shooting him through the heart with an arrow (2Ki 9:24). The King of Judah when trying to escape, was fatally wounded by one of Jehu’s soldiers at Beth-gan. On entering the City Jehu commanded the eunchs of the royal Palace to cast down Jezebel into the Street where her mangled body was trodden under foot by the horses. Jehu was now master of Jezreel whence he communicated with the persons in authority in Samaria the capital, commanding them to appear before him on the morrow with the heads of all the royal princes of Samaria Accordingly on the morrow Seventy heads were piled up in two heaps at his Gate At “the shearing-house” (2Ki 10:12-14) other forty-two connected with the House of Ahab were Put to Death (2Ki 10:14). As Jehu rode on toward Samaria he met Jehonadab (q.v.), whom he took into his Chariot and they entered the capital together. By a cunning stratagem he cut off all the worshippers of Baal found in Samaria (2Ki 10:19-25), and destroyed the Temple of the Idol (2Ki 10:27).

Notwithstanding all this apparent Zeal for the Worship of Jehovah Jehu yet tolerated the Worship of the Golden calves at Dan and Bethel. For this the divine displeasure rested upon him, and his Kingdom suffered disaster in war with the Syrians (2Ki 10:29-33). He died after a reign of twenty-eight years (B.C.884 10:856), and was buried in Samaria (884 10:34-36). “He was one of those decisive, terrible, and ambitious, yet prudent, calculating, and passionless men whom God from time to time raises up to change the fate of empires and execute his Judgments on the earth.” He was the first Jewish King who came in contact with the Assyrian power in the time of Shalmaneser II.

Jehucal: able, the Son of Shelemiah He is also called Jucal (Jer 38:1). He was one of the two persons whom Zedekiah sent to request the Prophet Jeremiah to pray for the Kingdom (Jer 37:3) during the time of its final siege by Nebuchadnezzar He was accompanied by Zephaniah (q.v.).

Jehudi: a Jew Son of Nethaniah He was sent by the princes to invite Baruch to read Jeremiah’s roll to them (Jer 36:14, Jer 36:21).

Fjel: snatched away by God (1.) A descendant of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 9:35; 8:29).

(2.) One of the Levites who took part in praising God on the removal of the Ark to Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 16:5).

(3.) 2 Chronicles 29:13. A Levite of the sons of Asaph.

(4.) 2 Chronicles 26:11. A scribe.

(5.) 1 Chronicles 5:7. A Reubenite Chief

(6.) One of the Chief Levites, who made an Offering for the restoration of the Passover by Josiah (2 Chronicles 35:9).

(7.)Ezr 8:13.

(Ezr 8:8.)Ezr 10:43.

Jemima: dove, the eldest of Job’s three daughters Born after his time of trial (Job 42:14).

Jephthah: ’S VOW (Jdg 11:30, Jdg 11:31). After a crushing defeat of the Ammonites, Jephthah returned to his own House and the first to welcome him was his own Daughter This was a terrible blow to the victor, and in his despair he cried out, “Alas, my daughter! thou hast brought me very low. ..I have opened my mouth unto the Lord and cannot go back.” With singular nobleness of Spirit she answered, “Do to me according to that which Hath proceeded out of thy mouth.” She only asked two months to bewail her maidenhood with her companions upon the mountains. She utters no reproach against her father’s rashness, and is content to yield her Life since her Father has returned a conqueror. But was it so? Did Jephthah offer up his Daughter as a “burnt-offering”? This question has been much debated, and there are many able commentators who argue that such a Sacrifice was actually offered. ... We are constrained, however, by a consideration of Jephthah’ s known Piety as a true Worshipper of Jehovah his evident acquaintance with the Law of Moses to which such sacrifices were abhorrent (Lev 18:21; Lev 20:2-5;Deu 12:31), and the Place he holds in the roll of the heroes of the Faith in the Epistle to the Hebrews (Deu 11:32), to conclude that she was only doomed to a Life of perpetual celibacy.

Jephunneh: nimble, or a beholder. (1.) The Father of Caleb who was Joshua’s companion in exploring Canaan (Num 13:6), a Kenezite (Jos 14:14). (Jos 14:2.) One of the descendants of Asher (Jos 14:1 Chronicles Jos 7:38).

Jerahmeel: loving God (1.) The Son of Hezron the Brother of Caleb (1 Chronicles 2:9, 25, 26, etc.).

(2.) The Son of Kish, a Levite (1 Chronicles 24:29).

(3.) Son of Hammelech (Jer 36:26).

Jeremiah: , Book OF consists of twenty-three separate and independent sections, arranged in five books. I. The introduction, ch. 1. II. Reproofs of the sins of the Jews, consisting of Seven sections, (1.) ch. 2; (2.) ch. 3-6; (3.) ch. 7-10; (4.) ch. 11-13; (5.) ch.14 17:18; (14 17:6.) ch. 14 17:19-ch. 14 17:20; (14 17:7.) ch.21 17:24. III. A general review of all nations, in two sections, (21 17:1.) ch.46 17:49; (46 17:2.) ch. 46 17:25; with an historical appendix of three sections, (46 17:1.) ch. 46 17:26; (46 17:2.) ch. 46 17:27; (46 17:3.) ch. 46 17:28, 46 17:29. IV. Two sections picturing the hopes of better times, (46 17:1.) ch. 46 17:30, 46 17:31; (46 17:2.) ch. ... 46 17:32,46 17:33; to which is added an historical appendix in three sections, (46 17:1.) ch. 46 34:1-7; (46 34:2.) ch. 46 34:8-22; (46 34:3.) ch. 46 34:35. V. The conclusion, in two sections, (46 34:1.) ch. 46 34:36; (46 34:2.) ch. 46 34:45.

In Egypt after an interval, Jeremiah is supposed to have added three sections, viz., ch.37 34:39;40 34:43;And 34:44.

The 23:1-8; The 31:31-40;And 33:14-26.

Jeremiah’s prophecies are noted for the frequent repetitions found in them of the same words and phrases and Imagery The 33:30 years. They are not recorded in the order of time. When and under what circumstances this book assumed its present form we know not.

The LXX. Version of this book is, in its arrangement and in other particulars, singularly at variance with the original. The LXX.Omi 10:6-8; Omi 27:19-22; Omi 29:16-20; Omi 33:14-26; Omi 39:4-13; Omi 52:2, Omi 52:3, Omi 52:15,28 52:30, etc.Abo 52:2,Abo 52:700 words in all of the original are omitted. These omissions, etc., are capricious and arbitrary, and render the Version unreliable.

Jericho: place of fragrance, a Fenced City in the midst of a vast Grove of Palm trees, in the Plain of Jordan over against the Place where that River was crossed by the Israelites (Jos 3:16). Its site was near the ‘Ain es-Sultan, Elisha’s Fountain (2Ki 2:19-22),Abo 2:5 miles west of Jordan It was the most important City in the Jordan Valley (Num 22:1; Num 34:15), and the strongest fortress in all the land of Canaan It was the Key to Western Palestine

This City was taken in a very remarkable manner by the Israelites (Jos 34:6). God gave it into their hands. The City was “accursed” (Hebrews herem, “devoted” to Jehovah), and accordingly (Jos 6:17; comp. ... Leviticus Jos 27:28, Jos 27:29;Deu 13:16) all the inhabitants and all the spoil of the City were to be destroyed, “only the Silver and the Gold and the vessels of Brass and of iron” were reserved and “put into the Treasury of the House of Jehovah” (Jos 6:24; comp.Num 31:22, Num 31:23,50 31:54). Only Rahab “and her father’s household, and all that she had,” were preserved from Destruction according to the promise of the Spies (Jos 2:14). In one of the Amama tablets Adoni-zedec (q.v.) writes to the King of Egypt informing him that the ‘Abiri (Hebrews) had prevailed, and had taken the fortress of Jericho and were plundering “all the king’s lands.” It would seem that the Egyptian troops had before this been withdrawn from Palestine

This City was given to the Tribe of Benjamin (Jos 18:21), and it was inhabited in the time of the Judges (Jdg 3:13;2Sa 10:5). It is not again mentioned till the time of David (2Sa 10:5). “Children of Jericho”Wer 2:34; Nehemiah Wer 7:36). Hiel (q.v.) the Bethelite attempted to make it once more a fortified City (1Ki 16:34). Between the beginning and the End of his undertaking all his children were cut off.

In New Testament times Jericho stood some distance to the south-east of the Ancient one, and near the opening of the Valley of Achor. It was a rich and flourishing town, having a considerable trade, and celebrated for the Palm trees which adorned the Plain around. It was visited by our Lord on his last Journey to Jerusalem Here he gave sight to two Blind men (Mat 20:29-34;Mrk 10:46-52), and brought Salvation to the House of Zacchaeus the Publican (Luk 19:2-10).

The poor hamlet of er-Riha, the representative of modern Jericho is situated some two miles farther to the East It is in a ruinous condition,Hav 19:1840. “The soil of the Plain ” about the middle of which the Ancient City stood, “is unsurpassed in fertility; there is abundance of Water for Irrigation and many of the Old aqueducts are almost perfect; yet nearly the whole Plain is waste and desolate... The climate of Jericho is exceedingly hot and unhealthy. This is accounted for by the depression of the PlainWhi 19:1,Whi 19:200 feet below the level of the Sea ”

There were three different Jerichos, on three different sites, the Jericho of Joshua the Jericho of Herod and the Jericho of the Crusades. Er-Riha, the modern Jericho dates from the time of the Crusades. Dr. Bliss has found in a hollow scooped out for some purpose or other near the foot of the biggest mound above the Sultan’s Spring specimens of Amorite or pre-Israelitish Pottery precisely identical with what he had discovered on the site of Ancient Lachish He also traced in this Place for a short distance a mud brick Wall in situ, which he supposes to be the very Wall that fell before the Trumpets of Joshua The Wall is not far from the foot of the great precipice of Quarantania and its numerous caverns, and the Spies of Joshua could easily have fled from the City and been speedily hidden in these fastnesses.

Jerimoth: heights. (1.) One of the sons of Bela (1 Chronicles 7:7).

(2.) 1 Chronicles 24:30, a Merarite Levite

(3.) A Benjamite slinger who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:5).

(4.) A Levitical Musician under Heman his Father (1 Chronicles 25:4).

(5.) 1 Chronicles 27:19, ruler of Naphtali

(6.) One of David’s sons (2 Chronicles 11:18).

(7.) A Levite one of the overseers of the Temple offerings (2 Chronicles3 1:13) in the reign of Hezekiah.

Jeroboam: increase of the people. (1.) The Son of Nebat (1Ki 11:26-39), “an Ephrathite ” the first King of the ten tribes, over whom he reigned twenty-two years (B.C.976 11:945). He was the Son of a widow of Zereda, and while still young was promoted by Solomon to be Chief superintendent of the “burnden”, i.e., of the Bands of forced labourers. Influenced by the words of the Prophet Ahijah he began to form conspiracies with the view of becoming King of the ten tribes; but these having been discovered, he fled to Egypt (1Ki 11:29-40), where he remained for a length of time under the protection of Shishak I. On the Death of Solomon the ten tribes, having revolted, sent to invite him to become their King The conduct of Rehoboam favoured the designs of Jeroboam and he was accordingly proclaimed “king of Israel” (1Ki 12:1-20). ... He rebuilt and fortified Shechem as the capital of his Kingdom He at once adopted means to perpetuate the division thus made between the two parts of the Kingdom and erected at Dan and Bethel, the two extremities of his Kingdom “golden calves,” which he set up as symbols of Jehovah enjoining the people not any more to go up to Worship at Jerusalem but to bring their offerings to the Shrines he had erected. Thus he became distinguished as the Man “who made Israel to sin.” This policy was followed by all the succeeding kings of Israel

While he was engaged in Offering Incense at Bethel, a Prophet from Judah appeared before him with a warning message from the Lord Attempting to arrest the Prophet for his bold words of defiance, his Hand was “dried up,” and the Altar before which he stood was rent asunder. At his urgent entreaty his “hand was restored him again” (1Ki 13:1-6, 1Ki 13:9; comp.2Ki 23:15); but the Miracle made no abiding impression on him. His reign was one of constant war with the House of Judah He died soon after his Son Abijah (1Ki 14:1-18).

(1Ki 14:2.) Jeroboam II., the Son and successor of Jehoash and the fourteenth King of Israel over which he ruled for forty-one years, B.C.825 14:784 (2Ki 14:23). He followed the example of the first Jeroboam in keeping up the Worship of the Golden calves (2Ki 14:24). His reign was contemporary with those of Amaziah (2Ki 14:23) and Uzziah (2Ki 15:1),

kings of Judah He was victorious over the Syrians (2Ki 13:4; 2Ki 14:26, 2Ki 14:27), and extended Israel to its former limits, from “the entering of Hamath to the Sea of the plain” (2Ki 14:25;Amo 6:14). His reign of forty-one years was the most prosperous that Israel had ever known as yet. With all this outward prosperity, however, iniquity widely prevailed in the land (Amo 2:6-8; Amo 4:1; Amo 6:6; Hos. Amo 4:12-14). The prophets Hosea (Amo 1:1), Joel (Amo 3:16;Amo 1:1, Amo 1:2), Amos (Amo 1:1), and Jonah (2Ki 14:25) lived during his reign. He died, and was buried with his ancestors (2Ki 14:29). He was succeeded by his Son Zachariah (q.v.).

His name occurs in ScriptureOnl 14:2Kin 13:13; Kin 14:16, Kin 14:23, Kin 14:27, Kin 14:28, Kin 14:29; Kin 15:1, Kin 15:8; Kin 15:1 Chronicles Kin 5:17; Hos. Kin 1:1;Amo 1:1; Amo 7:9, Amo 7:10, Amo 7:11. In all other passages it is Jeroboam the Son of Nebat that is meant.

Jeroham: cherished; who finds mercy. (1.) Father of Elkanah and grandfather of the Prophet Samuel (1Sa 1:1).

(1Sa 1:2.) The Father of Azareel, the “captain” of the Tribe of Dan (1Sa 1:1 Chronicles 1Sa 27:22).

(1Sa 27:3.) 1Sa 27:1 Chronicles 1Sa 12:7; a Benjamite.

(1Sa 12:4.) 1Sa 12:2 Chronicles 1Sa 23:1; one whose Son assisted in placing Joash on the Throne

(1Sa 23:5.) 1Sa 23:1 Chronicles 1Sa 9:8; a Benjamite.

(1Sa 9:6.) 1Sa 9:1 Chronicles 1Sa 9:12; a Priest Per 11:12.

Jerubbaal: contender with Baal or, let Baal plead, a surname of Gideon a name given to him because he destroyed the Altar of Baal (Jdg 6:32; Jdg 7:1; Jdg 8:29;1Sa 12:11).

Jerubbesheth: contender with the shame; i.e., Idol a surname also of Gideon (2 Samuel 11:21).

Jeruel: founded by God a “desert” on the ascent from the Valley of the Dead Sea towards Jerusalem It lay Beyond the Wilderness of Tekoa in the direction of Engedi (2 Chronicles 20:16, 20). It corresponds with the tract of country now called el-Hasasah.

Jerusalem: called also Salem Ariel Jebus the “city of God ” the “holy City ” by the modern Arabs el-Khuds, meaning “the Holy ” once “the City of Judah” (2 Chronicles 25:28). This name is in the original in the dual form, and means “possession of Peace ” or “foundation of Peace ” The dual form probably refers to the two mountains on which it was built, viz., Zion and Moriah or, as some suppose, to the two parts of the City the “upper” and the “lower City ” Jerusalem is a “mountain City enthroned on a mountain fastness” (comp.Psa 68:15, Psa 68:16; Psa 87:1; Psa 125:2; Psa 76:1, Psa 76:2; Psa 122:3). It stands on the edge of one of the highest table-lands in Palestine and is surrounded on the south-eastern, the southern, and the western sides by Deep and precipitous ravines. ...

It is first mentioned in Scripture under the name Salem (Gen 14:18; comp.Psa 76:2). When first mentioned under the name Jerusalem Adonizedek was its King (Jos 10:1). It is afterwards named among the cities of Benjamin (Jdg 19:10; Jdg 19:1 Chronicles Jdg 11:4); but in the time of David it was divided between Benjamin and Judah After the Death of Joshua the City was taken and set on Fire by the men of Judah (Jdg 1:1-8); but the Jebusites were not wholly driven out of it. The City is not again mentioned till we are told that David brought the head of Goliath thither (Jdg 1:1 Samuel Jdg 17:54). David afterwards led his Forces against the Jebusites still residing within its walls, and drove them out, fixing his own dwelling on Zion, which he called “the City of David” (Jdg 17:2 Samuel Jdg 5:5-9; Jdg 5:1 Chronicles1 1:4-8). Here he built an Altar to the Lord on the threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebusite (1 1:2 Samuel 1 24:15-25), and thither he brought up the Ark of the Covenant and placed it in the New Tabernacle which he had prepared for it. Jerusalem now became the capital of the Kingdom

After the Death of David Solomon built the Temple a House for the name of the Lord on Mount Moriah (B.C. 1 24:1010). He also greatly strengthened and adorned the City and it became the great centre of all the civil and religious affairs of the nation (Deu 12:5; comp. Deu 12:14; Deu 14:23; Deu 16:11-16;Psa 16:122).

After the disruption of the Kingdom on the accession to the Throne of Rehoboam the Son of Solomon Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of the two tribes. It was subsequently often taken and retaken by the Egyptians, the Assyrians, and by the kings of Israel (2Ki 14:13, 2Ki 14:14; 2Ki 18:15, 2Ki 18:16; 2Ki 23:33-35; 2Ki 24:14; 2Ki 24:2 Chronicles 2Ki 12:9; 2Ki 26:9; 2Ki 27:3, 2Ki 27:4; 2Ki 29:3; 2Ki 32:30; 2Ki 33:11), till finally, for the abounding iniquities of the nation, after a siege of three years, it was taken and utterly destroyed, its walls razed to the Ground and its Temple and palaces consumed by Fire by Nebuchadnezzar the King of Babylon (2Ki 33:25; 2Ki 33:2 Chronicles 2Ki 33:36;

Jer 33:39), B.C. Jer 33:588. The desolation of the City and the land was completed by the retreat of the principal Jews into Egypt (Jer 33:44), and by the final carrying Captive into Babylon of all that still remained in the land (Jer 52:3), so that it was Left without an inhabitant (B.C. Jer 52:582). Compare the predictions, Deuteronomy Jer 52:28; Leviticus Jer 26:14-39.

But the streets and walls of Jerusalem were again to be built, in troublous times (Dan 9:16, Dan 9:19, Dan 9:25), after a Captivity of Seventy years. This restoration was begun B.C. Dan 9:536, “in the first Year of Cyrus” (Ezr 1:2, Ezr 1:3,5 1:11). The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah contain the history of the re-building of the City and Temple and the restoration of the Kingdom of the Jews, consisting of a portion of all the tribes. The Kingdom thus constituted was for two centuries under the dominion of Persia, till B.C. 5 1:331; and thereafter, for about a century and a half, under the rulers of the Greek empire in Asia, till B.C. 5 1:167. For a century the Jews maintained their independence under native rulers, the Asmonean princes. At the close of this period they fell under the rule of Herod and of members of his family, but practically under Rome till the time of the Destruction of Jerusalem A.D. 5 1:70. The City was then laid in ruins.

The modern Jerusalem by-and-by began to be built over the immense beds of rubbish resulting from the overthrow of the Ancient City and whilst it occupies certainly the same site, there are no evidences that even the Lines of its streets are now what they were in the Ancient City Till A.D. 5 1:131 the Jews who still lingered about Jerusalem quietly submitted to the Roman sway. But in that Year the emperor (Hadrian), in order to hold them in subjection, rebuilt and fortified the City The Jews, however, took possession of it, having risen under the leadership of one Bar-Chohaba (i.e., “the Son of the star”) in revolt against the Romans Some four years afterwards (A.D. 5 1:135), however, they were driven out of it with great slaughter, and the City was again destroyed; and over its ruins was built a Roman City called Aelia Capitolina, a name which it retained till it fell under the dominion of the Mohammedans, when it was called el-Khuds, i.e., “the Holy ”

In A.D. 5 1:326 Helena, mother of the emperor Constantine, made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem with the view of discovering the places mentioned in the Life of our Lord She caused a Church to be built on what was then supposed to be the Place of the Nativity at Bethlehem Constantine, animated by her example, searched for the Holy Sepulchre and built over the supposed site a magnificent Church which was completed and dedicated A.D. 5 1:335. He relaxed the laws against the Jews till this time in force, and permitted them once a Year to visit the City and wail over the desolation of “the Holy and Beautiful House ”

In A.D. 5 1:614 the Persians, after defeating the Roman Forces of the emperor Heraclius, took Jerusalem by storm, and retained it till A.D. 5 1:637, when it was taken by the Arabians under the Khalif Omar It remained in their possession till it passed, in A.D. 5 1:960, under the dominion of the Fatimite khalifs of Egypt and in A.D. 5 1:1073 under the Turcomans. In A.D. 5 1:1099 the crusader Godfrey of Bouillon took the City from the Moslems with great slaughter, and was elected King of Jerusalem He converted the Mosque of Omar into a Christian cathedral. During the eighty-eight years which followed, many churches and convents were erected in the Holy City The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was rebuilt during this period, and it alone remains to this Day In A.D. 5 1:1187 the sultan Saladin wrested the City from the Christians. From that time to the present Day with few intervals, Jerusalem has remained in the hands of the Moslems. It has, however, during that period been again and again taken and retaken, demolished in great part and rebuilt, no City in the world having passed through so many vicissitudes.

In the Year 5 1:1850 the Greek and Latin monks residing in Jerusalem had a fierce dispute about the guardianship of what are called the “holy places.” In this dispute the emperor Nicholas of Russia sided with the Greeks, and Louis Napoleon, the emperor of the French, with the Latins. This led the Turkish authorities to settle the question in a way unsatisfactory to Russia. Out of this there sprang the Crimean War, which was protracted and sanguinary, but which had important consequences in the way of breaking down the barriers of Turkish exclusiveness.

Modern Jerusalem “lies near the summit of a broad mountain-ridge, which extends without interruption from the Plain of Esdraelon to a line drawn between the southern End of the Dead Sea and the southeastern Corner of the Mediterranean.” This High uneven table-Lan 1:20To 1:25 geographical miles in breadth. It was anciently known as the mountains of Ephraim and Judah

“Jerusalem is a City of contrasts, and differs widely from Damascus not merely because it is a Stone town in mountains, whilst the latter is a mud City in a Plain but because while in Damascus Moslem religion and Oriental Custom are unmixed with any foreign element, in Jerusalem every form of religion, every nationality of East and West, is represented at one time.”

Jerusalem is first mentioned under that name in the Book of Joshua and the Tell-el-Amama Collection of tablets includes six letters from its Amorite King to Egypt recording the attack of the Abiri about B.C. To 1:1480. The name is there spelt Uru-Salim (“city of peace”). Another monumental record in which the Holy City is named is that of Sennacherib’s attack in B.C. To 1:702. The “camp of the Assyrians” was still shown about A.D. To 1:70, on the flat Ground to the north-west, included in the New quarter of the City

The City of David included both the upper City and Millo, and was surrounded by a Wall built by David and Solomon who appear to have restored the original Jebusite fortifications. The name Zion (or Sion) appears to have been, like Ariel (“the hearth of God”), a poetical term for Jerusalem but in the Greek Age was more specially used of the Temple Hill The priests’ quarter grew up on Ophel South of the Temple where also was Solomon’s Palace outside the original City of David The walls of the City were extended by Jotham and Manasseh to include this suburb and the Temple (To 1:2 Chronicles To 27:3; To 33:14).

Jer 33:50,Jer 33:000 inhabitants, with Ancient mediaeval walls, partly on the Old Lines but extending less far to the South The traditional sites, as a rule,Wer 33:4th and later centuries A.D., and have no authority. The results of excavation have, however, settled most of the disputed questions, the limits of the Temple area, and the course of the Old walls having been traced.

Jerusha: possession, or possessed; i.e., “by a husband”, the Wife of Uzziah and mother of King Jotham (2Ki 15:33).

Jeshaiah: deliverance of Jehovah (1.) A Kohathite Levite the Father of Joram of the family of Eliezer (1 Chronicles 26:25); called also Isshiah (24:21).

(2.) One of the sons of Jeduthum (1 Chronicles 25:3, 15).

(3.) One of the three sons of Hananiah (1 Chronicles 3:21).

(4.) Son of Athaliah (Ezr 8:7).

(Ezr 8:5.) A Levite of the family of Merari (Ezr 8:19).

Jeshanah: a City of the Kingdom of Israel (2Ch 13:19).

Jesharelah: upright towards God the head of the seventh division of Levitical musicians (1 Chronicles 25:14).

Jeshebeab: seat of his Father the head of the fourteenth division of priests (1 Chronicles 24:13).

Jesher: uprightness, the first of the three sons of Caleb by Azubah (1 Chronicles 2:18).

Jeshimon: the waste, probably some High waste land to the South of the Dead Sea (Num 21:20; Num 23:28;1Sa 23:19, 1Sa 23:24); or rather not a proper name at all, but simply “the waste” or “wilderness,” the district on which the plateau of Ziph (q.v.) looks down.

Jeshua: (1.) Head of the ninth priestly order (Ezr 2:36); called also Jeshuah (1Ch 24:11).

(1Ch 24:2.) A Levite appointed by Hezekiah to distribute offerings in the priestly cities (2Ch 31:15).

(2Ch 31:3.)Ezr 2:6;Neh 7:11.

(Neh 7:4.)Ezr 2:40;Neh 7:43.

(Neh 7:5.) The Son of Jozadak, and High Priest of the Jews under Zerubbabel (Neh 7:7; Neh 12:1, Neh 12:7, Neh 12:10, Neh 12:26); called Joshua (Hag. Neh 1:1, Neh 1:12; Neh 2:2, Neh 2:4;Zec 3:1, Zec 3:3, Zec 3:6, Zec 3:8, Zec 3:9).

(Zec 3:6.) A Levite (Ezr 8:33).

(Ezr 8:7.)Neh 3:19.

(Neh 3:8.) A Levite who assisted in the reformation under Nehemiah (Neh 8:7; Neh 9:4, Neh 9:5). (Neh 9:9.) Son of Kadmiel (Neh 12:24).

(Neh 12:10.) A City of Judah (Neh 11:26).

(Neh 11:11.)Neh 8:17; Joshua the Son of Nun

Jeshurun: a poetical name for the people of Israel used in token of Affection meaning, “the dear upright people” (Deu 32:15; Deu 33:5, Deu 33:26; Isaiah Deu 44:2).

Jesse: firm, or a Gift a Son of Obed the Son of Boaz and Ruth (Rut 4:17, Rut 4:22; Matthew Rut 1:5, Rut 1:6; Luke Rut 3:32). He was the Father of eight sons, the youngest of whom was David (Rut 3:1 Samuel Rut 17:12). The phrase “stem of Jesse” is used for the family of David (Isa 11:1), and “root of Jesse” for the Messiah (Isa 11:10; Revelation Isa 5:5). Jesse was a Man apparently of wealth and position at Bethlehem (Isa 5:1 Samuel Isa 17:17, Isa 17:18, Isa 17:20;Psa 78:71). The last reference to him is of David’s procuring for him an asylum with the King of Moab (Psa 78:1 Samuel Psa 22:3).

Jesus: (1.) Joshua the Son of Nun (Act 7:45; Hebrews Act 4:8; R.V., “Joshua”).

(Act 4:2.) A Jewish Christian surnamed Justus (Col 4:11).

Je’sus, the proper, as Christ is the official, name of our Lord To distinguish him from others so called, he is spoken of as “Jesus of Nazareth” (Jhn 18:7), and “Jesus the Son of Joseph” (Jhn 6:42).

This is the Greek form of the Hebrew name Joshua which was originally Hoshea (Num 13:8, Num 13:16), but changed by Moses into Jehoshua (Num 13:16; Num 13:1 Chronicles Num 7:27), or Joshua After the Exile it assumed the form Jeshua whence the Greek form Jesus It was given to our Lord to denote the object of his mission, to save (Mat 1:21). ...

The Life of Jesus on earth may be divided into two great periods, (Mat 1:1) that of his private Life till he was about thirty years of Age and (Mat 1:2) that of his public Life which lasted about three years.

In the “fulness of time” he was Born at Bethlehem in the reign of the emperor Augustus of Mary, who was betrothed to Joseph a Carpenter (Mat 1:1; Luke Mat 3:23; comp. John Mat 7:42). His Birth was announced to the shepherds (Luk 2:8-20). Wise men from the East came to Bethlehem to see him who was Born “King of the Jews,” bringing Gifts with them (Mat 2:1-12). Herod’s cruel Jealousy led to Joseph’s flight into Egypt with Mary and the infant Jesus where they tarried till the Death of this King (Mat 2:13-23), when they returned and settled in Nazareth, in Lower Galilee (Mat 2:23; comp. Luke Mat 4:16; John Mat 1:46, etc.). At the Age of twelve years he went up to Jerusalem to the Passover with his parents.

There, in the Temple “in the midst of the doctors,” all that heard him were “astonished at his understanding and answers” (Luk 2:41, etc.).

Eighteen years pass, of which we have no record Beyond this, that he returned to Nazareth and “increased in wisdom and stature, and in favour with God and man” (Luk 2:52).

He entered on his public ministry when he was about thirty years of Age It is generally reckoned to have extended to about three years. “Each of these years had Peculiar features of its own. (Luk 2:1.) The first Year may be called the Year of obscurity, both because the records of it which we possess are very scanty, and because he seems during it to have been only slowly emerging into public notice. It was spent for the most part in Judea (Luk 2:2.) The second Year was the Year of public favour, during which the country had become thoroughly aware of him; his activity was incessant, and his frame rang through the length and breadth of the land. It was almost wholly passed in Galilee. (Luk 2:3.) The third was the Year of opposition, when the public favour ebbed away. His enemies multiplied and assailed him with more and more pertinacity, and at last he fell a victim to their Hatred The first six months of this final Year were passed in Galilee, and the last six in other parts of the land.”, Stalker’s Life of Jesus Christ p. Luk 2:45.

The only reliable sources of information regarding the Life of Christ on earth are the Gospels which present in historical detail the words and the work of Christ in so many different aspects. (See CHIRST.)

Jether: surplus; excellence. (1.) Father-in-law of Moses (Exo 4:18 marg.), called elsewhere Jethro (q.v.).

(Exo 4:2.) The oldest of Gideon’s Seventy sons (Jdg 8:20).

(Jdg 8:3.) The Father of Amasa David’s general (1Ki 2:5, 1Ki 2:32); called Ithra (2Sa 17:25).

(2Sa 17:4.) 2Sa 17:1 Chronicles 2Sa 7:38.

(2Sa 7:5.) 2Sa 7:1 Chronicles 2Sa 2:32; one of Judah’s posterity.

(2Sa 2:6.) 2Sa 2:1 Chronicles 2Sa 4:17.

Jetheth: a peg, or a Prince one of the Edomitish kings of Mount Seir (Gen 36:40).

Jethlah: suspended; High a City on the borders of Dan (Jos 19:42).

Jethro: his excellence, or gain, a Prince or Priest of Midian, who succeeded his Father Reuel Moses spent forty years after his exile from the Egyptian Court as Keeper of Jethro’s flocks. While the Israelites were encamped at Sinai, and soon after their victory over Amalek Jethro came to Meet Moses bringing with him Zipporah and her two sons. They met at the “mount of God ” and “Moses told him all that the Lord had done unto Pharaoh” (Exo 18:8). On the following Day Jethro observing the multiplicity of the duties devolving on Moses advised him to appoint subordinate Judges rulers of thousands, of hundreds, of fifties, and of tens, to decide smaller matters, leaving only the weightier matters to be referred to Moses to be laid before the Lord This advice Moses adopted (Exo 18:18). He was also called Hobab (q.v.), which was probably his personal name, while Jethro was an official name. (See Moses )

Jetur: an enclosure, one of the twelve sons of Ishmael (Gen 25:15).

Jeuel: snatched away by God a descendant of Zerah (1 Chronicles 9:6).

Jeush: assembler. (1.) The oldest of Esau’s three sons by Aholibamah (Gen 36:5, Gen 36:14, Gen 36:18).

(Gen 36:2.) A Son of Bilhan, grandson of Benjamin (1Ch 7:10).

(1Ch 7:3.) A Levite one of the sons of Shimei (1Ch 23:10,1 23:1).

(1 23:4.) One of the three sons of Rehoboam (2Ch 11:19).

(2Ch 11:5.)1Ch 8:39.

Jew: the name derived from the Patriarch Judah at first given to one belonging to the Tribe of Judah or to the separate Kingdom of Judah (2Ki 16:6; 2Ki 25:25; Jeremiah 2Ki 32:12; 2Ki 38:19; 2Ki 40:11; 2Ki 41:3), in contradistinction from those belonging to the Kingdom of the ten tribes, who were called Israelites.

During the Captivity and after the Restoration, the name, however, was extended to all the Hebrew nation without distinction (Est 3:6, Est 3:10;Dan 3:8, Dan 3:12;Ezr 4:12; Ezr 5:1, Ezr 5:5).

Originally this people were called Hebrews (Gen 39:14; Gen 40:15; Exodus Gen 2:7; Gen 3:18; Gen 5:3;1Sa 4:6, 1Sa 4:9, etc.), but after the Exile this name fell into disuse. ... But Paul was styled a Hebrew (2Co 11:22; Phil. 2Co 3:5).

The history of the Jewish nation is interwoven with the history of Palestine and with the narratives of the lives of their rulers and Chief men. They are now [2Co 3:1897] dispersed over all lands, and to this Day remain a separate people, “without a King and without a Prince and without a Sacrifice and without an image [R.V. ‘pillar,’ marg. ‘obelisk’], and without an Ephod and without teraphim” (Hos. 2Co 3:4). Till about the beginning of the present century [2Co 3:1800] they were everywhere greatly oppressed, and often cruelly persecuted; but now their condition is greatly improved, and they are admitted in most European countries to all the rights of free citizens.In 3:1860 the “Jewish disabilities” were removed, and they were admitted to a seat in the British Parliament. Their number in all is estimated at about six millions, about four millions being in Europe.

There are three names used in the New Testament to designate this people, (In 3:1.) Jews, as regards their nationality, to distinguish them from Gentiles (In 3:2.) Hebrews with regard to their language and education, to distinguish them from Hellenists, i.e., Jews who spoke the Greek language. (In 3:3.) Israelites, as respects their sacred privileges as the Chosen people of God “To other races we owe the splendid inheritance of modem civilization and secular culture; but the religious education of Man ki nd has been the Gift of the Jew alone.”

Jewess: a Woman of Hebrew Birth as Eunice, the mother of Timothy (Act 16:1; Act 16:2 Timothy Act 1:5), and Drusilla (Act 24:24), Wife of Felix, and Daughter of Herod Agrippa I.

Jezebel: chaste, the Daughter of Ethbaal, the King of the Zidonians, and the Wife of Ahab the King of Israel (1Ki 16:31). This was the “first time that a King of Israel had allied himself by marriage with a Heathen princess; and the Alliance was in this case of a peculiarly disastrous kind. Jezebel has stamped her name on history as the representative of all that is designing, crafty, malicious, revengeful, and cruel. She is the first great instigator of Persecution against the saints of God Guided by no principle, restrained by no Fear of either God or Man passionate in her attachment to her Heathen Worship she spared no pains to maintain Idolatry around her in all its splendour. ... Four hundred and fifty prophets ministered under her care to Baal besides four hundred prophets of the groves [R.V., ‘prophets of the Asherah’], which ate at her table (1Ki 18:19). The Idolatry too, was of the most debased and sensual kind.” Her conduct was in many respects very disastrous to the Kingdom both of Israel and Judah (1Ki 21:1-29). At length she came to an untimely End As Jehu rode into the gates of Jezreel she looked out at the Window of the Palace and said, “Had Zimri Peace who slew his master?” He looked up and called to her chamberlains, who instantly threw her from the Window so that she was dashed in Pieces on the Street and his horses trod her under their feet. She was immediately consumed by the dogs of the Street (2Ki 9:7-37), according to the Word of Elijah the Tishbite (1Ki 21:19).

Her name afterwards came to be used as the synonym for a wicked Woman (Rev 2:20).

It may be noted that she is said to have been the grand-aunt of Dido, the founder of Carthage.

Jeziel: assembled by God a Son of Azmaveth He was one of the Benjamite archers who joined David at Ziklag (1Ch 12:3).

Jezreel: , DITCH OF (1Ki 21:23; comp. 1Ki 21:13), the fortification surrounding the City outside of which Naboth was executed.

J: EZREEL , Valley OF lying on the northern side of the City between the ridges of Gilboa and Moreh an offshoot of Esdraelon running East to the Jordan (Joshua 17:16; Judges 6:33; Hos. 1:5). It was the scene of the signal victory gained by the Israelites under Gideon over the Midianites, the Amalekites, and the “children of the east” (Judges 6:3). Two centuries after this the Israelites were here defeated by the Philistines and Saul and Jonathan with the flower of the Army of Israel fell (1 Samuel 31:1-6).

This name was in after ages extended to the whole of the Plain of Esdraelon (q.v.). It was only this Plain of Jezreel and that North of Lake Huleh that were then accessible to the chariots of the Canaanites (comp. 2 Kings 9:21; 10:15).

Joab: Jehovah is his Father (1.) One of the three sons of Zeruiah David’s sister, and “captain of the host” during the whole of David’s reign (2Sa 2:13; 2Sa 10:7; 2Sa 11:1;1Ki 11:15). His father’s name is nowhere mentioned, although his Sepulchre at Bethlehem is mentioned (1Ki 11:2 Samuel 1Ki 11:32). His two brothers were Abishai and Asahel the swift of foot, who was ki lled by Abner (2Sa 2:13-32), whom Joab afterwards treacherously murdered (2Sa 3:22-27). He afterwards led the assault at the storming of the fortress on Mount Zion, and for this service was raised to the rank of “prince of the king’s army” (2Sa 5:6-10; 2Sa 5:1 Chronicles 2Sa 27:34). ... His Chief military achievements were, (2Sa 27:1) against the allied Forces of Syria and Ammon (2Sa 27:2) against Edom (1Ki 11:15, 1Ki 11:16); and (1Ki 11:3) against the Ammonites (2Sa 10:7-19; 2Sa 11:1, 2Sa 11:11). His character is deeply stained by the part he willingly took in the Murder of Uriah (2Sa 11:14-25). He acted apparently from a sense of duty in putting Absalom to Death (2Sa 18:1-14). David was unmindful of the many services Joab had rendered to him, and afterwards gave the command of the Army to Amasa Joab’s cousin (2Sa 20:1-13; 2Sa 19:13). When David was dying Joab espoused the cause of Adonijah in preference to that of Solomon He was afterwards slain by Benaiah by the command of Solomon in accordance with his father’s injunction (2Sa 3:29; 2Sa 20:5-13), at the Altar to which he had fled for Refuge Thus this hoary conspirator died without one to lift up a voice in his favour. He was buried in his own property in the “wilderness,” probably in the north-east of Jerusalem (1Ki 2:5,28 2:34). Benaiah succeeded him as commander-in-chief of the Army

(28 2:2.) 28 2:1 Chronicles 28 4:14.

(28 4:3.)Ezr 2:6.

Joah: Jehovah his Brother i.e., helper. (1.) One of the sons of Obed-edom (1Ch 26:4), a Korhite Porter

(1Ch 26:2.) A Levite of the family of Ger shorn (1Ch 6:21), probably the same as Ethan (1Ch 6:42).

(1Ch 6:3.) The Son of Asaph, and “recorder” (q.v.) or chronicler to King Hezekiah (2Ki 18:18, 2Ki 18:26, 2Ki 18:37).

(2Ki 18:4.) Son of Joahaz and “recorder” (q.v.) or Keeper of the state archives under King Josiah (2Ch 34:8).

Joahaz: (2 Chronicles 34:8), a contracted form of Jehoahaz (q.v.).

Joanna: whom Jehovah has graciously given. (1.) The grandson of Zerubbabel in the lineage of Christ (Luk 3:27); the same as Hananiah (1Ch 3:19).

(1Ch 3:2.) The Wife of Chuza, the steward of Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Galilee (Luk 8:3). She was one of the women who ministered to our Lord and to whom he appeared after his Resurrection (Luk 8:3; Luk 24:10).

Joash: whom Jehovah bestowed. (1.) A contracted form of Jehoash the Father of Gideon (Jdg 6:11, Jdg 6:29; Jdg 8:13, Jdg 8:29, Jdg 8:32).

(Jdg 8:2.) One of the Benjamite archers who joined David at Ziklag (1Ch 12:3).

(1Ch 12:3.) One of King Ahab’s sons (1Ki 22:26).

(1Ki 22:4.) King of Judah (2Ki 11:2; 2Ki 12:19, 2Ki 12:20). (See Jehoash [2Ki 12:1].)

(2Ki 12:5.) King of Israel (2Ki 13:9, 2Ki 13:12, 2Ki 13:13, 2Ki 13:25). (See Jehoash [2Ki 13:2].)

(2Ki 13:6.)1Ch 7:8.

(1Ch 7:7.) One who had charge of the royal stores of Oil under David and Solomon (1Ch 27:28).

Job: , BOOK OF A great diversity of opinion exists as to the authorship of this book. From internal evidence, such as the similarity of sentiment and language to those in the Psalms and Proverbs (see Psalm 88 and 89), the prevalence of the idea of “wisdom,” and the style and character of the composition, it is supposed by some to have been written in the time of David and Solomon Others argue that it was written by Job himself, or by Elihu or Isaiah or perhaps more probably by Moses who was “learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and mighty in words and deeds” (Act 7:22). He had opportunities in Midian for obtaining the knowledge of the facts related. But the authorship is altogether uncertain.

As to the character of the book, it is a historical poem, one of the greatest and sublimest poems in all literature. ... Job was a historical person, and the localities and names were real and not fictious. It is “one of the grandest portions of the inspired Scriptures, a heavenly-repleished storehouse of comfort and instruction, the patriarchal Bible and a precious monument of primitive theology. It is to the Old Testament what the Epistle to the Romans is to the New ” It is a didactic narrative in a dramatic form.

This book was apparently well known in the days of Ezekiel, B.C. Act 7:600 (Ezk 14:14). It formed a part of the sacred Scriptures used by our Lord and his apostles, and is referred to as a part of the inspired Word (Heb 12:5;1Co 3:19).

The subject of the book is the trial of Job its occasion, nature, endurance, and issue. It exhibits the harmony of the truths of Revelation and the dealings of Providence which are seen to be at once inscrutable, just, and merciful. It shows the blessedness of the truly pious, even amid sore Afflictions and thus ministers comfort and hope to tried believers of every Age It is a book of manifold instruction, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, and for instruction in righteousness (1Co 3:2 Timothy 1Co 3:16).

It consists of,

(1Co 3:1.) An historical introduction in prose (ch. 1Co 3:1,1Co 3:2).

(1Co 3:2.) The controversy and its solution, in Poetry (ch.3 42:6).

Job’s desponding Lamentation (ch. 3 42:3) is the occasion of the controversy which is carried on in three Courses of dialogues between Job and his three friends. The first course gives the commencement of the controversy (ch.4 42:14); the second the growth of the controversy (15 42:21); and the third the height of the controversy (22 42:27). This is followed by the solution of the controversy in the speeches of Elihu and the address of Jehovah followed by Job’s humble Confession (22 42:1-6) of his own fault and folly.

(22 42:3.) The third division is the historical conclusion, in prose (22 42:7-15).

Sir J. W. Dawson in “The Expositor” says: “It would now seem that the language and theology of the book of Job can be better explained by supposing it to be a portion of Minean [Southern Arabia] literature obtained by Moses in Midian than in any other way. This view also agrees better than any other with its references to natural objects, the art of mining, and other matters.”

Jobab: dweller in the Desert (1.) One of the sons of Joktan and founder of an Arabian Tribe (Gen 10:29). (Gen 10:2.) King of Edom succeeded Bela (Gen 36:33, Gen 36:34). (Gen 36:3.) A Canaanitish King (Jos 11:1) who joined the confederacy against Joshua

Jochebed: Jehovah is her Glory the Wife of Amram and the mother of Miriam Aaron and Moses (Num 26:59). She is spoken of as the sister of Kohath Amram’s Father (Exo 6:20; comp. Exo 6:16, Exo 6:18; Exo 2:1-10).

Joel: , Book OF Joel was probably a resident in Judah as his commission was to that people. He makes frequent mention of Judah and Jerusalem (1:14; 2:1, 15, 32; 3:1, 12, 17, 20,21).

He probably flourished in the reign of Uzziah (about B.C. 800), and was contemporary with Amos and Isaiah

The contents of this book are, (1.) A Prophecy of a great public calamity then impending over the land, consisting of a want of Water and an extraordinary Plague of locusts (1:1-2:11). (2.) The Prophet then calls on his countrymen to repent and to turn to God assuring them of his readiness to forgive (2:12-17), and foretelling the restoration of the land to its accustomed fruitfulness (18 2:26). (18 2:3.) Then follows a Messianic Prophecy quoted by Peter (Act 2:39). (Act 2:4.) Finally, the Prophet foretells portents and Judgments as destined to Fall on the enemies of God (ch. Act 2:3,But 2:4).

Joelah: a Benjamite who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:7).

Joezer: Jehovah is his help, one of the Korhites who became part of David’s body-guard (1 Chronicles 12:6).

Johanan: whom Jehovah graciously bestows. (1.) One of the Gadite heroes who joined David in the Desert of Judah (1 Chronicles 12:12).

(2.) The oldest of King Josiah’s sons (1 Chronicles 3:15).

(3.) Son of Careah, one of the Jewish chiefs who rallied round Gedaliah whom Nebuchadnezzar had made Governor in Jerusalem (2Ki 25:23; Jeremiah 2Ki 40:8). He warned Gedaliah of the plans of Ishmael against him, a warning which was unheeded (Jer 40:13, Jer 40:16). He afterwards pursued the murderer of the Governor and rescued the captives (Jer 41:8, Jer 41:13, Jer 41:15, Jer 41:16). He and his associates subsequently fled to Tahpanhes in Egypt (Jer 43:2, Jer 43:4, Jer 43:5), taking Jeremiah with them. “The flight of Gedaliah’ s community to Egypt extinguished the last remaining spark of Life in the Jewish state. The work of the ten centuries since Joshua crossed the Jordan had been undone.”

John: , Third Epistle OF is addressed to Caius, or Gaius, but whether to the Christian of that name in Macedonia (Act 19:29) or in Corinth (Rom 16:23) or in Derbe (Act 20:4) is uncertain. It was written for the purpose of commending to Gaius some Christians who were strangers in the Place where he lived, and who had gone thither for the purpose of preaching the gospel (ver. Act 20:7).

The Second and Third Epistles were probably written soon after the First, and from Ephesus

Joiada: (whom Jehovah favours) = Jehoiada (1.) Nehemiah 3:6. (2.) One of the High priests (12:10, 11, 22).

Joiakim: (whom Jehovah has set up) = Jehoiakim, a High Priest the Son and successor of Jeshua (Neh 12:10, Neh 12:12, Neh 12:26).

Joiarib: (whom Jehovah defends) = Jehoiarib (1.) The founder of one of the Courses of the priests (Neh 11:10).

(Neh 11:2.)Neh 11:1 Neh 1:5; a descendant of Judah

(Neh 1:3.)Neh 12:6.

(Neh 12:4.)Ezr 8:16, a “man of understanding” whom Ezra sent to “bring ministers for the House of God ”

Jokdeam: a City in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:56).

Jokim: whom Jehovah has set up, one of the descendants of Shelah (1Ch 4:22).

Jokmeam: gathering of the people, a City of Ephraim which was given with its Suburbs to the Levites (1 Chronicles 6:68). It lay somewhere in the Jordan Valley (1Ki 4:12, R.V.; but in A.V. incorrectly “Jokneam”).

Jokneam: gathered by the people, (Jos 19:11; Jos 21:34), a City “of Carmel” (Jos 12:22), i.e., on Carmel allotted with its Suburbs to the Merarite Levites. It is the modern Tell Kaimon,Abo 12:12 miles south-west of Nazareth, on the South of the River Kishon.

Jokshan: snarer, the second Son of Abraham and Keturah (Gen 25:2, Gen 25:3; Gen 25:1 Chronicles Gen 1:32).

Joktan: little, the second of the two sons of Eber (Gen 10:25; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:19). There is an Arab Tradition that Joktan (Arab. Kahtan) was the progenitor of all the purest tribes of Central and Southern Arabia

Joktheel: subdued by God (1.) A City of Judah near Lachish (Joshua 15, 38). Perhaps the ruin Kutlaneh, South of Gezer

(2.) Amaziah King of Judah undertook a great expedition against Edom (2 Chronicles Jos 25:5-10), which was completely successful. He routed the Edomites and slew vast Numbers of them. So wonderful did this victory appear to him that he acknowledged that it could have been achieved only by the special help of God and therefore he called Selah (q.v.), their great fortress City by the name of Joktheel (2Ki 14:7).

Jonadab: =Jehon’adab. (1.) The Son of Rechab and founder of the Rechabites (q.v.),2Ki 10:15; Jeremiah 2Ki 35:6, 2Ki 35:10.

(2Ki 35:2.) The Son of Shimeah David’s Brother (2Ki 35:2 Samuel 2Ki 13:3). He was “a very subtil Man ”

Jonah: , Book OF This book professes to give an account of what actually took Place in the experience of the Prophet Some critics have sought to interpret the book as a Parable or Allegory and not as a history. They have done so for various reasons. Thus (1) some reject it on the Ground that the miraculous element enters so largely into it, and that it is not prophetical but narrative in its form; (2) others, denying the possibility of miracles altogether, hold that therefore it cannot be true history.

Jonah and his story is referred to by our Lord (Mat 12:39, Mat 12:40;Luk 11:29), a fact to which the greatest weight must be attached. It is impossible to interpret this reference on any other theory. This one argument is of sufficient importance to settle the whole question. ... No theories devised for the purpose of getting rid of difficulties can stand against such a proof that the book is a veritable history.

There is every reason to believe that this book was written by Jonah himself. It gives an account of (Luk 11:1) his divine commission to go to Nineveh his disobedience, and the Punishment following (Luk 1:1-17); (Luk 1:2) his Prayer and miraculous deliverance (Luk 1:17-2:Luk 1:10); (Luk 1:3) the second commission given to him, and his prompt obedience in delivering the message from God and its results in the Repentance of the Ninevites, and God’s long-sparing mercy toward them (ch. Luk 1:3); (Luk 1:4) Jonah’s displeasure at God’s merciful Decision and the rebuke tendered to the impatient Prophet (ch. Luk 1:4). Nineveh was spared after Jonah’s mission for more than a century. The history of Jonah may well be regarded “as a part of that great onward movement which was before the Law and under the Law which gained strength and volume as the Fulness of the times drew near.”, Perowne’s Jonah

Jonas: (l.) Greek form of Jonah (Mat 12:39, Mat 12:40, Mat 12:41, etc.).

(Mat 12:2.) The Father of the apostles Peter (Jhn 21:15-17) and Andrew but the reading should be (Als 1:42), as in the Revised Version “John,” instead of Jonas

Jonathan: whom Jehovah gave, the name of fifteen or more persons that are mentioned in Scripture The Chief of these are, (1.) A Levite descended from Gershom (Jdg 18:30).His 17:7-13And 18:30. The Rabbins changed this name into Manasseh “to screen the memory of the great lawgiver from the stain of having so unworthy an apostate among his near descendants.” He became Priest of the Idol image at Dan and this office continued in his family till the Captivity

(And 18:2.) The eldest Son of King Saul and the bosom friend of David He is first mentioned when he was about thirty years of Age some time after his father’s accession to the Throne (And 18:1 Samuel And 13:2). ... Like his Father he was a Man of great strength and activity (And 13:2 Samuel And 1:23), and excelled in archery and slinging (And 1:1 Chronicles And 12:2;And 12:2 Samuel And 1:22). The Affection that evidently subsisted between him and his Father was interrupted by the growth of Saul’s insanity. At length, “in fierce Anger ” he Left his father’s presence and cast in his Lot with the cause of David (And 1:1 Samuel And 20:34). After an eventful career, interwoven to a great extent with that of David he fell, along with his Father and his two brothers, on the fatal field of Gilboa (And 20:1 Samuel And 31:2, And 31:8). He was first buried at Jabesh-gilead, but his remains were afterwards removed with those of his Father to Zelah, in Benjamin (And 31:2 Samuel And 21:12-14). His Death was the occasion of David’s famous elegy of “the Song of the Bow” (And 21:2 Samuel And 1:17-27). He Left one Son five years Old Merib-baal, or Mephibosheth (And 1:2 Samuel And 4:4; comp. And 4:1 Chronicles And 8:34).

(And 8:3.) Son of the High Priest Abiathar and one who adhered to David at the time of Absalom’s rebellion (And 8:2 Samuel And 15:27, And 15:36). He is the last descendant of Eli of whom there is any record.

(And 15:4.) Son of Shammah and David’s nephew, and also one of his Chief warriors (And 15:2 Samuel And 21:21). He slew a giant in Gath

JONATH-ELEM-

Rechokim: dove of the dumbness of the distance; i.e., “the silent Dove in distant places”, title of Psalm 56. This was probably the name of some well known tune or melody to which the psalm was to be sung.

Joppa: beauty, a town in the portion of Dan (Jos 19:46; A.V., “Japho”), on a sandy promontory between Caesarea and Gaza And 19:30 miles north-west from Jerusalem It is one of the oldest towns in Asia. It was and still is the Chief sea-port of Judea It was never wrested from the Phoenicians. It became a Jewish town only in the second century B.C. It was from this port that Jonah “took ship to flee from the presence of the Lord” (Jon 1:3). To this Place also the Wood cut in Lebanon by Hiram’ s men for Solomon was brought in floats (2Ch 2:16); and here the material for the Building of the second Temple was also landed (Ezr 3:7). At Joppa in the House of Simon the tanner, “by the sea-side,” Peter resided “many days,” and here, “on the house-top,” he had his “vision of tolerance” (Act 9:36-43). ... It bears the modern name of Jaffa, and exibituds all the decrepitude and squalor of cities ruled over by the Turks. “Scarcely any other town has been so often overthrown, sacked, pillaged, burned, and rebuilt.”Its 9:16,Its 9:000.It 9:1799,Who 9:4,Who 9:000 prisoners. It is connected with Jerusalem by the only Carriage Road that exists in the country,And 9:1892. It is noticed on monuments B.C.160 9:1300, and was attacked by Sannacharib B.C. 160 9:702.

Joram: =Jeho’ram. (1.) One of the kings of Israel (2Ki 8:16, 2Ki 8:25, 2Ki 8:28). He was the Son of Ahab

(2Ki 8:2.) Jehoram the Son and successor of Jehoshaphat on the Throne of Judah (2Ki 8:24).

Jordan: Hebrews Yarden, “the descender;” Arab Nahr-esh-Sheriah, “the watering-place” the Chief River of Palestine It flows from North to South down a Deep Valley in the centre of the country. The name descender is significant of the fact that there is along its whole course a descent to its banks; or it may simply denote the rapidity with which it “descends” to the Dead Sea

It originates in the snows of Hermon which feed its perennial fountains. Two sources are generally spoken of. (1.) From the western base of a Hill on which once stood the City of Dan the northern border-city of Palestine there gushes forth a considerable Fountain called the Feddan, which is the largest Fountain in Syria and the principal source of the Jordan (2.) Beside the ruins of Banias, the Ancient Caesarea Philippi and the yet more Ancient Panium, is a lofty cliff of limestone, at the base of which is a Fountain This is the other source of the Jordan and has always been regarded by the Jews as its true source. ... It rushes down to the Plain in a foaming torrent, and joins the Feddan about 5 miles South of Dan (Tell-el-Kady). (3.) But besides these two historical fountains there is a third, called the Hasbany,

which rises in the bottom of a Valley at the western base of Hermon 12 miles North of Tell-el-Kady. It joins the main Stream about a mile below the junction of the Leddan and the Banias. The River thus formed is at this point about 45 feet wide, and flows in a Channel from 12 to 20 feet below the Plain After this it flows, “with a swift current and a much-twisted course,” through a marshy Plain for some 6 miles, when it falls into the Lake Huleh, “the waters of Merom” (q.v.).

During this part of its course the Jordan has descended about 1,100 feet. At Banias it is 1,080 feet above sea-level. Flowing from the southern extremity of Lake Huleh, here almost on a level with the Sea it flows for 2 miles “through a waste of islets and papyrus,” and then for 9 miles through a narrow gorge in a foaming torrent onward to the Sea of Galilee (q.v.).

“In the whole Valley of the Jordan from the Lake Huleh to the Sea of Galilee there is not a single settled inhabitant. Along the whole eastern bank of the River and the lakes, from the base of Hermon to the ravine of Hieromax, a region of great fertility, 30 miles long by 7 or 8 wide, there are only some three inhabited Villages The western bank is almost as desolate. Ruins are numerous enough. Every mile or two is an Old site of town or village, now well nigh hid beneath a dense jungle of thorns and thistles. The words of Scripture here recur to us with Peculiar force: ‘I Will make your cities waste, and bring your sanctuaries unto desolation... And I Will bring the land into desolation: and your enemies which Dwell therein shall be astonished at it... And your land shall be desolate, and your cities waste. Then shall the land enjoy her sabbaths, as long as it lieth desolate’ (Lev 26:31-34).”, Dr. Porter’s Handbook.

From the Sea of Galilee,At 26:682 feet below the Mediterranean, the River flows through a long, low Plain called “the region of Jordan” (Mat 3:5), and by the modern Arabs the Ghor, or “sunken Plain ” This section is properly the Jordan of Scripture Down through the midst of the “plain of Jordan” there WindsA R 3:200 yards to half a mile,And 3:40To 3:150 feet. Through it the Jordan flows in a rapid, rugged, tortuous course down to the Dead Sea The whole distance from the southern extremity of the Sea of Galilee to the Dead SeaIs 3:65 miles, but following the windings of the RiverAbo 3:200 miles,Dur 3:618 feet. The total length of the JordanFro 3:104 miles in a straight line,Dur 3:2,Dur 3:380 feet.

There are two considerable affluents which enter the River between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea both from the East (Dur 3:1.) The Wady Mandhur, called the Yarmuk by the Rabbins and the Hieromax by the Greeks. It formed the boundary between Bashan and Gilead. It drains the plateau of the Hauran (Dur 3:2.) The Jabbok or Wady Zerka, formerly the northern boundary of Ammon It enters the JordanAbo 3:20 miles North of Jericho

The first historical notice of the Jordan is in the account of the separation of Abraham and Lot (Gen 13:10). “Lot beheld the Plain of Jordan as the garden of the Lord ” Jacob crossed and recrossed “this Jordan” (Gen 32:10). The Israelites passed over it as “on dry ground” (Jos 3:17;Psa 3:1 Psa 14:3). Twice afterwards its waters were miraculously divided at the same spot by Elijah and Elisha (2Ki 2:8, 2Ki 2:14).

The Jordan is mentioned in the Old Testament about one hundred and eighty times, and in the New Testament fifteen times. The Chief events in gospel history connected with it are (2Ki 2:1) John the Baptist’s ministry, when “there went out to him Jerusalem and all Judaea, and were baptized of him in Jordan” (Mat 3:6). (Mat 3:2.) Jesus also “was baptized of John in Jordan” (Mrk 1:9).

Joseph: remover or increaser. (1.) The elder of the two sons of Jacob by Rachel (Gen 30:23, Gen 30:24), who, on the occasion of his Birth said, “God Hath taken away [Hebrews ‘asaph] my reproach.” “The Lord shall add [Hebrews yoseph] to me another son” (Gen 30:24). He was a Child of probably six years of Age when his Father returned from Haran to Canaan and took up his residence in the Old patriarchal town of Hebron “Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the Son of his Old Age ” and he “made him a long garment with sleeves” (Gen 37:3, R.V. marg.), i.e., a garment long and full, such as was worn by the children of nobles. This seems to be the correct rendering of the words. ... The phrase, however, may also be rendered, “a Coat of many pieces”, i.e., a patchwork of many small Pieces of divers colours.

When he was about seventeen years Old Joseph incurred the jealous Hatred of his brothers (Gen 37:4). They “hated him, and could not speak peaceably unto him.” Their Anger was increased when he told them his dreams (Gen 37:11).

Jacob desiring to hear tidings of his sons, who had gone to Shechem with their flocks,Som 37:60 miles from Hebron sent Joseph as his Messenger to make inquiry regarding them. Joseph found that they had Left Shechem for Dothan whither he followed them. As soon as they saw him Coming they began to plot against him, and would have ki lled him had not Reuben interposed. They ultimately sold him to a company of Ishmaelite merchants for twenty Pieces (shekels) of Silver (about $Som 37:2, Som 37:10s.), ten Pieces less than the current value of a Slave for “they cared little what they had for him, if so be they were rid of him.” These merchants were going down with a varied assortment of merchandise to the Egyptian Market and thither they conveyed him, and ultimately sold him as a Slave to Potiphar an “officer of Pharaoh’s, and Captain of the guard” (Gen 37:36). “The Lord blessed the Egyptian’s House for Joseph’s sake,” and Potiphar made him overseer over his House At length a false charge having been brought against him by Potiphar’ s Wife he was at once cast into the state prison (Gen 37:39; Gen 37:40), where he remained for at least two years. After a while the “chief of the cupbearers” and the “chief of the bakers” of Pharaoh’s household were cast into the same prison (Gen 40:2). Each of these New prisoners dreamed a Dream in the same night, which Joseph interpreted, the event occurring as he had said.

This led to Joseph’s being remembered subsequently by the Chief Butler when Pharaoh also dreamed. At his suggestion Joseph was brought from prison to interpret the king’s dreams. Pharaoh was well pleased with Joseph’s wisdom in interpreting his dreams, and with his counsel with reference to the events then predicted; and he set him over all the land of Egypt (Gen 41:46), and gave him the name of Zaphnath-paaneah. He was married to Asenath the Daughter of the Priest of On, and thus became a member of the priestly class. Joseph was now about thirty years of Age

As Joseph had interpreted, Seven years of plenty came, during which he stored up great abundance of corn in granaries built for the purpose. These years were followed by Seven years of Famine “over all the Face of the earth,” when “all countries came into Egypt to Joseph to buy com” (Gen 41:56, Gen 41:57; Gen 47:13, Gen 47:14). Thus “Joseph gathered up all the Money that was in the land of Egypt and in the land of Canaan for the corn which they bought.” Afterwards all the Cattle and all the land, and at last the Egyptians themselves, became the property of Pharaoh

During this period of Famine Joseph’s brethren also came down to Egypt to buy corn. The history of his dealings with them, and of the manner in which he at length made himself known to them, is one of the most interesting narratives that can be read (Gen 47:45). Joseph directed his brethren to return and bring Jacob and his family to the land of Egypt saying, “I Will give you the good of the land of Egypt and ye shall eat the Fat of the land. Regard not your stuff; for the good of all the land is yours.” Accordingly Jacob and his family, to the number of threescore and ten souls, together with “all that they had,” went down to Egypt They were settled in the land of Goshen where Joseph met his Father and “fell on his Neck and wept on his Neck a good while” (Gen 46:29).

The excavations of Dr. Naville have shown the land of Goshen to be the Wady Tumilat, between Ismailia and Zagazig. In Goshen (Egyptian Qosem) they had pasture for their flocks, were near the Asiatic frontier of Egypt and were out of the way of the Egyptian people. An inscription speaks of it as a district given up to the Wandering shepherds of Asia.

Jacob at length died, and in fulfilment of a promise which he had exacted, Joseph went up to Canaan to bury his Father in “the field of Ephron the Hittite” (Gen 47:29-31; Gen 50:1-14). This was the last recorded act of Joseph who again returned to Egypt

“The ‘Story of the Two Brothers,’ an Egyptian romance written for the Son of the Pharaoh of the Oppression, contains an episode very similar to the Biblical account of Joseph’s treatment by Potiphar’s Wife Potiphar and Potipherah are the Egyptian Pa-tu-pa-Ra, ‘the Gift of the sun-God.’ The name given to Joseph Zaphnath-paaneah, is probably the Egyptian Zaf-nti-pa-ankh, ‘nourisher of the Living one,’ i.e., of the Pharaoh There are many instances in the inscriptions of foreigners in Egypt receiving Egyptian names, and rising to the highest offices of state.”

By his Wife Asenath Joseph had two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim (Gen 41:50). Joseph having obtained a promise from his brethren that when the time should come that God would “bring them unto the land which he sware to Abraham to Isaac and to Jacob ” they would carry up his bones out of Egypt at length died, at the Age of one hundred and ten years; and “they embalmed him, and he was Put in a coffin” (Gen 50:26). This promise was faithfully observed. Their descendants, long after, when the Exodus came, carried the body about with them during their forty years’ wanderings, and at length buried it in Shechem in the parcel of Ground which Jacob bought from the sons of Hamor (Jos 24:32; comp.Gen 33:19). With the Death of Joseph the patriarchal Age of the history of Israel came to a close.

The Pharaoh of Joseph’s elevation was probably Apepi, or Apopis, the last of the Hyksos kings. Some, however, think that Joseph came to Egypt in the reign of Thothmes III. (see PHARAOH), long after the expulsion of the Hyksos.

The name JosephDen 33:13-17; the Kingdom of IsraelIn 37:16, In 37:19, Amos In 5:6; and the whole Covenant people of IsraelIn 81:4.

(In 81:2.) One of the sons of Asaph, head of the first division of sacred musicians (In 81:1 Chronicles In 25:2, In 25:9).

(In 25:3.) The Son of Judah and Father of Semei (Luk 3:26). Other two of the same name in the ancestry of Christ are also mentioned (Luk 3:24, Luk 3:30).

(Luk 3:4.) The foster-father of our Lord (Mat 1:16; Luke Mat 3:23). He lived at Nazareth in Galilee (Luk 2:4). He is called a “just Man ” He was by trade a Carpenter (Mat 13:55). He is last mentioned in connection with the Journey to Jerusalem when Jesus was twelve years Old It is probable that he died before Jesus entered on his public ministry. This is concluded from the fact that Mary only was present at the marriage Feast in Cana of Galilee. His name does not appear in connection with the scenes of the Crucifixion along with that of Mary (q.v.),Jhn 19:25.

(Jhn 19:5.) A native of Arimathea, probably the Ramah of the Old Testament (1Sa 1:19), a Man of wealth, and a member of the Sanhedrim (Mat 27:57; Luke Mat 23:50), an “honourable Counsellor who waited for the Kingdom of God ” As soon as he heard the tidings of Christ’s Death he “went in boldly” (lit. “having summoned courage, he went”) “unto Pilate and craved the body of Jesus ” Pilate having ascertained from the Centurion that the Death had really taken Place granted Joseph’s request, who immediately, having purchased fine Linen (Mrk 15:46), proceeded to Golgotha to take the body down from the Cross There, assisted by Nicodemus, he took down the body and wrapped it in the fine Linen sprinkling it with the Myrrh and Aloes which Nicodemus had brought (Jhn 19:39), and then conveyed the body to the New tomb hewn by Joseph himself out of a Rock in his garden hard by. There they laid it, in the presence of Mary Magdalene Mary the mother of Joses, and other women, and rolled a great Stone to the entrance, and departed (Luk 23:53, Luk 23:55). This was done in haste, “for the Sabbath was drawing on” (comp.Isa 53:9).

(Isa 53:6.) Surnamed Barsabas (Act 1:23); also called Justus He was one of those who “companied with the apostles all the time that the Lord Jesus went out and in among them” (Act 1:21), and was one of the candidates for the Place of Judas

Joshua

Joshua: , The Book OF contains a history of the Israelites from the Death of Moses to that of Joshua It consists of three parts: (1.) The history of the conquest of the land (1-12). (2.) The allotment of the land to the different tribes, with the appointment of cities of Refuge the provision for the Levites (13-22), and the dismissal of the eastern tribes to their homes. This section has been compared to the Domesday Book of the Norman conquest. (3.) The farewell addresses of Joshua with an account of his Death (23, 24).

This book stands first in the second of the three sections, (1) the Law (2) the Prophets, (3) the “other writings” = Hagiographa, into which the Jewish Church divided the Old Testament There is every reason for concluding that the uniform Tradition of the Jews is correct when they assign the authorship of the book to Joshua all except the concluding section; the last verses (13 24:29-33) were added by some other Hand

There are two difficulties connected with this book which have given rise to much discussion, (13 24:1.) The Miracle of the standing still of the Sun and moon on Gibeon. ... The record of it occurs in Joshua’s impassioned Prayer of Faith as quoted (Jos 10:12-15) from the “Book of Jasher” (q.v.). There are many explanations given of these words. They need, however, present no difficulty if we believe in the possibility of God’s miraculous interposition in behalf of his people. Whether it was caused by the refraction of the Light or how, we know not.

(Jos 10:2.) Another difficulty arises out of the command given by God utterly to exterminate the Canaanites “Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?” It is enough that Joshua clearly knew that this was the Will of God who employs his terrible agencies, Famine pestilence, and war, in the righteous government of this world. The Canaanites had sunk into a state of immorality and corruption so foul and degrading that they had to be rooted out of the land with the edge of the Sword “The Israelites’ Sword in its bloodiest executions, wrought a work of mercy for all the countries of the earth to the very End of the world.”

This book resembles the Acts of the Apostles in the number and variety of historical incidents it records, and in its many references to persons and places; and as in the latter case the Epistles of Paul (see Paley’s Horae Paul ) confirm its historical accuracy by their incidental allusions and “undesigned coincidences,” so in the former modem discoveries confirm its historicity. The Amarna tablets (see ADONIZEDEC) are among the most remarkable discoveries of the Age Dating from about B.C. Jos 10:1480 down to the time of Joshua and consisting of official communications from Amorite, Phoenician, and Philistine chiefs to the King of Egypt they afford a glimpse into the actual condition of Palestine prior to the Hebrew invasion, and illustrate and confirm the history of the conquest. A Letter also still extant, from a military officer, “master of the captains of Egypt ” dating from near the End of the reign of Rameses II., gives a Curious account of a Journey probably official, which he undertook through Palestine as far North as to Aleppo, and an insight into the social condition of the country at that time. Among the things brought to Light by this Letter and the Amarna tablets is the state of confusion and decay that had now fallen on Egypt The Egyptian garrisons that had held possession of Palestine from the time of Thothmes III., some two hundred years before, had now been withdrawn. The way was thus opened for the Hebrews In the history of the conquest there is no mention of Joshua having encountered any Egyptian force. The tablets contain many appeals to the King of Egypt for help against the inroads of the Hebrews but no help seems ever to have been sent. Is not this just such a state of things as might have been anticipated as the result of the disaster of the Exodus? In many points, as shown under various articles, the progress of the conquest is remarkably illustrated by the tablets. The value of modern discoveries in their relation to Old Testament history has been thus well described:

“The difficulty of establishing the charge of lack of historical credibility, as against the Testimony of the Old Testament has of late years greatly increased. The outcome of recent excavations and explorations is altogether against it. As long as these books contained, in the main, the only known accounts of the events they mention, there was some plausibility in the theory that perhaps these accounts were written rather to teach moral lessons than to preserve an exact knowledge of events. It was easy to say in those times men had not the historic sense. But the recent discoveries touch the events recorded in the Bible at very many different points in many different generations, mentioning the same persons, countries, peoples, events that are mentioned in the Bible and showing Beyond question that these were strictly historic. The point is not that the discoveries confirm the correctness of the Biblical statements, though that is commonly the case, but that the discoveries show that the peoples of those ages had the historic sense, and, specifically, that the Biblical narratives they touch are narratives of actual occurrences.”

Josiah: healed by Jehovah or Jehovah Will support. The Son of Amon and his successor on the Throne of Judah (2Ki 22:1;2Ch 34:1).His 34:2Kin 34:22, Kin 34:23. He stands foremost among all the kings of the line of David for unswerving loyalty to Jehovah (Kin 23:25). He “did that which was right in the sight of the Lord and walked in all the way of David his Father ” He ascended the Throne at the early Age of eight years, and it appears that not till eight years afterwards did he begin “to seek after the God of David his Father ” At that Age he devoted himself to God He distinguished himself by beginning a war of extermination against the prevailing Idolatry which had practically been the state religion for some Seventy years (2Ch 34:3; comp.Jer 25:3, Jer 25:11, Jer 25:29). ...

In the eighteenth Year of his reign he proceeded to repair and beautify the Temple which by time and violence had become sorely dilapidated (2Ki 22:3, 2Ki 22:5, 2Ki 22:6; 2Ki 23:23;2Ch 34:11). While this work was being carried on, Hilkiah, the High Priest discovered a roll, which was probably the original copy of the Law the entire Pentateuch written by Moses

When this book was read to him, the King was alarmed by the things it contained, and sent for Huldah the “prophetess,” for her counsel. She spoke to him words of encouragement, telling him that he would be gathered to his fathers in Peace before the threatened days of Judgment came. Josiah immediately gathered the people together, and engaged them in a renewal of their Ancient national Covenant with God The Passover was then celebrated, as in the days of his great predecessor, Hezekiah, with unusual magnificence. Nevertheless, “the Lord turned not from the fierceness of his great wrath wherewith his Anger was kindled against Judah” (2Ki 22:3-20; 2Ki 23:21-27;2Ch 35:1-19). During the progress of this great religious revolution Jeremiah helped it on by his Earnest exhortations.

Soon after this, Pharaoh-Necho II. (q.v.), King of Egypt in an expedition against the King of Assyria with the view of gaining possession of Carchemish sought a Passage through the territory of Judah for his Army This Josiah refused to permit. He had probably entered into some New Alliance with the King of Assyria and Faithful to his Word he sought to oppose the progress of Necho.

The Army of Judah went out and encountered that of Egypt at Megiddo on the verge of the Plain of Esdraelon Josiah went into the field in disguise, and was fatally wounded by a random arrow. His attendants conveyed him toward Jerusalem but had only reached Hadadrimmon, a few miles South of Megiddo when he died (2Ki 23:28, 2Ki 23:30; comp.2Ch 35:20-27), after a reign of thirty-one years. He was buried with the greatest honours in fulfilment of Huldah’s Prophecy (2Ki 22:20; comp.Jer 34:5). Jeremiah composed a Funeral elegy on this the best of the kings of Israel (Lam 4:20;2Ch 35:25). The outburst of national grief on account of his Death became proverbial (Zec 12:11; comp.Rev 16:16).

Jot

Jotham: Jehovah is perfect. (1.) The youngest of Gideon’s Seventy sons. He escaped when the Rest were Put to Death by the order of Abimelech (Jdg 9:5). When “the citizens of Shechem and the whole House of Millo” were gathered together “by the Plain of the pillar” (i.e., the Stone set up by Joshua Jdg 24:26; comp. Genesis Jdg 35:4) “that was in Shechem to make Abimelech King ” from one of the heights of Mount Gerizim he protested against their doing so in the earliest Parable that of the bramble-king. His words then spoken were prophetic. There came a recoil in the feelings of the people toward Abimelech and then a terrible revenge, in which many were slain and the City of Shechem was destroyed by Abimelech (Jdg 9:45). ... Having delivered his warning, Jotham fled to Beer from the vengeance of Abimelech (Jdg 9:7-21).

(Jdg 9:2.) The Son and successor of Uzziah on the Throne of Judah As during his last years Uzziah was excluded from public Life on account of his Leprosy his Son then twenty-five years of Age administered for Seven years the affairs of the Kingdom in his father’s stead (Jdg 9:2 Chronicles Jdg 26:21, Jdg 26:23; Jdg 27:1). After his father’s Death he became sole monarch, and reigned for sixteen years (B.C.759 27:743). He ruled in the Fear of God and his reign was prosperous. He was contemporary with the prophets Isaiah Hosea and Micah, by whose ministrations he profited. He was buried in the Sepulchre of the kings, greatly lamented by the people (2Ki 15:38; 2Ki 15:2 Chronicles 2Ki 27:7-9).

Journey: (1.) a day’s Journey in the East is from 16 to 20 miles (Num 11:31).

(Num 11:2.) A Sabbath-day’s JourneyIs 11:2,Is 11:000 paces or yards from the City walls (Act 1:12). According to Jewish Tradition it was the distance one might travel without violating the Law of Exodus Act 16:29. (See Sabbath )

Jozabad: whom Jehovah bestows. (1.) One of the Benjamite archers who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:4).

(2.) A Chief of the Tribe of Manasseh (1 Chronicles 12:20).

Jozachar: Jehovah-remembered, one of the two servants who assassinated Jehoash the King of Judah in Millo (2Ki 12:21). He is called also Zabad (2Ch 24:26).

Jubal: jubilee, Music Lamech’s second Son by Adah of the line of Cain. He was the inventor of “the harp” (Hebrews kinnor, properly “lyre”) and “the organ” (Hebrews ‘ugab, properly “mouth-organ” or Pan’s pipe),Gen 4:21.

Jubilee: a joyful shout or clangour of Trumpets the name of the great semi-centennial festival of the Hebrews It lasted for a Year During this Year the land was to be fallow, and the Israelites were only permitted to gather the spontaneous produce of the fields (Lev 25:11, Lev 25:12). All landed property during that Year reverted to its original owner (13 25:34; 13 27:16-24), and all who were slaves were set free (13 25:39-54), and all debts were remitted.

The return of the Jubilee Year was proclaimed by a blast of Trumpets which sounded throughout the land. There is no record in Scripture of the actual observance of this festival, but there are numerous allusions (Isa 5:7, Isa 5:8, Isa 5:9, Isa 5:10; Isa 61:1, Isa 61:2;Ezk 7:12, Ezk 7:13; Nehemiah Ezk 5:1-19; Ezk 5:2 Chronicles Ezk 36:21) which Place it Beyond a doubt that it was observed. ...

The advantages of this institution were manifold. “Ezk 36:1. It would prevent the accumulation of land on the part of a few to the detriment of the community at large. Ezk 36:2. It would render it impossible for any one to be Born to absolute poverty, since every one had his hereditary land. Ezk 36:3. It would preclude those inequalities which are produced by extremes of riches and poverty, and which make one Man domineer over another. Ezk 36:4. It would utterly do away with slavery. Ezk 36:5. It would afford a fresh opportunity to those who were reduced by adverse circumstances to begin again their career of industry in the patrimony which they had temporarily forfeited. Ezk 36:6. It would periodically rectify the disorders which crept into the state in the course of time, preclude the division of the people into nobles and plebeians, and preserve the Theocracy inviolate.”

Juda: (1.) The Patriarch Judah Son of Jacob (Luk 3:33; Hebrews Luk 7:14). In Luke Luk 1:39; Hebrews Luk 7:14; Revelation Luk 5:5; Luk 7:5, the Word refers to the Tribe of Judah

(Luk 7:2.) The Father of Simeon in Christ’s maternal ancestry (Luk 3:30).

(Luk 3:3.) Son of Joanna and Father of Joseph in Christ’s maternal ancestry (Luk 3:26), probably identical with Abiud (Mat 1:13), and with Obadiah (Mat 1:1 Chronicles Mat 3:21).

(Mat 3:4.) One of the Lord’s “brethren” (Mrk 6:3).

Judah: UPON Jordan The Authorized Version following the Vulgate, has this rendering in Joshua 19:34. It has been suggested that, following the Masoretic punctuation, the expression should read thus, “and Judah the Jordan was toward the sun-rising.” The sixty cities (Havoth-jair,Num 32:41) on the East of Jordan were reckoned as belonging to Judah because Jair their founder, was a Manassite only on his mother’s side, but on his father’s side of the Tribe of Judah (Num 32:1 Chronicles Num 2:5,21 2:23).

Judas: the Graecized form of Judah (1.) The Patriarch (Mat 1:2, Mat 1:3).

(Mat 1:2.) Son of Simon (Jhn 6:71; Jhn 13:2, Jhn 13:26), surnamed Iscariot, i.e., a Man of Kerioth (Jos 15:25). His name is uniformly the last in the list of the apostles, as given in the synoptic (i.e., the first three) Gospels The evil of his nature probably gradually unfolded itself till “Satan entered into him” (Jhn 13:27), and he betrayed our Lord (Jhn 18:3). Afterwards he owned his sin with “an exceeding Bitter cry,” and cast the Money he had received as the Wages of his iniquity down on the floor of the Sanctuary and “departed and went and hanged himself’ (Mat 27:5). ... He perished in his guilt, and “went unto his own place” (Act 1:25). The statement in Acts Act 1:18 that he “fell headlong and burst asunder in the midst, and all his Bowels gushed out,” is in no way contrary to that in Matthew Act 27:5. The sucide first hanged himself, perhaps over the Valley of Hinnom, “and the rope giving way, or the Branch to which he hung breaking, he fell down headlong on his Face and was crushed and mangled on the rocky pavement below.”

Why such a Man was Chosen to be an Apostle we know not, but it is written that “Jesus knew from the beginning who should betray him” (Jhn 6:64). Nor can any answer be satisfactorily given to the question as to the motives that led Judas to betray his Master. “Of the motives that have been assigned we need not care to fix on any one as that which simply led him on. Crime is, for the most part, the result of a hundred motives rushing with bewildering Fury through the mind of the criminal.”

(Jhn 6:3.) A Jew of Damascus (Act 9:11), to whose House Ananias was sent. The Street called “Straight” in which it was situated is identified with the modern “street of bazaars,” where is still pointed out the so-called “house of Judas ”

(Act 9:4.) A Christian teacher, surnamed Barsabas He was sent from Jerusalem to Antioch along with Paul and Barnabas with the Decision of the Council (Act 15:22, Act 15:27, Act 15:32). He was a “prophet” and a “chief Man among the brethren.”

Jude: , Epistle OF The author was “Judas, the Brother of James” the Less (Jud 1:1), called also Lebbaeus (Mat 10:3) and Thaddaeus (Mrk 3:18). The genuineness of this epistle was early questioned, and doubts regarding it were revived at the time of the Reformation; but the evidences in support of its claims are complete. It has all the marks of having proceeded from the writer whose name it bears.

There is nothing very definite to determine the time and Place at which it was written. It was apparently written in the later period of the apostolic Age for when it was written there were persons still alive who had heard the apostles preach (ver. Mrk 3:17). It may thus have been written about A.D.66 3:70, and apparently in Palestine

The epistle is addressed to Christians in general (ver. ... 66 3:1), and its design is to Put them on their Guard against the misleading efforts of a certain class of errorists to which they were exposed. The style of the epistle is that of an “impassioned invective, in the impetuous whirlwind of which the writer is hurried along, collecting example after example of divine vengeance on the ungodly; heaping epithet upon epithet, and piling image upon image, and, as it were, labouring for words and images strong enough to depict the polluted character of the licentious apostates against whom he is warning the Church returning again and again to the subject, as though all language was insufficient to give an adequate idea of their profligacy, and to express his burning Hatred of their perversion of the doctrines of the gospel.”

The 3:2 Peter suggests the idea that the author of the one had seen the epistle of the other.

The doxology with which the epistle concludes is regarded as the finest in the New Testament

Judea: After the Captivity this name was applied to the whole of the country west of the Jordan (Hag. 1:1, 14; 2:2). But under the Romans in the time of Christ it denoted the southernmost of the three divisions of Palestine (Mat 2:1, Mat 2:5; Mat 3:1; Mat 4:25), although it was also sometimes used for Palestine generally (Act 28:21).

The province of Judea as distinguished from Galilee and Samaria included the territories of the tribes of Judah Benjamin Dan Simeon and part of Ephraim Under the Romans it was a part of the province of Syria and was governed by a procurator.

Judge: (Hebrews shophet, pi. shophetim), properly a Magistrate or ruler, rather than one who Judges in the sense of trying a cause. This is the name given to those rulers who presided over the affairs of the Israelites during the interval between the Death of Joshua and the accession of Saul (Jdg 2:18), a period of general anarchy and confusion. “The office of Judges or regents was held during Life but it was not hereditary, neither could they appoint their successors. Their authority was limited by the Law alone, and in doubtful cases they were directed to consult the divine King through the Priest by Urim and Thummim (Num 27:21). Their authority extended only over those tribes by whom they had been elected or acknowledged. ... There was no income attached to their office, and they bore no external marks of dignity. The only cases of direct divine appointment are those of Gideon and Samson and the latter stood in the Peculiar position of having been from before his Birth ordained ‘to begin to deliver Israel ’ Deborah was called to deliver Israel but was already a Judge Samuel was called by the Lord to be a Prophet but not a Judge which ensued from the High Gifts the people recognized as dwelling in him; and as to Eli the office of Judge seems to have devolved naturally or rather ex officio upon him.” Of five of the Judges Tola (Jdg 10:1), Jair (Jdg 10:3),

Ibzan, Elon and Abdon (Jdg 12:8-15), we have no record at all Beyond the bare fact that they were Judges Sacred history is not the history of individuals but of the Kingdom of God in its onward progress.

In Exodus Jdg 2:14 Moses is so styled. This fact may indicate that while for revenue purposes the “taskmasters” were over the people, they were yet, just as at a later time when under the Romans governed by their own rulers.

Judges: , Book OF is so called because it contains the history of the deliverance and government of Israel by the men who bore the title of the “judges.” The book of Ruth originally formed part of this book, but about A.D. 450 it was separated from it and placed in the Hebrew scriptures immediately after the Song of Solomon

The book contains, (1.) An introduction (1 3:6), connecting it with the previous narrative in Joshua as a “link in the Chain of books.” (1 3:2.) The history of the thirteen Judges (1 3:7-16:1 3:31) in the following order:

FIRST PERIOD (1 3:7-ch. 1 3:5)

Years I. Servitude under Chushan-Ris 3:8 Ris 3:1. Othniel delivers Israel Rest Ris 3:0 II. ... Servitude under Eglon of Moab AmmonAma 3:18 Ama 3:2. Ehud’s deliverance, Rest Ama 3:0 . Shamgar Unknown.

Ama 3:20 III. Servitude under Jabin of Hazor in Canaan Deborah and,

Ama 3:5. Barak0 3:06 SECOND PERIOD (6 10:5)

IV. Servitude under Midian, Amalek and children of the East 6 10:7 . Gideon

Abimelech, Gideon’s Son reigns as King over Israel 6 10:0

6 10:7. Tola . Jair5 10:3 5 10:2 THIRD PERIOD (5 10:6-Ch. 5 10:12)

7 10:10

7 10:49

FOURTH PERIOD (13 10:16)

VI. Seritude under Philistines40 10:3. Samson 40 10:20 V. Servitude under Ammonites with the Philistines Jephthah 40 10:0. Ibzan 40 10:1.Elo 10:2. Abdon Elo 10:8

Elo 10:60

In 10:410

Samson’s exploits probably synchronize with the period immediately preceding the national Repentance and reformation under Samuel (In 10:1 Samuel In 7:2-6).

After Samson came Eli who was both High Priest and Judge He directed the civil and religious affairs of the people for forty years, at the close of which the Philistines again invaded the land and oppressed it for twenty years. Samuel was raised up to deliver the people from this oppression, and he judged Israel for some twelve years, when the direction of affairs fell into the hands of Saul who was anointed King If Eli and Samuel are included, there were then fifteen Judges But the Chronology of this whole period is uncertain.

(In 7:3.) The historic section of the book is followed by an appendix (17 7:21), which has no formal connection with that which goes before. It records (a)

the conquest (17 7:17, 17 7:18) of Laish by a portion of the Tribe of Dan and (b) the almost total extinction of the Tribe of Benjamin by the other tribes, in consequence of their assisting the men of Gibeah (19 7:21). This section properly belongs to the period only a few years after the Death of Joshua It shows the religious and moral degeneracy of the people.

The author of this book was most probably Samuel The internal evidence both of the first sixteen chapters and of the appendix warrants this conclusion. It was probably composed during Saul’s reign, or at the very beginning of David’s.The 18:30,The 18:31, imply that it was written after the taking of the Ark by the Philistines and after it was set up at Nob (The 18:1 Samuel The 18:21). In David’s reign the Ark was at Gibeon (The 18:1 Chronicles The 16:39)

Judgment: , The FINAL the sentence that Will be passed on our actions at the last Day (Matthew 25;Rom 14:10, Rom 14:11;2Co 5:10;2Th 1:7-10).

The Judge is Jesus Christ as Mediator All Judgment is committed to him (Act 17:31;Jhn 5:22, Jhn 5:27;Rev 1:7). “It pertains to him as Mediator to complete and publicly manifest the Salvation of his people and the overthrow of his enemies, together with the glorious righteousness of his work in both respects.”

The persons to be judged are, (Rev 1:1) the whole race of Adam without a single exception (Mat 25:31-46;1Co 15:51, 1Co 15:52;Rev 20:11-15); and (Rev 20:2) the fallen angels (2Pe 2:4; Jude 2Pe 1:6). ...

The rule of Judgment is the standard of God’s Law as revealed to men, the Heathen by the Law as written on their hearts (Luk 12:47,Luk 12:48;Rom 2:12-16); the Jew who “sinned in the Law shall be judged by the law” (Rom 2:12); the Christian enjoying the Light of Revelation by the Will of God as made known to him (Mat 11:20-24;Jhn 3:19). Then the secrets of all hearts Will be brought to Light (1Co 4:5;Luk 8:17; Luk 12:2,Luk 12:3) to vindicate the Justice of the sentence pronounced.

The time of the Judgment Will be after the Resurrection (Heb 9:27; Acts Heb 17:31).

As the Scriptures represent the final Judgment “as certain [Ecc 11:9], universal [2Co 5:10], righteous [Rom 2:5], decisive [1Co 15:52], and Eternal as to its consequences [Heb 6:2], let us be concerned for the welfare of our immortal interests, flee to the Refuge set before us, improve our precious time, depend on the merits of the Redeemer, and adhere to the dictates of the divine Word that we may be found of him in Peace ”

Judgments: OF God (1.) The secret decisions of God’s Will (Psa 110:5; Psa 36:6). (Psa 36:2.) The revelations of his Will (Exo 21:1;Deu 6:20;Psa 119:7-175). (Psa 119:3.) The infliction of Punishment on the wicked (Exo 6:6; Exo 12:12;Ezk 25:11; Revelation Ezk 16:7),Suc 16:7; Suc 19:24,Suc 19:25;Jdg 1:6,Jdg 1:7; Acts Jdg 5:1-10, etc.

Judith: Jewess, the Daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and one of Esau’s wives (Gen 26:34), elsewhere called Aholibamah (Gen 36:2-14).

Julia: a Christian Woman at Rome to whom Paul sent his salutations (Rom 16:15), supposed to be the Wife of Philologus.

Julius: the Centurion of the Augustan cohort, or the emperor’s body-guard, in whose charge Paul was sent prisoner to Rome (Act 27:1, Act 27:3, Act 27:43). He entreated Paul “courteously,” showing in many ways a friendly regard for him.

Junia: (Rom 16:7), a Christian at Rome to whom Paul sends salutations along with Andronicus

Juniper: (Hebrews rothem), called by the Arabs retem, and known as Spanish broom; ranked under the genus genista. It is a Desert shrub, and abounds in many parts of Palestine In the account of his Journey from Akabah to Jerusalem Dr. Robinson says: “This is the largest and most conspicuous shrub of these deserts, growing thickly in the water-courses and valleys. Our Arabs always selected the Place of encampment, if possible, in a spot where it grew, in order to be sheltered by it at night from the wind; and during the Day when they often went on in advance of the camels, we found them not unfrequently Sitting or sleeping under a bush of retem to shelter them from the Sun It was in this very Desert a day’s Journey from Beersheba that the Prophet Elijah lay down and slept beneath the same shrub” (1Ki 19:4, 1Ki 19:5). ... It afforded material for Fuel and also in cases of extremity for human Food (Psa 120:4;Job 30:4). One of the encampments in the Wilderness of Paran is called Rithmah, i.e., “place of broom” (Num 33:18).

“The Bedawin of Sinai still burn this very plant into a charcoal which throws out the most intense heat.”

Jupiter: the principal deity of the Ancient Greeks and Romans He was worshipped by them under various epithets. Barnabas was identified with this God by the Lycaonians (Act 14:12), because he was of stately and commanding presence, as they supposed Jupiter to be. There was a Temple dedicated to this God outside the gates of Lystra (Act 14:13).

Justice: OF God that perfection of his nature whereby he is infinitely righteous in himself and in all he does, the righteousness of the divine nature exercised in his moral government. At first God imposes righteous laws on his creatures and executes them righteously. Justice is not an optional product of his Will but an unchangeable principle of his very nature. His legislative Justice is his requiring of his rational creatures conformity in all respects to the moral Law His rectoral or distributive Justice is his dealing with his accountable creatures according to the requirements of the Law in rewarding or punishing them (Psa 89:14). In remunerative Justice he distributes rewards (Jas 1:12; Jas 1:2 Timothy Jas 4:8); in vindictive or punitive Justice he inflicts Punishment on account of transgression (Jas 4:2 Thessalonians Jas 1:6). ... He cannot, as being infinitely righteous, do otherwise than regard and hate sin as intrinsically hateful and deserving of Punishment “He cannot deny himself’ (Jas 1:2 Timothy Jas 2:13). His essential and Eternal righteousness immutably determines him to visit every sin as such with merited Punishment

Justification: a forensic term, opposed to condemnation. As regards its nature, it is the judicial act of God by which he pardons all the sins of those who believe in Christ and accounts, accepts, and treats them as righteous in the Eye of the Law i.e., as conformed to all its demands. In addition to the Pardon (q.v.) of sin, Justification declares that all the claims of the Law are satisfied in respect of the justified. It is the act of a Judge and not of a sovereign. The Law is not relaxed or set aside, but is declared to be fulfilled in the strictest sense; and so the person justified is declared to be entitled to all the advantages and rewards arising from perfect obedience to the Law (Rom 5:1-10).

It proceeds on the imputing or crediting to the believer by God himself of the perfect righteousness, active and passive, of his Representative and Surety Jesus Christ (Rom 10:3-9). ... Justification is not the Forgiveness of a Man without righteousness, but a declaration that he possesses a righteousness which perfectly and for ever satisfies the Law namely, Christ’s righteousness (2Co 5:21;Rom 4:6-8).

The sole condition on which this righteousness is imputed or credited to the believer is Faith in or on the Lord Jesus Christ Faith is called a “condition,” not because it possesses any merit, but only because it is the instrument, the only instrument by which the soul appropriates or apprehends Christ and his righteousness (Rom 1:17; Rom 3:25, Rom 3:26; Rom 4:20, Rom 4:22; Phil. Rom 3:8-11;Gal 2:16).

The act of Faith which thus secures our Justification secures also at the same time our Sanctification (q.v.); and thus the doctrine of Justification by Faith does not Lead to licentiousness (Rom 6:2-7). Good Works while not the Ground are the certain consequence of Justification (Rom 6:14; Rom 7:6). (See Galatians EPISTLE TO.)

Justus: (l.) Another name for Joseph surnamed Barsabas He and Matthias are mentioned only in Acts 1:23. “They must have been among the earliest disciples of Jesus and must have been Faithful to the End they must have been well known and esteemed among the brethren. What became of them afterwards, and what work they did, are entirely unknown” (Lindsay’s Acts of the Apostles).

(2.) A Jewish Proselyte at Corinth in whose House next door to the Synagogue Paul held meetings and preached after he Left the Synagogue (Act 18:7).

(Act 18:3.) A Jewish Christian called Jesus Paul’s only fellow-labourer at Rome where he wrote his Epistle to the Colossians (Col 4:11).

Juttah: extended, a Levitical City in the mountains or hill-country of Judah (Jos 15:55; Jos 21:16). Its modem name is Yutta,A P 21:5 A P 21:1/A P 21:2 miles South of Hebron It is supposed to have been the residence of Zacharias and Elisabeth and the birthplace of John the Baptist, and on this account is annually visited by thousands of pilgrims belonging to the Greek Church (Luk 1:39). (See MARY.)

Kab: ZEEL gathering of God a City in the extreme South of Judah near to Idumaea (Jos 15:21), the birthplace of Benaiah one of David’s Chief warriors (2Sa 23:20; 2Sa 23:1 Chronicles 2Sa 11:22). It was called also Jekabzeel (Neh 11:1 Neh 1:25), after the Captivity

Kadesh: the sacred City of the Hittites, on the Left bank of the Orontes, about 4 miles South of the Lake of Homs. It is identified with the great mound Tell Neby Mendeh, some 50 to 100 feet High and 400 yards long. On the ruins of the Temple of Karnak, in Egypt has been found an inscription recording the capture of this City by Rameses II. (See Pharaoh ) Here the sculptor “has chiselled in Deep work on the Stone with a bold execution of the several parts, the procession of the warriors, the battle before Kadesh the storming of the fortress, the overthrow of the enemy, and the Camp Life of the Egyptians.” (See HITTITES.)

Kadmiel: before God i.e., his servant, one of the Levites who returned with Zerubbabel from the Captivity (Neh 9:4; Neh 10:9; Neh 12:8).

Kadmonites: Orientals, the name of a Canaanitish Tribe which inhabited the north-eastern part of Palestine in the time of Abraham (Gen 15:19). Probably they were identical with the “children of the East ” who inhabited the country between Palestine and the Euphrates

Kanah: reedy; brook of reeds. (1.) A Stream forming the boundary between Ephraim and Manasseh from the Mediterranean eastward to Tappuah (Jos 16:8). It has been identified with the sedgy streams that constitute the Wady Talaik, which enters the Sea between Joppa and Caesarea Others identify it with the river’ Aujeh.

(Jos 16:2.) A town in the North of Asher (Jos 19:28). It has been identified with ‘Ain-Kana,A V 19:7 miles south-east of Tyre. About a mile North of this Place are many colossal ruins strown about. And in the side of a neighbouring ravine are figures of men, women, and children cut in the Face of the Rock These are supposed to be of Phoenician origin.

Kareah: bald, the Father of Johanan and Jonathan who for a time were loyal to Gedaliah the Babylonian Governor of Jerusalem (Jer 40:8, Jer 40:13, Jer 40:15, Jer 40:16).

Karkaa: a floor; bottom, a Place between Adar and Azmon, about midway between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea (Jos 15:3).

Karkor: foundation, a Place in the Open Desert wastes on the East of Jordan (Jdg 8:10), not far Beyond Succoth and Penuel to the South Here Gideon overtook and routed a Fugitive band of Midianites under Zeba and Zalmunna whom he took Captive

Kartah: city, a town in the Tribe of Zebulun assigned to the Levites of the family of Merari (Jos 21:34). It is identical with Kattath (Jos 19:15), and perhaps also with Kitron (Jdg 1:30).

Kartan: double City a town of Naphali, assigned to the Gershonite Levites, and one of the cities of Refuge (Jos 21:32). It was probably near the north-western shore of the Sea of Tiberias identical with the ruined village el-Katanah.

Kattath: (Jos 19:15), a town of Asher has been identified with Kana el Jelil. (See Cana )

Kedar: dark-skinned, the second Son of Ishmael (Gen 25:13).

It is the name for the nomadic tribes of Arabs, the Bedouins generally (Isa 21:16; Isa 42:11; Isa 60:7;Jer 2:10;Ezk 27:21), who dwelt in the north-west of Arabia They lived in Black hair-tents (Cant. Ezk 1:5). To “dwell in the tents of Kedar” was to be cut off from the Worship of the true God (Psa 120:5). The Kedarites suffered at the hands of Nebuchadnezzar (Jer 49:28, Jer 49:29).

Kedemah: eastward, the last-named of the sons of Ishmael (Gen 25:15).

Kedemoth: beginnings; easternmost, a City of Reuben assigned to the Levites of the family of Merari (Jos 13:18). It lay not far north-east of Dibon-gad, East of the Dead Sea

Kedesh: sanctuary. (1.) A Place in the extreme South of Judah (Jos 15:23). Probably the same as Kadesh-barnea (q.v.).

(Jos 15:2.) A City of Issachar (Jos 15:1 Chronicles Jos 6:72). Possibly Tell Abu Kadeis, near Lejjun.

(Jos 6:3.) A “fenced city” of Naphtali one of the cities of Refuge (Jos 19:37;Jdg 4:6). It was assigned to the Gershonite Levites (Jos 21:32). It was originally a Canaanite royal City (Jos 12:22), and was the residence of Barak (Jdg 4:6); and here he and Deborah assembled the tribes of Zebulun and Naphtali before the commencement of the conflict with Sisera in the Plain of Esdraelon “for Jehovah among the mighty” (Jdg 4:9, Jdg 4:10). ... In the reign of Pekah it was taken by Tiglath-Pileser (2Ki 15:29). It was situated near the “plain” (rather “the oak”) of Zaanaim and has been identified with the modern Kedes, on the hills fully four miles north-west of Lake El Huleh.

It has been supposed by some that the Kedesh of the narrative, where Barak assembled his troops, was not the Place in Upper Galilee so named,Whi 15:30 miles distant from the Plain of Esdraelon but Kedish, on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Whi 15:12 miles from Tabor

Kedron: the Valley now quite narrow, between the Mount of Olives and Mount Moriah The upper part of it is called the Valley of Jehoshaphat The LXX., in 1Kin 15:13, translate “of the Cedar ” The Word means “black,” and may refer to the Colour of the Water or the gloom of the ravine, or the Black green of the cedars which grew there. John Kin 18:1, “Cedron,” only here in New Testament (See KIDRON.)

Kehelathah: assembly, one of the stations of the Israelites in the Desert (Num 33:22, Num 33:23).

Keilah: citadel, a City in the lowlands of Judah (Jos 15:44). David rescued it from the attack of the Philistines (1Sa 23:1-8); but the inhabitants proving unfaithful to him, in that they sought to deliver him up to Saul (1Sa 23:13), he and his men “departed from Keilah and went whithersoever they could go.” They fled to the Hill Hareth Abo 23:3 miles to the East and thence through Hebron to Ziph (q.v.). “And David was in the Wilderness of Ziph, in a wood” (1Sa 23:15). Here Jonathan sought him out, “and strengthened his Hand in God ” This was the last interview between David and Jonathan (1Sa 23:16-18). It is the modern Khurbet Kila. Others identify it with Khuweilfeh, between Beit Jibrin (Eleutheropolis) and Beersheba mentioned in the Amarna tablets.

Kelita: dwarf, a Levite who assisted Ezra in expounding the Law to the people (Neh 8:7; Neh 10:10).

Kemuel: helper of God or assembly of God (1.) The third Son of Nahor (Gen 22:21).

(Gen 22:2.) Son of Shiphtan appointed on behalf of the Tribe of Ephraim to partition the land of Canaan (Num 34:24).

(Num 34:3.) A Levite (Num 34:1 Chronicles Num 27:17).

Kenath: possession, a City of Gilead. It was captured by Nobah, who called it by his own name (Num 32:42). It has been identified with Kunawat, on the slopes of Jebel Hauran (Mount Bashan), Num 32:60 miles East from the South End of the Sea of Galilee.

Kenaz: hunter. (1.) One of the sons of Eliphaz the Son of Esau He became the Chief of an Edomitish Tribe (Gen 36:1 Gen 36:1, Gen 36:15, Gen 36:42).

(Gen 36:2.) Caleb’s younger Brother and Father of Othniel (Jos 15:17), whose family was of importance in Israel down to the time of David (Jos 15:1 Chronicles Jos 27:15). Some think that Othniel (Jdg 1:13), and not Kenaz was Caleb’s Brother

(Jdg 1:3.) Caleb’s grandson (Jdg 1:1 Chronicles Jdg 4:15).

Kenites: smiths, the name of a Tribe inhabiting the Desert lying between southern Palestine and the mountains of Sinai. Jethro was of this Tribe (Jdg 1:16). He is called a “Midianite” (Num 10:29), and hence it is concluded that the Midianites and the Kenites were the same Tribe They were Wandering smiths, “the gipsies and travelling tinkers of the Old Oriental world. They formed an important guild in an Age when the art of metallurgy was confined to a few” (Sayce’s Races, etc.). They showed ki ndness to Israel in their Journey through the Wilderness They accompanied them in their march as far as Jericho (Jdg 1:16), and then returned to their Old haunts among the Amalekites, in the Desert to the South of Judah They sustained afterwards friendly relations with the Israelites when settled in Canaan (Jdg 4:11,17 4:21;1Sa 27:10; 1Sa 30:29). ... The Rechabites belonged to this Tribe (1Sa 30:1 Chronicles 1Sa 2:55) and in the days of Jeremiah (1Sa 35:7-10) are referred to as following their nomad habits. Saul bade them depart from the Amalekites (1Sa 15:6) when, in obedience to the divine commission, he was about to “smite Amalek ” And his reason is, “for ye showed kindness to all the children of Israel when they came up out of Egypt ” Thus “God is not unrighteous to forget the kindnesses shown to his people; but they shall be remembered another Day at the farthest in the great Day and recompensed in the Resurrection of the just” (M. Henry’s Commentary). They are mentioned for the last time in ScriptureIn 15:1Sam 27:10; comp. Sam 30:20.

Kenizzite: (1.) The name of a Tribe referred to in the Covenant God made with Abraham (Gen 15:19). They are not mentioned among the original inhabitants of Canaan (Exo 3:8; Joshua Exo 3:10), and probably they inhabited some part of Arabia in the confines of Syria

(Exo 3:2.) A designation given to Caleb (R.V.,Num 32:12; A.V., Kenezite).

Kerchief: Men 13:18, Men 13:21, as an article of Apparel or ornament applied to the head of the idolatrous women of Israel The precise meaning of the Word is uncertain. It appears to have been a long loose shawl, such as Oriental women wrap themselves in (Rut 3:15; Isaiah Rut 3:22). Some think that it was a long Veil or head-dress, denoting by its form the position of those who wore it.

KEREN-

Happuch: horn of the face-paint = cosmetic-box, the name of Job’s third Daughter (Job. 42:14), Born after prosperity had returned to him.

Kerioth: cities. (1.) A town in the South of Judah (Jos 15:25). Judas the traitor was probably a native of this Place and hence his name Iscariot. It has been identified with the ruins of el-Kureitein,Abo 15:10 miles South of Hebron (See Hazor [Abo 15:4]).

(Abo 15:2.) A City of Moab (Jer 48:24, Jer 48:41), called Kirioth (Amo 2:2).

Kesitah: (Gen 33:19, R.V., marg., a Hebrew Word rendered, A.V., pi. “pieces of Money ” marg., “lambs;”Jos 24:32, “pieces of Silver ”

Job 42:11, “piece of money”). The Kesitah was probably a piece of Money of a particular weight, cast in the form of a Lamb The monuments of Egypt show that such weights were used. (See Pieces )

Kettle

Keturah: incense, the Wife of Abraham whom he married probably after Sarah’s Death (Gen 25:1-6), by whom he had six sons, whom he sent away into the East country. Her nationality is unknown. She is styled “Abraham’s concubine” (Gen 25:1 Chronicles Gen 1:32). Through the offshoots of the Keturah line Abraham became the “father of many nations.”

Key: frequently mentioned in Scripture It is called in Hebrew maphteah, i.e., the opener (Jdg 3:25); and in the Greek New Testament kleis, from its use in shutting (Mat 16:19; Luke Mat 11:52; Revelation Mat 1:18, etc.). Figures of Ancient Egyptian keys are frequently found on the monuments, also of Assyrian locks and keys of Wood and of a large size (comp.Isa 22:22 ).

The Word is used figuratively of power or authority or office (Isa 22:22; Revelation Isa 3:7; Revelation Isa 1:8; comp. Isa 9:1; Isa 20:1; comp, also Matthew Isa 16:19; Isa 18:18). The “key of knowledge” (Luk 11:52; comp. Matthew Luk 23:13) is the means of attaining the knowledge regarding the Kingdom of God The “power of the keys” is a phrase in general use to denote the extent of ecclesiastical authority.

Kezia: cassia, the name of Job’s second Daughter (42:14), Born after prosperity had returned to him.

Keziz: abrupt; cut off, a City of the Tribe of Benjamin (Jos 18:21).

KlBROTH-

Hattaavah: the graves of the longing or of lust, one of the stations of the Israelites in the Wilderness It was probably in the Wady Murrah, and has been identified with the Erweis el-Ebeirig, where the remains of an Ancient encampment have been found, about 30 miles north-east of Sinai, and exactly a day’s Journey from ‘Ain Hudherah.

“Here began the troubles of the Journey First, complaints broke out among the people, probably at the heat, the toil, and the privations of the march; and then God at once punished them by Lightning which fell on the hinder part of the Camp and killed many persons, but ceased at the Intercession of Moses (Num 11:1, Num 11:2). Then a disgust fell on the multitude at having nothing to eat but the manna Day after Day no change, no Flesh no Fish no high-flavoured vegetables, no luscious Fruits The people loathed the Tight Food ’ and cried out to Moses ‘Give us Flesh give us Flesh that we may eat.’” In this emergency Moses in despair, cried unto God An answer came. ... God sent “a prodigious flight of quails, on which the people satiated their gluttonous appetite for a full Month Then Punishment fell on them: they loathed the Food which they had desired; it bred disease in them; the divine Anger aggravated the disease into a Plague and a heavy mortality was the consequence. The Dead were buried without the Camp and in memory of man’s sin and of the divine wrath this name, Kibroth-hattaavah, the Graves of Lust, was given to the Place of their sepulchre” (Num 11:34, Num 11:35; Num 33:16, Num 33:17;Deu 9:22; comp.Psa 78:30, Psa 78:31)., Rawlinson’s Moses p. Psa 78:175. From this encampment they journeyed in a north-eastern direction to Hazeroth

Bzaim: two heaps, a City of Ephraim assigned to the Kohathite Levites, and appointed as a City of Refuge (Jos 21:22). It is also called Jokmeam (Jos 21:1 Chronicles Jos 6:68).

Dron: = Kedron = Cedron turbid, the winter torrent which flows through the Valley of Jehoshaphat on the eastern side of Jerusalem between the City and the Mount of Olives. This Valley is known in Scripture only by the name “the brook Kidron.” David crossed this brook bare-foot and weeping, when fleeing from Absalom (2Sa 15:23, 2Sa 15:30),And 18:1). Here Asa burned the obscene idols of his mother (1Ki 15:13), and here Athaliah was executed (2Ki 11:16). It afterwards became the receptacle for all manner of impurities (2Ch 29:16; 2Ch 30:14); and in the time of Josiah this Valley was the common cemetery of the City (2Ki 23:6; comp.Jer 26:23). ...

Through this mountain ravine no Water runs, except after heavy rains in the mountains round about Jerusalem Its length from its head to en-Rog 26:2 Rog 26:3/Rog 26:4 miles. Its precipitous, rocky banks are filled with Ancient tombs, especially the Left bank opposite the Temple area. The greatest Desire of the Jews is to be buried there, from the idea that the Kidron is the “valley of Jehoshaphat”Men 3:2.

Below en-Rogel the Kidron has no historical or sacred interest. It runs in a winding course through the Wilderness of Judea to the north-western shore of the Dead Sea Its whole length, in a straight line,Is 3:20 miles,But 3:3,But 3:912 feet. (See Kedron )

Recent excavations have brought to LightThe 3:40 feet lower than its present Bed And 3:70 feet nearer the Sanctuary Wall

Nah: an elegy, a City in the extreme South of Judah (Jos 15:22). It was probably not far from the Dead Sea in the Wady Fikreh.

Ne: The common Hebrew Word for wine is yayin, from a root meaning “to Boil up,” “to be in a ferment.” Others derive it from a root meaning “to tread out,” and hence the juice of the Grape trodden out. The Greek Word for wine is oinos, and the Latin vinun. But besides this common Hebrew Word there are several others which are thus rendered.

(1.) Ashishah (2 Samuel 6:19; 1 Chronicles 16:3; Cant. 2:5; Hos. 3:1), which, however, rather denotes a solid Cake of pressed grapes, or, as in the Revised Version a Cake of Raisins

(2.) ‘Asis, “sweet wine,” or “new wine,” the product of the same Year (Cant. 8:2; Isaiah 49:26; Joel 1:5; 3:18; Amos 9:13), from a root meaning “to tread,” hence juice trodden out or pressed out, thus referring to the method by which the juice is obtained. ... The power of intoxication is ascribed to it.

(3.) Hometz. See Vinegar

(4.) Hemer, Deuteronomy 32:14 (rendered “blood of the grape”) Isaiah 27:2 (“red wine”), Ezra 6:9; 7:22; Daniel 5:1, 2, 4. This Word conveys the idea of “foaming,” as in the process of fermentation, or when poured out. It is derived from the root hamar, meaning “to Boil up,” and also “to be Red ” from the idea of boiling or becoming inflamed.

(5.) ‘Enabh, a Grape (Deuteronomy 32:14). The last clause of this verse should be rendered as in the Revised Version “and of the blood of the Grape [‘enabh] thou drankest wine [hemer].” In Hos. 3:1 the phrase in Authorized Version “flagons of wine,” is in the Revised Version correctly “cakes of Raisins ” (Comp. Genesis 49:11; Numbers 6:3; Deuteronomy 23:24, etc., where this Hebrew Word is rendered in the plural “grapes.”)

(6.) Mesekh, properly a mixture of wine and Water with Spices that increase its stimulating properties (Isaiah 5:22). Psalm 75:8, “The wine [yayin] is Red it is full of mixture [mesekh];” Proverbs 23:30, “mixed wine;” Isaiah 65: 1 1, “drink offering” (R.V., “mingled wine”).

(7.) Tirosh, properly “must,” translated “wine” (Deuteronomy 28:51); “new wine” (Proverbs 3:10); “sweet wine” (Micah 6:15; R.V., “vintage”). This Hebrew Word has been traced to a root meaning “to take possession of’ and hence it is supposed that tirosh is so designated because in intoxicating it takes possession of the brain. Among the blessings promised to Esau (Genesis 27:28) mention is made of “plenty of corn and tirosh.” Palestine is called “a land of corn and tirosh” (Deuteronomy 33:28; comp. Isaiah 36:17). See also Deuteronomy 28:51; 2 Chronicles 32:28; Joel 2:19; Hos. 4:11, (“wine [yayin] and New wine [tirosh] take away the heart”).

(8.) Sobhe (root meaning “to Drink to excess,” “to suck up,” “absorb”), found only in Isaiah 1:22, Hos. 4:18 (“their Drink ” Gesen. and marg. of R.V., “their carouse”), and Nah 1:10 (“drunken as drunkards;” lit., “soaked according to their Drink ” R.V., “drenched, as it were, in their drink”, i.e., according to their sobhe).

(9.) Shekar, “strong Drink ” any intoxicating liquor; from a root meaning “to Drink deeply,” “to be drunken”, a generic term applied to all fermented liquors, however obtained. Numbers 28:7, “strong wine” (R.V., “strong drink”). It is sometimes distinguished from wine, c.g., Leviticus 10:9, “Do not Drink wine [yayin] nor strong Drink [shekar];” Numbers 6:3; Judges 13:4, 7; Isaiah 28:7 (in all these places rendered “strong drink”). Translated “strong drink” also in Isaiah 5:11; 24:9; 29:9; 56:12; Proverbs 20:1; 31:6; Micah 2:11.

(10.) Yekebh (Deuteronomy 16:13, but in R.V. correctly “wine-press”), a vat into which the New wine flowed from the Press Joel 2:24, “their vats;” 3:13, “the fats;” Proverbs 3:10, “Thy presses shall burst out with New wine [tirosh];” Hag. 2:16; Jeremiah 48:33, “wine-presses;” 2 Kings 6:27; Job 24:11.

(11.) Shemarim (only in plural), “lees” or “dregs” of wine. In Isaiah 25:6 it is rendered “wines on the lees”, i.e., wine that has been kept on the Lees and therefore Old wine.

(12.) Mesek, “a mixture,” mixed or spiced wine, not diluted with Water but mixed with drugs and Spices to increase its strength, or, as some think, mingled with the Lees by being shaken (Psalm 75:8; Proverbs 23:30).

In Acts 2:13 the Word gleukos, rendered “new wine,” denotes properly “sweet wine.” It must have been intoxicating.

In addition to wine the Hebrews also made use of what they called debash, which was obtained by boiling down must to one-half or one-third of its original bulk. In Genesis 43:11 this Word is rendered “honey.” It was a kind of syrup, and is called by the Arabs at the present Day dibs. This Word occurs in the phrase “a land flowing with milk and honey” (debash), Exodus 3:8, 17; 13:5; 33:3; Leviticus 20:24; Numbers 13: 27. (See Honey )

Our Lord miraculously supplied wine at the marriage Feast in Cana of Galilee (John 2:1-11). The Rechabites were forbidden the use of wine (Jeremiah 35). The Nazarites also were to abstain from its use during the period of their vow (Numbers 6:1-4); and those who were dedicated as Nazarites from their Birth were perpetually to abstain from it (Judges 13:4, 5; Luke 1:15; 7:33). The priests, too, were forbidden the use of wine and strong Drink when engaged in their sacred functions (Leviticus 10:1, 9-11). “Wine is little used now in the East from the fact that Mohammedans are not allowed to taste it, and very few of other creeds touch it. When it is Drunk Water is generally mixed with it, and this was the Custom in the days of Christ also. The people indeed are everywhere very sober in hot climates; a drunken person, in fact, is never seen”, (Geikie’s Life of Christ). The sin of drunkenness, however, must have been not uncommon in the olden times, for it is mentioned either metaphorically or literally more than Seventy times in the Bible

A drink-offering of wine was presented with the Daily Sacrifice (Exodus 29:40, 41), and also with the Offering of the first-fruits (Leviticus 23:13), and with various other sacrifices (Numbers 15:5, 7, 10). Wine was used at the celebration of the Passover And when the Lord’s Supper was instituted, the wine and the unleavened Bread then on the paschal table were by our Lord set apart as memorials of his body and blood.

Several emphatic warnings are given in the New Testament against excess in the use of wine (Luke 21:34; Romans 13:13; Ephesians 5:18; 1 Timothy 3:8; Titus 1:7).

King: ’S D 14:17;2Sa 18:18, the name given to “the Valley of Shaveh ” where the King of Sodom met Abram

Kings

Kingdom: OF God (Mat 6:33;Mrk 1:14, Mrk 1:15;Luk 4:43) = “kingdom of Christ” (Mat 13:41; Mat 20:21) = “kingdom of Christ and of God” (Eph 5:5) = “kingdom of David” (Mrk 11:10) = “the kingdom” (Mat 8:12; Mat 13:19) = “kingdom of heaven” (Mat 3:2; Mat 4:17; Mat 13:41), all denote the same thing under different aspects, viz.: (Mat 13:1) Christ’s mediatorial authority, or his rule on the earth; (Mat 13:2) the blessings and advantages of all kinds that flow from this rule; (Mat 13:3) the subjects of this Kingdom taken collectively, or the Church

Kingly: OFFICE OF Christ one of the three special relations in which Christ stands to his people. Christ’s office as Mediator comprehends three different functions, viz., those of a Prophet Priest and King These are not three distinct offices, but three functions of the one office of Mediator

Christ is King and sovereign Head over his Church and over all things to his Church (Eph 1:22; Eph 4:15; Colossians Eph 1:18; Eph 2:19). He executes this mediatorial kingship in his Church and over his Church and over all things in behalf of his Church This royalty differs from that which essentially belongs to him as God for it is given to him by the Father as the reward of his obedience and sufferings (Phil. ... Eph 2:6-1 Eph 2:1), and has as its especial object the upbuilding and the Glory of his redeemed Church It attaches, moreover, not to his divine nature as such, but to his person as God-man.

Christ’s mediatorial Kingdom may be regarded as comprehending, (Eph 2:1) his Kingdom of power, or his providential government of the universe; (Eph 2:2) his Kingdom of Grace which is wholly spiritual in its subjects and administration; and (Eph 2:3) his Kingdom of Glory which is the consummation of all his providential and gracious administration.

Christ sustained and exercised the function of mediatorial King as well as of Prophet and Priest from the time of the Fall of Man when he entered on his mediatorial work; yet it may be said that he was publicly and formally enthroned when he ascended up on High and sat down at the Father’s right Hand (Psa 2:6;Jer 23:5;Isa 9:6), after his work of Humiliation and suffering on earth was “finished.”

Kinsman: Hebrews Goel from root meaning to redeem. The Goel among the Hebrews was the nearest male blood relation alive. Certain important obligations devolved upon him toward his next of kin. (1.) If any one from poverty was unable to redeem his inheritance, it was the duty of the Kinsman to redeem it (Lev 25:25,Lev 25:28; Ruth Lev 3:9, Lev 3:12). He was also required to redeem his relation who had sold himself into slavery (Lev 25:48, Lev 25:49).

God is the Goel of his people because he redeems them (Exo 6:6;Isa 43:1; Isa 41:14; Isa 44:6, Isa 44:22; Isa 48:20;Psa 103:4;Job 19:25, etc.).

(Job 19:2.) The Goel also was the Avenger (q.v.) of blood (Num 35:21) in the case of the Murder of the next of ki n.

Kir

Rjath: City a City belonging to Benjamin (Jos 18:28), the modern Kuriet el-‘Enab, i.e., “city of grapes”,Abo 18:7 Abo 18:1/Abo 18:2 miles west-north-west of Jerusalem

Rjathaim: two cities; a double City (1.) A City of Refuge in Naphtali (1Ch 6:76).

(1Ch 6:2.) A town on the East of Jordan (Gen 14:5;Deu 2:9, Deu 2:10). It was assigned to the Tribe of Reuben (Num 32:37). In the time of Ezekiel (Num 25:9) it was one of the four cities which formed the “glory of Moab” (comp. Jeremiah Num 48:1, Num 48:23). It has been identified with el-Kureiyat,1 48:1 miles south-west of Medeba on the South slope of Jebel Attarus, the Ancient Ataroth

KlRJATH-

Huzoth: City of streets,Num 22:39, a Moabite City which some identify with Kirjathaim. Balak here received and entertained Balaam whom he had invited from Pethor among the “mountains of the East ” Beyond the Euphrates to lay his ban upon the Israelites, whose progress he had no hope otherwise of arresting. It was probably from the summit of Attarus, the High Place near the City that the Soothsayer first saw the encampments of Israel

KlRJATH-

Sannah: City of the Sannah i.e., of the palm(?),Jos 15:49; the same as Kirjath-sepher (Jos 15:16;Jdg 1:11) and Debir (q.v.), a Canaanitish royal City included in Judah (Jos 10:38; Jos 15:49), and probably the Chief seat of learning among the Hittites.It 15:12 miles to the south-west of Hebron

KlRJATH-

Sepher: City of books, Joshua 15:15; same as Kirjath- Sannah (q.v.), now represented by the Valley of ed-Dhaberiyeh, south-west of Hebron The name of this town is an evidence that the Canaanites were acquainted with Writing and books. “The town probably contained a noted school, or was the site of an Oracle and the residence of some learned Priest ” The “books” were probably engraved Stones or bricks.

Shon: winding, a winter torrent of Central Palestine which rises about the roots of Tabor and Gilboa, and passing in a northerly direction through the plains of Esdraelon and Acre, falls into the Mediterranean at the north-eastern Corner of the Bay of Acre, at the foot of Carmel It is the drain by which the waters of the Plain of Esdraelon and of the mountains that surround it find their way to the Sea It bears the modern name of Nahr el-Mokattah, i.e., “the River of slaughter” (comp.1Ki 18:40). In the triumphal song of Deborah (Jdg 5:21) it is spoken of as “that Ancient River ” either (Jdg 5:1) because it had flowed on for ages, or (Jdg 5:2), according to the Targum, because it was “the torrent in which were shown signs and wonders to Israel of Old ” or (Jdg 5:3) probably the reference is to the exploits in that region among the Ancient Canaanites for the adjoining Plain of Esdraelon was the great battle-field of Palestine

This was the scene of the defeat of Sisera (Jdg 4:7, Jdg 4:13), and of the Destruction of the prophets of Baal by Elijah (1Ki 18:40). ... “When the Kishon was at its height, it would be, partly on account of its Quicksands as impassable as the ocean itself to a retreating Army ” (See Deborah )

Kiss: of Affection (Gen 27:26, Gen 27:27; Gen 29:13; Luke Gen 7:38, Gen 7:45); reconciliation (Gen 33:4;2Sa 14:33); leave-taking (Gen 31:28,Gen 31:55; Ruth Gen 1:14;2Sa 19:39); homage (Psa 2:12;1Sa 10:1); spoken of as between parents and children (Gen 27:26; Gen 31:28, Gen 31:55; Gen 48:10; Gen 50:1; Exodus Gen 18:7; Ruth Gen 1:9, Gen 1:14); between male relatives (Gen 29:13; Gen 33:4; Gen 45:15). It accompanied social Worship as a symbol of brotherly Love (Rom 16:16;1Co 16:20;2Co 13:12;1Th 5:26; 1Th 5:1 Peter 1Th 5:14). The Worship of idols was by kissing the image or the Hand toward the image (1Ki 19:18; Hos. 1Ki 13:2).

Kite: an unclean and keen-sighted Bird of prey (Lev 11:14;Deu 14:13). The Hebrew Word used, ’ayet, is rendered “vulture”In 28:7 in Authorized Version “falcon” in Revised Version It is probably the Red Kite (Milvus regalis), a Bird of piercing sight and of soaring habits found all over Palestine

Thlish: a man’s Wall a town in the Plain of Judah (Jos 15:40). It has been identified with Jelameh.

Tron: knotty, a City of Zebulun (Jdg 1:30), called also Kattath (Jos 19:15); supposed to be “Cana of Galilee.”

Tim: (Gen 10:4). (See CHITTIM.)

Knead: to prepare Dough in the process of baking (Gen 18:6;1Sa 28:24; Hos. 1Sa 7:4).

KNEADING-

Trough: the vessel in which the Dough after being mixed and leavened, was Left to swell or ferment (Exo 8:3; Exo 12:34;Deu 28:5, Deu 28:7). The Dough in the vessels at the time of the Exodus was still unleavened, because the people were compelled to withdraw in haste.

Knife

Knock: “Though Orientals are very jealous of their privacy, they never Knock when about to enter your room, but walk in without warning or ceremony. It is nearly impossible to teach an Arab servant to Knock at your door. They give warning at the outer Gate either by Calling or knocking. To stand and Call is a very common and respectful mode. Thus Moses commanded the holder of a pledge to stand without and Call to the owner to come forth (Deu 24:10). This was to avoid the violent intrusion of cruel creditors. Peter stood knocking at the outer door (Act 12:13, Act 12:16), and the three men sent to Joppa by Cornelius made inquiry and ‘stood before the gate’ (Act 10:17, Act 10:18). The idea is that the Guard over your privacy is to be placed at the entrance.”

Knocking is used as a sign of importunity (Mat 7:7, Mat 7:8; Luke Mat 13:25), and of the Coming of Christ (Luk 12:36; Revelation Luk 3:20).

Knop: some architectural ornament. (1.) Hebrews kaphtor (Exo 25:31-36), occurring in the description of the Candlestick It was an ornamental swell beneath the cups of the Candlestick probably an imitation of the Fruit of the Almond

(Exo 25:2.) Hebrews peka’im,Fou 25:1Kin 6:18And 7:24, an ornament resembling a small Gourd or an Egg on the Cedar wainscot in the Temple and on the castings on the brim of the brazen Sea

Koa

Kohath: assembly, the second Son of Levi and Father of Amram (Gen 46:11). He came down to Egypt with Jacob and lived to the Age of one hundred and thirty-three years (Exo 6:18).

Kohathites: the descendants of Kohath They formed the first of the three divisions of the Levites (Exo 6:16, Exo 6:18; Numbers Exo 3:17). In the journeyings of the Israelites they had the charge of the most Holy portion of the vessels of the Tabernacle including the Ark (Num 3:4). Their Place in the marching and encampment was South of the Tabernacle (Num 3:29, Num 3:31). Their Numbers at different times are specified (Num 3:28; Num 4:36; Num 26:57, Num 26:62). Samuel was of this division.

Korah

Korahites: that portion of the Kohathites that descended from Korah. (1.) They were an important Branch of the singers of the Kohathite division (2Ch 20:19). There are eleven Psalms (42 20:49; 42 20:84; 42 20:85; 42 20:87; 42 20:88) dedicated to the sons of Korah.

(42 20:2.) Some of the sons of Korah also were “porters” of the Temple (1Ch 9:17-19); one of them was over “things that were made in the pans” (1Ch 9:31), i.e., the baking in pans for the meat-offering (Lev 2:5).

Kore: partridge. (1.) A Levite and temple-warder of the Korahites the Son of Asaph. He was Father of Shallum and Meshelemiah Temple -porters (1 Chronicles 9:19; 26:1).

(2.) A Levitical Porter at the East Gate of the Temple (2 Chronicles 31:14).

(3.)In 31:1 Chronicles In 26:19 the Word should be “Korahites,” as in the Revised Version

Korhites: a Levitical family descended from Korah (Exo 6:24; Exo 6:1 Chronicles Exo 12:6; Exo 26:1; Exo 26:2 Chronicles Exo 20:19).

Koz: thorn. (1.) A descendant of Judah 1 Chronicles 4:8, “Coz;” R.V., “Hakkoz.”

(2.) A Priest the head of the seventh division of the priests (Ezr 2:61; Nehemiah Ezr 3:4, Ezr 3:21; Ezr 7:63).In 7:1 Chronicles In 24:10 the Word has the article prefixed, and it is taken as a part of the Word “Hakkoz.”

Laban: white. (1.) The Son of Bethuel who was the Son of Nahor Abraham’s Brother He lived at Haran in Mesopotamia. His sister Rebekah was Isaac’s Wife (Genesis 24). Jacob one of the sons of this marriage, fled to the House of Laban whose daughters Leah and Rachel (ch. 29) he eventually married. (See Jacob )

(2.) A City in the Arabian Desert in the route of the Israelites (Deu 1:1), probably identical with Libnah (Num 33:20).

Lachish: impregnable, a royal Canaanitish City in the Shephelah, or maritime Plain of Palestine (Jos 10:3, Jos 10:5; Jos 12:11). It was taken and destroyed by the Israelites (Jos 10:31-33). It afterwards became, under Rehoboam one of the strongest fortresses of Judah (2Ch 10:9). It was assaulted and probably taken by Sennacherib (2Ki 18:14, 2Ki 18:17; 2Ki 19:8;Isa 36:2). An account of this siege is given on some slabs found in the chambers of the Palace of Koyunjik, and now in the British Museum. The inscription has been deciphered as follows:, “Sennacherib, the mighty King king of the country of Assyria Sitting on the Throne of Judgment before the City of Lachish I gave permission for its slaughter.” (See Nineveh )

Lachish has been identified with Tell-el-Hesy, where a cuneiform Tablet has been found, containing a Letter supposed to be from Amenophis at Amarna in reply to one of the Amama tablets sent by Zimrida from Lachish This Letter is from the Chief of Atim (=Etam,1Ch 4:32) to the Chief of Lachish in which the writer expresses great Alarm at the approach of marauders from the Hebron hills. ... “They have entered the land,” he says, “to lay waste. ..strong is he who has come down. He lays waste.” This Letter shows that “the communication by tablets in cuneiform script was not only usual in Writing to Egypt but in the internal correspondence of the country. The Letter though not so important in some ways as the Moabite Stone and the Siloam text, is one of the most valuable discoveries ever made in Palestine” (Conder’s Tell Amama Tablets, p. 1Ch 4:134).

Excavations at Lachish are still going on, and among other discoveries is that of an Iron blast-furnace, with slag and Ashes which is supposed to have existed B.C. 1Ch 4:1500. If the theories of experts are correct, the use of the hot-air blast instead of cold air (an improvement in IronMan 4:1828) was known fifteen hundred years before Christ (See Furnace )

Ladder: occurs only once, in the account of Jacob’s Vision (Gen 28:12).

Laish: a lion. (1.) A City of the Sidonians, in the extreme North of Palestine (Jdg 18:7, Jdg 18:14); called also Leshem (Jos 19:47) and Dan (Jdg 18:7, Jdg 18:29; Jeremiah Jdg 8:16). It lay near the sources of the JordanAbo 8:4 miles from Paneas. The restless and warlike Tribe of Dan (q.v.), looking out for larger possessions, invaded this country and took Laish with its territory. It is identified with the ruin Tell-el-Kady, “the mound of the Judge ” to the North of the Waters of Merom (Jos 8:1 Jos 1:5).

(Jos 1:2.) A Place mentioned in Isaiah Jos 10:30. It has been supposed to be the modern el-Isawiyeh, about a mile north-east of Jerusalem

(Jos 10:3.) The Father of Phalti (Jos 10:1 Samuel Jos 25:44).

Lama: (Mat 27:46), a Hebrew Word meaning why,Quo 22:1.

Lamb: (1.) Hebrews kebes, a male Lamb from the first to the third Year Offered Daily at the morning and the Evening Sacrifice (Exo 29:38-42), on the Sabbath Day (Num 28:9), at the Feast of the New Moon (Num 28:11), of Trumpets (Num 29:2), of Tabernacles (13 29:40), of Pentecost (Lev 23:18-20), and of the Passover (Exo 12:5), and on many other occasions (Exo 12:1 Chronicles Exo 29:21; Exo 29:2 Chronicles Exo 29:21;Lev 9:3; Lev 14:10-25).

(Lev 14:2.) Hebrews taleh, a young sucking Lamb (1Sa 7:9;Isa 65:25). In the symbolical language of Scripture the Lamb is the type of Meekness and innocence (Isa 11:6; Isa 65:25;Luk 10:3;Jhn 21:15). ...

The Lamb was a symbol of Christ (Gen 4:4; Exodus Gen 12:3; Gen 29:38;Isa 16:1; Isa 53:7;Jhn 1:36;Rev 13:8).

Christ is called the Lamb of God (Jhn 1:29, Jhn 1:36), as the great Sacrifice of which the former sacrifices were only types (Num 6:12;Lev 14:12-17;Isa 53:7;1Co 5:7).

Lamech: the strikerdown; the wild Man (1.) The fifth in descent from Cain. He was the first to violate the primeval ordinance of marriage (Gen 4:18-24). His address to his two wives, Adah and Zillah (Gen 4:23, Gen 4:24), is the only extant example of antediluvian Poetry It has been called “Lamech’s sword-song.” He was “rude and ruffianly,” fearing neither God nor Man With him the Curtain falls on the race of Cain. We know nothing of his descendants.

(Gen 4:2.) The seventh in descent from Seth being the only Son of Methuselah Noah was the oldest of his several sons (Gen 5:25-31; Luke Gen 3:36).

Lamentation: (Hebrews qinah), an elegy or dirge. The first example of this form of Poetry is the lament of David over Saul and Jonathan (2Sa 1:17-27). It was a frequent accompaniment of mourning (Amo 8:10).In 8:2Sam 3:33, Sam 3:34 is recorded David’s lament over Abner Prophecy sometimes took the form of a lament when it predicted calamity (Ezk 27:2, Ezk 27:32; Ezk 28:12; Ezk 32:2, Ezk 32:16).

Lamentations: , Book OF called in the Hebrew Canon ’ Ekhah , meaning “How,” being the formula for the commencement of a song of wailing. It is the first Word of the book (see 2Sam 1:19-27). The LXX. adopted the name rendered “Lamentations” (Gr. threnoi = Hebrews qinoth) now in common use, to denote the character of the book, in which the Prophet mourns over the desolations brought on the City and the Holy land by Chaldeans. In the Hebrew Bible it is placed among the Khethubim. (See Bible )

As to its authorship, there is no room for hesitancy in following the LXX. and the Targum in ascribing it to Jeremiah The Spirit tone, language, and subject-matter are in accord with the Testimony of Tradition in assigning it to him. ... According to Tradition he retired after the Destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar to a cavern outside the Damascus Gate where he wrote this book. That cavern is still pointed out. “In the Face of a rocky Hill on the western side of the City the local belief has placed ‘the grotto of Jeremiah ’ There, in that fixed attitude of grief which Michael Angelo has immortalized, the Prophet may well be supposed to have mourned the Fall of his country” (Stanley, Jewish Church).

The book consists of five separate poems.In 1:1 the Prophet dwells on the manifold miseries oppressed by which the City sits as a solitary widow weeping sorely.In 1:2 these miseries are described in connection with the national sins that had caused them.Cha 1:3 speaks of hope for the people of God The chastisement would only be for their good; a better Day would dawn for them.Cha 1:4 laments the ruin and desolation that had come upon the City and Temple but traces it only to the people’s sins.Cha 1:5 is a Prayer that Zion’s reproach may be taken away in the Repentance and recovery of the people.

The first four poems (chapters) are acrostics, like some of the Psalms (Cha 1:25, Cha 1:34, Cha 1:37, Cha 1:119), i.e., each verse begins with a Letter of the Hebrew alphabet taken in order. The first, second, and fourth have each twenty-two verses, the number of the letters in the Hebrew alphabet. The third has sixty-six verses, in which each three successive verses begin with the same Letter The fifth is not acrostic.

Speaking of the “Wailing-place (q.v.) of the Jews” at Jerusalem a portion of the Old Wall of the Temple of Solomon Schaff says: “There the Jews assemble every Friday afternoon to bewail the downfall of the Holy City kissing the Stone Wall and watering it with their tears. They repeat from their well-worn Hebrew Bibles and prayer-books the Lamentations of Jeremiah and suitable Psalms ”

Lamp: (1.) That part of the candle-sticks of the Tabernacle and the Temple which bore the Light (Exo 25:37;1Ki 7:49; 1Ki 7:2 Chronicles 1Ki 4:20; 1Ki 13:11;Zec 4:2). Their form is not described. Olive Oil was generally burned in them (Exo 27:20).

(Exo 27:2.) A torch carried by the soliders of Gideon (Jdg 7:16, Jdg 7:20). (R.V., “torches.”)

(Jdg 7:3.) Domestic lamps (A.V., “candles”) were in common use among the Hebrews (Mat 5:15;Mrk 4:21, etc.).

(Mrk 4:4.) Lamps or torches were used in connection with marriage ceremonies (Mat 25:1).

This Word is also frequently metaphorically used to denote Life welfare, guidance, etc. (2Sa 21:17;Psa 119:105;Pro 6:23; Pro 13:9).

Landmark: a boundary line indicated by a Stone stake, etc. (Deu 19:14; Deu 27:17;Pro 22:28; Pro 23:10;Job 24:2). Landmarks could not be removed without incurring the severe displeasure of God

Laodicea: , Epistle FROM (Col 4:16), was probably the Epistle to the Ephesians as designed for general circulation. It would reach the Colossians by way of Laodicea

Lapidoth: torches. Deborah is called “the Wife of Lapidoth” (Jdg 4:4). Some have rendered the expression “a Woman of a fiery Spirit ” under the supposition that Lapidoth is not a proper name, a Woman of a torch-like Spirit

Lapping: of Water like a Dog i.e., by putting the Hand filled with Water to the mouth. The Dog drinks by shaping the End of his long thin tongue into the form of a spoon, thus rapidly lifting up Water which he throws into his mouth. The three hundred men that went with Gideon thus employed their hands and lapped the Water out of their hands (Jdg 7:7).

Lapwing: the name of an unclean Bird mentioned only in Leviticus 11:19And 14:18. The Hebrew name of this Bird dukiphath, has been generally regarded as denoting the hoope (Upupa epops), an onomatopoetic Word derived from the cry of the Bird which resembles the Word “hoop;” a Bird not uncommon in Palestine Others identify it with the English peewit.

Lasaea: a City in the Island of Crete (Act 27:8). Its ruins are still found near Cape Leonda,Abo 27:5 miles East of “Fair Havens.”

Lasha: fissure, a Place apparently East of the Dead Sea (Gen 10:19). It was afterwards known as Callirhoe, a Place famous for its hot springs.

Latchet: a thong (Act 22:25), Cord or strap fastening the sandal on the foot (Isa 5:27;Mrk 1:7; Luke Mrk 3:16).

Latin: the vernacular language of the Ancient Romans (Jhn 19:20).

Lattice: (1.) Hebrews ‘eshnabh, a latticed opening through which the cool breeze passes (Jdg 5:28). The flat roofs of the houses were sometimes enclosed with a parapet of lattice-work on wooden frames, to screen the women of the House from the gaze of the neighbourhood.

(Jdg 5:2.) Hebrews harakim, the network or Lattice of a Window (Cant. Jdg 2:9).

(Jdg 2:3.) Hebrews sebakhah, the latticed balustrade before a Window or balcony (2Ki 1:2). The Lattice Window is frequently used in Eastern countries.

Laver: (Hebrews kiyor), a “basin” for boiling in, a “pan” for cooking V (1Sa 2:14), a “fire-pan” or hearth Zechariah 1Sa 12:6), the sacred wash-bowl of the Tabernacle and Temple (Exo 30:18, Exo 30:28; Exo 31:9; Exo 35:16; Exo 38:8; Exo 39:39; Exo 40:7, Exo 40:11, Exo 40:30, etc.), a basin for the Water used by the priests in their ablutions.

That which was originally used in the Tabernacle was of Brass (rather Copper Hebrews nihsheth), made from the metal mirrors the women brought out of Egypt (Exo 38:8). It contained Water where with Laver the priests washed their hands and feet when

they entered the Tabernacle (Exo 40:32). ... It stood in the Court between the Altar and the door of the Tabernacle (Exo 30:19, Exo 30:21).

In the Temple there were ten lavers used for the sacrifices, and the molten Sea for the ablutions of the priests (Exo 30:2 Chronicles Exo 4:6).The 4:1Kin 7:23-39; Kin 7:2 Chronicles Kin 4:6. The “molten sea” was made of Copper taken from Tibhath and Chun cities of Hadarezer King of Zobah (Kin 4:1 Chronicles Kin 18:8;1Ki 7:23-26).

No lavers are mentioned in the second Temple

Law: OF Moses is the whole body of the Mosaic legislation (1Ki 2:3;2Ki 23:25;Ezr 3:2). It is called by way of eminence simply “the Law” (Hebrews Torah,Deu 1:5; Deu 4:8, Deu 4:44; Deu 17:18, Deu 17:19; Deu 27:3, Deu 27:8). As a written code it is called the “book of the Law of Moses” (2Ki 14:6;Isa 8:20), the “book of the Law of God” (Jos 24:26).

The great leading principle of the Mosaic Law is that it is essentially theocratic; i.e., it refers at once to the commandment of God as the foundation of all human duty.

Lawyer: among the Jews, was one versed in the laws of Moses which he expounded in the Schools and synagogues (Mat 22:35;Luk 10:25). The functions of the “lawyer” and “scribe” were identical. (See Doctor )

Lazarus: an abbreviation of Eleazar whom God Helps (1.) The Brother of Mary and Martha of Bethany He was raised from the Dead after he had lain four days in the tomb (Jhn 11:1-44). This Miracle so excited the wrath of the Jews that they sought to Put both Jesus and Lazarus to Death

(Jhn 11:2.)A B 16:19-31.

Leaf: of a Tree The olive-Lea 8:11. The Barren fig-tree had nothing but leaves (Mat 21:19;Mrk 11:13). The oak-Lea 1:30; Lea 6:13. There are numerous allusions to leaves, their flourishing, their decay, and their restoration (Lev 26:36;Isa 34:4; Jeremiah Isa 8:13;Dan 4:12, Dan 4:14, Dan 4:21;Mrk 11:13; Mrk 13:28). The fresh Leaf is a symbol of prosperity (Psa 1:3; Jeremiah Psa 17:8;Ezk 47:12); the faded, of decay (Job 13:25;Isa 1:30; Isa 64:6; Jeremiah Isa 8:13).

Leaf of a door (1Ki 6:34), the valve of a folding door.

Leaf of a book (Jer 36:23), perhaps a Fold of a roll.

League: a treaty or confederacy. The Jews were forbidden to enter into an Alliance of any kind (1) with the Canaanites (Exo 23:32, Exo 23:33; Exo 34:12-16); (Exo 34:2) with the Amalekites (Exo 17:8, Exo 17:14;Deu 25:17-19); (Deu 25:3) with the Moabites and Ammonites (Deu 2:9, Deu 2:19). Treaties were permitted to be entered into with all other nations. Thus David maintained friendly intercourse with the kings of Tyre and Hamath and Solomon with the kings of Tyre and Egypt

Leah: weary, the eldest Daughter of Laban and sister of Rachel (Gen 29:16). Jacob took her to Wife through a deceit of her Father (Gen 29:23). She was “tender-eyed” (Gen 29:17). She bore to Jacob six sons (32 29:35), also one Daughter Dinah (32 30:21). She accompanied Jacob into Canaan and died there before the time of the going down into Egypt (Gen 30:31), and was buried in the Cave of Machpelah (Gen 49:31).

Leannoth: for answering; i.e., in singing, occurs in the title to Psalm 88. The title “Mahalath (q.v.) Leannoth” may be rendered “concerning sickness, to be sung” i.e., perhaps, to be sung in sickness.

Leasing: (Psa 4:2; Psa 5:6) an Old English Word meaning lies, or lying, as the Hebrew Word kazabh is generally rendered.

Leat: HE R a Girdle of, worn by Elijah (2Ki 1:8) and John the Baptist (Mat 3:4). Leather was employed both for clothing (Num 31:20; Hebrews Num 11:37) and for Writing upon. The trade of a tanner is mentioned (Act 9:43; Act 10:6, Act 10:32). It was probably learned in Egypt

Leaven: (l.) Hebrews seor (Exo 12:15, Exo 12:19; Exo 13:7; Leviticus Exo 2:11), the remnant of Dough from the preceding baking which had fermented and become acid.

(Exo 2:2.) Hebrews hamets, properly “ferment.” In Numbers Exo 6:3, “vinegar of wine” is more correctly “fermented wine.” In Exodus Exo 13:7, the proper rendering would be, “Unfermented things [Hebrews matstsoth] shall be consumed during the Seven days; and there shall not be seen with thee fermented things [hamets], and there shall not be seen with thee leavened mass [seor] in all thy borders.” The chemical definition of ferment or yeast is “a substance in a state of putrefaction, the atoms of which are in a continual motion.”

The use of Leaven was strictly forbidden in all offerings made to the Lord by Fire (Lev 2:11; Lev 7:12; Lev 8:2; Numbers Lev 6:15).Its 6:1Cor 5:6. ... In this respect it is used to illustrate the growth of the Kingdom of Heaven both in the individual heart and in the world (Mat 13:33). It is a figure also of corruptness and of perverseness of heart and Life (Mat 16:6, Mat 16:11; Mark Mat 8:15;1Co 5:7, 1Co 5:8).

Lebanon: white, “the white mountain of Syria ” is the loftiest and most celebrated mountain range in Syria It is a Branch running southward from the Caucasus, and at its lower End forking into two parallel Ranges the eastern or Anti-Lebanon, and the western or Lebanon proper. They enclose a long Valley (Jos 11:17)Of 11:5To 11:8 miles in width, called by Roman writers Coele-Syria, now called el-Buka’a, “the Valley ” a prolongation of the Valley of the Jordan

Lebanon proper, Jebel es-Sharki, commences at its southern extremity in the gorge of the Leontes, the Ancient Litany, and extends north-east, parallel to the Mediterranean coast, as far as the River Eleutherus, at the Plain of Emesa, “the entering of Hamath” (Num 34:8;1Ki 8:65),In 8:90 geographical miles in extent.The 8:6,000 8:8,000 8:000 feet;The 8:10,The 8:200 feet,And 8:9,And 8:000. ... The highest peaks are covered with perpetual Snow and Ice In the recesses of the range wild beasts as of Old still abound (2Ki 14:9; Cant. 2Ki 4:8). The scenes of the Lebanon are remarkable for their grandeur and beauty, and supplied the sacred writers with many expressive similes (Psa 29:5, Psa 29:6; Psa 72:16; Psa 104:16-18; Cant. Psa 4:15; Isaiah Psa 2:13; Psa 35:2; Psa 60:13; Hos. Psa 14:5). It is famous for its cedars (Cant. Psa 5:15), its wines (Hos. Psa 14:7), and its cool waters (Jer 18:14). The Ancient inhabitants were Giblites and Hivites (Jos 13:5;Jdg 3:3). It was part of the Phoenician Kingdom (1Ki 5:2-6).

The eastern range, or Anti-Lebanon, or “Lebanon towards the sunrising,” runs nearly parallel with the western from the Plain of Emesa till it connects with the hills of Galilee in the SouthThe 5:5,The 5:000 feet. Its highest peak is Hermon (q.v.), from which a number of lesser Ranges radiate.

Lebanon is first mentioned in the description of the boundary of Palestine (Deu 1:7; Deu 11:24). It was assigned to Israel but was never conquered (Jos 13:2-6;Jdg 3:1-3).

The LebanonRan 3:300,Ran 3:000 Christians, Maronites, and Druses, and is ruled by a Christian Governor The Anti-Lebanon is inhabited by Mohammedans, and is under a Turkish ruler.

Lebbaeus: courageous, a surname of Judas (Jude), one of the twelve (Mat 10:3), called also Thaddaeus not to be confounded with the Judas who was the Brother of our Lord

Lebonah: frankincense, a town near Shiloh on the North side of Bethel (Jdg 21:19). It has been identified with el-Lubban, to the South of Nablus.

Leek: (Hebrews hatsir; the Allium porrum), rendered “grass” in 1Kin 18:5,2Ki 19:26,Job 40:15, etc.; “herb”In 8:12; “hay”In 27:25,And 15:6; “leeks”Onl 11:5. This Hebrew Word seems to denote in this last Passage simply herbs, such as lettuce or savoury herbs cooked as kitchen vegetables, and not necessarily what are now called leeks. The Leek was a favourite vegetable in Egypt and is still largely cultivated there and in Palestine

Lees: (Hebrews shemarim), from a Word meaning to keep or preserve. It was applied to “lees” from the Custom of allowing wine to stand on the Lees that it might thereby be better preserved (Isa 25:6). “Men settled on their lees” (Zep 1:12) are men “hardened or crusted.” The image is derived from the crust formed at the bottom of wines long Left undisturbed (Jer 48:11). The effect of wealthy undisturbed ease on the ungodly is hardening. They become stupidly secure (comp.Psa 55:19; Amos Psa 6:1). To Drink the Lees (Psa 75:8) denotes severe suffering.

Left: HAND among the Hebrews denoted the North (Job 23:9;Gen 14:15), the Face of the person being supposed to be toward the East

LEFT-

Handed: (Jdg 3:1 Jdg 3:5 ; Jdg 20:16), one unable to use the right Hand skilfully, and who therefore uses the Left and also one who uses the Left as well as the right, ambidexter. Such a condition of the hands is due to physical causes. This quality was common apparently in the Tribe of Benjamin

Legion: a regiment of the Roman Army the number of men composing which differed at different times. It originally consisted of three thousand men, but in the time of Christ consisted of six thousand, exclusive of horsemen, who were in number a Tenth of the foot-men. The Word is used (Mat 26:53;Mrk 5:9) to express simply a great multitude.

Lehi: elevation of Lehi or the jawbone height; i.e., the Ramah of Lehi (Jdg 15:15-17). The phrase “in the jaw,” ver. Jdg 15:19, Authorized Version is in the margin, also in the Revised Version “in Lehi ” Here Samson slew a thousand Philistines with a jawbone.

RAMATH-

Lemuel: dedicated to God a King whom his mother instructed (Pro 31:1-9). Nothing is certainly known concerning him. The rabbis identified him with Solomon

Lentiles: (Hebrews ‘adashim), a species of vetch (Gen 25:34; Gen 25:2 Samuel Gen 23:1 Gen 23:1), common in Syria under the name addas. The Red Pottage made by Jacob was of lentils (Gen 25:29-34). They were among the provisions brought to David when he fled from Absalom (Gen 25:2 Samuel Gen 17:28). It is the Ervum lens of Linnaeus, a leguminous plant which produces a Fruit resembling a bean.

Leopard: (Hebrews namer, so called because spotted, Cant. 4:8), was that great spotted feline which anciently infested the mountains of Syria more appropriately called a panther (Felis pardus). Its fierceness (Isa 11:6), its watching for its prey (Jer 5:6), its swiftness (Hab 1:8), and the spots of its Skin (Jer 13:23), are noticed. This Word is used symbolically (Dan 7:6; Revelation Dan 13:2).

Leprosy: (Hebrews tsara’ath, a “smiting,” a “stroke,” because the disease was regarded as a direct providential infliction). This name is from the Greek lepra, by which the Greek physicians designated the disease from its scaliness. We have the description of the disease, as well as the regulations connected with it, in Leviticus 13; 14;Num 12:10-15, etc. There were reckoned six different circumstances under which it might develop itself, (Num 12:1) without any apparent cause (Lev 13:2-8); (Lev 13:2) its reappearance (9 13:17); (9 13:3) from an inflammation (18 13:28); (18 13:4) on the head or chin (29 13:37); (29 13:5) in white polished spots (29 13:38, 29 13:39); (29 13:6) at the back or in the front of the head (40 13:44). ...

Lepers were required to live outside the Camp or City (Num 5:1-4; Num 12:10-15, etc.). This disease was regarded as an awful Punishment from the Lord (2Ki 5:7; 2Ki 5:2 Chronicles 2Ki 26:20). (See Miriam Gehazi Uzziah )

This disease “begins with specks on the eyelids and on the palms, gradually spreading over the body, bleaching the Hair white wherever they appear, crusting the affected parts with white scales, and causing terrible sores and swellings. From the Skin the disease eats inward to the bones, rotting the whole body piecemeal.” “In Christ’s Day no leper could live in a walled town, though he might in an Open village. But wherever he was he was required to have his outer garment rent as a sign of Deep grief, to go bareheaded, and to cover his Beard with his Mantle as if in Lamentation at his own virtual Death He had further to warn passers-by to keep away from him, by Calling out, ‘Unclean! unclean!’ nor could he speak to any one, or receive or return a Salutation since in the East this involves an embrace.”

That the disease was not contagious is evident from the regulations regarding it (Lev 13:12, Lev 13:13, Lev 13:36;2Ki 5:1). Leprosy was “the outward and visible sign of the innermost spiritual corruption; a Meet emblem in its small beginnings, its gradual spread, its internal disfigurement, its dissolution little by little of the whole body, of that which corrupts, degrades, and defiles man’s inner nature, and renders him unmeet to enter the presence of a pure and Holy God” (Maclear’s Handbook O.T). Our Lord cured lepers (Mat 8:2, Mat 8:3;Mrk 1:40-42). This divine power so manifested illustrates his gracious dealings with men in curing the Leprosy of the soul, the fatal taint of sin.

Letter: In 2:27, In 2:29 means the outward form. The “oldness of the letter” (In 7:6) is a phrase which denotes the Old way of literal outward obedience to the Law as a system of mere external rules of conduct.In 7:2Cor 3:6, “the letter” means the Mosaic Law as a written Law (See Writing )

Leummim: peoples; nations, the last mentioned of the three sons of Dedan and head of an Arabian Tribe (Gen 25:3).

Levi: adhesion. (1.) The third Son of Jacob by Leah The origin of the name is found in Leah’s words (Gen 29:34), “This time Will my Husband be joined [Hebrews yillaveh] unto me.” He is mentioned as taking a prominent part in avenging his sister Dinah (Gen 34:25-31). He and his three sons went down with Jacob (Gen 46:11) into Egypt where he died at the Age of one hundred and thirty-seven years (Exo 6:16).

(Exo 6:2.) The Father of Matthat and Son of Simeon of the ancestors of Christ (Luk 3:29).

(Luk 3:3.)Luk 3:24.

(Luk 3:4.) One of the apostles, the Son of Alphaeus (Mrk 2:14;Luk 5:27, Luk 5:29), called also Matthew (Mat 9:9).

Leviathan: a transliterated Hebrew Word (livyathan), meaning “twisted,” “coiled.”In 3:8, Revised Version and marg. of Authorized Version it denotes the Dragon which, according to Eastern Tradition is an enemy of LightIn 41:1 the crocodile is meant;In 104:26 it “denotes any large Animal that moves by writhing or wriggling the body, the Whale the monsters of the Deep ” This Word is also used figuratively for a cruel enemy, as some think “the Egyptian Host crushed by the divine power, and cast on the shores of the Red Sea” (Psa 74:14). As used in Isaiah Psa 27:1, “leviathan the piercing [R.V. ‘swift’] Serpent even Leviathan that crooked [R.V. marg. ‘winding’] Serpent ” the Word may probably denote the two empires, the Assyrian and the Babylonian.

Leviratelaw: from Latin levir, “a husband’s Brother ” the name of an Ancient Custom ordained by Moses by which, when an Israelite died without issue, his surviving Brother was required to marry the widow, so as to continue his brother’s family through the Son that might be Born of that marriage (Gen 38:8; Deuteronomy Gen 25:5-10; comp. Ruth Gen 25:3; Gen 4:10). Its object was “to raise up seed to the departed Brother ”

Levite: a descendant of the Tribe of Levi (Exo 6:25;Lev 25:32;Num 35:2;Jos 21:3, Jos 21:41). This name is, however, generally used as the title of that portion of the Tribe which was set apart for the subordinate offices of the Sanctuary service (1Ki 8:4;Ezr 2:70), as assistants to the priests.

When the Israelites Left Egypt the Ancient manner of Worship was still observed by them, the eldest Son of each House inheriting the priest’s office. At Sinai the first change in this Ancient practice was made. A hereditary priesthood in the family of Aaron was then instituted (Exo 28:1). But it was not till that terrible scene in connection with the sin of the Golden Calf that the Tribe of Levi stood apart and began to occupy a distinct position (Exo 28:32). ... The religious primogeniture was then conferred on this Tribe which henceforth was devoted to the service of the Sanctuary (Num 3:11-13). They were selected for this purpose because of their Zeal for the Glory of God (Exo 32:26), and because, as the Tribe to which Moses and Aaron belonged, they would naturally stand by the lawgiver in his work.

The Levitical order consisted of all the descendants of Levi’s three sons, Gershon Kohath and Merari whilst Aaron Amram’s Son (Amram, Son of Kohat), and his issue constituted the priestly order.

The AgeAnd 4:3, And 4:23, And 4:30, And 4:39, And 4:43, And 4:47.

They were not included among the armies of Israel (Num 1:47; Num 2:33; Num 26:62), but were reckoned by themselves. They were the special guardians of the Tabernacle (Num 1:51; Num 18:22-24). The Gershonites pitched their tents on the west of the Tabernacle (Num 3:23), the Kohathites on the South (Num 3:29), the Merarites on the North (Num 3:35), and the priests on the East (Num 3:38). It was their duty to move the Tent and carry the parts of the sacred structure from Place to Place They were given to Aaron and his sons the priests to wait upon them and do work for them at the Sanctuary services (Num 8:19; Num 18:2-6).

As being wholly consecrated to the service of the Lord they had no territorial possessions. Jehovah was their inheritance (Num 18:20; Num 26:62;Deu 10:9; Deu 18:1, Deu 18:2), and for their support it was ordained that they should receive from the other tribes the tithes of the produce of the land. Lorty-eight cities also were assigned to them, thirteen of which were for the priests “to Dwell in”, i.e., along with their other inhabitants. Along with their Dwellings they had “suburbs”, i.e., “commons”, for their herds and flocks, and also fields and vineyards (Num 35:2-5). Nine of these cities were in Judah three in Naphtali and four in each of the other tribes (Jos 35:21). Six of the Levitical cities were set apart as “cities of refuge” (q.v.). Thus the Levites were scattered among the tribes to keep alive among them the knowledge and service of God (See Priest )

Leviticus: the third book of the Pentateuch so called in the Vulgate, after the LXX., because it treats chiefly of the Levitical service.

In the first section of the book (1-17), which exhibits the Worship itself, there is, (1.) A series of laws (1-7) regarding sacrifices, burnt-offerings, meat-offerings, and thank-offerings (1-3), sin-offerings and trespass-offerings (4; 5), followed by the Law of the priestly duties in connection with the Offering of sacrifices (6; 7). (2.) An historical section (8-10), giving an account of the Consecration of Aaron and his sons (8); Aaron’s first Offering for himself and the people (9); Nadab and Abihu’s presumption in Offering “strange Fire before Jehovah ” and their Punishment (10). ... (3.) Laws concerning purity, and the sacrifices and ordinances for putting away impurity (11-16). An interesting fact may be noted here. Canon Tristram, speaking of the remarkable discoveries regarding the flora and fauna of the Holy Land by the Palestine Exploration officers, makes the following statement:, “Take these two catalogues of the Clean and unclean animals in the books of Leviticus [11] and Deuteronomy [14]. There are eleven in Deuteronomy which do not occur in Leviticus and these are nearly all animals and birds which are not found in Egypt or the Holy Land, but which are numerous in the Arabian Desert They are not named in Leviticus a few weeks after the departure from Egypt but after the people were thirty-nine years in the Desert they are named, a strong proof that the list in Deuteronomy was written at the End of the Journey and the list in Leviticus at the beginning. It fixes the Writing of that catalogue to one time and period only, viz., that when the children of Israel were familiar with the fauna and the flora of the desert” (Palest. Expl. Quart., Jan. 1887). (4.) Laws marking the separation between Israel and the Heathen (17-20). (5.) Laws about the personal purity of the priests, and their Eating of the Holy things (20; 21); about the offerings of Israel that they were to be without Blemish (17 22:17-33); and about the due celebration of the great Festivals (17 22:23; 17 22:25). (17 22:6.) Then follow promises and warnings to the people regarding obedience to these Commandments closing with a section on Vows

The various ordinances contained in this book were all delivered in the space of a Month (comp. Exodus 17 40:17;Num 1:1), the first Month of the second Year after the Exodus It is the third book of Moses

No book contains more of the very words of God He is almost throughout the whole of it the direct speaker. This book is a Prophecy of things to come, a Shadow whereof the substance is Christ and his Kingdom The principles on which it is to be interpreted are laid down in the Epistle to the Hebrews It contains in its complicated ceremonial the gospel of the Grace of God

Levy: (1Ki 4:6, R.V.; 1Ki 5:13), forced service. The service of tributaries was often thus exacted by kings. Solomon raised a “great levy”Of 5:30,Of 5:000 men, about two per cent, of the population, to work for him by Courses on Lebanon Adoram (Of 12:18) presided over this forced labour service (Ger. Frohndienst; Fr. corvee).

Lewdness: (Acts 1 Act 8:1 Act 8:4), villany or wickedness, not Lewdness in the modern sense of the Word The Word “lewd” is from the Saxon, and means properly “ignorant,” “unlearned,” and hence low, vicious (Act 17:5).

Libertine: found only Acts 6:9, one who once had been a Slave but who had been set at liberty, or the Child of such a person. In this case the name probably denotes those descendants of Jews who had been carried captives to Rome as prisoners of war by Pompey and other Roman generals in the Syrian wars, and had afterwards been liberated. In A.D. 19 these manumitted Jews were banished from Rome Many of them found their way to Jerusalem and there established a Synagogue

Bnah: transparency; whiteness. (1.) One of the stations of the Israelites in the Wilderness (Num 33:20, Num 33:21).

(Num 33:2.) One of the royal cities of the Canaanites taken by Joshua (Jos 10:29-32; Jos 12:15). It became one of the Levitical towns in the Tribe of Judah (Jos 21:13), and was strongly fortified. Sennacherib laid siege to it (2Ki 19:8;Isa 37:8). It was the native Place of Hamutal the Queen of Josiah (2Ki 23:31). It stood near Lachish and has been identified with the modern Arak el-Menshiyeh.

Bni: Building of Jehovah the Son of Ginath, a Man of some position, whom a considerable number of the people chose as monarch. For the period of four years he contended for the Throne with Omri (1Ki 16:21, 1Ki 16:22), who at length gained the mastery, and became sole monarch of Israel

Libya: the country of the Ludim (Gen 10:13), Northern Africa, a large tract lying along the Mediterranean, to the west of Egypt (Act 2:10). Cyrene was one of its five cities.

Lice: (Hebrews kinnim), the creatures employed in the third Plague sent upon Egypt (Exo 8:16-18). They were miraculously produced from the dust of the land. “The entomologists Kirby and Spence Place these minute but disgusting insects in the very front rank of those which inflict injury upon Man A terrible list of examples they have collected of the ravages of this and closely allied parasitic pests.” The Plague of LiceIs 105:31.

Some have supposed that the Word denotes not Lice properly, but gnats. Others, with greater probability, take it to mean the “tick” which is much larger than Lice

Lie: an intentional violation of the Truth Lies are emphatically condemned in Scripture (Jhn 8:44; Jhn 8:1 Timothy Jhn 1:9, Jhn 1:10; Revelation Jhn 21:27; Jhn 22:15). Mention is made of the lies told by good men, as by Abraham (Gen 12:12, Gen 12:13; Gen 20:2), Isaac (Gen 26:7), and Jacob (Gen 27:24); also by the Hebrew midwives (Exo 1:15-19), by Michal (1Sa 19:14), and by David (1Sa 20:6). (See Ananias )

Lieutenant: (only in A.V.Est 3:12; Est 8:9; Est 9:3;Ezr 8:36), a Governor or viceroy of a Persian province having both military and civil power. Correctly rendered in the Revised Version “satrap.”

Life: generally of physical Life (Gen 2:7;Luk 16:25, etc.); also used figuratively (Luk 16:1) for Immortality (Heb 7:16); (Heb 7:2) conduct or manner of Life (Rom 6:4); (Rom 6:3) spiritual Life or Salvation (Jhn 3:16, Jhn 3:17, Jhn 3:18, Jhn 3:36); (Jhn 3:4) Eternal Life (Mat 19:16, Mat 19:17;Jhn 3:15); of God and Christ as the absolute source and cause of all Life (Jhn 1:4; Jhn 5:26, Jhn 5:39; Jhn 11:25; Jhn 12:50).

Light: the offspring of the divine command (Gen 1:3). “All the more joyous emotions of the mind, all the pleasing sensations of the frame, all the happy hours of domestic intercourse were habitually described among the Hebrews under Imagery derived from light” (1Ki 11:36;Isa 58:8;Est 8:16;Psa 97:1 Psa 97:1). Light came also naturally to typify true religion and the felicity it imparts (Psa 119:105;Isa 8:20;Mat 4:16, etc.), and the glorious inheritance of the redeemed (Col 1:12;Rev 21:23-25). God is said to Dwell in Light inaccessible (1Ti 6:16). It frequently signifies instruction (Mat 5:16;Jhn 5:35). In its highest sense it is applied to Christ as the “Sun of righteousness” (Mal 4:2;Luk 2:32;Jhn 1:7-9). God is styled “the Father of lights” (Jas 1:17). It is used of angels (2Co 11:14), and of John the Baptist, who was a “burning and a shining light” (Jhn 5:35), and of all true disciples, who are styled “the Light of the world” (Mat 5:14).

Lightning: frequently referred to by the sacred writers (Nah. 1:3-6). Thunder and Lightning are spoken of as tokens of God’s wrath (2Sa 22:15;Job 28:26; Job 37:4;Psa 135:7; Psa 144:6;Zec 9:14). They represent God’s glorious and awful majesty (Rev 4:5), or some Judgment of God on the world (Rev 20:9).

LlGN-

Gure: (Hebrews leshem)Occ 28:19And 39:12, as the name of a Stone in the third row on the High priest’s Breastplate Some have supposed that this Stone was the same as the Jacinth (q.v.), others that it was the opal. There is now no mineral bearing this name. The “ligurite” is so named from Liguria in Italy where it was found.

Lily: The Hebrew name Shushan or shoshan, i.e., “whiteness”, was used as the general name of several plants common to Syria such as the tulip, iris, anemone, gladiolus, ranunculus, etc. Some interpret it, with much probability, as denoting in the Old Testament the water-lily (Nymphoea lotus of Linn.), or lotus (Cant. 2:1, 2; 2:16; 4:5; 5:13; 6:2, 3; 7:2). “Its Flowers are large, and they are of a white Colour with streaks of pink. They supplied models for the ornaments of the pillars and the molten sea” (1Ki 7:19, 1Ki 7:22, 1Ki 7:26; 1Ki 7:2 Chronicles 1Ki 4:5). In the Canticles its beauty and fragrance Shadow forth the preciousness of Christ to the Church Groser, however (Scrip. Nat. Hist.), strongly argues that the Word both in the Old and New Testaments, denotes liliaceous plants in general, or if one genus is to be selected, that it must be the genus Iris, which is “large, vigorous, elegant in form, and gorgeous in colouring.”

The lilies (Gr. ... krinia) spoken of in the New Testament (Mat 6:28;Luk 12:27) were probably the Scarlet martagon (Lilium Chalcedonicum) or “red Turk’s-cap lily”, which “comes into flower at the season of the Year when our Lord’s Sermon on the Mount is supposed to have been delivered. It is abundant in the district of Galilee; and its fine Scarlet Flowers render it a very conspicous and showy object, which would naturally attract the attention of the hearers” (Balfour’s Plants of the Bible).

Of the true “floral glories of Palestine” the pheasant’s Eye (Adonis Palestina), the ranunuculus (R. Asiaticus), and the anemone (A coronaria), the last named is however, with the greatest probability regarded as the “lily of the field” to which our Lord refers. “Certainly,” says Tristram (Nat. Hist, of the Bible), “if, in the wondrous richness of bloom which characterizes the land of Israel in Spring any one plant can claim pre-eminence, it is the anemone, the most natural flower for our Lord to pluck and seize upon as an illustration, whether walking in the fields or Sitting on the hill-side.” “The white water-lily (Nymphcea alba) and the yellow water-lily (Nuphar lutea) are both abundant in the marshes of the Upper Jordan but have no connection with the Lily of Scripture ”

Lime: The Hebrew Word so rendered means “boiling” or “effervescing.”Fro 33:12 it appears that Lime was made in a kiln lighted by thorn-bushes.In 2:1 it is recorded that the King of Moab “burned the bones of the King of Edom into Lime ” The same HebrewWor 27:2-4, and is there rendered “plaster.” Limestone is the Chief constituent of the mountains of Syria

Linen: (1.) Hebrews pishet, pishtah, denotes “flax,” of which Linen is made (Isa 19:9); wrought Flax i.e., “linen cloth”,Lev 13:47, Lev 13:48, Lev 13:52, Lev 13:59;Deu 22:11.

Llax was early cultivated in Egypt (Exo 9:31), and also in Palestine (Jos 2:6; Hos. Jos 2:9). Various articles were made of it: garments (2Sa 6:14), girdles (Jer 13:1), ropes and thread (Ezk 40:3), napkins (Luk 24:12;Jhn 20:7), turbans (Ezk 44:18), and lamp-wicks (Isa 42:3).

(Isa 42:2.) Hebrews buts, “whiteness;” rendered “fine linen”In 42:1 Chronicles In 4:21; In 15:27; In 15:2 Chronicles In 2:14; In 3:14;Est 1:6; Est 8:15, and “white linen” Est 8:2 Chronicles Est 5:12. ... It is not certain whether this Word means cotton or Linen

(Est 5:3.) Hebrews bad; rendered “linen” Exodus Est 28:42; Est 39:28;Lev 6:10; Lev 16:4, Lev 16:23, Lev 16:32;1Sa 2:18;2Sa 6:14, etc. It is uniformly used of the sacred vestments worn by the priests. The Word is from a root signifying “separation.”

(2Sa 6:4.) Hebrews shesh; rendered “fine linen” Exodus 2Sa 25:4; 2Sa 26:1, 2Sa 26:31, 2Sa 26:36, etc.In 31:22 it is rendered in Authorized Version “silk,” and in Revised Version “fine Linen ” The Word denotes Egyptian Linen of Peculiar whiteness and fineness (byssus). The finest Indian Linen the finest now made, has in an inch one hundred threads of warp and eighty-four of woof; while the Egyptian had sometimes one hundred and forty in the warp and sixty-four in the woof. This was the usual Dress of the Egyptian Priest Pharaoh arrayed Joseph in a Dress of Linen (Gen 41:42).

(Gen 41:5.) Hebrews ‘etun.Pro 7:16, “fine Linen of Egypt ” in Revised Version “the Yarn of Egypt ”

(Pro 7:6.) Hebrews sadin.Pro 31:24, “fine Linen ” in Revised Version “linen garments” (Jdg 14:12, Jdg 14:13;Isa 3:23). From this Hebrew Word is probably derived the Greek Word sindon, rendered “linen”In 14:51, In 14:52; In 15:46; Matthew In 27:59.

The Word “linen” is used as an emblem of moral purity (Rev 15:6).In 16:19 it is mentioned as a Mark of luxury.

LINEN-

Lines: were used for measuring and dividing land; and hence the Word came to denote a portion or inheritance measured out; a possession (Psa 16:6).

Lin

P: besides its literal sense (Isaiah 37:29, etc.), is used in the original (saphah) metaphorically for an edge or border, as of a cup (1 Kings 7:26), a garment (Exodus 28:32), a Curtain (26:4), the Sea (Genesis 22:17), the Jordan (2 Kings 2:13). To “open the lips” is to begin to speak (Job 11:5); to “refrain the lips” is to keep silence (Psalm 40:9; 1 Peter 3:10). The “fruit of the lips” (Hebrews 13:15) is praise, and the “calves of the lips” thank-offerings (Hos. 14:2). To “shoot out the lip” is to manifest scorn and defiance (Psalm 22:7). Many similar forms of expression are found in Scripture

Litter: (Hebrews tsab, as being lightly and gently borne), a sedan or palanquin for the conveyance of persons of rank (Isa 66:20).In 7:3, the words “covered wagons” are more literally “carts of the Litter kind.” There they denote large and commodious vehicles drawn by oxen, and fitted for transporting the furniture of the Temple

Liver: (Hebrews kabhed, “heavy;” hence the Liver as being the heaviest of the viscera,Exo 29:13, Exo 29:22;Lev 3:4, Lev 3:1, Lev 3:10, Lev 3:15) was Burnt upon the Altar and not used as sacrificial Food In 21:21 there is allusion, in the statement that the King of Babylon “looked upon the Liver ” to one of the most Ancient of all modes of Divination The first recorded instance of Divination (q.v.) is that of the Teraphim of Laban By the Teraphim the LXX. and Josephus understood “the Liver of goats.” By the “caul above the Liver ”In 4:9; In 7:4, etc., some understand the great lobe of the Liver itself.

Living: CREATURES as represented by Ezekiel (1-10) and John (Revelation 4, etc.), are the cherubim. They are distinguished from angels (Rev 15:7); they join the elders in the “new song” (Rev 5:8, Rev 5:9); they warn of danger from divine Justice (Isa 6:3-5), and deliver the commission to those who execute it (Ezk 10:2, Ezk 10:7); they associate with the elders in their sympathy with the hundred and forty-four thousand who sing the New song (Rev 14:3), and with the Church in the overthrow of her enemies (Rev 19:4).

They are supposed to represent mercy, as distinguished from Justice mercy in its various instrumentalities, and especially as connected with the Throne of God the “throne of Grace ”

Lizard: Onl 11:30, as rendering of Hebrew letaah, so called from its “hiding.” Supposed to be the Lacerta gecko or fan-foot Lizard from the toes of which Poison exudes. (See Chameleon )

Lo: -DEBAR no pasture, (2 Samuel 17:27), a town in Gilead not far from Mahanaim North of the Jabbok (9:4, 5). It is probably identical with Debir (Joshua 13:26).

Loan: The Mosaic Law required that when an Israelite needed to Borrow what he asked was to be freely lent to him, and no interest was to be charged, although interest might be taken of a Foreigner (Exo 22:25;Deu 23:19, Deu 23:20; Leviticus Deu 25:35-38). At the End of Seven years all debts were remitted. Of a Foreigner the Loan might, however, be exacted. At a later period of the Hebrew commonwealth, when commerce increased, the practice of exacting Usury or interest on loans, and of suretiship in the commercial sense, grew up. Yet the exaction of it from a Hebrew was regarded as discreditable (Psa 15:5;Pro 6:1, Pro 6:4; Pro 11:15; Pro 17:18; Pro 20:16; Pro 27:13; Jeremiah Pro 15:10). ...

Limitations are prescribed by the Law to the taking of a pledge from the borrower. The outer garment in which a Man slept at night, if taken in pledge, was to be returned before sunset (Exo 22:26, Exo 22:27;Deu 24:12, Deu 24:13). A widow’s garment (Deu 24:17) and a millstone (Deu 24:6) could not be taken. A creditor could not enter the House to reclaim a pledge, but must remain outside till the borrower brought it (Deu 24:10, Deu 24:11). The Hebrew Debtor could not be retained in Bondage longer than the seventh Year or at farthest the Year of Jubilee (Exo 21:2; Leviticus Exo 25:39, Exo 25:42), but foreign sojourners were to be “bondmen for ever” (Lev 25:44-54).

Lock

Lodge: a shed for a watchman in a garden (Isa 1:8). The Hebrew name melunah is rendered “cottage” (q.v.)In 24:20. It also denotes a hammock or hanging-bed.

Log

Lois: the maternal grandmother of Timothy She is commended by Paul for her Faith (2 Timothy 1:5).

Loop

Lord: ’S Supper (1Co 11:20), called also “the Lord’s table” (1Co 10:21), “communion,” “cup of blessing” (1Co 10:16), and “breaking of bread” (Act 2:42).

In the early Church it was called also “eucharist,” or giving of thanks (comp. Matthew Act 26:27), and generally by the Latin Church “mass,” a name derived from the formula of dismission, Ite, missa est, i.e., “Go, it is discharged.”

The account of the institution of this ordinance is given in Matthew Act 26:26-29,Mrk 14:22-25,Luk 22:19, Luk 22:20,And 22:1Cor 11:24-26. It is not mentioned by John

It was designed, (Cor 11:1.) To commemorate the Death of Christ “This do in remembrance of me.” (Cor 11:2.) To signify, Seal and apply to believers all the benefits of the New Covenant In this ordinance Christ ratifies his promises to his people, and they on their part solemnly consecrate themselves to him and to his entire service. ... (Cor 11:3.) To be a badge of the Christian profession. (Cor 11:4.) To indicate and to promote the Communion of believers with Christ (Cor 11:5.) To represent the mutual Communion of believers with each other.

The elements used to represent Christ’s body and blood are Bread and wine. The ki nd of Bread whether leavened or unleavened, is not specified. Christ used unleavened Bread simply because it was at that moment on the paschal table. Wine, and no other liquid, is to be used (Mat 26:26-29). Believers “feed” on Christ’s body and blood, (Mat 26:1) not with the mouth in any manner, but (Mat 26:2) by the soul alone, and (Mat 26:3) by Faith which is the mouth or Hand of the soul. This they do (Mat 26:4) by the power of the Holy Ghost. This “feeding” on Christ however, takes Place not in the Lord’s Supper alone, but whenever Faith in him is exercised.

This is a permanent ordinance in the Church of Christ and is to be observed “till he come” again.

LO-

Ruhamah: having obtained mercy, a symbolical name given to the Daughter of Hosea (2:1).

Lot: (Hebrews goral, a “pebble”), a small Stone used in casting lots (Num 33:54; Jonah Num 1:7). The Lot was always resorted to by the Hebrews with strictest reference to the interposition of God and as a method of ascertaining the divine Will (Pro 16:33), and in serious cases of doubt (Est 3:7). Thus the Lot was used at the division of the land of Canaan among the serveral tribes (Num 26:55; Num 34:13), at the detection of Achan (Jos 7:14, Jos 7:18), the Election of Saul to be King (1Sa 10:20, 1Sa 10:21), the distribution of the priestly offices of the Temple service (1Sa 10:1 Chronicles 1Sa 24:3, 1Sa 24:5, 1Sa 24:19;Luk 1:9), and over the two goats at the Feast of Atonement (Lev 16:8). ... Matthias who was “numbered with the eleven” (Act 1:24-26), was Chosen by Lot

This Word also denotes a portion or an inheritance (Jos 15:1;Psa 125:3;Isa 17:4), and a destiny, as assigned by God (Psa 16:5;Dan 12:13).

Lot, (Hebrews lot), a Covering Veil the Son of Haran and nephew of Abraham (Gen 12:1 Gen 1:27). On the Death of his Father he was Left in charge of his grandfather Terah (Gen 1:31), after whose Death he accompanied his uncle Abraham into Canaan (Gen 12:5), thence into Egypt (Gen 12:10), and back again to Canaan (Gen 13:1). After this he separated from him and settled in Sodom (Gen 13:5-13). There his righteous soul was “vexed” from Day to Day (2Pe 2:7), and he had great cause to regret this act. Not many years after the separation he was taken Captive by Chedorlaomer and was rescued by Abraham (Gen 2:14). At length, when the Judgment of God descended on the guilty cities of the Plain (Gen 19:1-20), Lot was miraculously delivered. When fleeing from the doomed City his Wife “looked back from behind him, and became a Pillar of Salt ” There is to this Day a Peculiar crag at the South End of the Dead Sea near Kumran, which the Arabs Call Bint Sheik Lot i.e., Lot’s Wife It is “a tall, isolated Needle of Rock which really does bear a Curious resemblance to an Arab Woman with a Child upon her shoulder.”Lro 17:32, “Remember Lot’s Wife ” it would seem as if she had gone back, or tarried so long behind in the Desire to save some of her goods, that she became involved in the Destruction which fell on the City and became a stiffened corpse, fixed for a time in the saline incrustations. She became “a Pillar of salt”, i.e., as some think, of asphalt. (See Salt )

Lot and his daughters sought Refuge first in Zoar and then, fearing to remain there longer, retired to a Cave in the neighbouring mountains (Gen 19:30). Lot has recently been connected with the people called on the Egyptian monuments Rotanu or Lotanu, who is supposed to have been the hero of the Edomite Tribe Lotan

Lotan: coverer, one of the sons of Seir the Horite (Gen 36:20, Gen 36:29).

Love: This Word seems to require explanation only in the case of its use by our Lord in his interview with “Simon, the Son of Jonas ” after his Resurrection (Jhn 21:16, Jhn 21:17). When our Lord says, “Lovest thou me?” he uses the Greek Word agapas', and when Simon answers, he uses the Greek Word philo, i.e., “I Love ” This is the usage in the first and second questions Put by our Lord but in the third our Lord uses Simon’s Word The distinction between these two Greek words is thus fitly described by Trench:, “ Agapan has more of Judgment and deliberate choice; philein has more of attachment and Peculiar personal Affection Thus the ‘Lovest thou’ (Gr. agapas) on the lips of the Lord seems to Peter at this moment too cold a Word as though his Lord were keeping him at a distance, or at least not inviting him to draw near, as in the passionate yearning of his heart he desired now to do. ... Therefore he puts by the Word and substitutes his own stronger ‘I love’ (Gr. philo) in its room. A second time he does the same. And now he has conquered; for when the Lord demands a third time whether he loves him, he does it in the Word which alone Will satisfy Peter (‘Lovest thou,’ Gr. phileis), which alone claims from him that personal attachment and Affection with which indeed he knows that his heart is full.”

In 21:1Cor 21:13 the Apostle sets forth the excellency of Love as the Word “charity” there is rendered in the Revised Version

Lubims: the inhabitants of a thirsty or scorched land; the Lybians, an African nation under Tribute to Egypt (2Ch 12:3; 2Ch 16:8). Their territory was apparently near Egypt They were probably the Mizraite Lehabim.

Lucas: a friend and companion of Paul during his imprisonment at Rome Luke (q.v.), the beloved Physician (Phm 1:24; Colossians Phm 4:14).

Lucifer: brilliant star, a title given to the King of Babylon (Isa 14:12) to denote his Glory

Lucius

Lucre: from the Lat. lucrum, “gain.” 1 Timothy 3:3, “not given to filthy Lucre ” Some MSS. have not the Word so rendered, and the expression has been omitted in the Revised Version

Lud: (1.) The fourth Son of Shem (Gen 10:22; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:17), ancestor of the Lydians probably.

(Gen 1:2.) One of the Hamitic tribes descended from Mizraim (Gen 10:13), a people of Africa (Ezk 27:10; Ezk 30:5), on the west of Egypt The people called Lud were noted archers (Isa 66:19; comp. Jeremiah Isa 46:9).

Ludim: probably the same as Lud (2) (comp. Genesis 10:13; 1 Chronicles 1:11). They are associated (Jer 46:9) with African nations as mercenaries of the King of Egypt

Luhith: made of boards, a Moabitish Place between Zoar and Horonaim (Isa 15:5;Jer 48:5).

Luke: , Gospel ACCORDING TO was written by Luke He does not claim to have been an eye-witness of our Lord’s ministry, but to have gone to the best sources of information within his reach, and to have written an orderly narrative of the facts (Luk 1:1-4). The authors of the first three Gospels the synoptics, wrote independently of each other. Each wrote his independent narrative under the guidance of the Holy Spirit

Each writer has some things, both in matter and style, Peculiar to himself, yet all the three have much in common. Luke’s Gospel has been called “the Gospel of the nations, full of mercy and hope, assured to the world by the Love of a suffering Saviour ” “the Gospel of the saintly Life ” “the Gospel for the Greeks; the Gospel of the future; the Gospel of progressive Christianity, of the universality and gratuitousness of the gospel; the historic Gospel; the Gospel of Jesus as the good Physician and the Saviour of mankind;” the “Gospel of the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of Man ” “the Gospel of womanhood;” “the Gospel of the outcast, of the Samaritan the Publican the Harlot and the prodigal;” “the Gospel of tolerance.” The main characteristic of this Gospel, as Farrar (Cambridge Bible Luke Introd.) remarks, is fitly expressed in the motto, “Who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil” (Act 10:38; comp. ... Luke Act 4:18). Luke wrote for the “Hellenic world.” This Gospel is indeed “rich and precious.”

“Out 4:1151 verses, LukeHas 4:389 in common with Matthew and Mark Has 4:176 in common with Matthew alone, Has 4:41 in common with Mark alone,Lea 4:544 Peculiar to himself. In many instances all three use identical language.” (See Matthew Mark Gospels )

There are seventeen of our Lord’s parables Peculiar to this Gospel. (See List of Parables in Appendix.) Luke also records Seven of our Lord’s miracles which are omitted by Matthew and Mark (See List of Miracles in Appendix.) The synoptical Gospels are related to each other after the following scheme.If 4:100, then when compared this result is obtained:

Mar 4:7 peculiarities, Mar 4:93 coincidences.

Mat 4:42 peculiarities, Mat 4:58 coincidences.

Luk 4:59 peculiarities, Luk 4:41 coincidences.

That is, thirteen-fourteenths of Mark four- sevenths of Matthew and two-fifths of Luke are taken up in describing the same things in very similar language.

Luke’s style is more finished and classical than that of Matthew and Mark There is less in it of the Hebrew idiom. He uses a few Latin words (Luk 12:6; Luk 7:41; Luk 8:30; Luk 11:33; Luk 19:20), but no Syriac or Hebrew words except sikera, an exciting Drink of the nature of wine, but not made of grapes (from Hebrews shakar, “he is intoxicated”,Lev 10:9), probably Palm wine.

This Gospel contains twenty-eight distinct references to the Old Testament

The Date of its composition is uncertain. It must have been written before the ActsThe 10:3Or 10:64 A.D. This Gospel was written, therefore,Pro 10:60Or 10:63, when Luke may have been at Caesarea in attendance on Paul who was then a prisoner. Others have conjectured that it was written at Rome during Paul’s imprisonment there. But on this point no positive certainty can be attained.

It is commonly supposed that Luke wrote under the direction, if not at the dictation of Paul Many words and phrases are common to both; e.g., compare:

Luk 4:22; with Colossians Luk 4:6. Luke Luk 4:32;Wit 4:1Cor 2:4. Luke Cor 6:36;Wit 6:2Cor 1:3. Luke Cor 6:39;Wit 2:19. Luke Wit 9:56;Wit 9:2Cor 10:8. Luke Cor 10:8;Wit 10:1Cor 10:27. Luke Cor 11:41;Wit 1:15. Luke Wit 18:1;Wit 18:2The 1:1 The 1:1. Luke The 21:36; with Ephesians The 6:18. Luke The 22:19, The 22:20;Wit 22:1Cor 11:23-29. Luke Cor 24:46; with Acts Cor 17:3. Luke Cor 24:34;Wit 24:1Cor 15:5.

Lunatic: probably the same as epileptic, the symptoms of which disease were supposed to be more aggravated as the moon increased. In Matthew 4:24 “lunatics” are distinguished from demoniacs.In 17:15 the name “lunatic” is applied to one who is declared to have been possessed. (See DAEMONIAC.)

Lust

Luz: a nut-bearing Tree the Almond (1.) The Ancient name of a royal Canaanitish City near the site of Bethel (Gen 28:19; Gen 35:6), on the border of Benjamin (Jos 18:13). Here Jacob halted, and had a prophetic Vision (See BETHEL.)

(Jos 18:2.) A Place in the land of the Hittites, founded (Jdg 1:26) by “a Man who came forth out of the City of Luz ” It is identified with Luweiziyeh, Jdg 1:4 miles north-west of Banias.

Lycaonia

Lydda: a town in the Tribe of Ephraim mentioned only in the New Testament (Act 9:32, Act 9:35, Act 9:38) as the scene of Peter’s Miracle in healing the paralytic AEneas.It 9:9 miles East of Joppa on the Road from the sea-port to Jerusalem In the Old Testament (1Ch 8:12) it is called Lod. It was burned by the Romans but was afterwards rebuilt, and was known by the name of Diospolis. Its modern name is Ludd. The so-called patron Saint of England, St. George, is said to have been bom here.

Lydia: (1.)Ezk 30:5 (Hebrews Lud), a province in the west of Asia Minor, which derived its name from the fourth Son of Shem (Gen 10:22). It was bounded on the East by the greater Phrygia and on the west by Ionia and the AEgean Sea

(Gen 10:2.) A Woman of Thyatira a “seller of purple,” who dwelt in Philippi (Act 16:14, Act 16:15). She was not a Jewess but a Proselyte The Lord opened her heart as she heard the gospel from the lips of Paul (Act 16:13). She thus became the first in Europe who embraced Christianity. She was a person apparently of considerable wealth, for she could afford to give a home to Paul and his companions. (See Thyatira )

Lysanias

Lysias: , Claudius the Chief Captain (chiliarch) who commanded the Roman troops in Jerusalem and sent Paul under Guard to the procurator Felix at Caesarea (Act 21:31-38; Act 22:24-30). His Letter to his superior officer is an interesting specimen of Roman military correspondence (Act 23:26-30). He obtained his Roman Citizenship by purchase, and was therefore probably a Greek. (See Claudius )

Lystra: a town of Lycaonia, in Asia Minor, in a wild district and among a rude population. Here Paul preached the gospel after he had been driven by Persecution from Iconium (Act 14:2-7). Here also he healed a lame Man (Act 14:8), and thus so impressed the ignorant and superstitious people that they took him for Mercury, because he was the “chief speaker,” and his companion Barnabas for Jupiter probably in consequence of his stately, venerable appearance; and were proceeding to offer sacrifices to them (Act 14:13), when Paul earnestly addressed them and turned their attention to the true source of all blessings. But soon after, through the influence of the Jews from Antioch in Pisidia and Iconium they stoned Paul and Left him for Dead (Act 14:19). ... On recovering, Paul Left for Derbe but soon returned again, through Lystra encouraging the disciples there to steadfastness. He in all likelihood visited this City again on his third missionary tour (Act 18:23). Timothy who was probably Born here (Act 18:2 Timothy Act 3:10, Act 3:11), was no doubt one of those who were on this occasion witnesses of Paul’s Persecution and his courage in Lystra

Acrabbim: ascent of the Scorpions i.e., “scorpion-hill”, a pass on the south-eastern border of Palestine (Num 34:4;Jos 15:3). It is identified with the pass of Sufah, entering Palestine from the great Wady el-Fikreh, South of the Dead Sea (See Akrabbim )

Maarath: desolation, a Place in the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:59), probably the modem village Beit Ummar, Jos 15:6 miles North of Hebron

Maaseiah: the work of Jehovah (1.) One of the Levites whom David appointed as Porter for the Ark (1 Chronicles 15:18, 20).

(2.) One of the “captains of hundreds” associated with Jehoiada in restoring King Jehoash to the Throne (2 Chronicles 23:1).

(3.) The “king’s Son ” probably one of the sons of King Ahaz killed by Zichri in the invasion of Judah by Pekah King of Israel (2 Chronicles 28:7).

(4.) One who was sent by King Josiah to repair the Temple (2 Chronicles 34:8). He was Governor (Hebrews sar, rendered elsewhere in the Authorized Version “prince,” “chief Captain ” Chief ruler”) of Jerusalem

(5.) The Father of the Priest Zephaniah (Jer 21:1; Jer 37:3).

(Jer 37:6.) The Father of the false Prophet Zedekiah (Jer 29:21).

Maase’iah, Refuge is Jehovah a Priest the Father of Neriah (Jer 32:12; Jer 51:59).

Maasiai: work of Jehovah one of the priests resident at Jerusalem at the Captivity (1 Chronicles 9:12).

Maath

Maaziah: strength or Consolation of Jehovah (1.) The head of the twenty-fourth priestly course (1 Chronicles 24:18) in David’s reign.

(2.) A Priest (Neh 10:8).

Maccabees: , Books OF THE There were originally five books of the Maccabees The first contains a history of the war of independence, commencing (B.C. 175) in a series of patriotic struggles against the tyranny of Antiochus Epiphanes, and terminating B.C. 135. It became part of the Vulgate Version of the Bible and was thus retained among the Apocrypha

The second gives a history of the Maccabees’ struggle from B.C. 176 to B.C. 161. Its object is to encourage and admonish the Jews to be Faithful to the religion of their fathers.

The third does not hold a Place in the Apocrypha but is read in the Greek Church Its design is to comfort the Alexandrian Jews in their Persecution Its writer was evidently an Alexandrian Jew

The fourth was found in the Library of Lyons, but was afterwards burned. The fifth contains a history of the Jews from B.C. 184 to B.C. 86. It is a compilation made by a Jew after the Destruction of Jerusalem from Ancient memoirs, to which he had access. It need scarcely be added that none of these books has any divine authority.

Macedonia

Machaerus: the Black Fortress, was built by Herod the Great in the gorge of Callirhoe, one of the wadies 9 miles East of the Dead Sea as a frontier rampart against Arab marauders. John the Baptist was probably cast into the prison connected with this Castle by Herod Antipas whom he had reproved for his adulterous marriage with Herodias Here Herod “made a supper” on his birthday. He was at this time marching against Aretas King of Perea, to whose Daughter he had been married. During the revelry of the Banquet held in the border fortress, to please Salome who danced before him, he sent an Executioner who beheaded John and “brought his head in a Charger and gave it to the damsel” (Mrk 6:14-29). This Castle stood “starkly bold and clear” Mrk 6:3,Mrk 6:860 feet above the Dead SeaAnd 6:2,And 6:546 above the Mediterranean. Its ruins, now called M’khaur, are still visible on the northern End of Jebel Attarus.

Machbanai: clad with a Mantle or Bond of the Lord one of the Gadite heroes who joined David in the Wilderness (1 Chronicles 12:13).

Machir

Machpelah: portion; double Cave the Cave which Abraham bought, together with the field in which it stood, from Ephron the Hittite, for a family burying-place (Genesis 23). It is one of those Bible localities about the identification of which there can be no doubt. It was on the slope of a Hill on the East of Hebron “before Mamre ” Here were laid the bodies of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah Jacob and Leah (Gen 23:19; Gen 25:9; Gen 49:31; Gen 50:13). Over the Cave an Ancient Christian Church was erected, probably in the time of Justinian, the Roman emperor. This Church has been converted into a Mohammedan mosque. The whole is surrounded by the el-Haram i.e., “the sacred enclosure,”Abo 50:200 feet long, Abo 50:115 broad,And 50:50. ... This Building from the immense size of some of its Stones and the manner in which they are fitted together, is supposed by some to have been erected in the days of David or of Solomon while others ascribe it to the time of Herod It is looked upon as the most Ancient and finest relic of Jewish architecture.

On the floor of the mosque are erected six large cenotaphs as monuments to the Dead who are buried in the Cave beneath. Between the cenotaphs of Isaac and Rebekah there is a circular opening in the floor into the cavern below, the Cave of Machpelah Here it may be that the body of Jacob which was embalmed in Egypt is still preserved (much older embalmed bodies have recently been found in the Cave of Deir el-Bahari in Egypt see PHARAOH), though those of the others there buried may have long ago mouldered into dust. The interior of the mosque was visited by the PrinceOf 50:1862 by a special favour of the Mohammedan authorities. An interesting account of this visit is given in Dean Stanley’s Lectures on the Jewish ChurchIt 50:1866 by the Marquis of Bute,And 50:1869 by the late Emperor (Frederick) of Germany, then the Crown Prince of Prussia.In 50:1881 it was visited by the two sons of the Prince of Wales, accompanied by Sir C. Wilson and others. (See Palestine Quarterly Statement,Oct 50:1882).

Madai: middle land, the third “son” of Japheth (Gen 10:2), the name by which the Medes are known on the Assyrian monuments.

Madmannah: dunghill, the modem el-Minyay, 15 miles south-south-west of Gaza (Jos 15:31; Jos 15:1 Chronicles Jos 2:49), in the South of Judah The Pal. Mem., however, suggest Umm Deimneh, Jos 2:12 miles north-east of Beersheba as the site.

Madmen: ibid., a Moabite town threatened with the Sword of the Babylonians (Jer 48:2).

Madmenah: ibid., a town in Benjamin not far from Jerusalem towards the North (Isa 10:31).The 25:10, where it is rendered “dunghill.” This verse has, however, been interpreted as meaning “that Moab Will be trodden down by Jehovah as teben [broken straw] is trodden to fragments on the threshing-floors of Madmenah ”

Madness: This Word is used in its proper sense in Deuteronomy 28:34, John 10:20,1Co 14:23. It also denotes a reckless state of mind arising from various causes, as over-study (Ecc 1:17; Ecc 2:12), Blind rage (Luk 6:11), or a depraved temper (Ecc 7:25; Ecc 9:3; Ecc 9:2 Peter Ecc 2:16). David feigned Madness (Ecc 2:1 Samuel Ecc 21:13) at Gath because he “was sore afraid of Achish ”

Madon: strife, a Canaanitish City in the North of Palestine (Jos 11:1; Jos 12:19), whose King was slain by Joshua perhaps the ruin Madin, near Hattin,Som 12:5 miles west of Tiberias

Magdala: a tower, a town in Galilee, mentioned only in Matthew 15:39. In the parallel Passage in Mark 8:10 this Place is called Dalmanutha It was the birthplace of Mary called the Magdalen, or Mary Magdalene It was on the west shore of the Lake of Tiberias and is now probably the small obscure village called el-Mejdel,Abo 8:3 miles north-west of Tiberias In the Talmud this City is called “the City of Colour ” and a particular district of it was called “the tower of dyers.” The indigo plant was much cultivated here.

Magdalene: a surname derived from Magdala the Place of her Nativity given to one of the Marys of the Gospels to distinguish her from the other Marys (Mat 27:56, Mat 27:61; Mat 28:1, etc.). A mistaken notion has prevailed that this Mary was a Woman of bad character, that she was the Woman who is emphatically called “a sinner” (Luk 7:36-50). (See MARY.)

Magic

Magicians: Hebrews hartumim, (dan. 1:20) were sacred Scribes who acted as interpreters of omens, or “revealers of secret things.”

Magistrate: a public civil officer invested with authority. The Hebrew shophetim, or Judges were magistrates having authority in the land (Deu 1:16, Deu 1:17).In 18:7 the Word “magistrate” (A.V.) is rendered in the Revised Version “possessing authority”, i.e., having power to do them harm by invasion. In the time of Ezra (In 9:2) and Nehemiah (In 2:16; In 4:14; In 13:11) the Jewish magistrates were called seganim , properly meaning “nobles.” In the New Testament the Greek Word archon, rendered “magistrate” (Luk 12:58;Tit 3:1), means one first in power, and hence a Prince as in Matthew Tit 20:25,1Co 2:6, 1Co 2:8. This term is used of the Messiah “Prince of the kings of the earth” (Rev 1:5). ... In Acts Rev 16:20, Rev 16:22, Rev 16:35, Rev 16:36, Rev 16:38, the Greek term stratcgos, rendered “magistrate,” properly signifies the leader of an Army a general, one having military authority. The strategoi were the duumviri, the two praetors appointed to preside over the administration of Justice in the colonies of the Romans They were attended by the Sergeants (properly lictors or “rod bearers”).

Magog: region of Gog the second of the “sons” of Japheth (Gen 10:2;1Ch 1:5). In Ezekiel (1Ch 38:2; 1Ch 39:6) it is the name of a nation, probably some Scythian or Tartar Tribe descended from Japheth They are described as skilled horsemen, and expert in the use of the Bow The Latin Father Jerome says that this Word denotes “Scythian nations, fierce and innumerable, who live Beyond the Caucasus and the Lake Maeotis, and near the Caspian Sea and spread out even onward to India ” Perhaps the name “represents the Assyrian Mat Gugi, or ‘country of Gugu,’ the Gyges of the Greeks” (Sayce’s Races, etc.).

MAGOR-

Missabib: fear on every side, (Jer 20:3), a symbolical name given to the Priest Pashur expressive of the fate announced by the Prophet as about to come upon him. Pashur was to be carried to Babylon and there die.

Mahalal: EEL praise of God (1.) The Son of Cainan of the line of Seth (Gen 5:12-17); called Maleleel (Luk 3:37).

(Luk 3:2.) Nehemiah1 1:4, a descendant of Perez

Mahalath: MASCHIL in the title of Psalm 53, denoting that this was a didactic psalm, to be sung to the accompaniment of the lute or guitar. Others regard this Word “mahalath” as the name simply of an Old air to which the psalm was to be sung. Others, again, take the Word as meaning “sickness,” and regard it as alluding to the contents of the psalm.

Mahanaim: two camps, a Place near the Jabbok Beyond Jordan where Jacob was met by the “angels of God ” and where he divided his retinue into “two hosts” on his return from Padan-aram (Gen 32:2). This name was afterwards given to the town which was built at that Place It was the southern boundary of Bashan (Jos 13:26, Jos 13:30), and became a City of the Levites (Jos 21:38). Here Saul’s Son Ishbosheth reigned (2Sa 2:8, 2Sa 2:12), while David reigned at Hebron Here also, after a troubled reign, Ishbosheth was murdered by two of his own bodyguard (2Sa 4:5-7), who brought his head to David at Hebron but were, instead of being rewarded, Put to Death by him for their cold-blooded Murder Many years after this, when he fled from Jerusalem on the rebellion of his Son Absalom David made Mahanaim where Barzillai entertained him, his headquarters, and here he mustered his Forces which were led against the Army that had gathered around Absalom It was while Sitting at the Gate of this town that tidings of the great and decisive battle between the two hosts and of the Death of his Son Absalom reached him, when he gave way to the most violent grief (2Sa 17:24-27). ...

The only other reference to Mahanaim is as a station of one of Solomon’s purveyors (1Ki 4:14). It has been identified with the modern Mukhumah, a ruin found in a depressed Plain called el-Bukie’a, “the little vale,” near Penuel South of the Jabbok and north-east of es-Salt.

MAHANEH-

Mahath: grasping. (1.) A Kohathite Levite Father of Elkanah (1 Chronicles 6:35).

(2.) Another Kohathite Levite of the time of Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 29:12).

Mahazioth: visions, a Kohathite Levite Chief of the twenty-third course of musicians (1Ch 25:4, 1Ch 25:30).

MAHER-SHALAL-HASH-

Baz: plunder speedeth; spoil hasteth, (Isa 8:1-3; comp. Zephaniah Isa 1:14), a name Isaiah was commanded first to write in large characters on a Tablet and afterwards to give as a symbolical name to a Son that was to be Born to him (Isa 8:1, Isa 8:3), as denoting the sudden attack on Damascus and Syria by the Assyrian Army

Mahlah: disease, one of the five daughters of Zelophehad (Num 27:1-1 Num 27:1) who had their father’s inheritance, the Law of inheritance having been altered in their favour.

Mahlon: sickly, the elder of Elimelech the Bethlehemite’s two sons by Naomi He married Ruth and died childless (Rut 1:2, Rut 1:5; Rut 4:9, Rut 4:10), in the land of Moab

Mahol

Mail: , Coat OF “a corselet of scales,” a cuirass formed of Pieces of metal overlapping each other, like fish-scales (1 Samuel 17:5); also (38) a corselet or garment thus encased.

Main-sail

Makheloth: assemblies, a station of the Israelites in the Desert (Num 33:25, Num 33:26).

Marked: AH herdsman’s Place one of the royal cities of the Canaanites (Jos 12:16), near which was a Cave where the five kings who had confederated against Israel sought Refuge (Jos 10:10-29). They were Put to Death by Joshua who afterwards suspended their bodies upon five trees. It has been identified with the modern village called Sumeil,Sta 10:7 miles to the north-west of Eleutheropolis (Beit Jibrin), where are Ancient remains and a great Cave The Palestine Exploration surveyors have, however, identified it with el-Mughar, or “the caves,”3 M 10:2 3 M 10:1/3 M 10:2 southwest of Ekron because, they say, “at this site only of all possible sites for Makkedah in the Palestine Plain do caves still exist.” (See ADONI-ZEDEC.)

Maktesh: mortar, a Place in or near Jerusalem inhabited by Silver merchants (Zep 1:11). It has been conjectured that it was the “Phoenician quarter” of the City where the traders of that nation resided, after the Oriental Custom

Malachi: , PROPHECIES OF The contents of the book are comprised in four chapters. In the Hebrew text the third and fourth chapters (of the A.V.) form but one. The whole consists of three sections, preceded by an introduction (Mal 1:1-5), in which the Prophet reminds Israel of Jehovah’s Love to them. The first section (l:6 2:9) contains a stern rebuke addressed to the priests who had despised the name of Jehovah and been leaders in a departure from his Worship and from the Covenant and for their partiality in administering the Law In the second (6 2:9-16) the people are rebuked for their intermarriages with idolatrous Heathen In the third (6 2:17-4:6 2:6) he addresses the people as a whole, and warns them of the Coming of the God of Judgment preceded by the advent of the Messiah

This book is frequently referred to in the New Testament (Mat 11:10; Mat 17:12;Mrk 1:2; Mrk 9:11, Mrk 9:12; Luke Mrk 1:17; Romans Mrk 9:13).

Malcam: (2Sa 12:30, Hebrews R.V., “their King ” Jeremiah 2Sa 49:1, 2Sa 49:3, R.V.;Zep 1:5), the national Idol of the Ammonites. When Rabbah was taken by David the Crown of this Idol was among the spoils. The weight is said to have been “a Talent of gold” (Abo 1:100 lbs.). The expression probably denotes its value rather than its weight. It was adorned with precious Stones

Malchiah: Jehovah’s King (1.) The head of the fifth division of the priests in the time of David (1 Chronicles 24:9).

(2.) A Priest the Father of Pashur (1 Chronicles 9:12; Jeremiah 38: 1).

(3.) One of the priests appointed as musicians to celebrate the completion of the walls of Jerusalem (Neh 12:42).

(Neh 12:4.) A Priest who stood by Ezra when he “read in the book of the Law of God” (Neh 8:4).

(Neh 8:5.) Nehemiah Neh 3:11.

(Neh 3:6.) Nehemiah Neh 3:31.

(Neh 3:7.) Nehemiah Neh 3:14.

MALCHI-

Shua: wealth. (1.) A Canaanite whose Daughter was married to Judah (1Ch 2:3).

(1Ch 2:2.) A Daughter of Heber the Asherite (1Ch 7:32).

Malchus: reigning, the personal servant or Slave of the High Priest Caiaphas He is mentioned only by John Peter cut off his right Ear in the garden of Gethsemane (Jhn 18:10). But our Lord cured it with a touch (Mat 26:51;Mrk 14:47;Luk 22:51). This was the last Miracle of bodily cure wrought by our Lord It is not mentioned by John

Mallothi: my Fulness a Kohathite Levite one of the sons of Heman the Levite (1 Chronicles 25:4), and Chief of the nineteenth division of the Temple musicians (26).

Mallows: Occ 30:4 (R.V., “saltwort”). The Word so rendered (malluah, from Melah “salt”) most probably denotes the Atriplex halimus of Linnaeus, a species of Sea purslane found on the shores of the Dead Sea as also of the Mediterranean, and in Salt marshes. It is a tall shrubby orach,Gro 30:10 feet. Its buds and leaves, with those of other saline plants, are eaten by the poor in Palestine

Malluch: reigned over, or reigning. (1.) A Levite of the family of Merari (1 Chronicles 6:44).

(2.) A Priest who returned from Babylon (Neh 12:2).

(Neh 12:3.)Ezr 10:29. (Ezr 10:4.)Ezr 10:32

Mammon: a Chaldee or Syriac Word meaning “wealth” or “riches” (Luk 16:9-11); also, by personification, the God of riches (Mat 6:24; Luke Mat 16:9-11).

Mamre: manliness. (1.) An Amoritish Chief in Alliance with Abraham (Gen 14:13, Gen 14:24).

(Gen 14:2.) The name of the Place in the neighbourhood of Hebron (q.v.) where Abraham dwelt (Gen 23:17, Gen 23:19; Gen 35:27); called also in Authorized Version (Gen 13:18) the “plain of Mamre ” but in Revised Version more correctly “the oaks [marg., ‘terebinths’] of Mamre ” The name probably denotes the “oak grove” or the “wood of Mamre ” thus designated after Abraham’s ally.

This “grove” must have been within sight of or “facing” Machpelah (q.v.). The site of Mamre has been identified with Ballatet Selta, i.e., “the oak of rest”, where there is a Tree called “Abraham’s oak,” about a mile and a half west of Hebron Others identify it with er-Rameh, Gen 13:2 miles North of Hebron

Man: OF SIN a designation of Antichrist given in 2 Thessalonians Giv 2:3-10, usually regarded as descriptive of the Papal power; but “in whomsoever these distinctive features are found, whoever wields temporal and spiritual power in any degree similar to that in which the Man of sin is here described as wielding it, he, be he pope or potentate, is Beyond all doubt a distinct type of Antichrist ”

Manaen: consoler, a Christian teacher at Antioch Nothing else is known of him Beyond what is stated in Acts 13:1, where he is spoken of as having been brought up with (Gr. syntrophos; rendered in R.V. “foster brother” of) Herod i.e., Herod Antipas the tetrach, who, with his Brother Archelaus was educated at Rome

Manasseh: who makes to forget. “God Hath made me forget” (Hebrews nashshani),Gen 41:51. (Gen 41:1.) The elder of the two sons of Joseph He and his Brother Ephraim were afterwards adopted by Jacob as his own sons (Gen 48:1). There is an account of his marriage to a Syrian (Gen 48:1 Chronicles Gen 7:14); and the only thing afterwards recorded of him is, that his grandchildren were “brought up upon Joseph’s knees” (Gen 50:23; R.V., “born upon Joseph’s knees”) i.e., were from their Birth adopted by Joseph as his own children.

The Tribe of Manasseh was associated with that of Ephraim and Benjamin during the wanderings in the Wilderness They encamped on the west side of the Tabernacle According to the Census taken at Sinai, this TribeThe 50:32,The 50:200 (Num 1:10, Num 1:35; Num 2:20, Num 2:21).For 2:52,For 2:700 (For 26:34, For 26:37), and it was at this time the most distinguished of all the tribes. ...

The half of this Tribe along with Reuben and Gad had their territory assigned them by Moses on the East of the Jordan (Jos 13:7-14); but it was Left for Joshua to define the limits of each Tribe This territory on the East of Jordan was more valuable and of larger extent than all that was allotted to the nine and a half tribes in the land of Palestine It is sometimes called “the land of Gilead,” and is also spoken of as “on the other side of Jordan ” The portion given to the half Tribe of Manasseh was the largest on the East of Jordan It embraced the whole of Bashan It was bounded on the South by Mahanaim and extended North to the foot of Lebanon Argob with its sixty cities, that “ocean of basaltic rocks and boulders tossed about in the wildest confusion,” lay in the midst of this territory.

The whole “land of Gilead” having been conquered, the two and a half tribes Left their wives and fa mi lies in the fortified cities there, and accompanied the other tribes across the Jordan and took part with them in the wars of conquest. The allotment of the land having been completed, Joshua dismissed the two and a half tribes, commending them for their heroic service (Jos 22:1-34). Thus dismissed, they returned over Jordan to their own inheritance. (See ED.)

On the west of Jordan the other half of the Tribe of Manasseh was associated with Ephraim and they had their portion in the very centre of PalestineAn 22:1,An 22:300 square miles, the most valuable part of the whole country, abounding in springs of Water Manasseh’ s portion was immediately to the North of that of Ephraim (Jos 22:16). Thus the western Manasseh defended the passes of Esdraelon as the eastern kept the passes of the Hauran

(Jos 22:2.) The only Son and successor of Hezekiah on the Throne of Judah He was twelve years Old when he began to reign (2Ki 21:1), and he reigned fifty-five years (B.C.698 21:643). Though he reigned so long, yet comparatively little is known of this King His reign was a continuation of that of Ahaz both in religion and national polity. He early fell under the influence of the Heathen Court circle, and his reign was characterized by a sad relapse into Idolatry with all its vices, showing that the reformation under his Father had been to a large extent only superficial (Isa 7:10;2Ki 21:10-15). A systematic and persistent attempt was made, and all too successfully, to banish the Worship of Jehovah out of the land. Amid this wide-spread Idolatry there were not wanting, however, Faithful prophets (Isaiah, Micah) who lifted up their voice in reproof and in warning. But their fidelity only aroused Bitter Hatred and a period of cruel Persecution against all the friends of the Old religion began. “The days of Alva in Holland, of Charles IX. in France, or of the Covenanters under Charles II. in Scotland, were anticipated in the Jewish capital. The streets were Red with blood.” There is an Old Jewish Tradition that Isaiah was Put to Death at this time (2Ki 21:16; 2Ki 24:3, 2Ki 24:4; Jeremiah 2Ki 2:30), having been sawn asunder in the trunk of a Tree Psalms 2Ki 2:49, 2Ki 2:73, 2Ki 2:77, 2Ki 2:140,And 2:141 seem to express the feelings of the pious amid the fiery trials of this great Persecution Manasseh has been called the “Nero of Palestine ”

Esarhaddon, Sennacherib’s successor on the Assyrian Throne who had his residence in Babylon for thirteen years (the only Assyrian monarch who ever reigned in Babylon), took Manasseh prisoner (B.C. And 2:681) to Babylon Such Captive kings were usually treated with great cruelty. They were brought before the conqueror with a Hook or ring passed through their lips or their jaws, having a Cord attached to it, by which they were led.Thi 2:2 Chronicles Thi 33:11, where the Authorized Version reads that Esarhaddon “took Manasseh among the thorns;” while the Revised Version renders the words, “took Manasseh in chains;” or literally, as in the margin, “with hooks.” (Comp.2Ki 19:28.)

The severity of Manasseh’ s imprisonment brought him to Repentance God heard his cry, and he was restored to his Kingdom (2Ki 19:2 Chronicles 2Ki 33:11-13). He abandoned his idolatrous ways, and enjoined the people to Worship Jehovah but there was no thorough reformation. After a lengthened reign extending through fifty-five years, the longest in the history of Judah he died, and was buried in the garden of Uzza the “garden of his own house” (2Ki 21:17, 2Ki 21:18; 2Ki 21:2 Chronicles 2Ki 33:20), and not in the City of David among his ancestors. He was succeeded by his Son Amon

In 18:30 the correct reading is “Moses,” and not “Manasseh.” The name “Manasseh” is supposed to have been introduced by some transcriber to avoid the scandal of naming the grandson of Moses the great lawgiver as the founder of an idolatrous religion.

Mandrakes: Hebrew dudaim; i.e., “love-plants”, occurs only in Genesis 30:14-16 and Cant. 7:13. Many interpretations have been given of this Word dudaim. It has been rendered “violets,” “Lilies,” “jasmines,” “truffles or mushrooms,” “flowers,” the “citron,” etc. The weight of authority is in favour of its being regarded as the Mandragora officinalis of botanists, “a near relative of the night-shades, the ‘apple of Sodom’ and the potato plant.” It possesses stimulating and narcotic properties (Gen 30:14-16). The Fruit of this plant resembles the potato-apple in size, and is of a pale orange Colour It has been called the “love-apple.” The Arabs Call it “Satan’s Apple ” It still grows near Jerusalem and in other parts of Palestine

Maneh: portion (Ezk 45:12), rendered “pound” (1Ki 10:17;Ezr 2:69; Nehemiah Ezr 7:71, Ezr 7:72), a weight variously estimated,Pro 7:2 Pro 7:1/2 O 7:3 lbs. A Maneh of Gold consisted of a hundred common shekels (q.v.). (Comp.1Ki 10:17,And 10:2 Chronicles And 9:16).

Manger: (Luk 2:7, Luk 2:12, Luk 2:16), the name (Gr. phatne, rendered “stall” in Luke Luk 13:15) given to the Place where the infant Redeemer was laid. It seems to have been a stall or crib for feeding Cattle Stables and mangers in our modern sense were in Ancient times unknown in the East The Word here properly denotes “the ledge or projection in the End of the room used as a stall on which the Hay or other Food of the animals of travellers was placed.” (See Inn )

Manna

Manoah: rest, a Danite, the Father of Samson (Jdg 13:1-22,And 14:2-4).

Manslayer: one who was guilty of accidental homicide, and was entitled to flee to a City of Refuge (Num 35:6, Num 35:12, Num 35:22, Num 35:23), his compulsory residence in which terminated with the Death of the High Priest (See City OF Refuge )

Mantle: (1.) Hebrews ‘addereth, a large over-garment. This Word is used of Elijah’s Mantle (1Ki 19:13, 1Ki 19:19;2Ki 2:8, 2Ki 2:13, etc.), which was probably a sheepskin. It appears to have been his only garment, a strip of Skin or leather binding it to his loins. ’Addereth twice occurs with the epithet “hairy” (Gen 25:25;Zec 13:4, R.V.). It is the Word denoting the “goodly Babylonish garment” which Achan coveted (Jos 7:21).

(Jos 7:2.) Hebrews me’il, frequently applied to the “robe of the ephod” (Exo 28:4, Exo 28:31;Lev 8:7), which was a splendid under tunic wholly of Blue reaching to below the knees. It was woven without seam, and was Put on by being drawn over the head. ... It was worn not only by priests but by kings (1Sa 24:4), prophets (1Sa 15:27), and rich men (Job 1:20; Job 2:12). This was the “little coat” which Samuel’s mother brought to him from Year to Year to Shiloh (1Sa 2:19), a miniature of the official priestly robe.

(1Sa 2:3.) Semikah, “a rug,” the garment which Jael threw as a Covering over Sisera (Jdg 4:18). The Hebrew Word occurs nowhere else in Scripture

(Jdg 4:4.) Maataphoth, plural,Onl 3:22, denoting a large exterior tunic worn by females. (See Dress )

Maoch: compressed, the Father of Achish King of Gath (1Sa 27:2). Called also Maachah (1Ki 2:39).

Maon

Marah: bitterness, a Fountain at the sixth station of the Israelites (Exo 15:23, Exo 15:24; Numbers Exo 33:8) whose waters were so Bitter that they could not Drink them. On this account they murmured against Moses who, under divine direction, cast into the Fountain “a certain tree” which took away its bitterness, so that the people drank of it. This was probably the ‘Ain Hawarah, where there are still several springs of Water that are very “bitter,”Dis 33:47 miles from ‘Ayun Mousa.

Maralah: trembling, a Place on the southern boundary of Zebulun (Jos 19:11). It has been identified with the modern M’alul,Abo 19:4 miles south-west of Nazareth.

Maranatha: (1Co 16:22) consists of two Aramean words, Maran’athah, meaning, “our Lord comes,” or is “coming.” If the latter interpretation is adopted, the meaning of the phrase is, “Our Lord is Coming and he Will Judge those who have set him at nought.” (Comp. Phil. 1Co 4:5; James 1Co 5:8, 1Co 5:9.)

Marble: as a mineral, consists of carbonate of Lime its texture varying from the highly crystalline to the compact. In Esther 1:6 there are four Hebrew words which are rendered Marble (1.) Shesh, “pillars of Marble ” But this Word probably designates dark-blue limestone rather than Marble (2.) Dar, some regard as Parian Marble It is here rendered “white Marble ” But nothing is certainly known of it. (3.) Bahat, “red Marble ” probably the verd-antique or half-porphyry of Egypt (4.) Sohareth, “black Marble ” probably some spotted variety of Marble “The Marble pillars and tesserae of various colours of the Palace at Susa came doubtless from Persia itself,

where Marble of various colours is found, especially in the province of Hamadan Susiana.” The Marble of Solomon’s architectural Works may have been limestone from near Jerusalem or from Lebanon or possibly white Marble from Arabia Herod employed Parian Marble in the Temple and Marble columns still exist in great abundance at Jerusalem

MARCHESHy

An: terror, one of the “dukes of Edom” (Genesis 36:27); called also Zavan (1 Chronicles 1:42).

Marcus: Col 4:10; Philemon Col 1:24; Col 1:1 Peter Col 5:13; R.V., “Mark” (q.v.).

Mareshah: possession, a City in the Plain of Judah (John. 15:44). Here Asa defeated Zerah the Ethiopian (2 Chronicles 14:9, 10). It is identified with the ruin el-Mer’ash,Abo 14:1 Abo 14:1/Abo 14:2 mile South of Beit Jibrin.

Mark

Place: any Place of public resort, and hence a public Place or broad Street (Mat 11:16; Mat 20:3), as well as a forum or market-place proper, where goods were exposed for sale, and where public assemblies and trials were held (Act 16:19; Act 17:17). This Word occurs in the OldTes 27:13.

In early times markets were held at the gates of cities, where commodities were exposed for sale (2Ki 7:18). In large towns the sale of particular articles seems to have been confined to certain streets, as we may infer from such expressions as “the bakers’ street” (Jer 37:21), and from the circumstance that in the time of Josephus the Valley between Mounts Zion and Moriah was called the Tyropoeon or the “valley of the cheesemakers.”

Mark: , Gospel ACCORDING TO It is the current and apparently well-founded Tradition that Mark derived his information mainly from the discourses of Peter In his mother’s House he would have abundant opportunities of obtaining information from the other apostles and their coadjutors, yet he was “the Disciple and interpreter of Peter” specially.

As to the time when it was written, the Gospel furnishes us with no definite information. Mark makes no mention of the Destruction of Jerusalem hence it must have been written before that event, and probably about A.D. 63.

The Place where it was written was probably Rome Some have supposed Antioch (comp. Mark 15:21 with Acts 11:20).

It was intended primarily for Romans This appears probable when it is considered that it makes no reference to the Jewish Law and that the writer takes care to interpret words which a Gentile would be likely to misunderstand, such as, “Boanerges” (3:17); “Talitha cumi” (5:41); “Corban” (7:11); “Bartimaeus” (10:46); “Abba” (14:36); “Eloi,” etc. ... (15:34). Jewish usages are also explained (7:3; 14:3; 14:12; 15:42). Mark also uses certain Latin words not found in any of the other Gospels as “speculator” (6:27, rendered, A.V., “executioner;” R.V., “soldier of his guard”), “xestes” (a corruption of sextarius, rendered “pots,” 7:4, 8),

“quadrans” (12:42, rendered “a farthing”), “centurion” (15:39, 44, 45). He only twice quotes from the Old Testament (1:2; 15:28).

The characteristics of this Gospel are, (1) the absence of the genealogy of our Lord (2) whom he represents as clothed with power, the “lion of the Tribe of Judah ” (3.) Mark also records with wonderful minuteness the very words (3:17; 5:41; 7:11, 34; 14:36) as well as the position (9:35) and gestures (3:5, 34; 5:32; 9:36; 10:16) of our Lord (4.) He is also careful to record particulars of person (1:29, 36; 3:6, 22, etc.), number (5:13; 6:7, etc.), Place (2:13; 4:1; 7:31, etc.), and time (1:35; 2:1; 4:35, etc.), which the other evangelists omit. (5.) The phrase “and straightway” occurs nearly forty times in this Gospel; while in Luke’s Gospel, which is much longer, it is used only Seven times, and in John only four times.

“The Gospel of Mark ” says Westcott, “is essentially a transcript from Life The course and issue of facts are imaged in it with the clearest outline.” “In Mark we have no attempt to draw up a continuous narrative. His Gospel is a rapid succession of vivid pictures loosely strung together without much attempt to bind them into a whole or give the events in their natural sequence. This pictorial power is that which specially characterizes this Evangelist so that ‘if any one desires to know an evangelical fact, not only in its main features and grand results, but also in its most minute and so to speak more graphic delineation, he must betake himself to Mark ’” The leading principle running through this Gospel may be expressed in the motto: “Jesus came... preaching the gospel of the kingdom” (Mrk 1:14).

“Out 1:662 verses, MarkHas 1:406 in common with Matthew and Luke Has 1:145 with Matthew Has 1:60 with LukeAnd 1:51 Peculiar to itself.” (See Matthew )

Maroth: bitterness; i.e., “perfect grief’, a Place not far from Jerusalem mentioned in connection with the invasion of the Assyrian Army (Mic 1:12 ).

Marriage

Feasts: (Jhn 2:1-1 Jhn 2:1 ) “lasted usually for a whole Week but the cost of such prolonged rejoicing is very small in the East The guests sit round the great Bowl or bowls on the floor, the meal usually consisting of a Lamb or kid stewed in rice or Barley The most honoured guests sit nearest, others behind; and all in Eating dip their Hand into the one smoking mound, Pieces of the thin Bread bent together, serving for spoons when necessary. After the first circle have satisfied themselves, those lower in honour sit down to the Rest the whole company being men, for women are never seen at a Feast Water is poured on the hands before Eating and this is repeated when the meal closes, the fingers having first been wiped on Pieces of Bread which, after serving the same purpose as table-napkins with us, are thrown on the Ground to be eaten by any Dog that may have stolen in from the streets through the ever-open door, or picked up by those outside when gathered and tossed out to them (Mat 15:27;Mrk 7:28). ... Rising from the Ground and retiring to the seats round the walls, the guests then sit down cross-legged and gossip, or listen to recitals, or puzzle over riddles, Light being scantily supplied by a small Lamp or two, or if the night be chilly, by a smouldering Fire of weeds kindled in the middle of the room, perhaps in a brazier, often in a hole in the floor. As to the smoke, it escapes as it best may; but indeed there is little of it, though enough to blacken the Water or wine or milk skins hung up on pegs on the Wall (Comp.Psa 119:83.) To some such marriage-feast Jesus and his five disciples were invited at Cana of Galilee.” Geikie’s Life of Christ (See Cana )

Mars

Martha: bitterness, the sister of Lazarus and Mary, and probably the eldest of the family, who all resided at Bethany (Luk 10:38, Luk 10:40, Luk 10:41;Jhn 11:1-39). Lrom the residence being called “her House ” some have supposed that she was a widow, and that her Brother and sister lodged with her. She seems to have been of an anxious, bustling Spirit anxious to be helpful in providing the best things for the Master’s use, in contrast to the quiet earnestness of Mary, who was more concerned to avail herself of the opportunity of Sitting at his feet and learning of him. Afterwards at a Supper given to Christ and his disciples in her House “Martha served.” Nothing further is known of her.

“Mary and Martha are representatives of two orders of human character. ... One was absorbed, preoccupied, abstracted; the other was concentrated and single-hearted. Her own world was the all of Martha Christ was the first thought with Mary. To Martha Life was ‘a succession of particular businesses;’ to Mary Life ‘was rather the flow of one Spirit ’ Martha was Petrine, Mary was Johannine. The one was a well-meaning, bustling busybody; the other was a reverent Disciple a wistful listener.” Paul had such a picture as that of Martha in his mind when he spoke of serving the Lord “without distraction” (1Co 7:35).

Martyr: one who bears Witness of the Truth and suffers Death in the cause of Christ (Act 22:20; Revelation Act 2:13; Act 17:6). In this sense Stephen was the first Martyr The Greek Word so rendered in all other cases is translated “witness.” (Act 17:1.) In a Court of Justice (Mat 18:16; Mat 26:65; Acts Mat 6:13; Mat 7:58; Hebrews Mat 10:28; Mat 10:1 Timothy Mat 5:19). (Mat 5:2.) As of one bearing Testimony to the Truth of what he has seen or known (Luk 24:48; Acts Luk 1:8, Luk 1:22;Rom 1:9;1Th 2:5, 1Th 2:10;1Jn 1:2).

Mary

Maschil: instructing, occurs in the title of thirteen Psalms (32, 42, 44, etc.). It denotes a song enforcing some lesson of wisdom or Piety a didactic song.In 47:7 it is rendered, Authorized Version “with understanding;” Revised Version marg., “in a skilful psalm.”

Mash

Mashal: entreaty, a levitical town in the Tribe of Asher (1 Chronicles 6:74); called Mishal (Jos 21:30).

Mason: an Artificer in Stone The Tyrians seem to have been specially skilled in architecture (1Ki 5:17, 1Ki 5:18; 1Ki 5:2 Samuel 1Ki 5:11). This art the Hebrews no doubt learned in Egypt (Exo 1:11, Exo 1:14), where ruins of temples and palaces fill the traveller with wonder at the present Day

Masrekah: vineyard of noble vines, a Place in Idumea, the native Place of Samlah, one of the Edomitish kings (Gen 36:36; Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:47).

Massa: a lifting up, Gift one of the sons of Ishmael the founder of an Arabian Tribe (Gen 25:14); a nomad Tribe inhabiting the Arabian Desert toward Babylonia.

Massah

Mattan: gift. (1.) A Priest of Baal slain before his Altar during the reformation under Jehoiada (2Ki 11:18).

(2Ki 11:2.) The Son of Eleazar and Father of Jacob who was the Father of Joseph the Husband of the Virgin Mary (Mat 1:15).

(Mat 1:3.) The Father of Shephatiah (Jer 38:1).

Mattanah: a Gift a station of the Israelites (Num 21:18, Num 21:19) between the Desert and the borders of Moab in the Wady Waleh.

Mattaniah: gift of Jehovah (1.) A Levite Son of Heman the Chief of the ninth class of Temple singers (1Ch 25:4, 1Ch 25:16).

(1Ch 25:2.) A Levite who assisted in purifying the Temple at the reformation under Hezekiah (2Ch 29:13).

(2Ch 29:3.) The original name of Zedekiah (q.v.), the last of the kings of Judah (2Ki 24:17). He was the third Son of Josiah who fell at Megiddo He succeeded his nephew Jehoiakin.

Mattathias: ibid. (1.) The Son of Amos in the genealogy of our Lord (Luk 3:25).

(Luk 3:2.) The Son of Semei in the same genealogy (Luk 3:26).

Matthan: gift, one of our Lord’s ancestry (Mat 1:15).

Matthat: gift of God (1.) The Son of Levi and Father of Heli (Luk 3:24).

(Luk 3:2.) Son of another Levi (Luk 3:29).

Matthew: gift of God a common Jewish name after the Exile. He was the Son of Alphaeus and was a Publican or tax-gatherer at Capernaum On one occasion Jesus Coming up from the side of the lake, passed the custom-house where Matthew was seated, and said to him, “Follow me.” Matthew arose and followed him, and became his Disciple (Mat 9:9). Formerly the name by which he was known was Fevi (Mrk 2:14;Fuk 5:27); he now changed it, possibly in grateful memory of his Call to Matthew The same Day on which Jesus called him he made a “great feast” (Fuk 5:29), a farewell Feast to which he invited Jesus and his disciples, and probably also many of Old associates. He was afterwards selected as one of the twelve (Fuk 6:15). His name does not occur again in the Gospel history except in the lists of the apostles. The last notice of him is in Acts Fuk 1:13. The time and manner of his Death are unknown.

Matthew

Matthias: gift of God Acts 1:23.

Mattithiah: gift of Jehovah (1.) One of the sons of Jeduthun (1 Chronicles 25:3, 21).

(2.) The eldest Son of Shallum of the family of Korah (1 Chronicles 9:31).

(3.) One who stood by Ezra while reading the Law (Neh 8:4).

(Neh 8:4.) The Son of Amos and Father of Joseph in the genealogy of our Lord (Luk 3:25).

Mattock: (1.) Hebrews ma’eder, an instrument for dressing or pruning a vineyard (Isa 7:25); a weeding-hoe.

(Isa 7:2.) Hebrews mahareshah (1Sa 13:1), perhaps the ploughshare or Coulter

(1Sa 13:3.) Hebrews herebh, marg. of text (1Sa 13:2 Chronicles 1Sa 34:6). Authorized Version “with their mattocks,” marg. “mauls.” The Revised Version renders “in their ruins,” marg. “with their axes.” The Hebrew text is probably corrupt.

Maul: an Old name for a mallet, the rendering of the Hebrew mephits (Pro 25:18), properly a war-club.

Mazzaroth: prognostications,Fou 38:32, probably meaning “the twelve signs” (of the zodiac), as in the margin (comp.2Ki 23:5).

Meadow: (1.) Hebrews ha’ahu (Gen 41:2, Gen 41:18), probably an Egyptain Word transferred to the Hebrew some kind of Reed or water-plant. In the Revised Version it is rendered “reed-grass”, i.e., the sedge or rank Grass by the River side.

(Gen 41:2.) Hebrews ma’areh (Jdg 20:33), pi., “meadows of Gibeah” (R.V., after the LXX., “Maareh-geba”). Some have adopted the rendering “after Gibeah had been Left Open ” The Vulgate translates the Word “from the west.”

Meah

Meals: are at the present Day “eaten from a round table little higher than a stool, guests Sitting cross-legged on mats or small carpets in a circle, and dipping their fingers into one large dish heaped with a mixture of boiled rice and other Grain and meat. But in the time of our Lord and perhaps even from the days of Amos (6:4, 7), the foreign Custom had been largely introduced of having broad couches, forming three sides of a small square, the guests reclining at ease on their elbows during Meals with their faces to the space within, up and down which servants passed Offering various dishes, or in the absence of servants, helping themselves from dishes laid on a table set between the couches.” Geikie’s Life of Christ (Comp.Luk 7:36-50.) (See ABRAHAM’S BOSOM; Banquet Feast )

Mearah: a Cave a Place in the northern boundary of Palestine (Jos 13:4). This may be the Cave of Jezzin in Lebanon Jos 13:10 miles East of Sidon, on the Damascus Road or probably, as others think, Mogheirizeh, north-east of Sidon.

Measure: Several words are so rendered in the Authorized Version (1.) Those which are indefinite, (a) Hok, Isaiah 5:14, elsewhere “statute.” (b) Mad, Job 11:9; Jeremiah 13:25, elsewhere “garment.” (c) Middah, the Word most frequently thus translated, Exodus 26:2, 8, etc. (d) Mesurah, Leviticus 19:35; 1 Chronicles 23:29. (e) Mishpat, Jeremiah 30:11, elsewhere “judgment.” (f) Mithkoneth and token,Ezk 45:11. (g) In New Testament metron, the usual Greek Word thus rendered (Mat 7:2; Mat 23:32; Mark Mat 4:24).

(Mat 4:2.) Those which are definite, (a) ‘Eyphah, Deuteronomy Mat 25:14, Mat 25:15, usually “ephah.” (b) Ammah Jeremiah Mat 51:13, usually “cubit.” (c) Kor,1Ki 4:22, elsewhere “cor;” Greek koros, Luke 1Ki 16:7. ... (d) Seah Genesis 1Ki 18:6; 1Ki 18:1 Samuel 1Ki 25:18, a Seah Greek saton, Matthew 1Ki 13:33; Luke 1Ki 13:21. (e) Shalish, “a great Measure ” Isaiah 1Ki 40:12; literally a third, i.e., of an Ephah (f) In New Testament batos, Luke 1Ki 16:6, the Hebrew “bath;” and choinix, Revelation 1Ki 6:6, the choenix, equal in dry commodities to one-eighth of a modius.

MEAT-

Mebunnai: construction, Building of Jehovah one of David’s bodyguard (2Sa 23:27; comp. 2Sa 21:18); called Sibbechai and Sibbecai (1Ch 11:29; 1Ch 27:11).

Medad: love, one of the elders nominated to assist Moses in the government of the people. He and Eldad “prophesied in the camp” (Num 11:24-29).

Medan: contention, the third Son of Abraham by Keturah (Gen 25:2).

Mede: (Hebrews Madai), a Median or inhabitant of Media (Dan 11:1).In 10:2 the Hebrew Word occurs in the list of the sons of Japheth But probably this is an ethnic and not a personal name, and denotes simply the Medes as descended from Japheth

Medeba: waters of quiet, an Ancient Moabite town (Num 21:30). It was assigned to the Tribe of Reuben (Jos 13:16). Here was fought the great battle in which Joab defeated the Ammonites and their allies (Jos 13:1 Chronicles Jos 19:7-15; comp.2Sa 10:6-14). In the time of Isaiah (2Sa 15:2) the Moabites regained possession of it from the Ammonites. (See Hanun )

The ruins of this important City now Madeba or Madiyabah,Are 15:8 miles south-west of HeshbonAnd 15:14 East of the Dead Sea Among these are the ruins of what must have been a large Temple and of three cisterns of considerable extent, which are now dry. These cisterns may have originated the name Medeba “waters of quiet.” (See Omri )

Media: Hebrews Madai which is rendered in the Authorized Version (1) “Madai,”Gen 10:2; (Gen 10:2) “Medes,”2Ki 17:6; 2Ki 18:11; (2Ki 18:3) “Media,”Est 1:3; Est 10:2;Isa 21:2;Dan 8:20; (Dan 8:4) “Mede,”Onl 11:1.

We first hear of this people in the Assyrian cuneiform records, under the name of Amada, about B.C. Onl 11:840. They appear to have been a Branch of the Aryans, who came from the East bank of the Indus, and were probably the predominant race for a while in the Mesopotamian Valley They consisted for three or four centuries of a number of tribes, each ruled by its own Chief who at length were brought under the Assyrian Yoke (2Ki 17:6). From this subjection they achieved deliverance, and formed themselves into an empire under Cyaxares (B.C. ... 2Ki 17:633). This monarch entered into an Alliance with the King of Babylon and invaded Assyria capturing and destroying the City of Nineveh (B.C. 2Ki 17:625), thus putting an End to the Assyrian monarchy (Nah. 2Ki 1:8; 2Ki 2:5,2Ki 2:6; 2Ki 3:13, 2Ki 3:14).

Media now Rose to a Place of great power, vastly extending its boundaries. But it did not long exist as an independent Kingdom It Rose with Cyaxares, its first King and it passed away with him; for during the reign of his Son and successor Astyages, the Persians waged war against the Medes and conquered them, the two nations being united under one monarch, Cyrus the Persian (B.C. 2Ki 3:558).

The “cities of the Medes” are first mentioned in connection with the deportation of the Israelites on the Destruction of Samaria (2Ki 17:6; 2Ki 18:11). Soon afterwards Isaiah (2Ki 13:17; 2Ki 21:2) speaks of the part taken by the Medes in the Destruction of Babylon (comp. Jeremiah 2Ki 51:11, 2Ki 51:28). Daniel gives an account of the reign of Darius the Mede who was made viceroy by Cyrus (Dan 6:1-28). The decree of Cyrus Ezra informs us (Dan 6:2-5), was found in “the Palace that is in the province of the Medes,” Achmetha or Ecbatana of the Greeks, which is the only Median City mentioned in Scripture

Mediator: one who intervenes between two persons who are at variance, with a view to reconcile them. This Word is not found in the Old Testament but the idea it expresses is found in Job 9:33, in the Word “daysman” (q.v.), marg., “umpire.”

This Word is used in the New Testament to denote simply an internuncius, an Ambassador one who Acts as a medium of communication between two contracting parties. In this sense Moses is called a Mediator in Galatians 3:19.

Christ is the one and only Mediator between God and Man (1 Timothy 2:5; Hebrews 8:6; 9:15; 12:24). He makes reconciliation between God and Man by his all-perfect atoning Sacrifice Such a Mediator must be at once divine and human, divine, that his obedience and his sufferings might possess infinite worth, and that he might possess infinite wisdom and knowlege and power to direct all things in the kingdoms of Providence and Grace which are committed to his hands (Mat 28:18; John Mat 5:22, Mat 5:25, Mat 5:26, Mat 5:27);

and human, that in his work he might represent Man and be capable of rendering obedience to the Law and satisfying the claims of Justice (Heb 2:17, Heb 2:18; Heb 4:15, Heb 4:16), and that in his glorified humanity he might be the head of a glorified Church (Rom 8:29). ...

This office involves the three functions of Prophet Priest and King all of which are discharged by Christ both in his estate of Humiliation and exaltation. These functions are so inherent in the one office that the quality appertaining to each gives character to every mediatorial act. They are never separated in the Exercise of the office of Mediator

Meekness: a calm temper of mind, not easily provoked (Jas 3:13). Peculiar promises are made to the meek (Mat 5:5; Isaiah Mat 66:2). The cultivation of this Spirit is enjoined (Col 3:12; Col 3:1 Timothy Col 6:11;Zep 2:3), and is exemplified in Christ (Mat 11:29), Abraham (Gen 11:13; Gen 16:5, Gen 16:6) Moses (Num 12:3), David (Zec 12:8; Zec 12:2 Samuel Zec 16:10, Zec 16:12), and Paul (1Co 9:19).

Megiddo: place of troops, originally one of the royal cities of the Canaanites (Jos 12:21), belonged to the Tribe of Manasseh (Jdg 1:27), but does not seem to have been fully occupied by the Israelites till the time of Solomon (1Ki 4:12; 1Ki 9:15).

The Valley or Plain of Megiddo was part of the Plain of Esdraelon the great battle-field of Palestine It was here Barak gained a notable victory over Jabin the King of Hazor whose general, Sisera, led on the hostile Army Barak rallied the warriors of the northern tribes, and under the encouragement of Deborah (q.v.), the prophetess, attacked the Canaanites in the great Plain The Army of Sisera was thrown into complete confusion, and was engulfed in the waters of the Kishon, which had risen and overflowed its banks (Jdg 4:5). ...

Many years after this (B.C. Jdg 4:610), Pharaohnecho II., on his march against the King of Assyria passed through the plains of Philistia and Sharon and King Josiah attempting to Bar his progress in the Plain of Megiddo was defeated by the Egyptians. He was wounded in battle, and died as they bore him away in his Chariot towards Jerusalem (2Ki 23:29; 2Ki 23:2 Chronicles 2Ki 35:22-24), and all Israel mourned for him. So general and Bitter was this mourning that it became a Proverb to which Zechariah (2Ki 12:11, 2Ki 12:12) alludes. Megiddo has been identified with the modern el-Lejjun, at the head of the Kishon, under the north-eastern brow of Carmel on the south-western edge of the Plain of Esdraelon And 12:9 miles west of Jezreel Others identify it with Mujedd’a, And 12:4 miles south-west of Bethshean, but the question of its site is still undetermined.

Mehetabeel: whose benefactor is God the Father of Delaiah and grandfather of Shemaiah who joined Sanballat against Nehemiah (Neh 6:10).

Mehetabel: wife of Hadad one of the kings of Edom (Gen 36:39).

Mehujael: smitten by God the Son of Irad and Father of Methusael (Gen 4:18).

Mehuman: faithful, one of the eunchs whom Ahasuerus (Xerxes) commanded to bring in Vashti (Est 1:10).

Mehunims: habitations, (2 Chronicles 26:7; R.V. “Meunim,” Vulg. Ammonitae), a people against whom Uzziah waged a successful war. This Word is in Hebrew the plural of Ma’on, and thus denotes the Maonites who inhabited the country on the eastern side of the Wady el-Arabah.The 26:1 Chronicles The 4:41 (R.V.), in the reign of King Hezekiah, as a Hamite people, settled in the eastern End of the Valley of Gedor in the Wilderness South of Palestine In this Passage the Authorized Version has “habitation,” erroneously following the translation of Luther.

They are mentioned in the list of those from whom the Nethinim were made up (Ezr 2:50; Nehemiah Ezr 7:52).

ME-

Jarkon: waters of yellowness, or clear waters, a River in the Tribe of Dan (Jos 19:46). It has been identified with the River ‘Aujeh, which rises at Antipatris

Mekonah: a base or foundation, a town in the South of Judah (Nehemiah 1 Neh 1:28), near Ziklag.

Melchi

Melchizedek: king of righteousness, the King of Salem (q.v.).All 14:18-20. He is subsequently mentioned only once in the Old Testament In 14:1 In 10:4. The typical significance of his history is set forth in detail in the Epistle to the Hebrews eh. In 10:7. The Apostle there points out the superiority of his priesthood to that of Aaron in these several respects, (In 10:1) Even Abraham paid him tithes; (In 10:2) he blessed Abraham (In 10:3) he is the type of a Priest who lives for ever; (In 10:4) Levi yet unborn, paid him tithes in the person of Abraham (In 10:5) the permanence of his priesthood in Christ implied the abrogation of the Levitical system; (In 10:6) he was made Priest not without an Oath and (In 10:7) his priesthood can neither be transmitted nor interrupted by Death “this Man because he continueth ever, Hath an unchangeable priesthood.”

The question as to who this mysterious personage was has given rise to a great deal of modem speculation. ... It is an Old Tradition among the Jews that he was Shem the Son of Noah who may have survived to this time. Melchizedek was a Canaanitish Prince a Worshipper of the true God and in his Peculiar history and character an instructive type of our Lord the great High Priest (Heb 5:6, Heb 5:7; Heb 6:20). One of the Amarna tablets is from Ebed-Tob, King of Jerusalem the successor of Melchizedek in which he claims the very attributes and dignity given to Melchizedek in the Epistle to the Hebrews

Melea: fulness, the Son of Menan and Father of Eliakim in the genealogy of our Lord (Luk 3:31).

MELECHking

Melons: Onl 11:5, the translation of the Hebrew abattihim, the LXX. and Vulgate pepones, Arabic britikh. Of this plant there are various kinds, the Egyptian melon, the Cucumus chate, which has been called “the Queen of Cucumbers ” the Water melon, the Cucurbita citrullus; and the common or Flesh melon, the Cucumus melo. “A traveller in the East who recollects the intense gratitude which a Gift of a slice of melon inspired while journeying over the hot and dry plains, Will readily comprehend the regret with which the Hebrews in the Arabian Desert looked back upon the Melons of Egypt” (Kitto).

Melzar: probably a Persian Word meaning master of wine, i.e., Chief Butler the title of an officer at the Babylonian Court (Dan 1:11, Dan 1:16) who had charge of the diet of the Hebrew youths.

Memphis: only in Hos. 9:6, Hebrew Moph.In 19:13; Jeremiah In 2:16; In 46:14, In 46:19;Ezk 30:13, Ezk 30:16, it is mentioned under the name Noph It was the capital of Lower, i.e., of Northern Egypt From certain remains found half buried in the sand, the site of this Ancient City has been discovered near the modern village of Minyet Rahinch, or Mitraheny,Abo 30:16 miles above the Ancient head of the Delta,And 30:9 miles South of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile. It is said to have been founded by Menes, the first King of Egypt And 30:19 miles. “There are few remains above Ground ” says Manning (The Land of the Pharaohs), “of the splendour of Ancient Memphis The City has utterly disappeared. ... If any traces yet exist, they are buried beneath the vast mounds of crumbling bricks and broken Pottery which Meet the Eye in every direction. Near the village of Mitraheny is a colossal statue of Rameses the Great. It is apparently one of the two described by Herodotus and Diodorus as standing in front of the Temple of Ptah.The 30:50 feet in height. The one which remains, though mutilated,Mea 30:48 feet. It is finely carved in limestone, which takes a High polish, and is evidently a portrait. It lies in a Pit which, during the inundation, is filled with Water As we gaze on this fallen and battered statue of the mighty conqueror who was probably contemporaneous with Moses it is impossible not to remember the words of the Prophet Isaiah Mea 19:13; Mea 44:16-19, and Jeremiah Mea 46:19.”

Memucan: dignified, one of the royal counsellors at the Court of Ahasuerus by whose suggestion Vashti was divorced (Est 1:14, Est 1:16, Est 1:21 ).

Menahem: conferring, the Son of Gadi, and successor of Shallum King of Israel whom he slew. After a reign of about ten years (B.C. 771-760) he died, leaving the Throne to his Son Pekahiah His reign was one of cruelty and oppression (2Ki 15:14-22). During his reign, Pul (q.v.), King of Assyria came with a powerful force against Israel but was induced to retire by a Gift from MenahemOf 15:1,Of 15:000 talents of Silver

Mene: (Dan 5:25, Dan 5:26), numbered, one of the words of the mysterious inscription written “upon the plaister of the wall” in Belshazzar’s Palace at Babylon The Writing was explained by Daniel (See Belshazzar )

Meni: Isa 65:11, marg. (A.V., “that number;” R.V., “destiny”), probably an Idol which the Captive Israelites worshipped after the example of the Babylonians. It may have been a symbol of destiny. LXX., tuche.

Meom: NEM (Jdg 9:37; A.V., “the Plain of Meonenim;” R.V., “the oak of Meonenim”) means properly “soothsayers” or “sorcerers,” “wizards” (Deu 18:10, Deu 18:14;2Ki 21:6;Mic 5:12). This may be the oak at Shechem under which Abram pitched his Tent (see SHECHEM), the “enchanter’s oak,” so called, perhaps, from Jacob’s hiding the “strange gods” under it (Gen 35:4).

Mephaath: splendour, a Levitical City (Jos 21:37) of the Tribe of Reuben (Jos 13:18).

Mephibosheth: exterminator of shame; i.e., of idols. (1.) The name of Saul’s Son by the Concubine Rizpah (q.v.), the Daughter of Aiah. He and his Brother Armoni were with five others “hanged on a Hill before the Lord” by the Gibeonites, and their bodies exposed in the Sun for five months (2Sa 21:8-10). (2Sa 21:2.) The Son of Jonathan and grandson of Saul (2Sa 4:4). He was but five years Old when his Father and grandfather fell on Mount Gilboa. The child’s nurse hearing of this calamity, fled with him from Gibeah, the royal residence, and stumbling in her haste, the Child was thrown to the Ground and maimed in both his feet, and ever after was unable to walk (2Sa 19:26). He was carried to the land of Gilead, where he found a Refuge in the House of Machir, the Son of Ammiel, at Lo-debar, by whom he was brought up. ...

Some years after this, when David had subdued all the adversaries of Israel he began to think of the family of Jonathan and discovered that Mephibosheth was residing in the House of Machir. Thither he sent royal messengers, and brought him and his infant Son to Jerusalem where he ever afterwards resided (2Sa 19:9).

When David was a Fugitive according to the story of Ziba (2Sa 16:1-4) Mephibosheth proved unfaithful to him, and was consequently deprived of half of his estates; but according to his own story, however (2Sa 19:24-30), he had remained loyal to his friend. After this incident he is only mentioned as having been protected by David against the vengeance the Gibeonites were permitted to execute on the House of Saul (2Sa 21:7). He is also called Merib-baal (2Sa 21:1 Chronicles 2Sa 8:34; 2Sa 9:40). (See ZIBA.)

Merab: increase, the eldest of Saul’s two daughters (1 Samuel 14:49). She was betrothed to David after his victory over Goliath but does not seem to have entered heartily into this arrangement (18:2, 17, 19). She was at length, however, married to Adriel of Abel-Meholah, a town in the Jordan ValleyAbo 18:10 miles South of Bethshean, with whom the House of Saul maintained Alliance She had five sons, who were all Put to Death by the Gibeonites on the Hill of Gibeah (Abo 18:2 Samuel Abo 21:8).

Meraiah: resistance, a Chief Priest a contemporary of the High Priest Joiakim (Neh 12:12).

Meraioth: rebellions. (1.) Father of Amariah a High Priest of the line of Eleazar (1 Chronicles 6:6, 7, 52).

(2.) Nehemiah 12:15, a Priest who went to Jerusalem with Zerubbabel He is called Meremoth in Nehemiah 12:3.

Merari: sad; Bitter the youngest Son of Levi Born before the descent of Jacob into Egypt and one of the Seventy who accompanied him thither (Gen 46:11; Exodus Gen 6:16). He became the head of one of the great divisions of the Levites (Exo 6:19). (See MERARITES.)

Merarttes: the descendants of Merari (Num 26:57). They with the Gershonites and the Kohathites had charge of the Tabernacle which they had to carry from Place to Place (Num 3:20,33 3:37; 33 4:29-33). In the distribution of the oxen and waggons offered by the princes (Num 4:7), Moses gave twice as many to the Merarites (four waggons and eight oxen) as he gave to the Gershonites, because the latter had to carry only the lighter furniture of the Tabernacle such as the curtains, hangings, etc., while the former had to carry the heavier portion, as the boards, bars, sockets, pillars, etc., and consequently needed a greater supply of oxen and waggons. This is a coincidence illustrative of the Truth of the narrative. Their Place in marching and in the Camp was on the North of the Tabernacle The Merarites afterwards took part with the other Levitical families in the various functions of their office (1Ch 23:6,21 23:23;2Ch 29:12, 2Ch 29:13). Twelve cities with their Suburbs were assigned to them (Jos 21:7,34 21:40).

Merathaim: double rebellion, probably a symbolical name given to Babylon (Jer 50:21), denoting rebellion exceeding that of other nations.

Merchant: The Hebrew Word so rendered is from a root meaning “to travel about,” “to migrate,” and hence “a traveller.” In the East in Ancient times, merchants travelled about with their merchandise from Place to Place (Gen 37:25;Job 6:18), and carried on their trade mainly by bartering (Gen 37:28; Gen 39:1). After the Hebrews became settled in Palestine they began to engage in commercial pursuits, which gradually expanded (Gen 49:13;Deu 33:18;Jdg 5:17), till in the time of Solomon they are found in the Chief marts of the world (1Ki 9:26; 1Ki 10:11, 1Ki 10:26, 1Ki 10:28; 1Ki 22:48;2Ch 1:16; 2Ch 9:10, 2Ch 9:21). After Solomon’s time their trade with foreign nations began to decline. After the Exile it again expanded into wider foreign relations, because now the Jews were scattered in many lands.

Mercurius: the Hermes (i.e., “the speaker”) of the Greeks (Act 14:12), a Heathen God represented as the constant attendant of Jupiter and the God of eloquence. The inhabitants of Lystra took Paul for this God because he was the “chief speaker.”

Mercy

Mered: rebellion, one of the sons of Ezra, of the Tribe of Judah (1 Chronicles 4:17).

Meremoth: exaltations, heights, a Priest who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Neh 12:3), to whom were sent the sacred vessels (Ezr 8:33) belonging to the Temple He took part in rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem (Neh 3:4).

Meribah: quarrel or strife. (1.) One of the names given by Moses to the Fountain in the Desert of Sin, near Rephidim which issued from the Rock in Horeb which he smote by the divine command, “because of the chiding of the children of Israel” (Exo 17:1-7). It was also called Massah (q.v.). It was probably in Wady Feiran, near Mount Serbal.

(Exo 17:2.) Another Fountain having a similar origin in the Desert of Zin, near to Kadesh (Num 27:14). The two places are mentioned together in Deuteronomy Num 33:8. Some think the one Place is called by the two names (Psa 81:7). In smiting the Rock at this Place Moses showed the same impatience as the people (Num 20:10-12). This took Place near the close of the wanderings in the Desert (Num 20:1-24; Deuteronomy Num 32:51).

MERIB-

Merom: height, a lake in Northern Palestine through which the Jordan flows. It was the scene of the third and last great victory gained by Joshua over the Canaanites (Jos 11:5-7). It is not again mentioned in Scripture Its modern name is Bakrat el-Huleh. “The Ard el-Huleh, the centre of which the lake occupies, is a nearly level PlainOf 11:16 miles in length from North to South and its breadth from EastTo 11:7To 11:8 miles. On the west it is walled in by the steep and lofty range of the hills of Kedesh-Naphtali; on the East it is bounded by the lower and more gradually ascending slopes of Bashan on the North it is shut in by a line of hills hummocky and irregular in shape and of no great height, and stretching across from the mountains of Naphtali to the roots of Mount Hermon which Towers up at the north-eastern angle of the PlainTo 11:10,To 11:000 feet. ... At its southern extremity the Plain is similarly traversed by elevated and broken Ground through which, by Deep and narrow clefts, the Jordan after passing through Lake Huleh, makes its rapid descent to the Sea of Galilee.”

The lake is triangular in form,Abo 11:4 Abo 11:1/2 M 11:3 2 M 11:1/2 M 11:2 at its greatest breadth.Its 11:7 feet above that of the Mediterranean. It is surrounded by a morass, which is thickly covered with canes and papyrus reeds, which are impenetrable. Macgregor with his canoe, the Rob Roy, was the first that ever, in modern times, sailed on its waters. (See Jordan )

Meronothite: a name given to Jehdeiah the Herdsman of the royal asses in the time of David and Solomon (1 Chronicles 27:30), probably as one being a native of some unknown town called Meronoth.

Meroz: a Plain in the North of Palestine the inhabitants of which were severely condemned because they came not to help Barak against Sisera (Jdg 5:23: comp. Jdg 21:8-10;1Sa 11:7). It has been identified with Marassus, on a knoll to the North of Wady Jalud, but nothing certainly is known of it. Like Chorazin it is only mentioned in Scripture in connection with the curse pronounced upon it.

Mesha: middle district, Vulgate, Messa. (1.) A Plain in that part of the boundaries of Arabia inhabited by the descendants of Joktan (Gen 10:30).

(Gen 10:2.) Hebrews meysh’a, “deliverance,” the eldest Son of Caleb (Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 2:42), and Brother of Jerahmeel

(Gen 2:3.) Hebrews id, a King of Moab the Son of Chemosh-Gad, a Man of great wealth in flocks and herds (2Ki 3:4). After the Death of Ahab at Ramoth-Gilead, Mesha shook off the Yoke of Israel but on the ascension of Jehoram to the Throne of Israel that King sought the help of Jehoshaphat in an attempt to reduce the Moabites again to their former condition. ... The united armies of the two kings came unexpectedly on the Army of the Moabites, and gained over them an easy victory. The whole land was devastated by the conquering armies, and Mesha sought Refuge in his last stronghold, Kir-harasheth (q.v.). Reduced to despair, he ascended the Wall of the City and there, in the sight of the allied armies, offered his first-born Son a Sacrifice to Chemosh the fire-God of the Moabites. This fearful spectacle filled the beholders with horror, and they retired from before the besieged City and recrossed the Jordan laden with spoil (2Ki 3:25-27).

The exploits of Mesha are recorded in the Phoenician inscription on a block of Black basalt found at Dibon, in Moab usually called the “Moabite stone” (q.v.).

Meshach: the title given to Mishael, one of the three Hebrew youths who were under training at the Babylonian Court for the rank of Magi (Dan 1:7; Dan 2:49; Dan 3:12-30). This was probably the name of some Chaldean God

Meshech: drawing out, the sixth Son of Japheth (Gen 10:2), the founder of a Tribe (1Ch 1:5;Ezk 27:13; Ezk 38:2,Ezk 38:3). They were in all probability the Moschi, a people inhabiting the Moschian Mountains, between the Black and the Caspian Seas.In 120:5 the name occurs as simply a synonym for foreigners or barbarians. “During the ascendency of the Babylonians and Persians in Western Asia, the Moschi were subdued; but it seems probable that a large number of them crossed the Caucasus range and spread over the northern steppes, mingling with the Scythians. There they became known as Muscovs, and gave that name to the Russian nation and its Ancient capital by which they are still generally known throughout the East”

Meshelemiah: friendship of Jehovah a Levite of the family of the Korhites called also Shelemiah (1 Chronicles 9:21; 26:1, 2, 9, 14). He was a Temple gate-keeper in the time of David

Meshillemoth: requitals. (1.) The Father of Berechiah (2 Chronicles 28:12).

(2.) A Priest the Son of Immer (Neh 11:13).

Meshullam: befriended. (1.) One of the Chief Gadites in Bashan in the time of Jotham (1 Chronicles 5:13).

(2.) Grandfather of Shaphan “the scribe,” in the reign of Josiah (2Ki 22:3).

(2Ki 22:3.) A Priest Father of Hilkiah (2Ki 22:1 Chronicles 2Ki 9:11; Nehemiah1 1:1 1 1:1), in the reign of Ammon called ShallumIn 1:1 Chronicles In 6:12.

(In 6:4.) A Levite of the family of Kohath (In 6:2 Chronicles In 34:12), in the reign of Josiah

(In 34:5.) In 34:1 Chronicles In 8:17.

(In 8:6.) In 8:1 Chronicles In 3:19.

(In 3:7.) Nehemiah In 12:13. ...

(In 12:8.) A Chief Priest (Neh 12:16).

(Neh 12:9.) One of the leading Levites in the time of Ezra (Neh 8:16).

(Neh 8:10.) A Priest (Neh 8:1 Chronicles Neh 9:12).

(Neh 9:11.) One of the principal Israelites who supported Ezra when expounding the Law to the people (Neh 8:4).

Meshullemeth: friend, the Wife of Manasseh and the mother of Amon (2Ki 21:19), Kings of Judah

Mesopotamia

Mess: a portion of Food given to a guest (Gen 43:34; Gen 43:2 Samuel Gen 11:8).

Messenger: (Hebrews mal’ak, Gr. angelos), an Angel a Messenger who runs on foot, the Bearer of despatches (Job 1:14;1Sa 11:7;2Ch 36:22); swift of foot (2Ki 9:18).

Messiah: (Hebrews mashiah), in all the thirty-nine instances of its occurring in the Old Testament is rendered by the LXX. “Christos.” It means anointed. Thus priests (Exo 28:41; Exo 40:15;Num 3:3), prophets (1Ki 19:16), and kings (1Sa 9:16; 1Sa 16:3;2Sa 12:7) were anointed with Oil and so consecrated to their respective offices. The great Messiah is anointed “above his fellows” (Psa 45:7); i.e., he embraces in himself all the three offices. The Greek form “Messias” is only twice used in the New Testament In 1:41And 4:25 (R.V., “Messiah”), and in the Old Testament the Word Messiah as the rendering of the Hebrew occurs only twice (Dan 9:25, Dan 9:26; R.V., “the anointed one”). ...

The first great promise (Gen 3:15) contains in it the germ of all the prophecies recorded in the Old Testament regarding the Coming of the Messiah and the great work he was to accomplish on earth. The prophecies became more definite and Fuller as the ages rolled on; the Light shone more and more unto the perfect Day Different periods of prophetic Revelation have been pointed out, (Gen 3:1) the patriarchal; (Gen 3:2) the Mosaic; (Gen 3:3)

the period of David (Gen 3:4) the period of prophetism, i.e., of those prophets whose Works form a part of the Old Testament Canon The expectations of the Jews were thus kept alive from Generation to Generation till the “fulness of the times,” when Messiah came, “made of a Woman made under the Law to redeem them that were under the Law ” In him all these Ancient prophecies have their fulfilment. Jesus of Nazareth is the Messiah the great Deliverer who was to come. (Comp.Mat 26:54;Mrk 9:12;Luk 18:31; Luk 22:37;Jhn 5:39;Act 5:2; Act 16:31; Act 26:22, Act 26:23.)

METHEG-

Methusael: champion of El; Man of God a descendant of Cain (Gen 4:18), so called, perhaps, to denote that even among the descendants of Cain God had not Left himself without a Witness

Methuselah: man of the dart, the Son of Enoch and grandfather of Noah He was the oldest Man of whom we have any record, dying at the Age of nine hundred and sixty-nine years, in the Year of the Flood (Gen 5:21-27;1Ch 1:3).

Mezahab: water of Gold the Father of Matred (Gen 36:39; Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:50), and grandfather of Mehetabel Wife of Hadar the last King of Edom

Amin: =Mijamin, from the right Hand (1.) The head of one of the divisions of the priests (1Ch 24:9).

(1Ch 24:2.) A Chief Priest who returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Neh 12:5), called Mijamin (Neh 10:7) and Miniamin (Neh 12:17).

Bsam: fragrance. (1.) One of Ishmael’s twelve sons, and head of an Arab Tribe (Gen 25:13).

(Gen 25:2.) A Son of Simeon (1Ch 4:25).

Mibzar

Cha: (1.)2Sa 9:12 =MICAH (2Sa 9:2).

(2Sa 9:2.) The Son of Zabdi a Levite of the family of Asaph (Neh 9:1 Neh 1:17,

Neh 1:22 ).

Michael

Chaiah: (1.) The queen-mother of King Abijah (2Ch 13:2). (See MAACAH [2Ch 13:4]).

(2Ch 13:2.) One of those sent out by Jehoshaphat to instruct the people in the Law (2Ch 17:7).

(2Ch 17:3.)2Ki 22:12.

(2Ki 22:4.) The Son of Gemariah He reported to the king’s officers Jeremiah’s prediction, which he had heard Baruch read (Jer 36:11, Jer 36:13) from his Father Gemariah’ s Chamber in the Temple

(Jer 36:5.) A Levite (Neh 12:35).

(Neh 12:6.) A Priest (Neh 12:41).

Chal: rivulet, or who as God?, the younger of Saul’s two daughters by his Wife Ahinoam (1 Samuel 14:49, 50). “Attracted by the graces of his person and the gallantry of his conduct, she fell in Love with David and became his wife” (18:20-28). She showed her Affection for him by promoting his escape to Naioth when Saul sought his Life (1 Samuel 19:12-17. Comp.Psa 19:59. See TERAPHIM). After this she did not see David for many years. Meanwhile she was given in marriage to another Man Phalti or Phaltiel of Gallim (Psa 19:1 Samuel Psa 25:44), but David afterwards formally reclaimed her as his lawful Wife (Psa 25:2 Samuel Psa 3:13-16). The relation between her and David soon after this was altered. ... They became alienated from each other. This happened on that memorable Day when the Ark was brought up in great triumph from its temporary resting-place to the Holy City In David’s conduct on that occasion she saw nothing but a needless Humiliation of the royal dignity (Psa 3:1 Chronicles Psa 15:29). She remained childless, and thus the races of David and Saul were not mixed.In 15:2 Samuel In 21:8 her name again occurs, but the name Merab should probably be here substituted for Michal (comp. In 21:1 Samuel In 18:19).

Chmash: something hidden, a town of Benjamin (Ezr 2:27), East of Bethel and South of Migron, on the Road to Jerusalem (Isa 10:28). It lay on the line of march of an invading Army from the North on the North side of the steep and precipitous Wady es-Suweinit (“valley of the little thorn-tree” or “the acacia”), and now bears the name of Mukhmas. This wady is called “the Passage of Michmash” (Isa 10:1 Samuel Isa 13:23). Immediately facing Mukhmas, on the opposite side of the ravine, is the modern representative of Geba, and behind this again are Ramah and Gibeah.

This was the scene of a great battle fought between the Army of Saul and the PhilistinesWho 13:16 miles towards Philistia as far as the Valley of Aijalon. “The Freedom of Benjamin secured at Michmash led through long years of conflict to the Freedom of all its kindred tribes.” The power of Benjamin and its King now steadily increased. A New Spirit and a New hope were now at work in Israel (See Saul )

Chmethah: hiding-place, a town in the northern border of Ephraim and Manasseh and not far west of Jordan (Jos 16:6; Jos 17:7).

Michri

Chtam: Writing i.e., a poem or song found in the titles of Psalm 16; 56-60. Some translate the Word “golden”, i.e., precious. It is rendered in the LXX. by a Word meaning “tablet inscription” or a “stelograph.” The root of the Word means to stamp or Grave and hence it is regarded as denoting a composition so precious as to be worthy to be engraven on a durable Tablet for preservation; or, as others render, “a psalm precious as stamped Gold ” from the Word kethem, “fine or stamped Gold ”

Ddin: measures, one of the six cities “in the Wilderness ” on the west of the Dead Sea mentioned along with En-gedi (Jos 15:61).

Midwife: The two midwives mentioned in Exodus 1:15 were probably the superintendents of the whole class.

Migdal-Edar

Kloth: staves. (1.) An officer under Dodai in the time of David and Solomon (1 Chronicles 27:4).

(2.) A Benjamite (1 Chronicles 8:32; 9:37, 38).

Mildew: (the rendering of a Hebrew Word meaning “to be yellow,” yellowness), the result of Cutting East Winds blighting and thus rendering the Grain unproductive (Deu 28:22;1Ki 8:37; 1Ki 8:2 Chronicles 1Ki 6:28).

Miletus: (Miletum, 2 Timothy 4:20), a seaport town and the Ancient capital of Ionia,Abo 4:36 miles South of Ephesus On his voyage from Greece to Syria Paul touched at this port, and delivered that noble and pathetic address to the elders (“presbyters,” ver. Abo 4:28) of Ephesus recorded in Acts Abo 20:15-35. The site of MiletusIs 20:10 miles from the coast. (See Ephesians EPISTLE TO.)

Lk: Hebrews demeshek, “damask,” silk cloth manufactured at Damascus Amos 3: 12. A.V., “in the comer of a Bed and in Damascus in a Couch ” R.V., “in the Corner of a Couch and on the silken cushions of a bed” (marg., “in Damascus on a bed”).

Hebrews meshi, (Ezekiel 16:10, 13, rendered “silk”). In Genesis 41:42 (marg. A.V.), Proverbs 31:22 (R.V., “fine linen”), the Word “silk” ought to be “fine Linen ”

Silk was common in New Testament times (Revelation 18:12).

Millennium: a thousand years;The 20:1-7. Some maintain that Christ Will personally appear on earth for the purpose of establishing his Kingdom at the beginning of this Millennium Those holding this view are usually called “millenarians.” On the other Hand it is maintained, more in accordance with the teaching of Scripture we think, that Christ’s second advent Will not be premillennial, and that the right conception of the prospects and destiny of his Kingdom is that which is taught, e.g., in the parables of the Leaven and the mustard-seed. The triumph of the gospel, it is held, must be looked for by the wider and more efficient operation of the very Forces that are now at work in extending the gospel; and that Christ Will only come again at the close of this Dispensation to Judge the world at the “last Day ” The Millennium Will thus precede his Coming

Llo: (Hebrews always with the article, “the” Millo). (1.) Probably the Canaanite name of some fortification, consisting of walls filled in with earth and Stones which protected Jerusalem on the North as its outermost defence. It is always rendered Akra i.e., “the citadel”, in the LXX. It was already existing when David conquered Jerusalem (2Sa 5:9). He extended it to the right and Left thus completing the defence of the City It was rebuilt by Solomon (1Ki 9:15, 1Ki 9:24; 1Ki 11:27) and repaired by Hezekiah (2Ch 32:5).

(2Ch 32:2.)In 9:6, In 9:20 it is the name of a rampart in Shechem probably the “tower of Shechem” (In 9:46, In 9:49).

Mincing: (Hebrews taphoph,Isa 3:16), taking affectedly short and quick steps. Luther renders the Word by “wag” or “waggle,” thus representing “the affected gait of coquettish females.”

Mine

Minister: one who serves, as distinguished from the master. (1.) Hebrews meshereth, applied to an attendant on one of superior rank, as to Joshua the servant of Moses (Exo 33:11), and to the servant of Elisha (2Ki 4:43). This name is also given to attendants at Court (2Ki 4:2 Chronicles 2Ki 22:8), and to the priests and Levites (Jer 33:21;Ezk 44:11).

(Ezk 44:2.) Hebrews pelah (Ezr 7:24), a “minister” of religion. Here used of that class of Sanctuary servants called “Solomon’s servants”In 2:55-58 and Nehemiah In 7:57-60.

(In 7:3.) Greek leitourgos, a subordinate public administrator, and in this sense applied to magistrates (Rom 13:6). It is applied also to our Lord (Heb 8:2), and to Paul in relation to Christ (Rom 15:16). ...

(Rom 15:4.) Greek hyperetes (literally, “under-rower”), a personal attendant on a superior, thus of the person who waited on the officiating Priest in the Synagogue (Luk 4:20). It is applied also to John Mark the attendant on Paul and Barnabas (Act 13:5).

(Act 13:5.) Greek diaconos, usually a subordinate officer or assistant employed in relation to the ministry of the gospel, as to Paul and Apollos (1Co 3:5), Tychicus (Eph 6:21), Epaphras (Col 1:7), Timothy (Col 1:1 Thessalonians Col 3:2), and also to Christ (Rom 15:8).

Nni: Onl 51:27, as the name of a province in Armenia which was at this time under the Median kings. Armenia is regarded by some as = Har-minni i.e., the mountainous country of Minni. (See Armenia )

Nnith: distribution, an Ammonitish town (Jdg 11:33) from which wheat was exported to Tyre (Ezk 27:17). It was probably somewhere in the Mishor or table-land on the East of Jordan The 27:4 miles East of Dhiban called Kurm Dhiban, “the vineyards of Dibon.” Tristram supposes that this may be the “vineyards” mentioned in Judges (l.c.).

Minstrel: (Mat 9:23), a flute-player. Such Music was a usual accompaniment of funerals.In 9:2Kin 3:15 it denotes a player on a stringed instrument.

Mint: (Gr. heduosmon, i.e., “having a sweet smell”), one of the garden herbs of which the Pharisees paid tithes (Mat 23:23;Luk 11:42). It belongs to the labiate family of plants. The species most common in Syria is the Mentha sylvestris, the wild Mint which grows much larger than the garden Mint (M. sativa). It was much used in domestic economy as a condiment, and also as a medicine. The paying of tithes of Mint was in accordance with the Mosiac Law (Deu 14:22), but the error of the Pharisees lay in their being more careful about this little matter of the Mint than about weightier matters.

Miracle: an event in the external world brought about by the immediate agency or the simple volition of God operating without the use of means capable of being discerned by the senses, and designed to authenticate the divine commission of a religious teacher and the Truth of his message (Jhn 2:18;Mat 12:38). It is an occurrence at once above nature and above Man It shows the intervention of a power that is not limited by the laws either of matter or of mind, a power interrupting the fixed laws which govern their movements, a supernatural power.

“The suspension or violation of the laws of nature involved in miracles is nothing more than is constantly taking Place around us. One force counteracts another: vital force keeps the chemical laws of matter in abeyance; and muscular force can control the action of physical force. ... When a Man raises a weight from the Ground the Law of gravity is neither suspended nor violated, but counteracted by a stronger force. The same is true as to the walking of Christ on the Water and the swimming of Iron at the command of the Prophet The simple and grand Truth that the universe is not under the exclusive control of physical Forces but that everywhere and always there is above, separate from and superior to all else, an infinite personal Will not superseding, but directing and controlling all physical causes, acting with or without them.” God ordinarily effects his purpose through the agency of second causes; but he has the power also of effecting his purpose immediately and without the intervention of second causes, i.e., of invading the fixed order, and thus of working miracles. Thus we affirm the possibility of miracles, the possibility of a higher Hand intervening to control or reverse nature’s ordinary movements.

In the New Testament these four Greek words are principally used to designate miracles: (Mat 12:1.) Semeion, a “sign”, i.e., an evidence of a divine commission; an attestation of a divine message (Mat 12:38, Mat 12:39; Mat 16:1, Mat 16:4;Mrk 8:11;Luk 11:16; Luk 23:8;Jhn 2:11, Jhn 2:18, Jhn 2:23;Act 6:8, etc.); a token of the presence and working of God the Seal of a higher power.

(Act 6:2.) Terata, “wonders;” wonder-causing events; portents; producing astonishment in the beholder (Act 2:19).

(Act 2:3.) Dunameis, “might Works ” Works of superhuman power (Act 2:22;Rom 15:19;2Th 2:9); of a New and higher power.

(2Th 2:4.) Erga, “works;” the Works of Him who is “wonderful in working” (Jhn 5:20, Jhn 5:36).

Miracles are seals of a divine mission. The sacred writers appealed to them as proofs that they were messengers of God Our Lord also appealed to miracles as a conclusive proof of his divine mission (Jhn 5:20, Jhn 5:36; Jhn 10:25, Jhn 10:38). Thus, being out of the common course of nature and Beyond the power of Man they are fitted to convey the impression of the presence and power of God Where miracles are there certainly God is. The Man therefore, who Works a Miracle affords thereby clear proof that he comes with the authority of God they are his credentials that he is God’s Messenger The teacher points to these credentials, and they are a proof that he speaks with the authority of God He boldly says, “God bears me Witness both with signs and wonders, and with divers miracles.”

The credibility of miracles is established by the evidence of the senses on the part of those who are witnesses of them, and to all others by the Testimony of such witnesses. The witnesses were competent, and their Testimony is trustworthy. Unbelievers, following Hume, deny that any Testimony can prove a Miracle because they say miracles are impossible. We have shown that miracles are possible, and surely they can be borne Witness to. Surely they are credible when we have abundant and trustworthy evidence of their occurrence. They are credible just as any facts of history well authenticated are credible. Miracles, it is said, are contrary to experience. Of course they are contrary to our experience, but that does not prove that they were contrary to the experience of those who witnessed them. We believe a thousand facts, both of history and of science, that are contrary to our experience, but we believe them on the Ground of competent Testimony An atheist or a pantheist must, as a matter of course, deny the possibility of miracles; but to one who believes in a personal God who in his wisdom may see fit to interfere with the ordinary processes of nature, miracles are not impossible, nor are they incredible. (See LIST OF MIRACLES, Appendix.)

Miriam: their rebellion. (1.) The sister of Moses and Aaron (Exo 2:4-10; Exo 2:1 Chronicles Exo 6:3). Her name is prominent in the history of the Exodus She is called “the prophetess” (Exo 15:20). She took the Lead in the song of triumph after the Passage of the Red Sea She died at Kadesh during the second encampment at that Place toward the close of the wanderings in the Wilderness and was buried there (Num 20:1). (See Aaron Moses )

(Num 20:2.) Num 20:1 Chronicles Num 4:17, one of the descendants of Judah

Misdeem: (Deu 32:27, R.V.). The Authorized Version reads, “should behave themselves strangely;” i.e., not recognize the Truth misunderstand or mistake the cause of Israel’s ruin, which was due to the fact that God had forsaken them on account of their apostasy.

Sgab: height, a town of Moab or simply, the height=the citadel, some fortress so called; or perhaps a general name for the highlands of Moab as some think (Jer 48:1). In Isaiah Jer 25:12, the Word is rendered “high fort.”

Mishael

Shal: a City of the Tribe of Asher (Jos 21:30;1Ch 6:74). It is probably the modem Misalli, on the shore near Carmel

Misham

Sheal: (Jos 19:26), a town of Asher probably the same as Mishal.

Shma: hearing. (1.) One of the sons of Ishmael (Gen 25:14), and founder of an Arab Tribe

(Gen 25:2.) A Simeonite (Gen 25:1 Chronicles Gen 4:25, Gen 4:26).

Shmannah: fatness, one of the Gadite heroes who gathered to David atZiklag (1Ch 12:10).

MlSREPHOTH-

Maim: burning of waters, supposed to be salt-pans, or lime-kilns, or glass-factories, a Place to which Joshua pursued a party of Canaanites after the defeat of Jabin (Jos 11:8). It is identified with the ruin Musheirifeh, at the promontory of en-Nakhurah,Som 11:1 Som 11:1 miles North of Acre.

Mite

Thredath: given by Mithra, or dedicated to Mithra, i.e., the Sun the Hebrew form of the Greek name Mithridates. (1.) The “treasurer” of King Cyrus (Ezr 1:8).

(Ezr 1:2.)Ezr 4:7, a Persian officer in Samaria

Metre: (Hebrews mitsnepheth), something rolled round the head; the turban or head-dress of the High Priest (Exo 28:4, Exo 28:37, Exo 28:39; Exo 29:6, etc.). In the Authorized VersionOf 21:26, this Hebrew Word is rendered Diadem ” but in the Revised Version “mitre.” It was a twisted band of fine Linen Of 21:8 yards in length, coiled into the form of a cap, and worn on official occasions (Lev 8:9; Lev 16:4;Zec 3:5). On the front of it was a Golden plate with the inscription, “Holiness to the Lord ” The mitsnepheth differed from the mitre or head-dress (migba’ah) of the common Priest (See Bonnet )

Mix: E D MULTITUDE (Exo 12:38), a class who accompanied the Israelites as they journeyed from Rameses to Succoth the first stage of the Exodus These were probably miscellaneous hangers-on to the Hebrews whether Egyptians of the lower orders, or the remains of the Hyksos (see Egypt MOSES), as some think. The same thing happened on the return of the Jews from Babylon (Neh 13:3), a “mixed multitude” accompanied them so far.

Zar: smallness, a summit on the eastern ridge of Lebanon near which David lay after escaping from Absalom (Psa 42:6). It may, perhaps, be the present Jebel Ajlun, thus named, “the little”, in contrast with the greater elevation of Lebanon and Hermon

Mizpah

Zraim: the dual form of matzor, meaning a “mound” or “fortress,” the name of a people descended from Ham (Gen 10:6, Gen 10:13; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:8, Gen 1:11). It was the name generally given by the Hebrews to the land of Egypt (q.v.), and may denote the two Egypts, the Upper and the Lower. The modern Arabic name for Egypt is Muzr.

Zzah: despair, one of the four sons of Reuel the Son of Esau (Gen 36:13, Gen 36:17).

Mn: AS ON reminding, or remembrancer, a Christian of Jerusalem with whom Paul lodged (Acts 21:16). He was apparently a native of Cyprus like Barnabas (11:19, 20), and was well known to the Christians of Caesarea (4:36). He was an “old disciple” (R.V., “early disciple”), i.e., he had become a Christian in the beginning of the formation of the Church in Jerusalem

Moab

Moabite: Stone a basalt Stone bearing an inscription by King Mesha which was discovered at Dibon by Klein, a German missionary at Jerusalem in 1868. It was 3 1/2 feet High and 2 in breadth and in thickness, rounded at the top. It consisted of thirty-four Lines written in Hebrew-Phoenician characters. It was set up by Mesha as a record and memorial of his victories. It records (1) Mesha’ s wars with Omri (2) his public buildings, and (3) his wars against Horonaim This inscription in a remarkable degree supplements and corroborates the history of King Mesha recorded in 2Kin 3:4-27.

With the exception of a very few variations, the Moabite language in which the inscription is written is identical with the Hebrew The form of the letters here used supplies very important and interesting information regarding the history of the formation of the alphabet, as well as, incidentally, regarding the arts of civilized Life of those times in the land of Moab

This Ancient monument, recording the heroic struggles of King Mesha with Omri and Ahab was erected about B.C. ... Kin 3:900. Here “we have the identical slab on which the workmen of the Old world carved the history of their own times, and from which the Eye of their contemporaries read thousands of years ago the record of events of which they themselves had been the witnesses.” It is the oldest inscription written in alphabetic characters, and hence is, apart from its value in the domain of Hebrew antiquities, of great linguistic importance.

Moladah: birth, a City in the South of Judah which fell to Simeon (Jos 15:21-26; Jos 19:2). It has been identified with the modern el-Milh, Jos 19:10 miles East of Beersheba

Mole

Moloch: king, the name of the national God of the Ammonites, to whom children were sacrificed by Fire He was the consuming and destroying and also at the same time the purifying FireIn 5:26, “your Moloch” of the Authorized Version is “your king” in the Revised Version (comp. Acts In 7:43). Solomon (1Ki 11:7) erected a High Place for this Idol on the Mount of Olives, and from that time till the days of Josiah his Worship continued (2Ki 23:10, 2Ki 23:13). In the days of Jehoahaz it was partially restored, but after the Captivity wholly disappeared. He is also called Molech (Lev 18:21; Lev 20:2-5, etc.), Milcom (1Ki 11:5, 1Ki 11:33, etc.), and Malcham (Zep 1:5). This God became Chemosh among the Moabites.

Money: Of uncoined Money the first notice we have is in the history of Abraham (Gen 13:2; Gen 20:16; Gen 24:35). Next, this Word is used in connection with the purchase of the Cave of Machpelah (Gen 23:16), and again in connection with Jacob’s purchase of a field at Shalem (Gen 33:18, Gen 33:19) for “an hundred Pieces of money”=an hundred Hebrew kesitahs (q.v.), i.e., probably Pieces of Money as is supposed, bearing the figure of a Lamb

The history of Joseph affords evidence of the constant use of Money Silver of a fixed weight. This appears also in all the subsequent history of the Jewish people, in all their internal as well as foreign transactions. There were in common use in trade Silver Pieces of a definite weight, shekels, half-shekels, and quarter-shekels. ... But these were not properly coins, which are Pieces of metal authoritatively issued, and bearing a stamp.

Of the use of coined Money we have no early notice among the Hebrews The first mentioned is of Persian coinage, the Daric (Ezr 2:69; Nehemiah Ezr 2:70) and the ‘adarkon (Ezr 8:27). The Daric (q.v.) was a Gold piece current in Palestine in the time of Cyrus As long as the Jews, after the Exile, lived under Persian rule, they used Persian coins. These gave Place to Greek coins when Palestine came under the dominion of the Greeks (B.C. Ezr 8:331), the coins consisting of Gold Silver and Copper Pieces The usual Gold Pieces were staters (q.v.), and the Silver coins tetradrachms and drachms.

In the Year B.C. Ezr 8:140, Antiochus VII. gave permission to Simon the Maccabee to Coin Jewish Money Shekels (q.v.) were then coined bearing the figure of the Almond rod and the pot of manna.

MONEY-

Changer: (Matthew 2 Mat 1:1 Mat 1:2;Mrk 11:15; John Mrk 2:15). Every Israelite from twenty years and upwards had to pay (Exo 30:13-15) into the sacred Treasury half a Shekel every Year as an Offering to Jehovah and that in the exact Hebrew half-shekel piece. There was a class of men, who frequented the Temple courts, who exchanged at a certain premium foreign moneys for these half-shekels to the Jews who came up to Jerusalem from all parts of the world. (See Passover ) When our Lord drove the traffickers out of the Temple these money-changers fared worst. Their Tables were overturned and they themselves were expelled.

Month: Among the Egyptians the Month of thirty days each was in use long before the time of the Exodus and formed the basis of their calculations. From the time of the institution of the Mosaic Law the Month among the Jews was lunar. The cycle of religious Feasts depended on the moon. The commencement of a Month was determined by the observation of the New moon. The number of months in the Year was usually twelve (1Ki 4:7; 1Ki 4:1 Chronicles 1Ki 27:1-15); but every third Year an additional Month (ve-Adar) was inserted, so as to make the months coincide with the Seasons

“The Hebrews and Phoenicians had no Word for Month save ‘moon,’ and only saved their calendar from becoming vague like that of the Moslems by the interpolation of an additional Month There is no evidence at all that they ever used a true solar Year such as the Egyptians possessed. The latter had twelve months of thirty days and five epagomenac or odd days.”, Palestine Quarterly,Jan 27:1889.

Moon

Moreh: , THE Hill OF probably identical with “little Hermon ” the modern Jebel ed-Duhy, or perhaps one of the lower spurs of this mountain. It is a gray ridge parallel to Gilboa on the North and between the two lay the battle-field, the Plain of Jezreel (q.v.), where Gideon overthrew the Midianites (Jdg 7:1-12).

MORESHETH-

Gath: possession of the wine -press, the birthplace of the Prophet Micah (1:14), who is called the “Morasthite” (Jer 26:18). This Place was probably a suburb of Gath

Moriah: the Chosen of Jehovah Some contend that Mount Gerizim is meant, but most probably we are to regard this as one of the hills of Jerusalem Here Solomon’s Temple was built, on the spot that had been the threshing-floor of Oman the Jebusite (2Sa 24:24, 2Sa 24:25; 2Sa 24:2 Chronicles 2Sa 3:1). It is usually included in Zion, to the north-east of which it lay, and from which it was separated by the Tyropoean Valley This was “the land of Moriah” to which Abraham went to offer up his Son Isaac (Gen 22:2). It has been supposed that the highest point of the Temple Hill which is now covered by the Mohammedan Kubbetes-Sakhrah, or “Dome of the Rock ” is the actual site of Araunah’s threshing-floor. Here also, one thousand years after Abraham David built an Altar and offered sacrifices to God (See Jerusalem Numbering THE PEOPLE.)

Mortar: (Hebrews homer), cement of Lime and sand (Gen 11:3; Exodus Gen 1:14); also potter’s Clay (Isa 41:25; Nah Isa 3:14). Also Hebrews ‘aphar, usually rendered “dust,” Clay or mud used for cement in Building (Lev 14:42, Lev 14:45).

Mortar for pulverizing (Pro 27:22) Grain or other substances by means of a pestle instead of a mill. Mortars were used in the Wilderness for pounding the manna (Num 11:8). It is commonly used in Palestine at the present Day to Pound wheat, from which the Arabs make a favourite dish called kibby.

Mosera

Moses: drawn (or Egypt mesu, “son;” hence Rameses royal son). On the invitation of Pharaoh (Gen 45:17-25), Jacob and his sons went down into Egypt This immigration took PlacePro 45:350 years before the Birth of Moses Some centuries before Joseph Egypt had been conquered by a pastoral Semitic race from Asia, the Hyksos, who brought into cruel subjection the native Egyptians, who were an African race. Jacob and his retinue were accustomed to a shepherd’s Life and on their arrival in Egypt were received with favour by the King who assigned them the “best of the land”, the land of Goshen to Dwell in. The Hyksos or “shepherd” King who thus showed favour to Joseph and his family was in all probability the Pharaoh Apopi (or Apopis). ...

Thus favoured, the Israelites began to “multiply exceedingly” (Gen 47:27), and extended to the west and South At length the supremacy of the Hyksos came to an End The descendants of Jacob were allowed to retain their possession of Goshen undisturbed, but after the Death of Joseph their position was not so favourable. The Egyptians began to despise them, and the period of their “affliction” (Gen 15:13) commenced. They were sorely oppressed. They continued, however, to increase in Numbers and “the land was filled with them” (Exo 1:7). The native Egyptians regarded them with suspicion, so that they felt all the hardship of a struggle for existence.

In process of time “a King [probably Seti I.] arose who knew not Joseph” (Exo 1:8). (See Pharaoh ) The circumstances of the country were such that this King thought it necessary to weaken his Israelite subjects by oppressing them, and by Degrees reducing their number. They were accordingly made public slaves, and were employed in connection with his numerous buildings, especially in the erection of store-cities, temples, and palaces. The children of Israel were made to serve with rigour. Their lives were made Bitter with hard Bondage and “all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigour” (Exo 1:13, Exo 1:14). But this cruel oppression had not the result expected of reducing their number. On the contrary, “the more the Egyptians afflicted them, the more they multiplied and grew” (Exo 1:12).

The King next tried, through a compact secretly made with the guild of midwives, to bring about the Destruction of all the Hebrew male children that might be Born But the king’s wish was not rigorously enforced; the male children were spared by the midwives, so that “the people multiplied” more than ever. Thus baffled, the King issued a public proclamation Calling on the people to Put to Death all the Hebrew male children by casting them into the River (Exo 1:22). But neither by this edict was the king’s purpose effected.

One of the Hebrew households into which this cruel edict of the King brought great Alarm was that of Amram of the family of the Kohathites (Exo 6:16-20), who with his Wife Jochebed and two children, Miriam a girl of perhaps fifteen years of Age and Aaron a boy of three years, resided in or near Memphis the capital City of that time. In this quiet home a male Child was Born (B.C. Exo 6:1571). His mother concealed him in the House for three months from the knowledge of the civic authorities. But when the task of concealment became difficult, Jochebed contrived to bring her Child under the notice of the Daughter of the King by constructing for him an Ark of bulrushes, which she laid among the flags which grew on the edge of the River at the spot where the princess was wont to come down and bathe. Her plan was successful. The king’s Daughter “saw the Child and behold the Child wept.” The princess (see PHARAOH’S Daughter [Exo 6:1]) sent Miriam who was standing by, to fetch a nurse. She went and brought the mother of the Child to whom the princess said, “Take this Child away, and nurse it for me, and I Will give thee thy Wages ” Thus Jochebed’ s Child whom the princess called “Moses”, i.e., “Saved from the water” (Exo 2:10), was ultimately restored to her.

As soon as the natural time for weaning the Child had come, he was transferred from the humble abode of his Father to the royal Palace where he was brought up as the adopted Son of the princess, his mother probably accompanying him and caring still for him. He grew up amid all the grandeur and excitement of the Egyptian Court maintaining, however, probably a constant Fellowship with his mother, which was of the highest importance as to his religious belief and his interest in his “brethren.” His education would doubtless be carefully attended to, and he would enjoy all the advantages of training both as to his body and his mind. He at length became “learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians” (Act 7:22). Egypt had then two Chief seats of learning, or universities, at one of which, probably that of Heliopolis, his education was completed. Moses being now about twenty years of Age spent over twenty more before he came into prominence in Bible history. These twenty years were probably spent in military service. There is a Tradition recorded by Josephus that he took a Lead in the war which was then waged between Egypt and Ethiopia in which he gained renown as a skilful general, and became “mighty in deeds” (Act 7:22).

After the termination of the war in Ethiopia Moses returned to the Egyptian Court where he might reasonably have expected to be loaded with honours and enriched with wealth. But “beneath the smooth current of his Life hitherto, a Life of alternate luxury at the Court and comparative hardness in the Camp and in the discharge of his military duties, there had lurked from childhood to youth, and from youth to manhood, a secret discontent, perhaps a secret ambition. Moses amid all his Egyptian surroundings, had never forgotten, had never wished to forget, that he was a Hebrew ” He now resolved to make himself acquainted with the condition of his countrymen, and “went out unto his brethren, and looked upon their burdens” (Exo 2:11). This tour of inspection revealed to him the cruel oppression and Bondage under which they everywhere groaned, and could not fail to Press on him the serious consideration of his duty regarding them. The time had arrived for his making common cause with them, that he might thereby help to break their Yoke of Bondage He made his choice accordingly (Heb 11:25-27), assured that God would Bless his resolution for the welfare of his people. He now Left the Palace of the King and took up his abode, probably in his father’s House as one of the Hebrew people who had for forty years been suffering cruel wrong at the hands of the Egyptians.

He could not remain indifferent to the state of things around him, and going out one Day among the people, his indignation was roused against an Egyptian who was maltreating a Hebrew He rashly lifted up his Hand and slew the Egyptian, and hid his body in the sand. Next Day he went out again and found two Hebrews striving together. He speedily found that the deed of the previous Day was known. It reached the ears of Pharaoh (the “great Rameses ” Rameses II.), who “sought to slay Moses” (Exodus :Heb 11:15). Moved by Fear Moses fled from Egypt and betook himself to the land of Midian, the southern part of the peninsula of Sinai, probably by much the same route as that by which, forty years afterwards, he led the Israelites to Sinai. He was providentially led to find a New home with the family of Reuel where he remained for forty years (Act 7:30), under training unconsciously for his great life’s work.

Suddenly the Angel of the Lord appeared to him in the burning bush (Exo 7:3), and commissioned him to go down to Egypt and “bring forth the children of Israel” out of Bondage He was at first unwilling to go, but at length he was obedient to the heavenly Vision and Left the land of Midian (Exo 4:18-26). On the way he was met by Aaron (q.v.) and the elders of Israel (27 4:31). He and Aaron had a hard task before them; but the Lord was with them (ch.7 4:12), and the ransomed Host went forth in triumph. (See Exodus ) After an eventful Journey to and fro in the Wilderness we see them at length encamped in the plains of Moab ready to Cross over the Jordan into the Promised Land. There Moses addressed the assembled elders (Deu 1:1-4; Deu 5:1-26:Deu 5:19; Deu 27:11-30:Deu 27:20), and gives the people his last counsels, and then rehearses the great song (Deu 27:32), clothing in fitting words the Deep emotions of his heart at such a time, and in review of such a marvellous history as that in which he had acted so conspicious a part. Then, after blessing the tribes (Deu 27:33), he ascends to “the mountain of Nebo (q.v.), to the top of Pisgah that is over against Jericho” (Deu 34:1), and from thence he surveys the land. “Jehovah shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan and all Naphtali and the land of Ephraim and Manasseh and all the land of Judah unto the utmost Sea and the South and the Plain of the Valley of Jericho the City of Palm trees, unto Zoar” (Deu 34:2-3), the magnificient inheritance of the tribes of whom he had been so long the leader; and there he died, being one hundred and twenty years Old according to the Word of the Lord and was buried by the Lord “in a Valley in the land of Moab over against Beth-peor” (Deu 34:6). The people mourned for him during thirty days.

Thus died “Moses the Man of God” (Deu 33:1; Joshua Deu 14:6). He was distinguished for his Meekness and patience and firmness, and “he endured as seeing him who is invisible.” “There arose not a Prophet since in Israel l ik e unto Moses whom the Lord knew Face to Face in all the signs and the wonders, which the Lord sent him to do in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh and to all his servants, and to all his land, and in all that mighty Hand and in all the great terror which Moses shewed in the sight of all Israel” (Deu 34:10-12).

The name of Moses occurs frequently in the Psalms and Prophets as the Chief of the prophets.

In the New Testament he is referred to as the representative of the Law and as a type of Christ (Jhn 1:17;2Co 3:13-18; Hebrews 2Co 3:5, 2Co 3:6). Moses is the only character in the Old Testament to whom Christ likens himself (Jhn 5:46; comp. Deuteronomy Jhn 18:15, Jhn 18:18, Jhn 18:19; Acts Jhn 7:37). In Hebrews Jhn 3:1-19 this likeness to Moses is set forth in various particulars.

In Jude Jhn 1:9 mention is made of a contention between Michael and the Devil about the body of Moses This dispute is supposed to have had reference to the concealment of the body of Moses so as to prevent Idolatry

Mote: (Gr. karphos, something dry, hence a particle of Wood or Chaff etc.). A slight moral defect is l ik ened to a Mote (Mat 7:3-5; Luke Mat 6:41, Mat 6:42).

Moth

Mouldy: Of the Gibeonites it is said that “all the Bread of their provision was dry and mouldy” (Jos 9:5, Jos 9:12). The Hebrew Word here rendered “mouldy” (nikuddim) is rendered “cracknels”In 9:1Kin 14:3, and denotes a kind of crisp Cake The meaning is that the Bread of the Gibeonites had become dry and hard, hard as biscuits, and thus was an evidence of the length of the Journey they had travelled.

Mount: OF THE Valley (Jos 13:19), a district in the East of Jordan in the territory of Reuben The “valley” here was probably the Ghor or Valley of the Jordan and hence the “mount” would be the hilly region in the North End of the Dead Sea (See ZARETH-SHAHAR.)

Mourn: Frequent references are found in Scripture to, (1.) Mourning for the Dead Abraham mourned for Sarah (Gen 23:2); Jacob for Joseph (Gen 37:34, Gen 37:35); the Egyptians for Jacob (Gen 50:3-10); Israel for Aaron (Num 20:29), for Moses (Deu 34:8), and for Samuel (1Sa 25:1); David for Abner (2Sa 3:31, 2Sa 3:35); Mary and Martha for Lazarus (Jhn 3:11); devout men for Stephen (Act 8:2), etc.

(Act 8:2.) For calamities, Job (Act 1:20, Act 1:21; Act 2:8); Israel (Exo 33:4); the Ninevites (Jon 3:5); Israel when defeated by Benjamin (Jdg 20:26), etc. ...

(Jdg 20:3.) Penitential mourning, by the Israelites on the Day of Atonement (Lev 23:27; Acts Lev 27:9); under Samuel’s ministry (1Sa 7:6); predicted in Zechariah (Zec 12:10, Zec 12:11); in many of the Psalms (Zec 12:51, etc.).

Mourning was expressed, (Zec 12:1) by weeping (Gen 35:8, marg.;Luk 7:38, etc.); (Luk 7:2) by loud Lamentation (Rut 1:9;1Sa 6:19;2Sa 3:31); (2Sa 3:3) by the disfigurement of the person, as rending the clothes (Gen 37:29, Gen 37:34; Matthew Gen 26:65), wearing Sackcloth (Gen 37:34;Psa 35:13), sprinkling dust or Ashes on the person (2Sa 13:19; Jeremiah 2Sa 6:26;Job 2:12), shaving the head and plucking out the Hair of the head or Beard (Lev 10:6;Job 1:20), neglect of the person or the removal of ornaments (Exo 33:4;Deu 21:12, Deu 21:13;2Sa 14:2; 2Sa 19:24; Matthew 2Sa 6:16, 2Sa 6:17), fasting (2Sa 1:12), Covering the upper lip (Lev 13:45;Mic 3:7), Cutting the Flesh (Jer 16:6, Jer 16:7), and Sitting in silence (Jdg 20:26;2Sa 12:16; 2Sa 13:31;Job 1:20).

In the later times we find a class of mourners who could be hired to give by their loud Lamentation the external tokens of sorrow (Job 1:2 Chronicles Job 35:25; Jeremiah Job 9:17; Matthew Job 9:23).

The period of mourning for the Dead varied. For Jacob it was Seventy days (Gen 50:3); for Aaron (Num 20:29) and Moses (Deu 34:8) thirty days; and for Saul only Seven days (1Sa 31:13).In 31:2Sam 3:31-35, we have a description of the great mourning for the Death of Abner

Mouse: Hebrews ‘akhbar, “swift digger”), properly the dormouse, the field-mouse (1Sa 6:4).In 6:1 In 1:29,Isa 66:17 this Word is used generically, and includes the jerboa (Mus jaculus), rat, hamster (Cricetus), which, though declared to be unclean animals, were eaten by the Arabs, and are still eaten by the Bedouins. It is said that no fewer than twenty-three species of this group (‘akhbar=Arab. ferah) of a ni mals inhabit Palestine God “laid waste” the people of Ashdod by the terrible visitation of field-mice, which are like locusts in their destructive effects (1Sa 6:4, 1Sa 6:11, 1Sa 6:18). Herodotus, the Greek historian, accounts for the Destruction of the Army of Sennacherib (2Ki 19:35) by saying that in the night thousands of mice invaded the Camp and gnawed through the bow-strings, quivers, and shields, and thus Left the Assyrians helpless. (See Sennacherib )

Mowing: (Hebrews gez),Ren 72:6 “mown Grass ” The expression “king’s mowings” (Amo 7:1) refers to some royal right of early pasturage, the first crop of Grass for the cavalry (comp.1Ki 18:5).

Moza

Mufflers: (Isa 3:19), veils, Light and tremulous. Margin, “spangled ornaments.”

Mulberry: Hebrews bakah, “to weep;” rendered “Baca” (R.V., “weeping”)In 84:6. The plural form of the Hebrew bekaim is rendered “mulberry trees”In 84:2 Samuel In 5:23,24 5:1 Chronicles 24 14:14, 24 14:15. The Tree here alluded to was probably the aspen or trembling Poplar “We know with certainty that the Black Poplar the aspen, and the Lombardy Poplar grew in Palestine The aspen, whose long leaf-stalks cause the leaves to tremble with every breath of wind, unites with the willow and the oak to overshadow the watercourses of the Lebanon and with the oleander and the Acacia to adorn the ravines of Southern Palestine” (Kitto). By “the sound of a going in the tops of the Mulberry trees” we are to understand a rustling among the trees like the marching of an Army This was the signal that the Lord himself would Lead forth David’s Army to victory. (See Sycamine )

Mule: (Hebrews pered), so called from the quick Step of the Animal or its power of carrying loads. It is not probable that the Hebrews bred mules, as this was strictly forbidden in the Law (Lev 19:19), although their use was not forbidden. We find them in common use even by kings and nobles (2Sa 18:9;1Ki 1:33;2Ki 5:17;Psa 32:9). They are not mentioned, however, till the time of David for the Word rendered “mules” (R.V. correctly, “hot springs”)In 36:24 (yemim) properly denotes the warm springs of Callirhoe, on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea In David’s reign they became very common (2Sa 13:29;1Ki 10:25).

Mules are not mentioned in the New Testament Perhaps they had by that time ceased to be used in Palestine

Murder: Wilful Murder was distinguished from accidental homicide, and was invariably visited with capital Punishment (Num 35:16, Num 35:18, Num 35:21, Num 35:31;Lev 24:17). This Law in its principle is founded on the fact of man’s having been made in the likeness of God (Gen 9:5, Gen 9:6;Jhn 8:44;1Jn 3:12, 1Jn 3:15). The Mosiac Law prohibited any compensation for Murder or the reprieve of the murderer (Exo 21:12, Exo 21:14;Deu 19:11, Deu 19:13;2Sa 17:25; 2Sa 20:10). Two witnesses were required in any capital case (Num 35:19-30;Deu 17:6-12). If the murderer could not be discovered, the City nearest the scene of the Murder was required to make Expiation for the crime committed (Deu 21:1-9). These offences also were to be punished with Death (Deu 21:1) striking a parent; (Deu 21:2) cursing a parent; (Deu 21:3) kidnapping (Exo 21:15-17;Deu 27:16).

Murmuring: of the Hebrews in the Wilderness called forth the displeasure of God which was only averted by the Earnest Prayer of Moses (Num 11:33, Num 11:34; Num 11:12; Num 14:27, Num 14:30, Num 14:31; Num 16:3; Num 21:4-6;Psa 106:25). Forbidden by Paul (1Co 10:10).

Murrain: Hebrews deber, “destruction,” a “great mortality”, the fifth Plague that fell upon the Egyptians (Exo 9:3). It was some distemper that resulted in the sudden and widespread Death of the Cattle It was confined to the Cattle of the Egyptians that were in the field (Exo 9:6).

Mushi: receding, the second of the two sons of Merari (Exo 6:19;Num 3:20). His sons were called Mushites (Num 3:33; Num 26:58).

Music

Musician: , C hie f (Hebrews menatstseah), the precentor of the Levitical choir or orchestra in the Temple mentioned in the titles of fifty-five Psalms and in Habakkuk 3:19, Revised Version The first who held this office was Jeduthun (1 Chronicles 16:41), and the office appears to have been hereditary. Heman and Asaph were his two colleagues (2 Chronicles 35:15).

Music: , INSTRUMENTAL Among instruments of Music used by the Hebrews a principal Place is given to stringed instruments. These were, (1.) The kinnor, the “harp.” (2.) The nebel, “a Skin Bottle ” rendered “psaltery.” (3.) The sabbeka, or “sackbut,” a lute or lyre. (4.) The gittith, occurring in the title of Psalm 8; 8; 84. (5.) Minnim (Psa 150:4), rendered “stringed instruments;”In 45:8, in the form minni ,

probably the apocopated (i.e., shortened) plural, rendered, Authorized Version “whereby,” and in the Revised Version “stringed instruments.” (In 45:6.) Machalath,In 45:53And 45:88; supposed to be a kind of lute or guitar.

Of wind instruments mention is made of, (And 45:1.) The ‘ugab (Gen 4:21;Job 21:12; Job 30:31), probably the so-called Pan’s pipes or syrinx. ... (Job 30:2.) The qeren or “horn” (Jos 6:5; Jos 6:1 Chronicles Jos 25:5). (Jos 25:3.) The shophar, rendered “trumpet” (Jos 6:4, Jos 6:6, Jos 6:8). The Word means “bright,” and may have been so called from the clear, shrill sound it emitted. It was often used (Exo 19:13;Num 10:10;Jdg 7:16, Jdg 7:18;1Sa 13:3). (1Sa 13:4.) The hatsotserah, or straight trumpet (Psa 98:6;Num 10:1-10). This name is supposed by some to be an onomatopoetic Word intended to imitate the pulse-like sound of the trumpet, like the Latin taratantara. Some have identified it with the modem trombone. (Num 10:5.) The halil, i.e, “bored through,” a Flute or Pipe (1Sa 10:5;1Ki 1:40;Isa 5:12; Jeremiah Isa 48:36) which is still used in Palestine (Isa 48:6.) The sumponyah, rendered “dulcimer” (Dan 3:5), probably a sort of bagpipe. (Dan 3:7.) The maskrokith’a (Dan 3:5), rendered “flute,” but its precise nature is unknown.

Of instruments of percussion mention is made of, (Dan 3:1.) The toph, an instrument of the drum kind, rendered “timbrel” (Exo 15:20;Job 21:12;Psa 68:25); also “tabret” (Gen 31:27;Isa 24:8;1Sa 10:5). (1Sa 10:2.) The paamon, the “bells” on the robe of the High Priest (Exo 28:33; Exo 39:25). (Exo 39:3.) The tseltselim, “cymbals” (2Sa 6:5;Psa 150:5), which are struck together and produce a loud, clanging sound. Metsilloth, “bells” on horses and camels for ornament, and metsiltayim, “cymbals” (Psa 150:1 Chronicles Psa 13:8;Ezr 3:10, etc.). These words are all derived from the same root, tsalal, meaning “to tinkle.” (Ezr 3:4.) The menaan’im,Use 3:2Sam 6:5, rendered “cornets” (R.V., “castanets”); in the Vulgate, “sistra,” an instrument of agitation. (Sam 6:5.) The shalishim,Men 6:1Sam 18:6, rendered “instruments of music” (marg. of R.V., “triangles or three-stringed instruments”).

The 2:8, “musical instruments, and that of all sorts,” Authorized Version are in the Revised Version “concubines very many.”

Mustard: a plant of the genus sinapis, a pod-bearing, shrub-like plant, growing wild, and also cultivated in Gardens The little round seeds were an emblem of any small insignificant object. It is not mentioned in the Old Testament and in each of the three instances of its occurrence in the New Testament (Mat 13:31, Mat 13:32;Mrk 4:31, Mrk 4:32;Luk 13:18, Luk 13:19) it is spoken of only with reference to the smallness of its seed. The common Mustard of Palestine is the Sinapis nigra. This garden Herb sometimes grows to a considerable height, so as to be spoken of as “a tree” as compared with garden herbs.

MUTH-

Labben: occurring only in the title of Psalm 9. Some interpret the words as meaning “on the Death of Labben ” some unknown person. Others render the Word “on the Death of the Son ” i.e., of Absalom (2Sa 18:33). Others again have taken the Word as the name of a musical instrument, or as the name of an air to which the psalm was sung.

Muzzle: Grain in the East is usually thrashed by the sheaves being spread out on a floor, over which oxen and Cattle are driven to and fro, till the Grain is trodden out. Moses ordained that the ox was not to be muzzled while thrashing. It was to be allowed to eat both the Grain and the Straw (Deu 25:4). (See Agriculture )

Myra

Myrrh: Hebrews mor. (1.) First mentioned as a principal ingredient in the Holy anointing Oil (Exo 30:23). It formed part of the Gifts brought by the Wise men from the East who came to Worship the infant Jesus (Mat 2:11). It was used in Embalming (Jhn 19:39), also as a perfume (Est 2:12;Psa 45:8;Pro 7:17). It was a Custom of the Jews to give those who were condemned to Death by Crucifixion “wine mingled with myrrh” to produce insensibility. This drugged wine was probably partaken of by the two malefactors, but when the Roman soldiers pressed it upon Jesus “he received it not” (Mrk 15:23). (See Gall )

This was the gum or viscid white liquid which flows from a Tree resembling the Acacia found in Africa and Arabia the Balsamodendron myrrha of botanists. ... The “bundle of myrrh” in Cant. Mrk 1:13 is rather a “bag” of Myrrh or a scent-bag.

(Mrk 1:2.) Another Word Lot is also translated “myrrh” (Gen 37:25; Gen 43:11; R.V., marg., “or ladanum”). What was meant by this Word is uncertain. It has been thought to be the Chestnut mastich, Stacte balsam, turpentine, pistachio nut, or the lotus. It is probably correctly rendered by the Latin Word ladanum, the Arabic ladan, an aromatic juice of a shrub called the Cistus or Rock Rose which has the same qualities, though in a slight degree, of opium, whence a decoction of opium is called laudanum. This plant was indigenous to Syria and Arabia

Myr

Mystery: the Calling of the Gentiles into the Christian Church so designated (Eph 1:9, Eph 1:10; Eph 3:8-11; Colossians Eph 1:25-27); a Truth undiscoverable except by Revelation long hid, now made manifest. The Resurrection of the Dead (1Co 15:51), and other doctrines which need to be explained but which cannot be fully understood by finite intelligence (Mat 13:11; Romans Mat 11:25;1Co 13:2); the union between Christ and his people symbolized by the marriage union (Eph 5:31, Eph 5:32; comp. Eph 6:19); the Seven Stars and the Seven candlesticks (Rev 1:20); and the Woman clothed in Scarlet (Rev 17:7), are also in this sense mysteries. The anti-Christian power working in his Day is called by the Apostle (Rev 17:2 Thessalonians Rev 2:7) the “mystery of iniquity.”

Naam: pleasantness, one of the three sons of Caleb the Son of Jephunneh (1 Chronicles 4:15).

Naamah: the Beautiful (1.) The Daughter of Lamech and Zillah (Gen 4:22).

(Gen 4:2.) The Daughter of the King of Ammon one of the wives of Solomon the only one who appears to have borne him a Son viz., Rehoboam (1Ki 14:21,1Ki 14:31).

(1Ki 14:3.) A City in the Plain of Judah (Jos 15:41), supposed by some to be identified with Na’aneh,Som 15:5 miles south-east of Makkedah.

Naaman: pleasantness, a Syrian, the commander of the armies of Benhadad II. in the time of Joram King of Israel He was afflicted with Leprosy and when the little Hebrew slave-girl that waited on his Wife told her of a Prophet in Samaria who could cure her master, he obtained a Letter from Benhadad and proceeded with it to Joram The King of Israel suspected in this some evil design against him, and rent his clothes. Elisha the Prophet hearing of this, sent for Naaman and the strange interview which took Place is recorded in 2 Kings 5. The narrative contains all that is known of the Syrian commander. He was cured of his Leprosy by dipping himself Seven times in the Jordan according to the Word of Elisha. His cure is alluded to by our Lord (Luk 4:27).

Naamathite: the designation of Zophar one of Job’s three friends (Job 2:11; Job 11:1), so called from some Place in Arabia called Naamah probably.

Naarah: a girl, the second of Ashur’s two wives, of the Tribe of Judah (1 Chronicles 4:5, 6).

Naarai: youthful, a military Chief in David’s Army (1 Chronicles 11:37), called also Paarai (2 Samuel 23:35).

Naaran: boyish, juvenile, a town in Ephraim between Bethel and Jericho (1 Chronicles 7:28).

Naarath: girl, a town on the boundary between Ephraim and Benjamin (Jos 16:7), not far probably from Jericho to the North (Jos 16:1 Chronicles Jos 7:28).

Nabal: foolish, a descendant of Caleb who dwelt at Maon (1 Samuel 25), the modern Main, 7 miles south-east of Hebron He was “very great, and he had 3,000 Sheep and 1,000 goats. ..but the Man was churlish and evil in his doings.” During his wanderings David came into that district, and hearing that Nabal was about to shear his Sheep he sent ten of his young men to ask “whatsoever cometh unto thy Hand for thy servants.” Nabal insultingly resented the demand, saying, “Who is David and who is the Son of Jesse?” (1 Samuel 000 25:10, 000 25:11). One of the shepherds that stood by and saw the reception David’s messengers had met with, informed Abigail Nabal’ s Wife who at once realized the danger that threatened her household. ... She forthwith proceeded to the Camp of David bringing with her ample stores of provisions (000 25:18). She so courteously and persuasively pled her cause that David’s Anger was appeased, and he said to her, “Blessed be the Lord God of Israel which sent thee this Day to Meet me.”

On her return she found her Husband incapable from drunkenness of understanding the state of matters, and not till the following Day did she explain to him what had happened. He was stunned by a sense of the danger to which his conduct had exposed him. “His heart died within him, and he became as a Stone ” and about ten days after “the Lord smote Nabal that he died” (000 25:1 Samuel 000 25:37, 000 25:38). Not long after David married Abigail (q.v.).

Naboth: fruits, “the Jezreelite,” was the owner of a portion of Ground on the eastern slope of the Hill of Jezreel (2Ki 9:25, 2Ki 9:26). This small “plat of ground” seems to have been all he possessed. It was a vineyard, and lay “hard by the Palace of Ahab” (1Ki 21:1, 1Ki 21:2), who greatly coveted it. Naboth however, refused on any terms to part with it to the King He had inherited it from his fathers, and no Israelite could lawfully sell his property (Lev 25:23). Jezebel Ahab’s Wife was grievously offended at Naboth’s refusal to part with his vineyard. By a crafty and cruel plot she compassed his Death His sons also shared his fate (2Ki 9:26;1Ki 21:19). She then came to Ahab and said, “Arise, take possession of the vineyard; for Naboth is not alive, but Dead ” Ahab arose and went forth into the garden which had so treacherously and cruelly been acquired, seemingly enjoying his New possession, when, lo, Elijah suddenly appeared before him and pronounced against him a fearful doom (1Ki 21:17-24). ... Jehu and Bidcar were with Ahab at this time, and so deeply were the words of Elijah imprinted on Jehu’s memory that many years afterwards he refers to them (2Ki 9:26), and he was the Chief instrument in inflicting this sentence on Ahab and Jezebel and all their House (2Ki 9:30-37). The House of Ahab was extinguished by him. Not one of all his great men and his ki nsfolk and his priests did Jehu spare (2Ki 10:1 2Ki 10:1).

Ahab humbled himself at Elijah’s words (1Ki 21:28, 1Ki 21:29), and therefore the Prophecy was fulfilled not in his fate but in that of his Son Joram (2Ki 9:25).

The history of Naboth compared with that of Ahab and Jezebel furnishes a remarkable illustration of the Law of a retributive Providence a Law which runs through all history (comp.Psa 109:17, Psa 109:18).

Nachon: prepared, the owner of a thrashing-floor near which Uzzah was slain (2Sa 6:6); called also Chidon (2Sa 6:1 Chronicles 2Sa 13:9).

Nagge: illuminating, one of the ancestors of Christ in the maternal line (Luk 3:25).

Nahaliel: possession, or Valley of God one of the encampments of the Israelites in the Wilderness (Num 21:19), on the confines of Moab This is identified with the ravine of the Zerka M’ain, the Ancient Callirhoe, the hot springs on the East of the Jordan not far from the Dead Sea

Nahallal: pasture, a City in Zebulun on the border of Issachar (Jos 19:15), the same as Nahalol (Jdg 1:30). It was given to the Levites. It has been by some identified with Malul in the Plain of Esdraelon Jdg 1:4 miles from Nazareth.

Naharai: snorer, a Berothite, one of David’s heroes, and armour-bearer of Joab (1 Chronicles 11:39).

Nahash: serpent. (1.) King of the Ammonites in the time of Saul The inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead having been exposed to great danger from Nahash sent messengers to Gibeah to inform Saul of their extremity. He promptly responded to the Call and gathering together an Army he marched against Nahash “And it came to pass that they which remained were scattered, so that two of them [the Ammonites] were not Left together” (1Sa 11:1-11).

(1Sa 11:2.) Another King of the Ammonites of the same name is mentioned, who showed ki ndness to David during his wanderings (2Sa 10:2). On his Death David sent an embassy of sympathy to Hanun his Son and successor, at Rabbah Ammon his capital. ... The grievous insult which was Put upon these ambassadors led to a war against the Ammonites, who, with their allies the Syrians, were completely routed in a battle fought at “the entering in of the Gate ” probably of Medeba (2Sa 10:6-14). Again Hadarezer rallied the Syrian Host which was totally destroyed by the Israelite Army under Joab in a decisive battle fought at Helam (2Sa 10:17), near to Hamath (2Sa 10:1 Chronicles 2Sa 18:3). “So the Syrians feared to help the children of Ammon any more” (2Sa 10:19).

(2Sa 10:3.) The Father of Amasa who was commander- in-chief of Abasolom’s Army (2Sa 17:25). Jesse’s Wife had apparently been first married to this Man to whom she bore Abigail and Zeruiah who were thus David’s sisters, but only on the mother’s side (2Sa 17:1 Chronicles 2Sa 2:16).

Nahath: rest. (1.) One of the four sons of Reuel the Son of Esau (Gen 36:13, Gen 36:17). (Gen 36:2.) A Kohathite Levite (Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 6:26). (Gen 6:3.) A Levite one of the overseers of the sacred offerings of the Temple (Gen 6:2 Chronicles Gen 31:13).

Nahbi: hidden, one of the twelve Spies sent out to explore the land of Canaan (Num 13:14).

Nahor: snorting. (1.) The Father of Terah who was the Father of Abraham (Gen 11:22-25;Luk 3:34).

(Luk 3:2.) A Son of Terah and elder Brother of Abraham (Gen 11:26, Gen 11:27;Jos 24:2, R.V.). He married Milcah, the Daughter of his Brother Haran and remained in the land of his Nativity on the East of the River Euphrates at Haran (Gen 11:27-32). A correspondence was maintained between the family of Abraham in Canaan and the relatives in the Old ancestral home at Haran till the time of Jacob When Jacob fled from Haran all intercourse between the two branches of the family came to an End (Gen 31:55). His grand-daughter Rebekah became Isaac’s Wife (Gen 24:67).

Nahshon: sorcerer, the Son of Aminadab, and Prince of the children of Judah at the time of the first Numbering of the tribes in the Wilderness Exodus 6:23). His sister Elisheba was the Wife of Aaron He died in the Wilderness (Num 26:64, Num 26:65). His name occurs in the Greek form Naasson in the genealogy of Christ (Matt, Num 1:4; Luke Num 3:32).

Nahum: , Book OF Nahum prophesied, according to some, in the beginning of the reign of Ahaz (B.C. 743). Others, however, think that his prophecies are to be referred to the latter half of the reign of Hezekiah (about B.C. 709). This is the more probable opinion, internal evidences leading to that conclusion. Probably the book was written in Jerusalem (soon after B.C. 709), where he witnessed the invasion of Sennacherib and the Destruction of his Host (2Ki 19:35).

The subject of this Prophecy is the approaching complete and final Destruction of Nineveh the capital of the great and at that time flourishing Assyrian empire. Assur-bani-pal was at the height of his Glory Nineveh was a City of vast extent, and was then the centre of the civilzation and commerce of the world, a “bloody City all full of lies and robbery” (Nah. ... 2Ki 3:1), for it had robbed and plundered all the neighbouring nations. It was strongly fortified on every side, bidding defiance to every enemy; yet it was to be utterly destroyed as a Punishment for the great wickedness of its inhabitants.

Jonah had already uttered his message of warning, and Nahum was followed by Zephaniah who also predicted (Zep 2:4-15) the Destruction of the City predictions which were remarkably fulfilled (B.C. Zep 2:625) when Nineveh was destroyed apparently by Fire and the Assyrian empire came to an End an event which changed the Face of Asia. (See Nineveh )

Nail: for fastening. (1.) Hebrew yathed, “piercing,” a peg or Nail of any material (Ezk 15:3), more especially a tent-peg (Exo 27:19; Exo 35:18; Exo 38:20), with one of which Jael (q.v.) pierced the temples of Sisera (Jdg 4:21, Jdg 4:22). This Word is also used metaphorically (Zec 10:4) for a Prince or Counsellor just as “the battle-bow” represents a warrior.

(Zec 10:2.) Masmer, a “point,” the usual Word for a Nail The words of the Wise are compared to “nails fastened by the masters of assemblies” (Ecc 12:11, A.V.). The Revised Version reads, “as nails well fastened are the words of the masters,” etc. Others (as Plumptre) read, “as nails fastened are the masters of assemblies” (comp.Isa 22:23;Ezr 9:8). ... David prepared nails for the Temple (Ezr 9:1 Chronicles Ezr 22:3; Ezr 22:2 Chronicles Ezr 3:9). The nails by which our Lord was fixed to the Cross are mentioned (Jhn 20:25; Colossians Jhn 2:14).

Nail of the finger (Hebrews tsipporen, “scraping”). To “pare the nails”Is 21:12 (marg., “make,” or “dress,” or “suffer to grow”) one of the signs of Purification separation from former heathenism (comp.Lev 14:8;Num 8:7). In Jeremiah Num 17:1 this Word is rendered “point.”

Nain: (from Hebrews Nain “green pastures,” “lovely”), the name of a town near the Gate of which Jesus raised to Life a widow’s Son (Luk 7:11-17). It is identified with the village called Nein, standing on the north-western slope of Jebel ed-Duhy (=the “hill Moreh” = “Little hermon”),Abo 7:4Mil 7:25 southwest of Capernaum At the foot of the slope on which it stands is the great Plain of Esdraelon

This was the first Miracle of raising the Dead our Lord had wrought, and it excited great awe and astonishment among the people.

Naioth: dwellings, the name given to the prophetical College established by Samuel near Ramah. It consisted of a cluster of separate Dwellings and hence its name. David took Refuge here when he fled from Saul (1Sa 19:18, 1Sa 19:19, 1Sa 19:22, 1Sa 19:23), and here he passed a few weeks in Peace (comp.Psa 19:1 Psa 19:1). It was probably the common residence of the “sons of the prophets.”

Naked: This Word denotes (1) absolute nakedness (Gen 2:25;Job 1:21;Ecc 5:15;Mic 1:8; Amos Mic 2:16); (Mic 2:2) being poorly clad (Isa 58:7; James Isa 2:15). It denotes also (Isa 2:3) the state of one who has laid aside his loose outer garment (Lat. nudus), and appears clothed only in a long tunic or under robe worn next the Skin (1Sa 19:24;Isa 47:3; comp.Mrk 14:52;Jhn 21:7). It is used figuratively, meaning “being discovered” or “made manifest” (Job 26:6; Hebrews Job 4:13). In Exodus Job 32:25 the expression “the people were naked” (A.V.) is more correctly rendered in the Revised Version “the people were broken loose”, i.e., had fallen into a state of lawlessness and insubordination.In 32:2 Chronicles In 28:19 the words “he made Judah naked” (A.V.), but Revised Version “he had dealt wantonly in Judah ” mean “he had permitted Judah to break loose from all the restraints of religion.”

Naomi: the lovable; my delight, the Wife of Elimelech and mother of Mahlon and Chilion and mother-in-law of Ruth (1:2, 20, 21; 2:1). Elimelech and his Wife Left the district of Bethlehem-Judah, and found a New home in the uplands of Moab In course of time he died, as also his two sons Mahlon and Chilion who had married women of Moab and three widows were Left mourning the loss of their husbands. Naomi longs to return now to her own land, to Bethlehem One of her widowed daughters-in-law, Ruth accompanies her, and is at length married to Boaz (q.v.).

Naphish: refresher, one of the sons of Ishmael (Gen 25:15; Gen 25:1 Chronicles Gen 1:31). He was the Father of an Arab Tribe

Naphtali: , Tribe OF On this Tribe Jacob pronounced the patriarchal blessing, “Naphtali is a Hind let loose: he giveth Goodly words” (Gen 49:21). It was intended thus to set forth under poetic Imagery the future character and history of the Tribe

At the time of the Exodus this TribeNum 49:53,Num 49:400 adult males (Num 1:43),But 1:45,But 1:400 (But 26:48-50). Along with Dan and Asher they formed “the Camp of Dan ” under a common standard (But 2:25-31), occupying a Place during the march on the North side of the Tabernacle

The possession assigned to this Tribe is set forth in Joshua But 19:32-39. It lay in the north-eastern Corner of the land, bounded on the East by the Jordan and the lakes of Merom and Galilee, and on the North it extended far into Coele-Syria, the Valley between the two Lebanon Ranges It comprehended a greater variety of rich and Beautiful scenery and of soil and climate than fell to the Lot of any other Tribe The territory of NaphtaliExt 19:800 square miles, being the double of that of Issachar The region around Kedesh one of its towns, was originally called Galil, a name afterwards given to the whole northern division of Canaan A large number of foreigners settled here among the mountains, and hence it was called “Galilee of the Gentiles” (q.v.), Matthew Ext 4:15, Ext 4:16. ... The southern portion of Naphtali has been called the “Garden of Palestine ” It was of unrivalled fertility. It was the principal scene of our Lord’s public ministry. Here most of his parables were spoken and his miracles wrought.

This Tribe was the first to suffer from the invasion of Benhadad, King of Syria in the reigns of Baasha King of Israel and Asa King of Judah (1Ki 15:20; 1Ki 15:2 Chronicles 1Ki 16:4). In the reign of Pekah King of Israel the Assyrians under Tiglath-pileser swept over the whole North of Israel and carried the people into Captivity (2Ki 15:29). Thus the Kingdom of Israel came to an End (B.C. 2Ki 15:722).

Naphtali is now almost wholly a Desert the towns of Tiberias on the shore of the Lake of Galilee, and Safed being the only places in it of any importance.

Naphtuhim: a Hamitic Tribe descended from Mizraim (Gen 10:13). Others identify this Word with Napata, the name of the City and territory on the southern frontier of Mizraim the modern Meroe, at the great bend of the Nile at Soudan. This City was the royal residence, it is said, of Queen Candace (Act 8:27). Here there are extensive and splendid ruins.

Napkin: (Gr. soudarion, John 11:44; 20:7; Lat. sudarium, a “sweat-cloth”), a cloth for wiping the sweat from the Face But the Word is used of a wrapper to Fold Money in (Luk 19:20), and as an article of Dress a “handkerchief’ worn on the head (Act 19:12).

Narcissus: daffodil, a Roman whom Paul salutes (Rom 16:11). He is supposed to have been the private secretary of the emperor Claudius This is, however, quite uncertain.

Nathan: given. (1.) A Prophet in the reigns of David and Solomon (2 Chronicles 9:29). He is first spoken of in connection with the arrangements David made for the Building of the Temple (2 Samuel 7:2, 3, 17), and next appears as the reprover of David on account of his sin with Bathsheba (12:1-14). He was charged with the education of Solomon (12:25), at whose inauguration to the Throne he took a prominent part (1Ki 1:8, 1Ki 1:10, 1Ki 1:11,22 1:45). His two sons, Zabad (22 1:1 Chronicles 22 2:36) and Azariah (1Ki 4:5) occupied places of honour at the king’s Court He last appears in assisting David in reorganizing the public Worship (1Ki 4:2 Chronicles 1Ki 29:25). ... He seems to have written a Life of David and also a Life of Solomon (1Ki 29:1 Chronicles 1Ki 29:29; 1Ki 29:2 Chronicles 1Ki 9:29).

(1Ki 9:2.) A Son of David by Bathsheba (1Ki 9:2 Samuel 1Ki 5:14), whose name appears in the genealogy of Mary, the mother of our Lord (Luk 3:31).

(Luk 3:3.)Ezr 8:16.

Nathanael: given or Gift of God one of our Lord’s disciples, “of Cana in Galilee” (Jhn 21:2). He was “an Israelite indeed, in whom was no guile” (Jhn 1:47, Jhn 1:48). His name occurs only in the Gospel of John who in his list of the disciples never mentions Bartholomew with whom he has consequently been identified. He was one of those to whom the Lord showed hi mself alive after his Resurrection at the Sea of Tiberias

Nativity: OF Christ The Birth of our Lord took Place at the time and Place predicted by the prophets (Gen 49:10;Isa 7:14;Jer 31:15;Mic 5:2; Hag. Mic 2:6-9;Dan 9:24, Dan 9:25). Joseph and Mary were providentially led to go up to Bethlehem at this period, and there Christ was bom (Mat 2:1,Mat 2:6;Luk 2:1, Luk 2:7). The exact Year or Month or Day of his Birth cannot, however, now be exactly ascertained. We know, however, that it took Place in the “fulness of the time” (Gal 4:4), i.e., at the fittest time in the world’s history.Chr 4:4 before the Christian era was the Year of Christ’s NativityAnd 4:1 A.D.

Naughty: FIGS (Jer 24:2). “The bad figs may have been such either from having decayed, and thus been reduced to a rotten condition, or as being the Fruit of the Sycamore which contains a Bitter juice” (Tristram, Nat. Hist.). The inferiority of the Fruit is here referred to as an emblem of the rejected Zedekiah and his people.

Nazarene: This epithet (Gr. Nazaraios) is applied to Christ only once (Mat 2:23). In all other cases the Word is rendered “of Nazareth” (Mrk 1:24; Mrk 10:47; Mrk 14:67, etc.). When this Greek designation was at first applied to our Lord it was meant simply to denote the Place of his residence. In course of time the Word became a term of reproach. Thus the Word “Nazarene” carries with it an allusion to those prophecies which speak of Christ as “despised of men” (Isa 53:3). Some, however, think that in this name there is an allusion to the Hebrew netser, which signifies a Branch or sprout. It is so applied to the Messiah (Isa 11:1), i.e., he whom the prophets called the Netse, the “Branch.”

The followers of Christ were called “the Sect of Nazarenes” (Act 24:5). All over Palestine and Syria this name is still given to Christians. (See NAZARETH.)

Na: ornament, one of the sons of Shimei (1 Chronicles 23:10).

Nazarite: (Hebrews form Nazirite),The 6:2-21. The Word denotes generally one who is separated from others and consecrated to God Although there is no mention of any Nazarite before Samson yet it is evident that they existed before the time of Moses The vow of a Nazarite involved these three things, (The 6:1) abstinence from wine and strong Drink (The 6:2) refraining from Cutting the Hair off the head during the whole period of the continuance of the vow, and (The 6:3) the avoidance of contact with the Dead

When the period of the continuance of the vow came to an End the Nazarite had to present himself at the door of the Sanctuary with (The 6:1) a he Lamb of the first Year for a burnt-offering, (The 6:2) a ewe Lamb of the first Year for a sin-offering, and (The 6:3) a Ram for a peace-offering. ... After these sacrifices were offered by the Priest the Nazarite cut off his Hair at the door and threw it into the Fire under the peace-offering.

For some reason, probably in the midst of his work at Corinth Paul took on himself the Nazarite vow. This could only be terminated by his going up to Jerusalem to offer up the Hair which till then was to be Left uncut. But it seems to have been allowable for persons at a distance to cut the Hair which was to be brought up to Jerusalem where the ceremony was completed. This Paul did at Cenchrea just before setting out on his voyage into Syria (Act 18:18).

On another occasion (Act 21:23-26), at the Feast of Pentecost Paul took on himself again the Nazarite vow. “The ceremonies involved took a longer time than Paul had at his disposal, but the Law permitted a Man to share the vow if he could find companions who had gone through the prescribed ceremonies, and who permitted him to join their company. This permission was commonly granted if the New comer paid all the fees required from the whole company (fee to the Levite for Cutting the Hair and fees for sacrifices), and finished the vow along with the others. Four Jewish Christians were performing the vow, and would admit Paul to their company, provided he paid their expenses. Paul consented, paid the charges, and when the last Seven days of the vow began he went with them to live in the Temple giving the usual notice to the priests that he had joined in regular fashion, was a sharer with the four men, and that his vow would End with theirs. Nazarites retired to the Temple during the last period of Seven days, because they could be secure there against any accidental defilement” (Lindsay’s Acts).

As to the duration of a Nazarite’s vow, every one was Left at liberty to fix his own time. There is mention made in Scripture of only three who were Nazarites for Life Samson Samuel and John the Baptist (Jdg 13:4, Jdg 13:5;1Sa 1:11;Luk 1:15). In its ordinary form, however, the Nazarite’s vow lasted only thirty, and at most one hundred, days. (See Rechabites )

This institution was a symbol of a Life devoted to God and separated from all sin, a Holy Life

Neah: shaking, or settlement, or descent, a town on the East side of Zebulun not far from Rimmon (Jos 19:13).

Neapolis: new City a town in Thrace at which Paul first landed in Europe (Act 16:11). It was the sea-port of the inland town of PhilippiWhi 16:10 miles. From this port Paul embarked on his last Journey to Jerusalem (Act 20:6). It is identified with the modern Turco-Grecian Kavalla.

Nebaioth: height. (1.) Ishmael’s eldest Son (Gen 25:13), and the Prince of an Israelitish Tribe (Gen 25:16). He had a sister, Mahalath who was one of Esau’s wives (Gen 28:9; Gen 36:3).

(Gen 36:2.) The name of the Ishmaelite Tribe descended from the above (Gen 25:13,Gen 25:18). The “rams of Nebaioth” (Isa 60:7) are the Gifts which these Wandering tribes of the Desert would consecrate to God

Neballat: wickedness in secret, (Neh 11:34), probably the village of Beit Nebala,Abo 11:4 miles North of Lydda

Nebat: sight; aspect, the Father of Jeroboam the King of Israel (1Ki 11:26, etc.).

Nebo: be gracious, O Nebo! or a cup-bearer of Nebo probably the title of Nergal-sharezer, one of the princes of Babylon (Jer 39:3).

Nebuchadnezzar: in the Babylonian orthography Nabu-kudur-uzur, which means “Nebo, protect the crown!” or the “frontiers.” In an inscription he styles himself “Nebo’s favourite.” He was the Son and successor of Nabopolassar, who delivered Babylon from its dependence on Assyria and laid Nineveh in ruins. He was the greatest and most powerful of all the Babylonian kings. He married the Daughter of Cyaxares, and thus the Median and Babylonian dynasties were united.

Necho II., the King of Egypt gained a victory over the Assyrians at Carchemish (See Josiah Megiddo ) This secured to Egypt the possession of the Syrian provinces of Assyria including Palestine The remaining provinces of the Assyrian empire were divided between Babylonia and Media But Nabopolassar was ambitious of reconquering from Necho the western provinces of Syria and for this purpose he sent his Son with a powerful Army Westward (Dan 1:1). ... The Egyptians met him at Carchemish where a furious battle was fought, resulting in the complete rout of the Egyptians, who were driven back (Jer 46:2-12), and Syria and Phoenicia brought under the sway of Babylon (B.C. Jer 46:606). From that time “the King of Egypt came not again any more out of his land” (2Ki 24:7). Nebuchadnezzar also subdued the whole of Palestine and took Jerusalem carrying away Captive a great multitude of the Jews, among whom were Daniel and his companions (Dan 1:1, Dan 1:2; Jeremiah Dan 27:19; Dan 40:1).

Three years after this, Jehoiakim, who had reigned in Jerusalem as a Babylonian vassal, rebelled against the oppressor, trusting to help from Egypt (2Ki 24:1). This led Nebuchadnezzar to march an Army again to the conquest of Jerusalem which at once yielded to him (B.C. 2Ki 24:598). A third time he came against it, and deposed Jehoiachin whom he carried into Babylon with a large portion of the population of the City and the sacred vessels of the Temple placing Zedekiah on the Throne of Judah in his stead. He also, heedless of the warnings of the Prophet entered into an Alliance with Egypt and rebelled against Babylon This brought about the final siege of the City which was at length taken and utterly destroyed (B.C. 2Ki 24:586). Zedekiah was taken Captive and had his eyes Put out by order of the King of Babylon who made him a prisoner for the remainder of his Life

An Onyx cameo, now in the museum of Florence, bears on it an arrow-headed inscription, which is certainly Ancient and genuine. The helmeted profile is said (Schrader) to be genuine also, but it is more probable that it is the portrait of a usurper in the time of Darius (Hystaspes), called Nidinta-Bel, who took the name of “Nebuchadrezzar.” The inscription has been thus translated:, “In honour of Merodach his Lord Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylon in his lifetime had this made.”

A Clay Tablet now in the British Museum, bears the following inscription, the only one as yet found which refers to his wars: “In the thirty-seventh Year of Nebuchadnezzar King of the country of Babylon he went to Egypt [Misr] to make war. Amasis, King of Egypt collected [his army], and marched and spread abroad.” Thus were fulfilled the words of the Prophet (Jer 46:13-26;Ezk 29:2-20). Having completed the subjugation of Phoenicia and inflicted chastisement on Egypt

Nebuchadnezzar now set himself to rebuild and adorn the City of Babylon (Dan 4:30), and to add to the greatness and prosperity of his Kingdom by constructing canals and aqueducts and reservoirs surpassing in grandeur and magnificence everything of the kind mentioned in history (Dan 2:37). He is represented as a “king of kings,” ruling over a vast Kingdom of many provinces, with a long list of officers and rulers under him, “princes, governors, captains,” etc. (Dan 3:2, Dan 3:3, Dan 3:27). He may, indeed, be said to have created the mighty empire over which he ruled.

“Modern research has shown that Nebuchadnezzar was the greatest monarch that Babylon or perhaps the East generally, ever produced. He must have possessed an enormous command of human labour, nine-tenths of Babylon itself, and nineteen-twentieths of all the other ruins that in almost countless profusion cover the land, are composed of bricks stamped with his name. He appears to have built or restored almost every City and Temple in the whole country. His inscriptions give an elaborate account of the immense Works which he constructed in and about Babylon itself, abundantly illustrating the boast, ‘Is not this great Babylon which I have build?’” Rawlinson, Hist. Illustrations.

After the incident of the “burning fiery furnace” (Dan 3:3) into which the three Hebrew confessors were cast, Nebuchadnezzar was afflicted with some Peculiar mental aberration as a Punishment for his pride and vanity, probably the form of Madness known as lycanthropy (i.e, “the change of a Man into a wolf’). A remarkable confirmation of the Scripture narrative is afforded by the recent discovery of a bronze door-step, which bears an inscription to the effect that it was presented by Nebuchadnezzar to the great Temple at Borsippa as a votive Offering on account of his recovery from a terrible illness. (See Daniel )

He survived his recovery for some years, and died B.C. Dan 3:562, in the eighty-third or eighty-fourth Year of his Age after a reign of forty-three years, and was succeeded by his Son Evil-merodach, who, after a reign of two years, was succeeded by Neriglissar (559 3:555), who was succeeded by Nabonadius (555 3:538), at the close of whose reign (less than a quarter of a century after the Death of Nebuchadnezzar) Babylon fell under Cyrus at the head of the combined armies of Media and Persia.

“I have examined,” says Sir H. Rawlinson, “the bricks belonging perhaps to a hundred different towns and cities in the neighbourhood of Baghdad,

and I never found any other legend than that of Nebuchadnezzar Son of Nabopolassar, King of Babylon ” Nine-tenths of all the bricks amid the ruins of Babylon are stamped with his name.

Nebuchadrezzar: =Nebuchadnezzar (Jer 21:2, Jer 21:7; Jer 22:25; Jer 24:1, etc.), a nearer approach to the correct spelling of the Word

Nebushasban: adorer of Nebo or Nebo saves me, the “Rabsaris,” or Chief Chamberlain of the Court of Babylon He was one of those whom the King sent to release Jeremiah from prison in Jerusalem (Jer 39:13).

Nebuzaradan: “the Captain of the Guard ” in rank next to the King who appears prominent in directing affairs at the capture of Jerusalem (2Ki 25:8-20; Jeremiah 2Ki 39:11; 2Ki 40:2-5). He showed kindness toward Jeremiah as commanded by Nebuchadnezzar (2Ki 40:1). Five years after this he again came to Jerusalem and carried Captive Seven hundred and forty-five more Jews.

Necho

Neck: used sometimes figuratively. To “lay down the neck” (Rom 16:4) is to hazard one’s Life Threatenings of Coming Judgments are represented by the prophets by their laying Bands upon the people’s necks (Deu 28:48;Isa 10:27; Jeremiah Isa 27:2). Conquerors Put their feet on the necks of their enemies as a sign of their subjection (Jos 10:24;2Sa 22:41).

Necromancer: (Deu 15:11), i.e., “one who interrogates the Dead ” as the Word literally means, with the view of discovering the secrets of futurity (comp.1Sa 28:7). (See Divination )

Nedabiah: moved of Jehovah one of the sons of Jeconiah (1 Chronicles 3:18).

Needle: used only in the Proverb “to pass through a needle’s eye” (Mat 19:24;Mrk 10:25;Luk 18:25). Some interpret the expression as referring to the side Gate close to the principal Gate usually called the “eye of a needle” in the East but it is rather to be taken literally. The Hebrew females were skilled in the use of the Needle (Exo 28:39; Exo 26:36;Jdg 5:30).

Neginah: in the title of Psalm 61, denotes the Music of stringed instruments (1Sa 16:16; Isaiah 1Sa 38:20). It is the singular form of Neginoth

Neginoth: i.e., songs with instrumental accompaniment, found in the titles of Psalm 4; 6; 54; 55; 67; 76; rendered “stringed instruments,”Hab 3:19, A.V. It denotes all kinds of stringed instruments, as the “harp,” “psaltery,” “viol,” etc. The “chief Musician on Neginoth” is the leader of that part of the Temple choir which played on stringed instruments.

Nehemiah: , Book OF The author of this book was no doubt Nehemiah himself. There are portions of the book written in the first person (eh. 1-7; 1 12:27-47,And 12:13). But there are also portions of it in which Nehemiah is spoken of in the third person (eh. And 12:8; And 12:9; And 12:10). It is supposed that these portions may have been written by Ezra; of this, however, there is no distinct evidence. These portions had their Place assigned them in the book, there can be no doubt, by Nehemiah He was the responsible author of the whole book, with the exception of eh. And 12:11, And 12:22, And 12:23.

The Date at which the book was written was probably about B.C.431 12:430, when Nehemiah had returned the second time to Jerusalem after his visit to Persia. ...

The book, which may historically be regarded as a continuation of the book of Ezra, consists of four parts. (431 12:1.) An account of the rebuilding of the Wall of Jerusalem and of the register Nehemiah had found of those who had returned from Babylon (eh.1 12:7). (1 12:2.) An account of the state of religion among the Jews during this time (8 12:10). (8 12:3.) Increase of the inhabitants of Jerusalem the Census of the adult male population, and names of the chiefs, together with lists of priests and Levites (1 1 12:1-26). (1 1 12:4.) Dedication of the Wall of Jerusalem the arrangement of the Temple officers, and the reforms carried out by Nehemiah (1 1 12:27-ch. 1 1 12:13).

This book closes the history of the Old Testament Malachi the Prophet was contemporary with Nehemiah

Nehiloth: only in the title of Psalm 5. It is probably derived from a root meaning “to bore,” “perforate,” and hence denotes perforated wind instruments of all kinds. The psalm may be thus regarded as addressed to the conductor of the Temple choir which played on flutes and such-like instruments.

Nehushta: copper, the Daughter of Elnathan of Jerusalem and the Wife of Jehoiakin (2Ki 24:8), King of Judah

Nehushtan: of Copper a brazen thing a name of contempt given to the Serpent Moses had made in the Wilderness (Num 21:8), and which Hezekiah destroyed because the children of Israel began to regard it as an Idol and “burn Incense to it.” The lapse of nearly one thousand years had invested the “brazen serpent” with a mysterious sanctity; and in order to deliver the people from their infatuation, and impress them with the idea of its worthlessness, Hezekiah called it, in contempt, “Nehushtan,” a brazen thing, a mere piece of Brass (2Ki 18:4).

Nekeb: cavern, a town on the boundary of Naphtali (Jos 19:33). It has with probability, been identified with Seiyadeh,Nea 19:2 miles East of Bessum, a ruin half way between Tiberias and Mount Tabor

Nemuel: day of God (1.) One of Simeon’s five sons (1 Chronicles 4:24), called also Jemuel (Gen 46:10). (Gen 46:2.) A Reubenite, a Son of Eliab and Brother of Dathan and Abiram (Num 26:9).

Nephilim: (Gen 6:4; Numbers Gen 13:33, R.V.), Giants the Hebrew Word Left untranslated by the Revisers, the name of one of the Canaanitish tribes. The Revisers have, however, translated the Hebrew gibborim, in Genesis Gen 6:4, “mighty men.”

Nephtoah: opened, a Fountain and a Stream issuing from it on the border between Judah and Benjamin (Jos 15:8, Jos 15:9; Jos 18:15). It has been identified with ‘Ain Lifta,A S 18:2 A S 18:1/A S 18:2 miles north-west of Jerusalem Others, however, have identified it with ‘Ain’ Atan, on the south-west of Bethlehem whence Water is conveyed through “Pilate’s aqueduct” to the Haram area at Jerusalem

Ner: light, the Father of Kish (1Ch 8:33).1Sa 14:51 should be read, “Kish, the Father of Saul and Ner the Father of Abner were the sons of Abiel.” And hence this Kish and Ner were brothers, and Saul and Abner were first cousins (comp.1Ch 9:36).

Nereus: a Christian at Rome to whom Paul sent his Salutation (Rom 16:15).

Nergal: the great Dog that is, lion, one of the Chief gods of the Assyrians and Babylonians (2Ki 17:30), the God of war and Hunting He is connected with Cutha as its tutelary deity.

NERGAL-

Nero: occurs only in the superscription (which is probably spurious, and is altogether omitted in the R.V.) to the Second Epistle to Timothy He became emperor of Rome when he was about seventeen years of Age (A.D. 54), and soon began to exhibit the character of a cruel tyrant and Heathen debauchee. In May A.D. 64, a terrible conflagration broke out in Rome which raged for six days and Seven nights, and totally destroyed a great part of the City The guilt of this Fire was attached to him at the time, and the general verdict of history accuses him of the crime. “Hence, to suppress the rumour,” says Tacitus (Annals, xv. 44), “he falsely charged with the guilt, and punished with the most exquisite tortures, the persons commonly called Christians, who are hated for their enormities. ... Christus, the founder of that name, was Put to Death as a criminal by Pontius Pilate procurator of Judea in the reign of Tiberius; but the pernicious superstition, repressed for a time, broke out again, not only throughout Judea where the mischief originated, but through the City of Rome also, whither all things horrible and disgraceful flow, from all quarters, as to a common receptacle, and where they are encouraged. Accordingly, first three were seized, who confessed they were Christians. Next, on their information, a vast multitude were convicted, not so much on the charge of burning the City as of hating the human race. And in their deaths they were also made the subjects of sport; for they were covered with the hides of wild beasts and worried to Death by dogs, or nailed to crosses, or set Fire to, and, when Day declined, burned to serve for nocturnal lights. Nero offered his own Gardens for that spectacle, and exhibited a Circensian game, indiscriminately mingling with the common people in the habit of a charioteer, or else standing in his Chariot whence a feeling of compassion arose toward the sufferers, though guilty and deserving to be made examples of by capital Punishment because they seemed not to be cut off for the public good, but victims to the ferocity of one Man ” Another Roman historian, Suetonius (Nero, xvi.), says of him: “He likewise inflicted punishments on the Christians, a sort of people who hold a New and impious superstition” (Forbes’s Footsteps of St. Paul p. 60).

Nero was the emperor before whom Paul was brought on his first imprisonment at Rome and the Apostle is supposed to have suffered martyrdom during this Persecution He is repeatedly alluded to in Scripture (Act 25:11; Phil. Act 1:12, Act 1:13; Act 4:22). He died A.D. Act 4:68.

Net: in use among the Hebrews for Fishing Hunting and fowling. The fishing-net was probably constructed after the form of that used by the Egyptians (Isa 19:8). There were three kinds of nets. (Isa 19:1.) The drag-net or hauling-net (Gr. sagene), of great size, and requiring many men to work it. It was usually let down from the fishing-boat, and then drawn to the shore or into the boat, as circumstances might require (Mat 13:47, Mat 13:48). (Mat 13:2.) The hand-net or casting-net (Gr. amphiblestron), which was thrown from a Rock or a boat at any Fish that might be seen (Mat 4:18;Mrk 1:16). It was called by the Latins funda. It was of circular form, “like the top of a Tent ” (Mrk 1:3.) The bag-net (Gr. ... diktyon), used for enclosing Fish in Deep Water (Luk 5:4-9).

The fowling-nets were (Luk 5:1) the trap, consisting of a Net spread over a frame, and supported by a stick in such a way that it fell with the slightest touch (Amo 3:5, “gin;”Psa 69:22;Job 18:9;Ecc 9:12). (Ecc 9:2) The Snare consisting of a Cord to catch birds by the leg (Job 18:10;Psa 18:5; Psa 116:3; Psa 140:5). (Psa 140:3.) The decoy, a Cage filled with birds as decoys (Jer 5:26, Jer 5:27). Hunting-nets were much in use among the Hebrews

Nethaneel: given of God (1.) The Son of Zuar, Chief of the Tribe of Issachar at the Exodus (Num 1:8; Num 2:5).

(Num 2:2.) One of David’s brothers (Num 2:1 Chronicles Num 2:14).

(Num 2:3.) A Priest who blew the trumpet before the Ark when it was brought up to Jerusalem (Num 2:1 Chronicles Num 15:24).

(Num 15:4.) A Levite (Num 15:1 Chronicles Num 24:6).

(Num 24:5.) A Temple Porter of the family of the Korhites (Num 24:1 Chronicles Num 26:4).

(Num 26:6.) One of the “princes” appointed by Jehoshaphat to teach the Law through the cities of Judah (Num 26:2 Chronicles Num 17:7). ...

(Num 17:7.) A Chief Levite in the time of Josiah (Num 17:2 Chronicles Num 35:9).

(Num 35:8.)Ezr 10:22.

(Ezr 10:9.) Nehemiah Ezr 12:21.

(Ezr 12:10.) A priest’s Son who bore a trumpet at the Dedication of the walls of Jerusalem (Neh 12:36).

Nethaniah: given of Jehovah (1.) One of Asaph’s sons, appointed by David to Minister in the Temple (1 Chronicles 25:2, 12).

(2.) A Levite sent by Jehoshaphat to teach the Law (2 Chronicles 17:8).

(3.) Jeremiah 36:14.

(4.)2Ki 25:23, 2Ki 25:25.

Nethinim: the name given to the hereditary Temple servants in all the post-Exilian books of Scripture The Word means given, i.e., “those set apart”, viz., to the menial work of the Sanctuary for the Levites. The name occurs seventeen times, and in each case in the Authorized Version incorrectly terminates in “s”, “Nethinims;” in the Revised Version correctly without the “s” (Ezr 2:70; Ezr 7:7, Ezr 7:24; Ezr 8:20, etc.). The Tradition is that the Gibeonites (Jos 9:27) were the original caste, afterwards called Nethinim Their Numbers were added to afterwards from captives taken in battle; and they were formally given by David to the Levites (Ezr 8:20), and so were called Nethinim i.e., the given ones, given to the Levites to be their servants.Onl 8:612 Nethinim returned from Babylon (Ezr 2:58; Ezr 8:20). They were under the control of a Chief from among themselves (Ezr 2:43;Neh 7:46). No reference to them appears in the New Testament because it is probable that they became merged in the general body of the Jewish people.

Netophah: distillation; dropping, a town in Judah in the neighbourhood, probably, of Bethlehem (Neh 7:26; Neh 7:1 Chronicles Neh 2:54). Two of David’s guards were Netophathites (Neh 2:1 Chronicles Neh 27:13, Neh 27:15). It has been identified with the ruins of Metoba, or Um Toba, to the north-east of Bethlehem

Nettle: (1.) Hebrews haral, “pricking” or “burning,”Pro 24:30, Pro 24:31 (R.V. marg., “wild vetches”);Job 30:7;Zep 2:9. Many have supposed that some thorny or prickly plant is intended by this Word such as the Bramble the Thistle the wild plum, the cactus or prickly pear, etc. It may probably be a species of Mustard the Sinapis arvensis, which is a pernicious weed abounding in corn-fields. Tristram thinks that this Word “designates the prickly acanthus (Acanthus spinosus), a very common and troublesome weed in the plains of Palestine ”

(Zep 2:2.) Hebrews qimmosh, Isaiah Zep 34:13; Hos. Zep 9:6;Pro 24:31 (in both versions, “thorns”). This Word has been regarded as denoting thorns,

thistles, wild camomile; but probably it is correctly rendered “nettle,” the Urtica pilulifera, “a tall and vigorous plant,Oft 24:6 feet High the sting of which is much more severe and irritating than that of our common Nettle ”

New: TESTAMENT (Luk 22:20), rather “New Covenant ” in contrast to the Old Covenant of Works which is superseded. “The Covenant of Grace is called New it succeeds to the Old broken Covenant of Works It is ever fresh, flourishing, and excellent; and under the gospel it is dispensed in a more clear, spiritual, extensive, and powerful manner than of old” (Brown of Haddington). Hence is derived the name given to the latter portion of the Bible (See Testament )

Neziah: victory; pure,Ezr 2:54; Nehemiah Ezr 7:56.

Nezib: a town in the “plain” of Judah It has been identified with Beit Nuzib, about 14 miles south-west of Jerusalem in the Wady Sur (Jos 15:43).

Bhaz: barker, the name of an Idol supposed to be an evil demon of the Zabians. It was set up in Samaria by the Avites (2Ki 17:31), probably in the form of a Dog

Bshan: fertile; Light soil, a City somewhere “in the wilderness” of Judah (Jos 15:62), probably near Engedi

Canor: conqueror, one of the Seven deacons appointed in the apostolic Church (Act 6:1-6). Nothing further is known of him.

Codemus: the people is victor, a Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin. He is first noticed as visiting Jesus by night (Jhn 3:1-21) for the purpose of learning more of his doctrines, which our Lord then unfolded to him, giving prominence to the necessity of being “bom again.” He is next met with in the Sanhedrin (Jhn 7:50-52), where he protested against the course they were taking in plotting against Christ Once more he is mentioned as taking part in the preparation for the anointing and Burial of the body of Christ (Jhn 19:39). We hear nothing more of him. There can be little doubt that he became a true Disciple

Colaitanes: The Church at Ephesus (Rev 2:6) is commended for hating the “deeds” of the Nicolaitanes, and the Church of Pergamos is blamed for having them who hold their “doctrines” (Rev 2:15). They were seemingly a class of professing Christians, who sought to introduce into the Church a false Freedom or licentiousness, thus abusing Paul’s doctrine of Grace (comp.2Pe 2:15, 2Pe 2:16, 2Pe 2:19), and were probably identical with those who held the doctrine of Baalam (q.v.),Rev 2:14.

Nicolas: the victory of the people, a Proselyte of Antioch one of the Seven deacons (Act 6:5).

Copolis: City of victory, where Paul intended to winter (Tit 3:12). There were several cities of this name. The one here referred to was most probably that in Epirus, which was built by Augustus Caesar to commemorate his victory at the battle of Actium (B.C. Tit 3:31). It is the modern Paleoprevesa, i.e., “Old Prevesa.” The subscription to the epistle to Titus calls it “Nicopolis of Macedonia”, i.e., of Thrace. This is, however, probably incorrect.

Niger: black, a surname of Simeon (Act 13:1). He was probably so called from his dark complexion.

NIGHT-

Mrah: pure, a City on the East of Jordan (Num 32:3); probably the same as Beth-nimrah (Jos 13:27). It has been identified with the Nahr Nimrin, at one of the fords of Jordan not far from Jericho

Mrim: , WATERS OF the Stream of the leopards, a Stream in Moab (Isa 15:6; Jeremiah Isa 48:34); probably the modern Wady en-Nemeirah, a rich, verdant spot at the south-eastern End of the Dead Sea

Nimrod: firm, a descendant of Cush the Son of Ham He was the first who claimed to be a “mighty one in the earth.” Babel was the beginning of his Kingdom which he gradually enlarged (Gen 10:8-10). The “land of Nimrod” (Mic 5:6) is a designation of Assyria or of Shinar which is a part of it.

Mshi: saved. Jehu was “the Son of Jehoshaphat the Son of Nimshi” (2Ki 9:2; comp.1Ki 19:16).

Nineveh: Fir 10:11, which is rendered in the Revised Version “He [i.e., Nimrod] went forth into Assyria and budded Nineveh ” It is not again noticed till the days of Jonah when it is described (Jon 3:3; Jon 4:11) as a great and populous City the flourishing capital of the Assyrian empire (2Ki 19:36;Isa 37:37). The book of the Prophet Nahum is almost exclusively taken up with prophetic denunciations against this City Its ruin and utter desolation are foretold (Nah.l:Isa 37:14; Isa 3:19, etc.). Zephaniah also (Isa 2:13-15) predicts its Destruction along with the Fall of the empire of which it was the capital. From this time there is no mention of it in Scripture till it is named in gospel history (Mat 12:41;Luk 11:32). ...

This “exceeding great city” lay on the eastern or Left bank of the River Tigris,Alo 11:30 miles,Hav 11:10 miles or more from the River back toward the eastern hills. This whole extensive space is now one immense area of ruins. Occupying a central position on the great Highway between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean, thus uniting the East and the West, wealth flowed into it from many sources, so that it became the greatest of all Ancient cities.

About B.C. Hav 11:633 the Assyrian empire began to show signs of weakness, and Nineveh was attacked by the Medes, who subsequently, about B.C. Hav 11:625, being joined by the Babylonians and Susianians, again attacked it, when it fell, and was razed to the Ground The Assyrian empire then came to an End the Medes and Babylonians dividing its provinces between them. “After having ruled for more than six hundred years with hideous tyranny and violence, from the Caucasus and the Caspian to the Persian Gulf, and from Beyond the Tigris to Asia Minor and Egypt it vanished like a dream” (Nah. Hav 2:6-11). Its End was strange, sudden, tragic. It was God’s doing, his judgement on Assyria’s pride (Isa 10:5-19).

Forty years ago our knowledge of the great Assyrian empire and of its magnificent capital was almost wholly a blank. Vague memories had indeed survived of its power and greatness, but very little was definitely known about it. Other cities which had perished, as Palmyra, Persepolis, and Thebes, had Left ruins to Mark their sites and tell of their former greatness; but of this City imperial Nineveh not a single vestige seemed to remain, and the very Place on which it had stood was only matter of conjecture. In fulfilment of Prophecy God made “an utter End of the Place ” It became a “desolation.”

In the days of the Greek historian Herodotus, B.C. Isa 10:400, it had become a thing of the past; and when Xenophon the historian passed the Place in the “Retreat of the Ten Thousand,” the very memory of its name had been lost. It was buried out of sight, and no one knew its Grave It is never again to rise from its ruins.

At length, after being lost for more than two thousand years, the City was disentombed. A little more than forty years ago the French consul at Mosul began to search the vast mounds that lay along the opposite bank of the River The Arabs whom he employed in these excavations, to their great surprise, came upon the ruins of a Building at the mound of Khorsabad, which, on further exploration, turned out to be the royal Palace of Sargon one of the Assyrian kings. They found their way into its extensive courts and chambers, and brought forth form its hidded depths many wonderful sculptures and other relics of those Ancient times.

The work of exploration has been carried on almost continuously by M. Botta, Sir Henry Layard, George Smith and others, in the mounds of Nebi- Yunus, Nimrud, Koyunjik, and Khorsabad, and a vast Treasury of specimens of Old Assyrian art has been exhumed. Palace after Palace has been discovered, with their decorations and their sculptured slabs, revealing the Life and manners of this Ancient people, their arts of war and Peace the forms of their religion, the style of their architecture, and the magnificence of their monarc hs. The streets of the City have been explored, the inscriptions on the bricks and tablets and sculptured figures have been read, and now the secrets of their history have been brought to Light

One of the most remarkable of recent discoveries is that of the library of King Assur-bani-pal, or, as the Greek historians Call him, Sardanapalos, the grandson of Sennacherib (q.v.). (See Asnapper ) This library consists of about ten thousand flat bricks or tablets, all written over with Assyrian characters. They contain a record of the history, the laws, and the religion of Assyria of the greatest value. These strange Clay leaves found in the royal library form the most valuable of all the treasuries of the literature of the Old world. The library contains also Old Accadian documents, which are the oldest extant documents in the world, dating as far back as probably about the time of Abraham (See Sargon )

“The Assyrian royalty is, perhaps, the most luxurious of our century [reign of Assur-bani-pa]... Its victories and conquests, uninterrupted for one hundred years, have enriched it with the spoil of twenty peoples. Sargon has taken what remained to the Hittites; Sennacherib overcame Chaldea and the treasures of Babylon were transferred to his coffers; Esarhaddon and Assur-bani-pal himself have pillaged Egypt and her great cities, Sais, Memphis and Thebes of the hundred gates. ..Now foreign merchants flock into Nineveh bringing with them the most valuable productions from all countries, Gold and perfume from South Arabia and the Chaldean Sea Egyptian Linen and glass-work, carved enamels, goldsmiths’ work, Tin Silver Phoenician purple; Cedar Wood from Lebanon unassailable by worms; furs and Iron from Asia Minor and Armenia” (Ancient Egypt and Assyria by G. Maspero,Pag 10:271).

The bas-reliefs, Alabaster slabs, and sculptured monuments found in these recovered palaces serve in a remarkable manner to confirm the Old Testament history of the kings of Israel The appearance of the ruins shows that the Destruction of the City was due not only to the assailing foe but also to the flood and the Fire thus confirming the Ancient prophecies concerning it. “The recent excavations,” says Rawlinson, “have shown that Fire was a great instrument in the Destruction of the Nineveh palaces. Calcined Alabaster charred Wood and charcoal, colossal statues split through with heat, are met with in parts of the Nineveh mounds, and attest the veracity of Prophecy ”

Nineveh in its Glory was (Jon 3:4) an “exceeding great City of three days’ journey”, i.e., probably in Circuit Thi 3:60 miles. At the four corners of an irregular quadrangle are the ruins of Kouyunjik, Nimrud, Karamless and Khorsabad. These four great masses of ruins, with the whole area included within the parallelogram they form by Lines drawn from the one to the other, are generally regarded as composing the whole ruins of Nineveh

San: Month of Flowers (Neh 2:1) the first Month of the Jewish sacred Year (See Abib ) Assyrian nisannu, “beginning.”

Sroch: probably connected with the Hebrew Word nesher, an eagle. An Assyrian God supposed to be that represented with the head of an eagle. Sennacherib was killed in the Temple of this Idol (2Ki 19:37;Isa 37:38).

Nitre: (Pro 25:20; R.V. marg., “soda”), properly “natron,” a substance so called because, rising from the bottom of the Lake Natron in Egypt it becomes dry and hard in the Sun and is the soda which effervesces when Vinegar is poured on it. It is a carbonate of soda, not saltpetre, which the Word generally denotes (Jer 2:22; R.V. “lye”).

No: ADI AH meeting with the Lord (1.) A Levite who returned from Babylon (Ezra 8:33).

(2.) A false prophetess who assisted Tobiah and Sanballat against the Jews (Nehemiah 6:14). Being bribed by them, she tried to stir up discontent among the inhabitants of Jerusalem and so to embarrass Nehemiah in his great work of rebuilding the ruined walls of the City

Noah: rest, (Hebrews Noah) the grandson of Methuselah (Gen 5:25-29), who was for two hundred and fifty years contemporary with Adam and the Son of Lamech who was about fifty years Old at the time of Adam’s Death This Patriarch is rightly regarded as the connecting link between the Old and the New world. He is the second great progenitor of the human family.

The words of his Father Lamech at his Birth (Gen 5:29) have been regarded as in a sense prophetical, designating Noah as a type of Him who is the true “rest and comfort” of men under the Burden of Life (Mat 11:28).

He lived five hundred years, and then there were bom unto him three sons, Shem Ham and Japheth (Gen 5:32). ... He was a “just Man and perfect in his Generation ” and “walked with God” (comp.Ezk 14:14,Ezk 14:20). But now the descendants of Cain and of Seth began to intermarry, and then there sprang up a race distinguished for their ungodliness. Men became more and more corrupt, and God determined to sweep the earth of its wicked population (Gen 6:7). But with Noah God entered into a Covenant with a promise of deliverance from the threatened deluge (Gen 6:18). He was accordingly commanded to build an Ark (Gen 6:14-16) for the saving of himself and his House An interval of one hundred and twenty years elapsed while the Ark was being built (Gen 6:3), during which Noah bore constant Testimony against the unbelief and wickedness of that Generation (Gen 6:1 Peter Gen 3:18-20; Gen 3:2 Peter Gen 2:5).

When the Ark of “gopher-wood” (mentioned only here) was at length completed according to the command of the Lord the Living creatures that were to be preserved entered into it; and then Noah and his Wife and sons and daughters-in-law entered it, and the “Lord shut him in” (Gen 7:16). The judgment-threatened now fell on the guilty world, “the world that then was, being overflowed with Water perished” (Gen 7:2 Peter Gen 3:6). The Ark floated on the waters for one hundred and fifty days, and then rested on the mountains of Ararat (Gen 8:3,Gen 8:4); but not for a considerable time after this was divine permission given him to leave the Ark so that he and his family were a whole Year shut up within it (Gen 8:14).

On leaving the Ark Noah’s first act was to erect an Altar the first of which there is any mention, and offer the sacrifices of adoring thanks and praise to God who entered into a Covenant with him, the first Covenant between God and Man granting him possession of the earth by a New and special charter, which remains in force to the present time (Gen 8:21-9:Gen 8:17). As a sign and Witness of this Covenant the Rainbow was adopted and set apart by God as a sure pledge that never again would the earth be destroyed by a flood.

But, alas! Noah after this fell into grievous sin (Gen 9:21); and the conduct of Ham on this sad occasion led to the memorable prediction regarding his three sons and their descendants. Noah “lived after the flood three hundred and fifty years, and he died” (Gen 28:29). (See DELUGE).

Noah, motion, (Hebrews No’ ah) one of the five daughters of Zelophehad (Num 26:33; Num 27:1; Num 36:11; Joshua Num 17:3).

Nob: AH howling. (1.) Numbers 32:42.

(2.) The name given to Kenath (q.v.) by Nobah when he conquered it. It was on the East of Gilead (Jdg 8:1 Jdg 8:1).

Nobleman: (Gr. basilikos, i.e., “king’s man”), an officer of state (Jhn 4:49) in the service of Herod Antipas He is supposed to have been the Chuza, Herod’s steward, whose Wife was one of those women who “ministered unto the Lord of their substance” (Luk 8:3). This officer came to Jesus at Cana and besought him to go down to Capernaum and heal his Son who lay there at the point of Death Our Lord sent him away with the joyful Assurance that his Son was alive.

Nod

Nodab: noble, probably a Tribe descended from one of the sons of Ishmael with whom the trans-Jordanic tribes made war (1 Chr.5:19).

Nogah: splendour, one of David’s sons, Born at Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 3:7).

Noph: the Hebrew name of an Egyptian City (Isa 19:13; Jeremiah Isa 2:16; Isa 44:1; Isa 46:14, Isa 46:19;Ezk 30:13, Ezk 30:16). In Hos. Ezk 9:6 the Hebrew name is Moph, and is translated “Memphis,” which is its Greek and Latin form. It was one of the most Ancient and important cities of Egypt and stood a little to the South of the modern Cairo, on the western bank of the Nile. It was the capital of Lower Egypt Among the ruins found at this Place is a colossal statue of Rameses the Great. (See Memphis )

Nophah: blast, a City of Moab which was occupied by the Amorites (Num 21:30).

North: COUNTRY a general name for the countries that lay North of Palestine Most of the invading armies entered Palestine from the North (Isa 41:25; Jeremiah Isa 1:14,Isa 1:15; Isa 50:3,Isa 50:9,Isa 50:41; Isa 51:48;Ezk 26:7).

Northward: (Hebrews tsaphon), a “hidden” or “dark Place ” as opposed to the sunny South (Deu 3:27). A Hebrew in speaking of the points of the compass was considered as always having his Face to the East and hence “the Left hand” (Gen 14:15;Job 23:9) denotes the North The “kingdoms of the north” are Chaldea Assyria Media etc.

Nose: -Jew 3:21,Alt 24:47,Pro 11:22, Hos. Pro 2:13. They were among the most valued of Ancient female ornaments. They “were made of Ivory or metal, and occasionally jewelled. They were more than an inch in diameter, and hung upon the mouth. Eliezer gave one to Rebekah which was of Gold and weighed half a Shekel At the present Day the women in the country and in the Desert wear these ornaments in one of the sides of the nostrils, which droop like the ears in consequence.”

Numbering: OF THE PEOPLE Besides the Numbering of the tribes mentioned in the history of the wanderings in the Wilderness we have an account of a general Census of the whole nation from Dan to Beersheba which David gave directions to Joab to make (1 Chronicles 21:1). Joab very reluctantly began to carry out the king’s command.

This act of David in ordering a Numbering of the people arose from pride and a self-glorifying Spirit It indicated a reliance on his part on an Arm of Flesh an estimating of his power not by the divine favour but by the material resources of his Kingdom He thought of military achievement and of conquest, and forgot that he was God’s vicegerent. In all this he sinned against God While Joab was engaged in the Census David’s heart smote him, and he became deeply conscious of his fault; and in profound Humiliation he confessed, “I have sinned greatly in what I have done.” The Prophet Gad was sent to him to Put before him three dreadful alternatives (2 Samuel 24:13; for “seven years” in this verse, the LXX.And 24:1 Chronicles And 21:12 have “three years”), three of Jehovah’s four sore Judgments (Ezk 14:21). ... Two of these David had already experienced. He had fled for some months before Absalom and had suffered three years’ Famine on account of the slaughter of the Gibeonites. In his “strait” David said, “Let me Fall into the hands of the Lord ” A pestilence broke out among the people,And 14:70,And 14:000. At David’s Intercession the Plague was stayed, and at the threshing-floor of Araunah (q.v.), where the destroying Angel was arrested in his progress, David erected an Altar and there offered up sacrifies to God (And 14:2 Chronicles And 3:1).

The Census so far as completed,Sho 3:1,Sho 3:300,Sho 3:000 fighting men in the Kingdom indicating at that time a population of about six or Seven millions in all. (See Census )

Numbers: , Book OF the fourth of the books of the Pentateuch called in the Hebrew be-midbar, i.e., “in the Wilderness ” In the LXX. Version it is called “Numbers,” and this name is now the usual title of the book. It is so called because it contains a record of the Numbering of the people in the Wilderness of Sinai (1-4), and of their Numbering afterwards on the Plain of Moab (26).

This book is of special historical interest as furnishing us with details as to the route of the Israelites in the Wilderness and their principal encampments. It may be divided into three parts:

1. The Numbering of the people at Sinai, and preparations for their resuming their march (1 10:10). The sixth Chapter gives an account of the vow of a Nazarite

1 10:2. ... An account of the Journey from Sinai to Moab the sending out of the Spies and the report they brought back, and the murmurings (eight times) of the people at the hardships by the way (1 10:11 21:20).

1 21:3. The transactions in the Plain of Moab before crossing the Jordan (1 21:21 -eh. 1 21:36).

The period comprehended in the history extends from the second Month of the second Year after the Exodus to the beginning of the eleventh Month of the fortieth Year in all about thirty-eight years and ten months; a dreary period of wanderings, during which that disobedient Generation all died in the Wilderness They were fewer in number at the End of their wanderings than when they Left the land of Egypt We see in this history, on the one Hand the unceasing care of the Almighty over his Chosen people during their wanderings; and, on the other Hand the murmurings and rebellions by which they offended their heavenly Protector, drew down repeated marks of his displeasure, and provoked him to say that they should “not enter into his rest” because of their unbelief (Heb 3:19).

This, l ik e the other books of the Pentateuch bears evidence of having been written by Moses

The expression “the book of the wars of the Lord ”Occ 21:14, has given rise to much discussion. But, after all, “what this book was is uncertain, whether some Writing of Israel not now extant, or some Writing of the Amorites which contained songs and triumphs of their King Sihon’s victories, out of which Moses may cite this Testimony as Paul sometimes does out of Heathen poets (Act 17:28;Tit 1:12).”

Nun: Beyond the fact that he was the Father of Joshua nothing more is known of him (Exo 33:1 Exo 33:1).

Nuts: were among the presents Jacob sent into Egypt for the purpose of conciliating Joseph (Gen 43:11). This was the Fruit of the pistachio Tree which resembles the sumac. It is of the size of an Olive In Cant. Gen 6:11 a different Hebrew Word (‘egoz), which means “walnuts,” is used.

Nymphas: nymph, saluted by Paul in his Epistle to the Colossians as a member of the Church of Laodicea (Col 4:15).

Oak

Oath: a Solemn Appeal to God permitted on fitting occasions (Deu 6:13; Jeremiah Deu 4:2), in various forms (Gen 16:5;2Sa 12:5; Ruth 2Sa 1:17; Hos. 2Sa 4:15;Rom 1:9), and taken in different ways (Gen 14:22; Gen 24:2; Gen 24:2 Chronicles Gen 6:22). God is represented as taking an Oath (Heb 6:16-18), so also Christ (Mat 26:64), and Paul (Rom 9:1; Galatians Rom 1:20; Phil. Rom 1:8). The precept, “Swear not at all,” refers probably to ordinary Conversation between Man and Man (Mat 5:34,Mat 5:37). But if the words are taken as referring to oaths, then their intention may have been to show “that the proper state of Christians is to require no oaths; that when evil is expelled from among them every yea and nay Will be as decisive as an Oath every promise as binding as a vow.”

Obadiah: , BOOK OF consists of one Chapter “concerning Edom ” its impending doom (1:1-16), and the restoration of Israel (1:17-21). This is the shortest book of the Old Testament

There are on record the account of four captures of Jerusalem (1) by Shishak in the reign of Rehoboam (1Ki 14:25); (1Ki 14:2) by the Philistines and Arabians in the reign of Jehoram (1Ki 14:2 Chronicles 1Ki 21:16); (1Ki 21:3) by Joash the King of Israel in the reign of Amaziah (2Ki 14:13); and (2Ki 14:4) by the Babylonians, when Jerusalem was taken and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar (B.C. 2Ki 14:586). Obadiah (2Ki 1:11-14) speaks of this capture as a thing past. ... He sees the calamity as having already come on Jerusalem and the Edomites as joining their Forces with those of the Chaldeans in bringing about the degradation and ruin of Israel We do not indeed read that the Edomites actually took part with the Chaldeans, but the probabilities are that they did so, and this explains the words of Obadiah in denouncing against Edom the Judgments of God The Date of his prophecies was thus in or about the Year of the Destruction of Jerusalem

Edom is the type of Israel’s and of God’s last foe (Isa 63:1-4). These Will finally all be vanquished, and the Kingdom Will be the Lord’s (comp.Psa 22:28).

Oral: stripped, the eight Son of Joktan (Gen 10:28); called also Ebal (Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:22).

Obed: serving; worshipping. (1.) A Son of Boaz and Ruth (Rut 4:21, Rut 4:22), and the grandfather of David (Mat 1:5).

(Mat 1:2.) Mat 1:1 Chronicles Mat 2:34-38.

(Mat 2:3.) Mat 2:1 Chronicles Mat 26:7.

(Mat 26:4.) Mat 26:2 Chronicles Mat 23:1.

OBED-

Edom: servant of Edom (1.) “The Gittite” (probably so called because he was a native of Gath-rimmon), a Levite of the family of the Korhites (1Ch 26:1,4 26:8), to whom was specially intrusted the custody of the Ark (1Ch 15:18). When David was bringing up the Ark “from the House of Abinadab that was in Gibeah” (probably some Hill or eminence near Kirjath-jearim), and had reached Nachon’s threshing-floor, he became afraid because of the “breach upon Uzzah ” and carried it aside into the House of Obededom (2Sa 6:1-12). There it remained for six months, and was to him and his House the occasion of great blessing. David then removed it with great rejoicing to Jerusalem and set it in the midst of the Tabernacle he had pitched for it.

(2Sa 6:2.) A Merarite Levite a Temple Porter who with his eight sons guarded the southern Gate (1Ch 15:18, 1Ch 15:21; 1Ch 26:4, 1Ch 26:8, 1Ch 26:15).

(1Ch 26:3.) One who had charge of the Temple treasures (2Ch 25:24).

Obeisance: homage or reverence to any one (Gen 37:7; Gen 43:28).

Obil: a Keeper of camels, an Ishmaelite who was “over the camels” in the time of David (1 Chronicles 27:30).

Oboth: bottles, an encampment of the Israelites during the wanderings in the Wilderness (Num 33:43), the first after the setting up of the brazen Serpent

Oded: restoring, or setting up. (1.) Father of the Prophet Azariah (2Ch 15:1, 2Ch 15:8).

(2Ch 15:2.) A Prophet in the time of Ahaz and Pekah (2Ch 28:9-15).

Offence: (1.) An injury or wrong done to one (1 Samuel 25:31; Romans 5:15).

(2.) A stumbling-block or cause of Temptation (Isa 8:14; Matthew Isa 16:23; Isa 18:7). Greek skandalon, properly that at which one stumbles or takes Offence The “offence of the cross” (Gal 5:11) is the Offence the Jews took at the teaching that Salvation was by the crucified One, and by him alone. Salvation by the Cross was a stumbling-block to their national pride.

Og: gigantic, the King of Bashan who was defeated by Moses in a pitched battle at Edrei and was slain along with his sons (Deuteronomy :4), and whose Kingdom was given to the tribes of Reuben and Gad and half the Tribe of Manasseh (Numbers 21:32-35; Deuteronomy 3:1-13). His Bedstead (or rather sarcophagus) was of Iron (or ironstone), 9 cubits in length and 4 cubits in breadth. His overthrow was afterwards celebrated in song (Psalm 135:11; 136:20). (See SIHON.)

Ohad: united, or power, the third Son of Simeon (Gen 46:10).

Ohel: a House Tent the fourth Son of Zerubbabel (1Ch 3:20).

Oil: Only Olive Oil seems to have been used among the Hebrews It was used for many purposes: for anointing the body or the Hair (Exo 29:7; Exo 29:2 Samuel Exo 14:2;Psa 23:5; Psa 92:10; Psa 104:15; Luke Psa 7:46); in some of the offerings (Exo 29:40; Leviticus Exo 7:12; Numbers Exo 6:15; Exo 15:4), but was excluded from the sin-offering (Lev 5:11) and the jealousy-offering (Num 5:15); for burning in lamps (Exo 25:6; Exo 27:20; Matthew Exo 25:3); for medicinal purposes (Isa 1:6; Luke Isa 10:34; James Isa 5:14); and for anointing the Dead (Mat 26:12; Luke Mat 23:56). ...

It was one of the most valuable products of the country (Deu 32:13;Ezk 16:13), and formed an article of extensive commerce with Tyre (Ezk 27:17).

The use of it was a sign of gladness (Psa 92:10; Isaiah Psa 61:3), and its omission a token of sorrow (Psa 61:2 Samuel Psa 14:2; Matthew Psa 6:17). It was very abundant in Galilee. (See Olive )

OIL-

Oint: ME NT Various fragrant preparations, also compounds for medical purposes, are so called (Exo 30:25;Psa 133:2; Isaiah Psa 1:6; Amos Psa 6:6; John Psa 12:3; Revelation Psa 18:13).

Old: GATE one of the gates in the North Wall of Jerusalem so called because built by the Jebusites (Neh 3:6; Neh 12:39).

Olive: the Fruit of the olive-tree. This Tree yielded Oil which was highly valued. The best Oil was from olives that were plucked before being fully ripe, and then Beaten or squeezed (Deu 24:20;Isa 17:6; Isa 24:13). It was called “beaten,” or “fresh oil” (Exo 27:20). There were also oil-presses, in which the Oil was trodden out by the feet (Mic 6:15). James (Mic 3:12) calls the Fruit “olive berries.” The phrase “vineyards and olives” (Jdg 15:5, A.V.) should be simply “olive-yard,” or “olive-garden,” as in the Revised Version (See Oil )

OLIVE-

Ves: , Mount OF so called from the Olive trees with which its sides are clothed, is a mountain ridge on the East of Jerusalem (1Ki 11:7;Ezk 11:23; Zechariah Ezk 14:4), from which it is separated by the Valley of Kidron. It is first mentioned in connection with David’s flight from Jerusalem through the rebellion of Absalom (2Sa 15:30), and is only once again mentioned in the Old Testament in Zechariah 2Sa 14:4. It is, however, frequently alluded to (1Ki 11:7;2Ki 23:13; Nehemiah 2Ki 8:15;Ezk 11:23).

It is frequently mentioned in the New Testament (Mat 21:1; Mat 26:30, etc.). It now bears the name of Jebel et-Tur, i.e., “Mount of the Summit;” also sometimes called Jebel ez-Zeitun, i.e., “Mount of Olives.”It 26:200 feet above the level of the City The Road from Jerusalem to Bethany runs as of Old over this Mount It was on this Mount that Jesus stood when he wept over Jerusalem “No name in Scripture ” says Dr. ... Porter “calls up associations at once so sacred and so pleasing as that of Olivet. The ‘mount’ is so intimately connected with the private, the devotional Life of the Saviour that we read of it and look at it with feelings of deepest interest and Affection Here he often sat with his disciples, telling them of wondrous events yet to come, of the Destruction of the Holy City of the sufferings, the Persecution and the final triumph of his followers (Mat 26:24). Here he gave them the Beautiful parables of the ten virgins and the five talents (Mat 26:25); here he was wont to retire on each Evening for meditation, and Prayer and Rest of body, when weary and harassed by the labours and trials of the Day (Luk 21:37); and here he came on the night of his betrayal to utter that wonderful Prayer ‘O my Father if it be possible, let this cup pass from me: nevertheless not as I Will but as thou wilt’ (Mat 26:39). And when the cup of God’s wrath had been Drunk and Death and the Grave conquered, he led his disciples out again over Olivet as far as to Bethany and after a parting blessing ascended to Heaven (Luk 24:50, Luk 24:51; Acts Luk 1:12).”

This Mount or rather mountain range, has four summits or peaks: (Luk 1:1) the “Galilee” peak, so called from a Tradition that the angels stood here when they spoke to the disciples (Act 1:11); (Act 1:2) the “Mount of Ascension,” the supposed site of that event, which was, however, somewhere probably nearer Bethany (Luk 24:51, Luk 24:52); (Luk 24:3) the “Prophets,” from the catacombs on its side, called “the prophets’ tombs;” and (Luk 24:4) the “Mount of Corruption,” so called because of the “high places” erected there by Solomon for the idolatrous Worship of his foreign wives (1Ki 11:7;2Ki 23:13; Vulg., “Mount of Offence”).

Olympas: a Roman Christian whom Paul salutes (Rom 16:15).

Omar: eloquent, the Son of Eliphaz who was Esau’s eldest Son (Gen 36:11-15).

Omega: (Rev 1:8), the last Letter in the Greek alphabet. (See A.)

Omer: a handful, one-tenth of an ephah=half a gallon dry Measure (Exo 16:22, Exo 16:32, Exo 16:33, Exo 16:36)=“tenth deal.”

Omri: servant of Jehovah When Elah was murdered by Zimri at Tirzah (1Ki 16:15-27), Omri his Captain was made King (B.C. 1Ki 16:931). For four years there was continued opposition to his reign, Tibni, another claimant to the Throne leading the opposing party; but at the close of that period all his rivals were defeated, and he became King of Israel “Tibni died and Omri reigned” (B.C. 1Ki 16:927). By his vigour and power he gained great eminence and consolidated the Kingdom He fixed his dynasty on the Throne so firmly that it continued during four succeeding reigns. Tirza was for six years the seat of his government. He then removed the capital to Samaria (q.v.), where he died, and was succeeded by his Son Ahab “He wrought evil in the eyes of the Lord and did worse than all that were before him.”

Beth-omri, “the house” or “city of Omri ” is the name usually found on Assyrian inscriptions for Samaria In the stele of Mesha (the “Moabite stone”), which was erected in Moab about twenty or thirty years after Omri’s Death it is recorded that Omri oppressed Moab till Mesha delivered the land: “Omri, King of Israel oppressed Moab many days, for Chemosh was angry with his land. ... His Son succeeded him, and he also said, I Will oppress Moab” (comp.2Ki 1:1; 2Ki 3:4, 2Ki 3:5). The “Moabite stone” also records that “Omri took the land of Medeba and occupied it in his Day and in the days of his Son forty years.”

Onan: strong, the second Son of Judah (Gen 38:4-10; comp.Deu 25:5; Matthew Deu 22:24). He died before the going down of Jacob and his family into Egypt

Onesimus: useful, a Slave who, after robbing his master Philemon (q.v.) at Colosse, fled to Rome where he was converted by the Apostle Paul who sent him back to his master with the epistle which bears his name. In it he beseeches Philemon to receive his Slave as a “faithful and beloved Brother ” Paul offers to pay to Philemon anything his Slave had taken, and to bear the wrong he had done him. He was accompanied on his return by Tychicus the Bearer of the Epistle to the Colossians (Phm 1:16, Phm 1:18).

The story of this Fugitive Colossian Slave is a remarkable evidence of the Freedom of access to the prisoner which was granted to all, and “a Beautiful illustration both of the character of St. Paul and the transfiguring power and righteous principles of the gospel.”

Onesiphorus: bringing profit, an Ephesian Christian who showed great kindness to Paul at Rome He served him in many things, and had oft refreshed him. Paul expresses a warm interest in him and his household (2 Timothy 1:16-18; 4:19).

Onion: The Israelites in the Wilderness longed for the “onions and garlick of Egypt” (Numbers 1 Num 1:5). This was the betsel of the Hebrews the Allium cepe of botanists, of which it is said that there are some thirty or forty species now growing in Palestine The Onion is “the ‘undivided’ Leek unio , unus, one.”

Ono

Onyx: a Hail claw; Hoof (Hebrews shoham), a precious Stone adorning the breast-plate of the High Priest and the shoulders of the Ephod (Exo 28:9-12, Exo 28:20; Exo 35:27;Job 28:16;Ezk 28:13). It was found in the land of Havilah (Gen 2:12). The LXX. translates the Hebrew Word by smaragdos, an Emerald Some think that the Sardonyx is meant. But the Onyx differs from the Sardonyx in this, that while the latter has two layers (black and white) the former has three (black, white, and red).

Open: PLACE Genesis 38:14, 21, mar. Enaim; the same probably as Enam (Jos 15:34), a City in the lowland or Shephelah.

Ophel: hill; mound, the long, narrow, rounded promontory on the southern slope of the Temple Hill between the Tyropoeon and the Kedron Valley (2 Chronicles 27:3; 33:14; Nehemiah 3:26, 27). It was surrounded by a separate Wall and was occupied by the Nethinim after the Captivity

This Wall has been discovered by the engineers of the Palestine Exploration Fund at the south-eastern angle of the Temple area.It 3:4 feet below the present surface.In 3:2Kin 5:24 this Word is translated “tower” (R.V., “hill”), denoting probably some eminence near Elisha’s House

Ophir: (1.) One of the sons of Joktan (Gen 10:29).

(Gen 10:2.) Some region famous for its Gold (1Ki 9:28; 1Ki 10:11; 1Ki 22:48; Job 1Ki 22:24; 1Ki 28:16; Isaiah 1Ki 13:12). In the LXX. this Word is rendered “Sophir,” and “Sofir” is the Coptic name for India which is the rendering of the Arabic Version as also of the Vulgate. Josephus has identified it with the Golden Chersonese, i.e., the Malay peninsula. It is now generally identified with Abhira, at the mouth of the Indus. Much may be said, however, in favour of the opinion that it was somewhere in Arabia

Ophni: mouldy, a City of Benjamin (Jos 18:24).

Ophrah: a fawn. 1 Chronicles 4:14. (1.) A City of Benjamin (Jos 18:23); probably identical with Ephron (Jos 18:2 Chronicles Jos 13:19) and Ephraim (Jhn 11:54).

(Jhn 11:2.) “Of the Abi-ezrites.” A City of Manasseh Jhn 11:6 miles south-west of Shechem the residence of Gideon (Jdg 6:11; Jdg 8:27, Jdg 8:32). After his great victory over the Midianites, he slew at this Place the Captive kings (Jdg 8:18-21). He then assumed the function of High Priest and sought to make Ophrah what Shiloh should have been. This thing “became a snare” to Gideon and his House After Gideon’s Death his family resided here till they were Put to Death by Abimelech (Jdg 9:5). It is identified with Ferata.

Oracle: In the Old Testament used in every case, except 2Sam 16:23, to denote the most Holy Place in the Temple (1Ki 6:5,19 6:23; 19 8:6).In 8:2Sam 16:23 it means the Word of God A Man inquired “at the Oracle of God” by means of the Urim and Thummim in the Breastplate on the High priest’s Ephod In the New Testament it is used only in the plural, and always denotes the Word of God (Rom 3:2; Hebrews Rom 5:12, etc.). The Scriptures are called “living oracles” (comp. Hebrews Rom 4:12) because of their quickening power (Act 7:38).

Oreb: , THE Rock OF the Place where Gideon slew Oreb after the defeat of the Midianites (Jdg 7:25; Isaiah Jdg 10:26). It was probably the Place now called Orbo, on the East of Jordan near Bethshean.

Oren: ash or pine, the Son of Jerahmeel (1 Chronicles 2:25).

Organ

Orion: Hebrews Kesil; i.e., “the fool”, the name of a Constellation (Job 9:9; Job 38:31;Amo 5:8) consisting of about eighty Stars The Vulgate renders thus, but the LXX. renders by Hesperus, i.e., “the evening-star,” Venus. The Orientals “appear to have conceived of this Constellation under the figure of an impious giant bound upon the sky.” This giant was, according to Tradition Nimrod the type of the folly that contends against God In 13:10 the plural form of the Hebrew Word is rendered “constellations.”

Ornan: 1 Chronicles 21:15. (See Araunah )

Orpah: forelock or fawn, a Moabitess, the Wife of Chilion (Rut 1:4; Rut 4:10). On the Death of her Husband she accompanied Naomi her mother-in-law, part of the way to Bethlehem and then returned to Moab

Orphans: (Lam 5:3), i.e., desolate and without protectors. The Word occurs only here.In 14:18 the Word there rendered “comfortless” (R.V., “desolate;” marg., “orphans”) properly means “orphans.” The same Greek Word is rendered “fatherless”In 1:27.

Osprey: Hebrews ‘ozniyyah, an unclean Bird according to the Mosaic Law (Lev 11:13;Deu 14:12); the fish-eating eagle (Pandion haliaetus); one of the lesser eagles. But the Hebrew Word may be taken to denote the short-toed eagle (Circaetus gallicus of Southern Europe), one of the most abundant of the eagle Tribe found in Palestine

Ossifrage: Hebrews peres = to “break” or “crush”, the lammer-geier, or bearded Vulture the largest of the whole Vulture Tribe It was an unclean Bird (Lev 11:13;Deu 14:12). It is not a gregarious Bird and is found but rarely in Palestine “When the other vultures have picked the Flesh off any Animal he comes in at the End of the Feast and swallows the bones, or breaks them, and swallows the Pieces if he cannot otherwise extract the marrow. The bones he cracks [hence the appropriateness of the name Ossifrage i.e., “bone-breaker”] by letting them Fall on a Rock from a great height. He does not, however, confine himself to these delicacies, but whenever he has an opportunity Will devour lambs, kids, or hares. ... These he generally obtains by pushing them over cliffs, when he has watched his opportunity; and he has been known to attack men while climbing rocks, and dash them against the bottom. But tortoises and serpents are his ordinary Food No doubt it was a lammer-geier that mistook the bald head of the poet AEschylus for a Stone and dropped on it the Tortoise which killed him” (Tristram’s Nat. Hist.).

Ostrich: (Lam 4:3), the rendering of Hebrew pi. enim; so called from its greediness and gluttony. The allusion here is to the habit of the Ostrich with reference to its eggs, which is thus described: “The outer layer of eggs is generally so ill covered that they are destroyed in quantities by jackals, wild-cats, etc., and that the natives carry them away, only taking care not to leave the marks of their footsteps, since, when the Ostrich comes and finds that her nest is discovered, she crushes the whole brood, and builds a nest elsewhere.”In 39:13 this Word in the Authorized Version is the rendering of a Hebrew Word (notsah) which means “feathers,” as in the Revised Version In the same verse the Word “peacocks” of the Authorized Version is the rendering of the Hebrew pi. renanim, properly meaning “ostriches,” as in the Revised Version (See Owl [In 39:1].)

Othni: a lion of Jehovah a Son of Shemaiah and one of the Temple porters in the time of David (1 Chronicles 26:7). He was a “mighty Man of valour.”

Othniel: lion of God the first of the Judges His Wife Achsah was the Daughter of Caleb (Jos 15:16, Jos 15:17;Jdg 1:13). He gained her Hand as a reward for his Bravery in leading a successful expedition against Debir (q.v.). Some thirty years after the Death of Joshua the Israelites fell under the subjection of Chushan-rishathaim (q.v.), the King of Mesopotamia. He oppressed them for full eight years, when they “cried” unto Jehovah and Othniel was raised up to be their deliverer. He was the younger Brother of Caleb (Jdg 3:8,9 3:11). He is the only Judge mentioned connected with the Tribe of Judah Under him the land had Rest forty years.

Ouches: an Old English Word denoting cavities or sockets in which gems were set (Exo 28:11).

Oven: Hebrews tannur, (Hos. 7:4). In towns there appear to have been public ovens. There was a Street in Jerusalem (Jer 37:21) called “bakers’ street” (the only case in which the name of a Street in Jerusalem is preserved). The words “tower of the furnaces” (Neh 3:11; Neh 12:38) is more properly “tower of the ovens” (Hebrews tannurim). These resemble the ovens in use among ourselves.

There were other private ovens of different kinds. Some were like large jars made of earthenware or Copper which were heated inside with Wood (1Ki 17:12; Isaiah 1Ki 44:15; Jeremiah 1Ki 7:18) or Grass (Mat 6:30), and when the Fire had burned out, small Pieces of Dough were placed inside or spread in thin layers on the outside, and were thus baked. (See Furnace )

Pits were also formed for the same purposes, and lined with cement. These were used after the same manner.

Heated Stones or sand heated by a Fire heaped over it, and also flat irons pans, all served as ovens for the preparation of Bread (See Genesis Mat 18:6;1Ki 19:6.)

Owl: (1.) Hebrews bath-haya’anah, “daughter of greediness” or of “shouting.” In the list of unclean birds (Lev 11:16;Deu 14:15);Als 30:29;Isa 13:21; Isa 34:13; Isa 43:20;Jer 0:39;Mic 1:8. In all these passages the Revised Version translates “ostrich” (q.v.), which is the correct rendering.

(Mic 1:2.) Hebrews yanshuph, rendered “great owl”In 11:17;Deu 14:16, and “owl”In 34:11. This is supposed to be the Egyptian eagle-owl (Bubo ascalaphus), which takes the Place of the eagle-owl (Bubo maximus) found in Southern Europe. It is found frequenting the ruins of Egypt and also of the Holy Land. “Its cry is a loud, prolonged, and very powerful hoot. I know nothing which more vividly brought to my mind the sense of desolation and loneliness than the re-echoing hoot of two or three of these great owls as I stood at midnight among the ruined temples of Baalbek” (Tristram). ...

The LXX. and Vulgate render this Word by “ibis”, i.e., the Egyptian Heron

(In 34:3.) Hebrews kos, rendered “little owl”In 11:17;Deu 14:16, and “owl”In 102:6. The Arabs Call this Bird “the mother of ruins.” It is by far the most common of all the owls of Palestine It is the Athene persica, the Bird of Minerva, the symbol of Ancient Athens

(In 102:4.) Hebrews kippoz, the “great owl” (Isa 34:15); Revised Version “arrow-snake;” LXX. and Vulgate, “hedgehog,” reading in the text, kippod, instead of kippoz. There is no reason to doubt the correctness of the rendering of the Authorized Version Tristram says: “The Word [i.e., kippoz] is very possibly an imitation of the cry of the scops Owl (Scops giu), which is very common among ruins, caves, and Old walls of towns. ..It is a migrant, returning to Palestine in Spring ”

(Isa 34:5.) Hebrews lilith, “screech owl” (Isa 34:14, marg. and R.V., “night monster”). The Hebrew Word is from a root signifying “night.” Some species of the Owl is obviously intended by this Word It may be the hooting or tawny Owl (Syrnium aluco), which is common in Egypt and in many parts of Palestine This verse in Isaiah is “descriptive of utter and perpetual desolation, of a land that should be full of ruins, and inhabited by the animals that usually make such ruins their abode.”

Ox: GOAD mentioned only in Judges 3:31, the weapon with which Shamgar (q.v.) slew six hundred Philistines “The ploughman still carries his Goad a weapon apparently more fitted for the Hand of the soldier than the peaceful Husbandman The one I saw was of the ‘oak of Bashan ’ and measured upwards of ten feet in length. At one End was an Iron spear, and at the other a piece of the same metal flattened. One can well understand how a warrior might use such a weapon with effect in the battle-field” (Porter’s Syria etc.). (See Goad )

Ozem: strong. (1.) One of David’s brothers; the sixth Son of Jesse (1 Chronicles 2:15).

(2.) A Son of Jerahmeel (1 Chronicles 2:25).

Ozias: son of Joram (Mat 1:8); called also Uzziah (2Ki 15:32, 2Ki 15:34).

Ozni: hearing, one of the sons of Gad also called Ezbon (Gen 46:16;Num 26:16).

Paarai

Padan: a Plain occurring only in Genesis 48:7, where it designates Padan-aram.

PADAN-

Pagiel: God allots, a Prince of the Tribe of Asher (Num 1:13), in the Wilderness

PAHATH-

Moab: governor of Moab a person whose descendants returned from the Captivity and assisted in rebuilding Jerusalem (Ezr 2:6; Ezr 8:4; Ezr 10:30).

Paint: Jezebel “painted her face” (2Ki 9:30); and the practice of painting the Face and the eyes seems to have been common (Jer 4:30;Ezk 23:40). An allusion to this practice is found in the name of Job’s Daughter (Ezk 42:14) Kerenhappuch (q.v.). Paintings in the modern sense of the Word were unknown to the Ancient Jews.

Palace: Used now only of royal Dwellings although originally meaning simply (as the Latin Word palatium, from which it is derived, shows) a Building surrounded by a Fence or a paling. In the Authorized Version there are many different words so rendered, presenting different ideas, such as that of citadel or lofty fortress or royal residence (Neh 1:1;Dan 8:2). It is the name given to the Temple fortress (Neh 2:8) and to the Temple itself (1Ch 29:1). It denotes also a spacious Building or a great House (Dan 1:4; Dan 4:4, Dan 4:29:Est 1:5; Est 7:7), and a fortified Place or an enclosure (Ezk 25:4). Solomon’s PalaceIs 25:1Kin 7:1-12 as a series of buildings rather than a single great structure. ... Thirteen years were spent in their erection. This Palace stood on the eastern Hill adjoining the Temple on the South

In the New Testament it designates the official residence of Pilate or that of the High Priest (Mat 26:3, Mat 26:58, Mat 26:69;Mrk 14:54, Mrk 14:66;Jhn 18:15). In Phil. Jhn 1:13 this Word is the rendering of the Greek praitorion, meaning the praetorian cohorts at Rome (the life-guard of the Caesars). Paul was continually chained to a soldier of that corps (Act 28:16), and hence his name and sufferings became known in all the Praetorium The “soldiers that kept” him would, on relieving one another on Guard naturally spread the tidings regarding him among their comrades. Some, however, regard the praetroium (q.v.) as the barrack within the Palace (the palatium) of the Caesars in Rome where a detachment of these praetorian guards was stationed, or as the Camp of the guards placed outside the eastern walls of Rome

“In the chambers which were occupied as guard-rooms,” says Dr. Manning, “by the praetorian troops on duty in the Palace a number of rude caricatures are found roughly scratched upon the walls, just such as may be seen upon barrack walls in every part of the world. Amongst these is one of a human figure nailed upon a Cross To add to the ‘offence of the Cross ’ the crucified one is represented with the head of an Animal probably that of an Ass Before it stands the figure of a Roman legionary with one Hand upraised in the attitude of Worship Underneath is the rude, misspelt, ungrammatical inscription, Alexamenos worships his God It can scarcely be doubted that we have here a contemporary caricature, executed by one of the praetorian Guard ridiculing the Faith of a Christian comrade.”

Palestine: originally denoted only the sea-coast of the land of Canaan inhabited by the Philistines (Exo 15:14;Isa 14:29, Isa 14:31; Joel Isa 3:4), and in this sense exclusively the Hebrew name Pelesheth (rendered “Philistia”In 60:8; In 83:7; In 87:4; In 108:9) occurs in the Old Testament

Not till a late period in Jewish history was this name used to denote “the land of the Hebrews” in general (Gen 40:15). It is also called “the Holy land” (Zec 2:12), the “land of Jehovah” (Hos. Zec 9:3;Psa 85:1), the “land of promise” (Heb 11:9), because promised to Abraham (Gen 12:7; Gen 24:7), the “land of Canaan” (Gen 12:5), the “land of Israel” (1Sa 13:19), and the “land of Judah” (Isa 19:17). ...

The territory promised as an inheritance to the seed of Abraham (Gen 15:18-21;Num 34:1-12) was bounded on the East by the River Euphrates on the west by the Mediterranean, on the North by the entrance of Hamath ” and on the South by the “river of Egypt ” This extent of territory,Abo 34:60,Abo 34:000 square miles, was at length conquered by David and was ruled over also by his Son Solomon (2Sa 34:8;1Ch 34:18;1Ki 4:1, 1Ki 4:21). This vast empire was the Promised Land; but Palestine was only a part of it, terminating in the North at the southern extremity of the Lebanon range, and in the South in the Wilderness of Paran Thu 4:144 miles in length.Its 4:60 miles from the Mediterranean on the west to Beyond the Jordan It has fittingly been designated “the least of all lands.” Western Palestine on the South of Gaza Is 4:40 miles in breadth from the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea narrowing gradually toward the North Whe 4:20 miles from the sea-coast to the Jordan

Palestine, “set in the midst” (Ezk 5:5) of all other lands, is the most remarkable country on the Face of the earth. No single country of such an extent has so great a variety of climate, and hence also of plant and Animal Life Moses describes it as “a good land, a land of brooks of Water of fountains and depths that Spring out of valleys and hills; a land of wheat, and Barley and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranates; a land of Oil Olive and Honey a land wherein thou shalt not eat Bread without scarceness, thou shalt not lack any thing in it; a land whose Stones are Iron and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass” (Deu 8:7-9).

“In the time of Christ the country looked, in all probability, much as now. The whole land consists of rounded limestone hills, fretted into countless stony valleys, Offering but rarely level tracts, of which Esdraelon alone, below Nazareth, is large enough to be seen on the map. The original woods had for ages disappeared, though the slopes were dotted, as now, with figs, olives, and other fruit-trees where there was any soil. Permanent streams were even then unknown, the passing Rush of winter torrents being all that was seen among the hills. The autumn and Spring rains, caught in Deep cisterns hewn out like huge underground jars in the soft limestone, with artificial mud-banked ponds still found near all Villages furnished Water Hills now bare, or at best rough with stunted growth, were then terraced, so as to grow vines, olives, and Grain To-day almost desolate, the country then teemed with population. Wine-presses cut in the rocks, endless terraces, and the ruins of Old vineyard Towers are now found amidst solitudes overgrown for ages with thorns and thistles, or with wild shrubs and poor gnarled scrub” (Geikie’s Life of Christ).

From an early period the land was inhabited by the descendants of Canaan who retained possession of the whole land “from Sidon to Gaza” till the time of the conquest by Joshua when it was occupied by the twelve tribes. Two tribes and a half had their allotments given them by Moses on the East of the Jordan (Deu 3:12-20; comp.Num 1:17-46;Jos 4:12-13). The remaining tribes had their portion on the west of Jordan

From the conquest till the time of Saul about four hundred years, the people were governed by Judges For a period of one hundred and twenty years the Kingdom retained its unity while it was ruled by Saul and David and Solomon On the Death of Solomon his Son Rehoboam ascended the Throne but his conduct was such that ten of the tribes revolted, and formed an independent monarchy, called the Kingdom of Israel or the northern Kingdom the capital of which was first Shechem and afterwards Samaria This Kingdom was destroyed. The Israelites were carried Captive by Shalmanezer, King of Assyria B.C. Jos 4:722, after an independent existence of two hundred and fifty-three years. The Place of the captives carried away was supplied by tribes brought from the East and thus was formed the Samaritan nation (2Ki 17:24-29).

Nebuchadnezzar came up against the Kingdom of the two tribes, the Kingdom of Judah the capital of which was Jerusalem one hundred and thirty-four years after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Israel He overthrew the City plundered the Temple and carried the people into Captivity to Babylon (B.C. 2Ki 17:587), where they remained Seventy years. At the close of the period of the Captivity they returned to their own land, under the edict of Cyrus (Ezr 1:1-4). They rebuilt the City and Temple and restored the Old Jewish commonwealth.

For a while after the Restoration the Jews were ruled by Zerubbabel Ezra, and Nehemiah and afterwards by the High priests, assisted by the Sanhedrin. After the Death of Alexander the Great at Babylon (B.C. Ezr 1:323), his vast empire was divided between his four generals. Egypt Arabia Palestine and Coele-Syria fell to the Lot of Ptolemy Lagus. Ptolemy took possession of Palestine in B.C. Ezr 1:320, and carried nearly one hundred thousand of the inhabitants of Jerusalem into Egypt He made Alexandria the capital of his Kingdom and treated the Jews with consideration, confirming them in the enjoyment of many privileges.

After suffering Persecution at the hands of Ptolemy’s successors, the Jews threw off the Egyptian Yoke and became subject to Antiochus the Great, the King of Syria The cruelty and opression of the successors of Antiochus at length led to the revolt under the Maccabees (B.C. Ezr 1:163), when they threw off the Syrian Yoke

In the Year B.C. Ezr 1:68, Palestine was reduced by Pompey the Great to a Roman province. He laid the walls of the City in ruins, and massacred some twelve thousand of the inhabitants. He Left the Temple however, unijured. About twenty-five years after this the Jews revolted and cast off the Roman Yoke They were however, subdued by Herod the Great (q.v.). The City and the Temple were destroyed, and many of the inhabitants were Put to Death About B.C. Ezr 1:20, Herod proceeded to rebuild the City and restore the ruined Temple which in about nine years and a half was so far completed that the sacred services could be resumed in it (comp.Jhn 2:20). He was succeeded by his Son Archelaus who was deprived of his power, however, by Augustus A.D. Jhn 2:6, when Palestine became a Roman province, ruled by Roman governors or procurators. Pontius Pilate was the fifth of these procurators. He was appointed to his office A.D. Jhn 2:25.

Exclusive of Idumea, the Kingdom of Herod the Great comprehended the whole of the country originally divided among the twelve tribes, which he divided into four provinces or districts. This division was recognized so long as Palestine was under the Roman dominion. These four provinces were, (Jhn 2:1) Judea the southern portion of the country; (Jhn 2:2) Samaria the middle province, the northern boundary of which ran along the hills to the South of the Plain of Esdraelon (Jhn 2:3) Galilee, the northern province; and (Jhn 2:4) Peraea (a Greek name meaning the “opposite country”), the country lying East of the Jordan and the Dead Sea This province was subdivided into these districts, (Jhn 2:1) Peraea proper, lying between the Rivers Arnon and Jabbok (Jhn 2:2) Galaaditis (Gilead); (Jhn 2:3) Batanaea; (Jhn 2:4) Gaulonitis (Jaulan); (Jhn 2:5) Ituraea or Auranitis, the Ancient Bashan (Jhn 2:6) Trachonitis (Jhn 2:7) Abilene (Jhn 2:8) Decapolis, i.e., the region of the ten cities. The whole territory of Palestine including the portions alloted to the trans-Jordan tribes, extended to about eleven thousand square miles. Recent exploration has shown the territory on the west of Jordan alone to be six thousand square miles in extent, the size of the principality of Wales.

Pallu: separated, the second Son of Reuben (1 Chronicles 5:3); called Phallu Gen 46:9. He was the Father of the Phalluites (Exo 6:14;Num 26:5, Num 26:8).

PALMER-

Palm: TREES, The City OF the name given to Jericho (q.v.),Deu 34:3;Jdg 1:16; Jdg 3:13.

Palsy

Palti: deliverance from the Lord one of the Spies representing the Tribe of Benjamin (Num 13:9).

Palt: 1TE the designation of one of David’s heroes (2 Samuel 23:26); called also the Pelonite (1 Chronicles 11:27).

Pamphylia: Paul and his company, loosing from Paphos, sailed north-west and came to Perga the capital of Pamphylia (Act 13:13, Act 13:14), a province about the middle of the southern sea-board of Asia Minor. It lay between Lycia on the west and Cilicia on the East There were strangers from Pamphylia at Jerusalem on the Day of Pentecost (Act 2:10).

Pan

Pannag: (Ezk 27:17; marg. R.V., “perhaps a kind of confection”) the Jews explain as the name of a kind of sweet pastry. Others take it as the name of some Place identifying it with Pingi, on the Road between Damascus and Baalbec “Pannaga” is the Sanscrit name of an aromatic plant (comp.Gen 43:11).

Paper: The expression in the Authorized Version (Isa 19:7), “the Paper reeds by the brooks,” is in the Revised Version more correctly “the meadows by the Nile.” The words undoubtedly refer to a grassy Place on the banks of the Nile fit for pasturage.

In 19:2Jhn 1:12 the Word is used in its proper sense. The material so referred to was manufactured from the papyrus, and hence its name. The papyrus (Hebrews gome) was a kind of Bulrush (q.v.). It is mentioned by Job (Jhn 8:11) and Isaiah (Jhn 35:7). It was used for many purposes. This plant (Papyrus Nilotica) is now unknown in Egypt no trace of it can be found. The unaccountable disappearance of this plant from Egypt was foretold by Isaiah (Jhn 19:6, Jhn 19:7) as a part of the divine Judgment on that land. The most extensive papyrus growths now known are in the marshes at the northern End of the lake of Merom

Paphos

Parable: (Gr. parabole), a placing beside; a comparison; equivalent to the Hebrews Mashal a similitude. In the Old Testament this is used to denote (1) a Proverb (1Sa 10:12; 1Sa 24:13;2Ch 7:20), (2Ch 7:2) a prophetic utterance (Num 23:7;Ezk 20:49), (Ezk 20:3) an enigmatic saying (Psa 78:2;Pro 1:6). In the New Testament (Pro 1:1) a Proverb (Mrk 7:17;Luk 4:23), (Luk 4:2) a typical emblem (Heb 9:9; Heb 11:19), (Heb 11:3) a similitude or Allegory (Mat 15:15; Mat 24:32;Mrk 3:23;Luk 5:36; Luk 14:7); (Luk 14:4) ordinarily, in a more restricted sense, a comparison of earthly with heavenly things, “an earthly story with a heavenly meaning,” as in the parables of our Lord

Instruction by parables has been in use from the earliest times. ... A large portion of our Lord’s public teaching consisted of parables. He himself explains his reasons for this in his answer to the inquiry of the disciples, “Why speakest thou to them in parables?” (Mat 13:13-15;Mrk 4:11, Mrk 4:12;Luk 8:9, Luk 8:10). He followed in so doing the rule of the divine procedures,As 13:13.

The parables uttered by our Lord are all recorded in the synoptical (i.e., the first three) Gospels The fourth Gospel contains no Parable properly so called, although the illustration of the good Shepherd (Jhn 10:1-16) has all the essential features of a Parable (See List of Parables in Appendix.)

Paradise: a Persian Word (pardes), properly meaning a “pleasure-ground” or “park” or “king’s garden.” (See EDEN.) It came in course of time to be used as a name for the world of happiness and Rest hereafter (Luk 23:43;2Co 12:4;Rev 2:7). Lor “garden”In 2:8 the LXX. has “paradise.”

Parah: the heifer, a town in Benjamin (Jos 18:23), supposed to be identical with the mins called Ear’ ah,Abo 18:6 miles north-east of Jerusalem in the Wady Lai - ’ ah, which is a Branch of the Wady Kelt.

Paran: , Mount probably the hilly region or upland Wilderness on the North of the Desert of Paran forming the southern boundary of the Promised Land (Deu 33:2; Habakkuk Deu 3:3).

Parbar: (1 Chronicles 26:18), a Place apparently connected with the Temple probably a “suburb” (q.v.), as the WordIs 26:2Kin 23:11; a space between the Temple Wall and the Wall of the Court an Open portico into which the chambers of the official persons opened (Kin 23:1 Chronicles Kin 26:18).

Parched: GROUND (Isa 35:7), Hebrews sharab, a “mirage”, a phenomenon caused by the refraction of the rays of the Sun on the glowing sands of the Desert causing them suddenly to assume the appearance of a Beautiful lake. It is called by the modern Arabs by the same Hebrew name serab.

Parchment: a Skin prepared for Writing on; so called from Pergamos (q.v.), where this was first done (2 Timothy 4:13).

Pardon: the Forgiveness of sins granted freely (Isa 43:25), readily (Neh 9:17;Psa 86:5), abundantly (Isa 55:7;Rom 5:20). Pardon is an act of a sovereign, in pure Sovereignty granting simply a remission of the penalty due to sin, but securing neither honour nor reward to the pardoned. Justification (q.v.), on the other Hand is the act of a Judge and not of a sovereign, and includes Pardon and, at the same time, a title to all the rewards and blessings promised in the Covenant of Life

Parlour: (from the Fr. parler, “to speak”) denotes an “audience Chamber ” but that is not the import of the Hebrew Word so rendered. It corresponds to what the Turks Call a kiosk,As 3:20 (the “summer parlour”), or as in the margin of the Revised Version (“the upper Chamber of cooling”), a small room built on the roof of the House with Open windows to catch the breeze, and having a door communicating with the outside by which persons seeking an audience may be admitted. While Eglon was resting in such a Parlour Ehud under pretence of having a message from God to him, was admitted into his presence, and murderously plunged his dagger into his body (As 3:21, As 3:22).

The “inner parlours ... ”In 3:1 Chronicles In 28:11 were the small rooms or chambers which Solomon built all round two sides and one End of the Temple (1Ki 6:5), “side chambers;” or they may have been, as some think, the Porch and the Holy Place

In 6:1 Samuel In 9:22 the Revised Version reads “guest Chamber ” a Chamber at the High Place specially used for sacrificial Feasts

Parmashta: strong-fisted, a Son of Haman slain in Shushan (Est 9:9).

Parmenas: constant, one of the Seven “deacons” (Act 6:5).

Parshandatha: an interpreter of the Law the eldest of Haman’ s sons, slain in Shushan (Est 9:7).

Parthians: were present in Jerusalem at Pentecost (Act 2:9). Parthia lay on the East of Media and South of Hyrcania, which separated it from the Caspian Sea It corresponded with the western half of the modern Khorasan, and now forms a part of Persia.

Partridge: (Hebrews Kore i.e., “caller”). This Bird unlike our own Partridge is distinguished by “its ringing call-note, which in early morning echoes from cliff to cliff amidst the barrenness of the Wilderness of Judea and the glens of the Forest of Carmel” hence its Hebrew name. This name occurs only twice in Scripture

In 1Sam 26:20 “David alludes to the mode of chase practised now, as of Old when the Partridge continuously chased, was at length, when fatigued, knocked down by sticks thrown along the Ground ” It endeavours to save itself “by running, in preference to flight, unless when suddenly started. It is not an inhabitant of the Plain or the corn-field, but of rocky hill-sides” (Tristram’s Nat. Hist.). ...

In Jeremiah Sam 17:11 the Prophet is illustrating the fact that riches unlawfully acquired are precarious and short-lived. The exact nature of the illustration cannot be precisely determined. Some interpret the words as meaning that the covetous Man Will be as surely disappointed as the Partridge which gathers in eggs, not of her own laying, and is unable to hatch them; others (Tristram), with more probability, as denoting that the Man who enriches himself by unjust means “will as surely be disappointed as the Partridge which commences to sit, but is speedily robbed of her hopes of a brood” by her eggs being stolen away from her.

The commonest Partridge in Palestine is the Caccabis saxatilis, the Greek Partridge The Partridge of the Wilderness (Ammo-perdix heyi) is a smaller species. Both are essentially mountain and Rock birds, thus differing from the English Partridge which loves cultivated fields.

Paruah: flourishing, the Father of Jehoshaphat appointed to provide monthly supplies for Solomon from the Tribe of Issachar (1Ki 4:17).

PARy

Aim: the name of a country from which Solomon obtained Gold for the Temple (2 Chronicles 3:6). Some have identified it with Ophir but it is uncertain whether it is even the name of a Place It may simply, as some think, denote “Oriental regions.”

Pasach: clearing, one of the sons of Japhlet, of the Tribe of Asher (1 Chronicles 7:33).

Pas: -DAMMIM the border of blood = Ephes-dammim (q.v.), between Shochoh and Azekah (1Sa 17:1; 1Sa 17:1 Chronicles 1Sa 11:13).

Pashur: release. (1.) The Son of Immer (probably the same as Amariah Neh 10:3; Neh 12:2), the head of one of the priestly Courses was “chief Governor [Hebrews paqid nagid, meaning “deputy governor”] of the temple” (Jer 20:1, Jer 20:2). At this time the nagid , or “governor,” of the Temple was Seraiah the High Priest (Jer 20:1 Chronicles Jer 6:14), and Pashur was his paqid , or “deputy.” Enraged at the plainness with which Jeremiah uttered his Solemn warnings of Coming judgements, because of the abounding iniquity of the times, Pashur ordered the Temple police to seize him, and after inflicting on him corporal Punishment (forty Stripes save one,Deu 25:3; comp.2Co 11:24), to Put him in the stocks in the High Gate of Benjamin where he remained all night. ... On being set free in the morning, Jeremiah went to Pashur (Jer 20:3, Jer 20:5), and announced to him that God had changed his name to Magor-missabib, i.e., “terror on every side.” The Punishment that fell upon him was probably remorse, when he saw the ruin he had brought upon his country by advising a close Alliance with Egypt in opposition to the counsels of Jeremiah (Jer 20:4-6). He was carried Captive to Babylon and died there.

(Jer 20:2.) A Priest sent by King Zedekiah to Jeremiah to inquire of the Lord (Jer 20:1 Chronicles Jer 24:9; Jeremiah Jer 21:1; Jer 38:1-6). He advised that the Prophet should be Put to Death

(Jer 38:3.) The Father of Gedaliah He was probably the same as (Jer 38:1).

Passage: Den 22:1 Den 22:1, as is generally understood, the Place where the children of Israel passed over Jordan The words “the Passage of’ are, however, more correctly rendered “by the side of,” or “at the other side of,” thus designating the position of the great Altar erected by the eastern tribes on their return home. This Word also designates the fords of the Jordan to the South of the Sea of Galilee (Jdg 12:5, Jdg 12:6), and a pass or rocky defile (1Sa 13:23; 1Sa 14:4). “Passages” in Jeremiah 1Sa 22:20 is in the Revised Version more correctly “Abarim” (q.v.), a proper name.

Passion: Only once found, in Acts 1:3, meaning suffering, referring to the sufferings of our Lord

Passover: the name given to the Chief of the three great historical annual Festivals of the Jews. It was kept in remembrance of the Lord’s passing over the houses of the Israelites (Exo 12:13) when the first Born of all the Egyptians were destroyed. It is called also the “feast of unleavened bread” (Exo 23:15;Mrk 14:1; Acts Mrk 12:3), because during its celebration no leavened Bread was to be eaten or even kept in the household (Exo 12:15). The Word afterwards came to denote the Lamb that was slain at the Feast (Mrk 14:12-14;1Co 5:7).

A detailed account of the institution of this Feast is given in Exodus12 5:13. It was afterwards incorporated in the ceremonial Law (Lev 23:4-8) as one of the great Festivals of the nation. ... In after times many Changes seem to have taken Place as to the mode of its celebration as compared with its first celebration (comp.Deu 16:2, Deu 16:5, Deu 16:6;2Ch 30:16;Lev 23:10-14;Num 9:10, Num 9:11; Num 28:16-24). Again, the use of wine (Luk 22:17, Luk 22:20), of sauce with the Bitter herbs (Jhn 13:26), and the service of praise were introduced.

There is recorded only one celebration of this Feast between the Exodus and the entrance into Canaan namely,Tha 9:5. (See Josiah ) It was primarily a commemorative ordinance, reminding the children of Israel of their deliverance out of Egypt but it was, no doubt, also a type of the great deliverance wrought by the Messiah for all his people from the doom of Death on account of sin, and from the Bondage of sin itself, a worse than Egyptian Bondage (1Co 5:7;Jhn 1:29; Jhn 19:32-36;1Pe 1:19;Gal 4:4, Gal 4:5). The appearance of Jerusalem on the occasion of the Passover in the time of our Lord is thus fittingly described: “The City itself and the neighbourhood became more and more crowded as the Feast approached, the narrow streets and dark arched bazaars showing the same throng of men of all nations as when Jesus had first visited Jerusalem as a boy. Even the Temple offered a strange sight at this season, for in parts of the outer courts a wide space was covered with pens for Sheep goats, and Cattle to be used for offerings. Sellers shouted the merits of their beasts, Sheep bleated, oxen lowed. Sellers of doves also had a Place set apart for them. Potters offered a choice from huge stacks of Clay dishes and ovens for roasting and Eating the Passover Lamb Booths for wine, Oil Salt and all else needed for sacrifices invited customers. Persons going to and from the City shortened their Journey by crossing the Temple grounds, often carrying burdens... Stalls to change foreign Money into the Shekel of the Temple which alone could be paid to the priests, were numerous, the whole confusion making the Sanctuary like a noisy market” (Geikie’s Life of Christ).

Patara: a City on the south-west coast of Lycia at which Paul landed on his return from his third missionary Journey (Act 21:1,Act 21:2). Here he found a larger vessel, which was about to sail across the Open Sea to the coast of Phoenicia In this vessel he set forth, and reached the City of Tyre in perhaps two or three days.

Pathros

Patriarch: a name employed in the New Testament with reference to Abraham (Heb 7:4), the sons of Jacob (Act 7:8, Act 7:9), and to David (Act 2:29). This name is generally applied to the progenitors of families or “heads of the fathers” (Jos 14:1) mentioned in Scripture and they are spoken of as antediluvian (from Adam to Noah) and post-diluvian (from Noah to Jacob) patriachs. But the expression “the Patriarch ” by way of eminence, is applied to the twelve sons of Jacob or to Abraham Isaac and Jacob

“Patriachal longevity presents itself as one of the most striking of the facts concerning mankind which the early history of the Book of Genesis places before us... There is a large amount of consentient Tradition to the effect that the Life of Man was originally far more prolonged than it is at present, extending to at least several hundred years. ... The Babylonians, Egyptians, and Chinese exaggerated these hundreds into thousands. The Greeks and Romans with more moderation, limited human Life within a thousand or eight hundred years. The Hindus still farther shortened the term. Their books taught that in the first Age of the world Man was free from diseases, and lived ordinarily four hundred years; in the second Age the term of Life was reduced from four hundred to three hundred; in the third it became two hundred; in the fourth and last it was brought down to one hundred” (Rawlinson’s Historical Illustrations).

Patrobas

Pau: (Gen 36:39) or Pai (Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:50), bleating, an Edomitish City ruled over by Hadar

Paul: =Saul (q.v.) was bom about the same time as our Lord His circumcision-name was Saul and probably the name Paul was also given to him in infancy “for use in the Gentile world,” as “Saul” would be his Hebrew home-name. He was a native of Tarsus the capital of Cilicia, a Roman province in the south-east of Asia Minor. That City stood on the banks of the River Cydnus, which was navigable thus far; hence it became a centre of extensive commercial traffic with many countries along the shores of the Mediterranean, as well as with the countries of central Asia Minor. It thus became a City distinguished for the wealth of its inhabitants.

Tarsus was also the seat of a famous university, higher in reputation even than the universities of Athens and Alexandria the only others that then existed. ... Here Saul was Born and here he spent his youth, doubtless enjoying the best education his native City could afford. His Father was of the straitest Sect of the Jews, a Pharisee, of the Tribe of Benjamin of pure and unmixed Jewish blood (Act 23:6; Phil. Act 3:5). We learn nothing regarding his mother; but there is reason to conclude that she was a pious Woman and that, like-minded with her Husband she exercised all a mother influence in moulding the character of her Son so that he could afterwards speak of himself as being, from his youth up, “touching the righteousness which is in the Law blameless” (Phil. Act 3:6).

We read of his sister and his sister’s Son (Act 23:16), and of other relatives (Rom 16:7, Rom 16:11, Rom 16:12). Though a Jew his Father was a Roman citizen. How he obtained this privilege we are not informed. “It might be bought, or won by distinguished service to the state, or acquired in several other ways; at all events, his Son was freeborn. It was a valuable privilege, and one that was to prove of great use to Paul although not in the way in which his Father might have been expected to Desire him to make use of it.” Perhaps the most natural career for the youth to follow was that of a Merchant “But it was decided that... he should go to College and become a Rabbi that is, a Minister a teacher, and a Lawyer all in one.”

According to Jewish Custom however, he learned a trade before entering on the more direct preparation for the sacred profession. The trade he acquired was the making of tents from goats’ Hair cloth, a trade which was one of the commonest in Tarsus

His preliminary education having been completed, Saul was sent, when about thirteen years of Age probably, to the great Jewish school of sacred learning at Jerusalem as a student of the Law Here he became a pupil of the celebrated Rabbi Gamaliel and here he spent many years in an elaborate study of the Scriptures and of the many questions concerning them with which the rabbis exercised themselves. During these years of diligent study he lived “in all good Conscience ” unstained by the vices of that great City

After the period of his student-life expired, he probably Left Jerusalem for Tarsus where he may have been engaged in connection with some Synagogue for some years. But we find him back again at Jerusalem very soon after the Death of our Lord Here he now learned the particulars regarding the Crucifixion and the rise of the New Sect of the “Nazarenes.”

For some two years after Pentecost Christianity was quietly spreading its influence in Jerusalem At length Stephen, one of the Seven deacons, gave forth more public and aggressive Testimony that Jesus was the Messiah and this led to much excitement among the Jews and much disputation in their synagogues. Persecution arose against Stephen and the followers of Christ generally, in which Saul of Tarsus took a prominent part. He was at this time probably a member of the great Sanhedrin, and became the active leader in the furious Persecution by which the rulers then sought to exterminate Christianity.

But the object of this Persecution also failed. “They that were scattered abroad went everywhere preaching the Word ” The Anger of the persecutor was thereby kindled into a fiercer Flame Hearing that fugitives had taken Refuge in Damascus he obtained from the Chief Priest letters authorizing him to proceed thither on his persecuting career. This was a long JourneyOf 16:130 miles, which would occupy perhaps six days, during which, with his few attendants, he steadily went onward, “breathing out threatenings and slaughter.” But the crisis of his Life was at Hand He had reached the last stage of his Journey and was within sight of Damascus As he and his companions rode on, suddenly at mid-day a brilliant Light shone round them, and Saul was laid prostrate in terror on the Ground a voice sounding in his ears, “Saul, Saul why persecutes! thou me?” The risen Saviour was there, clothed in the vesture of his glorified humanity. In answer to the anxious inquiry of the stricken persecutor, “Who art thou, Lord?” he said, “I am Jesus whom thou persecutest” (Act 9:5; Act 22:8; Act 26:15).

This was the moment of his Conversion the most Solemn in all his Life Blinded by the dazzling Light (Act 9:8), his companions led him into the City where, absorbed in Deep thought for three days, he neither ate nor drank (Act 9:11). Ananias a Disciple Living in Damascus was informed by a Vision of the change that had happened to Saul and was sent to him to Open his eyes and admit him by Baptism into the Christian Church (Act 9:11 9:16). The whole purpose of his Life was now permanently changed.

Immediately after his Conversion he retired into the solitudes of Arabia (Gal 1:17), perhaps of “Sinai in Arabia ” for the purpose, probably, of devout study and meditation on the marvellous Revelation that had been made to him. “A Veil of thick Darkness hangs over this visit to Arabia Of the scenes among which he moved, of the thoughts and occupations which engaged him while there, of all the circumstances of a crisis which must have shaped the whole tenor of his after-life, absolutely nothing is known. ‘Immediately,’ says St. Paul ‘I went away into Arabia ’ The historian passes over the incident [comp. Acts Gal 9:23And 9:1Kin 11:38, Kin 11:39]. It is a mysterious pause, a moment of suspense, in the apostle’s history, a breathless calm, which ushers in the tumultuous storm of his active missionary Life ” Coming back, after three years, to Damascus he began to preach the gospel “boldly in the name of Jesus” (Act 9:27), but was soon obliged to flee (Act 9:25;2Co 11:33) from the Jews and betake himself to Jerusalem Here he tarried for three weeks, but was again forced to flee (Act 9:28, Act 9:29) from Persecution He now returned to his native Tarsus (Gal 1:21), where, for probably about three years, we lose sight of him. The time had not yet come for his entering on his great life-work of preaching the gospel to the Gentiles

At length the City of Antioch the capital of Syria became the scene of great Christian activity. There the gospel gained a firm footing, and the cause of Christ prospered. Barnabas (q.v.), who had been sent from Jerusalem to superintend the work at Antioch found it too much for him, and remembering Saul he set out to Tarsus to seek for him. He readily responded to the Call thus addressed to him, and came down to Antioch

which for “a whole year” became the scene of his labours, which were crowned with great success. The disciples now, for the first time, were called “Christians” (Act 11:26).

The Church at Antioch now proposed to send out missionaries to the Gentiles and Saul and Barnabas with John Mark as their attendant, were Chosen for this work. This was a great epoch in the history of the Church Now the disciples began to give effect to the Master’s command: “Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every Creature ”

The three missionaries went forth on the first missionary tour. They sailed from Seleucia the seaport of Antioch across to CyprusSom 11:80 miles to the south-west. Here at Paphos, Sergius Paulus, the Roman proconsul, was converted, and now Saul took the Lead and was ever afterwards called Paul The missionaries now crossed to the mainland,And 11:6Or 11:7 miles up the River Cestrus to Perga (Act 13:13), where John Mark deserted the work and returned to JerusalemThe 13:100 miles inland, passing through Pamphylia Pisidia, and Lycaonia. The towns mentioned in this tour are the Pisidian Antioch where Paul delivered his first address of which we have any record (The 13:16-51; comp. The 10:30-43), Iconium Lystra and Derbe They returned by the same route to see and encourage the converts they had made, and ordain elders in every City to watch over the churches which had been gathered. From Perga they sailed direct for Antioch from which they had set out.

After remaining “a long time”, probably till A.D.50 10:51, in Antioch a great controversy broke out in the Church there regarding the relation of the Gentiles to the Mosaic Law For the purpose of obtaining a settlement of this question, Paul and Barnabas were sent as deputies to consult the Church at Jerusalem The Council or synod which was there held (Act 10:15) decided against the Judaizing party; and the deputies, accompanied by Judas and Silas returned to Antioch bringing with them the decree of the Council

After a short Rest at Antioch Paul said to Barnabas “Let us go again and visit our brethren in every City where we have preached the Word of the Lord and see how they do.” Mark proposed again to accompany them; but Paul refused to allow him to go. Barnabas was resolved to take Mark and thus he and Paul had a sharp contention. They separated, and never again met. Paul however, afterwards speaks with honour of Barnabas and sends for Mark to come to him at Rome (Col 4:10; Col 4:2 Timothy Col 4:11).

Paul took with him Silas instead of Barnabas and began his second missionary Journey about A.D. Col 4:51. This time he went by land, revisiting the churches he had already founded in Asia. But he longed to enter into “regions Beyond ” and still went forward through Phrygia and Galatia (Col 16:6). Contrary to his intention, he was constrained to linger in Galatia (q.v.), on account of some bodily affliction (Gal 4:13, Gal 4:14). Bithynia, a populous province on the shore of the Black Sea lay now before him, and he wished to enter it; but the way was shut, the Spirit in some manner guiding him in another direction, till he came down to the shores of the AEgean and arrived at Troas on the north-western coast of Asia Minor (Act 16:8). Of this long Journey from Antioch to Troas we have no account except some references to it in his Epistle to the Galatians (Act 4:13).

As he waited at Troas for indications of the Will of God as to his future movements, he saw, in the Vision of the night, a Man from the opposite shores of Macedonia standing before him, and heard him cry, “Come over, and help us” (Act 16:9). Paul recognized in this Vision a message from the Lord and the very next Day set sail across the Hellespont, which separated him from Europe, and carried the tidings of the gospel into the Western world. In Macedonia, churches were planted in Philippi Thessalonica and Berea Leaving this province, Paul passed into Achaia “the Paradise of genius and renown.” He reached Athens but quitted it after, probably, a brief sojourn (Act 17:17-31). The Athenians had received him with cold disdain, and he never visited that City again. He passed over to Corinth the seat of the Roman government of Achaia and remained there a Year and a half, labouring with much success. While at Corinth he wrote his two Epistles to the Church of Thessalonica his earliest apostolic letters, and then sailed for Syria that he might be in time to keep the Feast of Pentecost at Jerusalem He was accompanied by Aquila and Priscilla, whom he Left at Ephesus at which he touched, after a voyage of thirteen or fifteen days. He landed at Caesarea and went up to Jerusalem and having “saluted the church” there, and kept the Feast he Left for Antioch where he abode “some time” (Act 18:20-23).

He then began his third missionary tour. He journeyed by land in the “upper coasts” (the more eastern parts) of Asia Minor, and at length made his way to Ephesus where he tarried for no less than three years, engaged in ceaseless Christian labour. “This City was at the time the Liverpool of the Mediterranean. It possessed a splendid harbour, in which was concentrated the traffic of the Sea which was then the Highway of the nations; and as Liverpool has behind her the great towns of Lancashire, so had Ephesus behind and around her such cities as those mentioned along with her in the Epistles to the churches in the book of Revelation Smyrna Pergamos Thyatira Sardis, Philadelphia and Laodicea It was a City of vast wealth, and it was given over to every kind of pleasure, the fame of its theatres and race-course being world-wide” (Stalker’s Life of St. Paul). Here a “great door and effectual” was opened to the Apostle His fellow-labourers aided him in his work, carrying the gospel to Colosse and Laodicea and other places which they could reach.

Very shortly before his departure from Ephesus the Apostle wrote his First Epistle to the Corinthians (q.v.). The silversmiths, whose traffic in the little images which they made was in danger (see DEMETRIUS), organized a riot against Paul and he Left the City and proceeded to Troas (2Co 2:12), whence after some time he went to Meet Titus in Macedonia. Here, in consequence of the report Titus brought from Corinth he wrote his second epistle to that Church Having spent probably most of the summer and autumn in Macedonia, visiting the churches there, specially the churches of Philippi Thessalonica and Berea probably penetrating into the interior, to the shores of the Adriatic (Rom 15:19), he then came into Greece where he abode three Month spending probably the greater part of this time in Corinth (Act 20:2). During his stay in this City he wrote his Epistle to the Galatians and also the great Epistle to the Romans At the End of the three months he Left Achaia for Macedonia, thence crossed into Asia Minor, and touching at Miletus there addressed the Ephesian presbyters, whom he had sent for to Meet him (Act 20:17), and then sailed for Tyre, finally reaching Jerusalem probably in the Spring of A.D. Act 20:58.

While at Jerusalem at the Feast of Pentecost he was almost murdered by a Jewish mob in the Temple (See Temple HEROD’S.) Rescued from their violence by the Roman commandant, he was conveyed as a prisoner to Caesarea where, from various causes, he was detained a prisoner for two years in Herod’s Praetorium (Act 23:35). “Paul was not kept in close confinement; he had at least the range of the barracks in which he was detained. There we can imagine him pacing the ramparts on the edge of the Mediterranean, and gazing wistfully across the Blue waters in the direction of Macedonia, Achaia and Ephesus where his spiritual children were pining for him, or perhaps encountering dangers in which they sorely needed his presence. It was a mysterious Providence which thus arrested his energies and condemned the ardent worker to inactivity; yet we can now see the reason for it. Paul was needing Rest After twenty years of incessant evangelization, he required leisure to gamer the Harvest of experience... During these two years he wrote nothing; it was a time of internal mental activity and silent progress” (Stalker’s Life of St. Paul).

At the End of these two years Felix (q.v.) was succeeded in the governorship of Palestine by Porcius Festus before whom the Apostle was again heard. But judging it right at this crisis to claim the privilege of a Roman citizen, he appealed to the emperor (Act 25:11). Such an Appeal could not be disregarded, and Paul was at once sent on to Rome under the charge of one Julius a Centurion of the “Augustan cohort.” After a long and perilous voyage, he at length reached the imperial City in the early Spring probably, of A.D. Act 25:61. Here he was permitted to occupy his own hired House under constant military custody. This privilege was accorded to him, no doubt, because he was a Roman citizen, and as such could not be Put into prison without a trial. The soldiers who kept Guard over Paul were of course changed at frequent intervals, and thus he had the opportunity of preaching the gospel to many of them during these “two whole years,” and with the blessed result of spreading among the imperial guards, and even in Caesar’s household, an interest in the Truth (Phil. Act 1:13). His rooms were resorted to by many anxious inquirers, both Jews and Gentiles (Act 28:23, Act 28:30, Act 28:31), and thus his imprisonment “turned rather to the furtherance of the gospel,” and his “hired house” became the centre of a gracious influence which spread over the whole City According to a Jewish Tradition it was situated on the borders of the modern Ghetto, which has been the Jewish quarters in Rome from the time of Pompey to the present Day During this period the Apostle wrote his Epistles to the Colossians Ephesians Philippians and to Philemon and probably also to the Hebrews

This first imprisonment came at length to a close, Paul having been acquitted, probably because no witnesses appeared against him. Once more he set out on his missionary labours, probably visiting western and eastern Europe and Asia Minor. During this period of Freedom he wrote his First Epistle to Timothy and his Epistle to Titus. The Year of his release was signalized by the burning of Rome which Nero saw fit to attribute to the Christians. A fierce Persecution now broke out against the Christians. Paul was siezed, and once more conveyed to Rome a prisoner. During this imprisonment he probably wrote the Second Epistle to Timothy the last he ever wrote. “There can be little doubt that he appered again at Nero’s Bar and this time the charge did not break down. In all history there is not a more startling illustration of the irony of human Life than this scene of Paul at the Bar of Nero On the judgment-seat, clad in the imperial purple, sat a Man who, in a bad world, had attained the eminence of being the very worst and meanest being in it, a Man stained with every crime, a Man whose whole being was so steeped in every nameable and unnameable vice, that body and soul of him were, as some one said at the time, nothing but a compound of mud and blood; and in the prisoner’s dock stood the best Man the world possessed, his Hair whitened with labours for the good of men and the Glory of God The trial ended: Paul was condemned, and delivered over to the Executioner He was led out of the City with a crowd of the lowest rabble at his heels. The fatal spot was reached; he knelt beside the block; the headsman’s Axe gleamed in the Sun and fell; and the head of the Apostle of the world rolled down in the dust” (probably A.D. Act 28:66), four years before the Fall of Jerusalem

Pave: ME NT It was the Custom of the Roman governors to erect their tribunals in Open places, as the market-place, the circus, or even the Highway Pilate caused his seat of Judgment to be set down in a Place called “the Pavement” (Jhn 19:13) i.e., a Place paved with a mosaic of coloured Stones It was probably a Place thus prepared in front of the “judgment Hall ” (See Gabbatha )

Pavilion: a Tent or Tabernacle (2Sa 22:12;1Ki 20:12-16), or enclosure (Psa 18:11; Psa 27:5). In Jeremiah Psa 43:10 it probably denotes the canopy suspended over the judgement-seat of the King

Peace: OFFERINGS (Hebrews shelamim), detailed regulations regarding given in Leviticus 3; 7:11-21,29 7:34. They were of three kinds, (29 7:1) eucharistic or thanksgiving offerings, expressive of gratitude for blessings received; (29 7:2) in fulfilment of a vow, but expressive also of thanks for benefits recieved; and (29 7:3) free-will offerings, something spontaneously devoted to God

Peacock: (Hebrews tuk, apparently borrowed from the Tamil tokei). This Bird is indigenous to India It was brought to Solomon by his Ships from Tarshish (1Ki 10:22; 1Ki 10:2 Chronicles 1Ki 9:21), which in this case was probably a district on the Malabar coast of India or in Ceylon.The 39:13 literally means wild, tumultuous crying, and properly denotes the female Ostrich (q.v.).

Pearl: (Hebrews gabish,Job 28:18; Gr. margarites, Matthew Job 7:6; Job 13:46; Revelation Job 21:21). The Pearl oyster is found in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea Its shell is the “mother of Pearl ” which is of great value for ornamental purposes (Job 21:1 Timothy Job 2:9; Revelation Job 17:4). Each shell contains eight or ten pearls of various sizes.

Peculiar: as used in the phrase “peculiar people” in 1Pet 2:9, is derived from the Lat. peculium, and denotes, as rendered in the Revised Version (“a people for God’s own possession”), a special possession or property. The Church is the “property” of God his “purchased possession” (Eph 1:14; R.V., “God’s own possession”).

Pedahel: redeemed of God the Son of Ammihud a Prince of Naphtali (Num 34:28).

Pedahzur: rock of Redemption the Father of Gamaliel and Prince of Manasseh at the time of the Exodus (Num 1:10; Num 2:20).

Pedaiah: redemption of the Lord (1.) The Father of Zebudah who was the Wife of Josiah and mother of King Jehoiakim (2Ki 23:36).

(2Ki 23:2.) The Father of Zerubbabel (1Ch 3:17-19).

(1Ch 3:3.). The Father of Joel ruler of the half-tribe of Manasseh (1Ch 27:20).

(1Ch 27:4.)Neh 3:25.

(Neh 3:5.) A Levite (Neh 8:4).

(Neh 8:6.) A Benjamite (Neh 11:7).

(Neh 11:7.) A Levite (Neh 13:13).

Pekah: open-eyed, the Son of Remaliah a Captain in the Army of Pekahiah King of Israel whom he slew, with the aid of a band of Gileadites, and succeeded (B.C. 758) on the Throne (2Ki 15:25). Seventeen years after this he entered into an Alliance with Rezin, King of Syria and took part with him in besieging Jerusalem (2Ki 15:37; 2Ki 16:5). But Tiglath-pilser, who was in Alliance with Ahaz King of Judah came up against Pekah and carried away Captive many of the inhabitants of his Kingdom (2Ki 15:29). This was the beginning of the “Captivity.” Soon after this Pekah was Put to Death by Hoshea, the Son of Elah who usurped the Throne (2Ki 15:30; 2Ki 16:1-9. Comp.Isa 7:16; Isa 8:4; Isa 9:12). He is supposed by some to have been the “shephard”Men 11:16.

Pekahiah: the Lord opened his eyes, the Son and successor of Menahem on the Throne of Israel He was murdered in the royal Palace of Samaria by Pekah one of the captains of his Army (2Ki 15:23-26), after a reign of two years (B.C.761 15:759). He “did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord ”

Pekod: probably a Place in Babylonia (Jer 50:21;Ezk 23:23). It is the opinion, however, of some that this Word signifies “visitation,” “punishment,” and allegorically “designates Babylon as the City which was to be destroyed.”

Pelaiah: distinguished of the Lord (1.) One of David’s posterity (1 Chronicles 3:24).

(2.) A Levite who expounded the Law (Neh 8:7).

Pelatiah: deliverance of the Lord (1.) A Son of Hananiah and grandson of Zerubbabel (1 Chronicles 3:21).

(2.) A Captain of “the sons of Simeon” (4:42).

(3.) Nehemiah 10:22.

(4.) One of the twenty-five princes of the people against whom Ezekiel prophesied on account of their wicked counsel (Ezk 11:1-13).

Peleg: division, one of the sons of Eber so called because “in his days was the earth divided” (Gen 10:25). Possibly he may have lived at the time of the Dispersion from Babel But more probably the reference is to the Dispersion of the two races which sprang from Eber the one spreading towards Mesopotamia and Syria and the other southward into Arabia

Pelet: deliverance. (1.) A descendant of Judah (1 Chronicles 2:47).

(2.) A Benjamite who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:3).

Peleth: swiftness. (1.) A Reubenite whose Son was one of the conspirators against Moses and Aaron (Num 16:1).

(Num 16:2.) One of the sons of Jonathan (Num 16:1 Chronicles Num 2:33).

Pelethites: mentioned always along with the Cherethites, and only in the time of David The Word probably means “runners” or “couriers,” and may denote that while forming part of David’s bodyguard, they were also sometimes employed as couriers (2Sa 8:18; 2Sa 20:7, 2Sa 20:23;1Ki 1:38, 1Ki 1:44;1Ch 18:17). Some, however, think that these are the names simply of two Philistine tribes from which David selected his body-guard. They are mentioned along with the Gittites (2Sa 15:18), another body of foreign troops whom David gathered round him.

Pelicans: are frequently met with at the waters of Merom and the Sea of Galilee. The pelican is ranked among unclean birds (Lev 11:18; Deuteronomy Lev 14:17). It is of an enormous size,Bei 14:6 feet long,Wit 14:12 feet. The Hebrew name (kaath, i.e., “vomiter”) of this Bird is incorrectly rendered “cormorant” in the Authorized Version of Isaiah Wit 34:11 and Zephaniah Wit 2:14, but correctly in the Revised Version It receives its Hebrew name from its habit of storing in its pouch large quantities of Fish which it disgorges when it feeds its young. Two species are found on the Syrian coast, the Pelicanus onocrotalus, or white pelican, and the Pelicanus Crispus or Dalmatian pelican.

Penny: (Gr. denarion), a Silver Coin of the value of about 7 l/2d. or 8d. of our present Money It is thus rendered in the New Testament and is more frequently mentioned than any other Coin (Mat 18:28; Mat 20:2, Mat 20:9, Mat 20:13;Mrk 6:37; Mrk 14:5, etc.). It was the Daily pay of a Roman soldier in the time of Christ In the reign of Edward III. an English Penny was a labourer’s day’s Wages This was the “tribute money” with reference to which our Lord said, “Whose image and superscription is this?” When they answered, “Caesar’s,” he replied, “Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s; and to God the things that are God’s” (Mat 22:19;Mrk 12:15).

Pentateuch: the five-fold volume, consisting of the first five books of the Old Testament This Word does not occur in Scripture nor is it certainly known when the roll was thus divided into five portions Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Probably that was done by the LXX. translators. Some modem critics speak of a Hexateuch, introducing the Book of Joshua as one of the group. But this book is of an entirely different character from the other books, and has a different author. It stands by itself as the first of a series of historical books beginning with the entrance of the Israelites into Canaan (See Joshua )

The books composing the Pentateuch are properly but one book, the “Law of Moses ” the “Book of the Law of Moses ” the “Book of Moses ” or, as the Jews designate it, the “Torah” or “Law.” That in its present form it “proceeds from a single author is proved by its plan and Aim according to which its whole contents refer to the Covenant concluded between Jehovah and his people, by the instrumentality of Moses in such a way that everything before his time is perceived to be preparatory to this fact, and all the Rest to be the development of it. ... Nevertheless, this unity has not been stamped upon it as a matter of necessity by the latest redactor: it has been there from the beginning, and is visible in the first plan and in the whole execution of the work.”, Keil, Einl. i.d. A. T.

A certain school of critics have set themselves to reconstruct the books of the Old Testament By a process of “scientific study” they have discovered that the so-called historical books of the Old Testament are not history at all, but a miscellaneous Collection of stories, the inventions of many different writers, patched together by a variety of editors! As regards the Pentateuch they are not ashamed to attribute fraud, and even conspiracy, to its authors, who sought to find acceptance to their work which was composed partly in the Age of Josiah and partly in that of Ezra and Nehemiah by giving it out to be the work of Moses! This is not the Place to enter into the details of this controversy. We may say frankly, however, that we have no Faith in this “higher criticism.” It degrades the books of the Old Testament below the level of fallible human writings, and the arguments on which its speculations are built are altogether untenable.

The evidences in favour of the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch are conclusive. We may thus state some of them briefly:

(1.) These books profess to have been written by Moses in the name of God (Exo 17:14; Exo 24:3, Exo 24:4, Exo 24:7; Exo 32:7-10,30 32:34; 30 34:27;Lev 26:46; Lev 27:34;Deu 31:9, Deu 31:24, Deu 31:25).

(Deu 31:2.) This also is the uniform and persistent Testimony of the Jews of all sects in all ages and countries (comp.Jos 8:31, Jos 8:32;1Ki 2:3; Jeremiah 1Ki 7:22;Ezr 6:18; Nehemiah Ezr 8:1;Mal 4:4; Matthew Mal 22:24; Acts Mal 15:21).

(Mal 15:3.) Our Lord plainly taught the Mosaic authorship of these books (Mat 5:17, Mat 5:18; Mat 19:8; Mat 22:31, Mat 22:32; Mat 23:2;Mrk 10:9; Mrk 12:26;Luk 16:31; Luk 20:37; Luk 24:26, Luk 24:27, Luk 24:44;Jhn 3:14; Jhn 5:45, Jhn 5:46, Jhn 5:47; Jhn 6:32, Jhn 6:49; Jhn 7:19, Jhn 7:22). In the Face of this fact, Will any one venture to allege either that Christ was ignorant of the composition of the Bible or that, knowing the true state of the case, he yet encouraged the people in the delusion they clung to?

(Jhn 7:4.) From the time of Joshua down to the time of Ezra there is, in the intermediate historical books, a constant reference to the Pentateuch as the “Book of the Law of Moses ” This is a point of much importance, inasmuch as the critics deny that there is any such reference; and hence they deny the historical character of the Pentateuch As regards the Passover e.g., we find it frequently spoken of or alluded to in the historical books following the Pentateuch showing that the “Law of Moses” was then certainly known. It was celebrated in the time of Joshua (Jos 5:10, cf. Jos 4:19), Hezekiah (Jos 4:2 Chronicles Jos 4:30), Josiah (2Ki 4:23; 2Ki 4:2 Chronicles 2Ki 4:35), and Zerubbabel (Ezr 6:19-22),And 6:2Kin 23:22; Kin 23:2 Chronicles Kin 35:18;1Ki 9:25 (“three times in a year”); 1Ki 9:2 Chronicles 1Ki 8:13. Similarly we might show frequent references to the Feast of Tabernacles and other Jewish institutions, although we do not admit that any valid argument can be drawn from the silence of Scripture in such a case. An examination of the following texts,1Ki 2:9;2Ki 14:6; 2Ki 14:2 Chronicles 2Ki 23:18; 2Ki 25:4; 2Ki 34:14;Ezr 3:2; Ezr 7:6;Dan 9:11, Dan 9:13, Will also plainly show that the “Law of Moses” was known during all these centuries.

Granting that in the time of Moses there existed certain Oral traditions or written records and documents which he was divinely led to make use of in his history, and that his Writing was revised by inspired successors, this Will fully account for certain peculiarities of expression which critics have called “anachronisms” and “contradictions,” but in no way militates against the doctrine that Moses was the original author of the whole of the Pentateuch It is not necessary for us to affirm that the whole is an original composition; but we affirm that the evidences clearly demonstrate that Moses was the author of those books which have come down to us bearing his name. The Pentateuch is certainly the basis and necessary preliminary of the whole of the Old Testament history and literature. (See Deuteronomy )

Pentecost: i.e., “fiftieth”, found only in the New Testament (Act 2:1; Act 20:16;1Co 16:8). The festival so named is first spoken of in Exodus 1Co 23:16 as “the Feast of Harvest ” and again in Exodus 1Co 34:22 as “the Day of the firstfruits” (Num 28:26). From the sixteenth of the Month of Nisan (the second Day of the Passover), Seven complete weeks, i.e., forty-nine days, were to be reckoned, and this Feast was held on the fiftieth Day The 23:15-19;Num 28:27-29. Besides the sacrifices prescribed for the occasion, every one was to bring to the Lord his “tribute of a free-will offering” (Deu 16:9-11). The purpose of this Feast was to commemorate the completion of the Grain Harvest Its distinguishing feature was the Offering of “two leavened loaves” made from the New corn of the completed Harvest which, with two lambs, were waved before the Lord as a thank Offering

The Day of Pentecost is noted in the Christian Church as the Day on which the Spirit descended upon the apostles, and on which, under Peter’s preaching, so many thousands were converted in Jerusalem (Act 16:2). ...

Penuel: face of God a Place not far from Succoth on the East of the Jordan and North of the River Jabbok It is also called “Peniel.” Here Jacob wrestled (Gen 32:24-32) “with a man” (“the angel”, Hos. Gen 12:4. Jacob says of him, “I have seen God Face to face”) “till the break of Day ”

A town was afterwards built there (Jdg 8:8;1Ki 12:25). The men of this Place refused to succour Gideon and his little Army when they were in pursuit of the Midianites (Jdg 8:1-21). On his return, Gideon slew the men of this City and razed its lofty watch-tower to the Ground

Peor

Perez: =Pharez, (q.v.), breach, the Son of Judah (Neh 11:4). “The Chief of all the captains of the Host for the first month” in the reign of David was taken from his family (1Ch 27:3). Four hundred and sixty-eight of his “sons” came back from Captivity with Zerubbabel who himself was one of them (1Ch 9:4;Neh 11:6).

PEREZ-

Uzzah: strength, a Son of Abinadab in whose House the men of Kirjath-jearim placed the Ark when it was brought back from the land of the Philistines (1 Samuel 7:1). He with his Brother Ahio drove the Cart on which the Ark was placed when David sought to bring it up to Jerusalem When the oxen stumbled, Uzzah in direct violation of the divine Law (Num 4:15), Put forth his Hand to steady the Ark and was immediately smitten unto Death The Place where this occurred was henceforth called Perez-uzzah (Num 4:1 Chronicles Num 13:1 Num 13:1). David on this feared to proceed further, and placed the Ark in the House of Obed-edom the Gittite (Num 13:2 Samuel Num 6:2-1 Num 6:1; Num 6:1 Chronicles Num 13:6-13).

UZZEN-

Perfumes: were used in religious Worship and for personal and domestic enjoyment (Exo 30:35-37;Pro 7:17; Cant. Pro 3:6;Isa 57:9); and also in Embalming the Dead and in other Funeral ceremonies (Mrk 14:8;Luk 24:1;Jhn 19:39).

Perga: the capital of Pamphylia on the coast of Asia Minor. Paul and his companions landed at this Place from Cyprus on their first missionary Journey (Act 13:13, Act 13:14), and here Mark forsook the party and returned to Jerusalem Some time afterwards Paul and Barnabas again visited this City and “preached the word” (Act 14:25). It stood on the banks of the River Cestrus,Som 14:7 miles from its mouth, and was a Place of some commercial importance. It is now a ruin, called Eski Kalessi.

Pergamos: the Chief City of Mysia, in Asia Minor. One of the “seven churches” was planted here (Rev 1:11; Rev 2:17). It was noted for its wickedness, insomuch that our Lord says “Satan’s seat” was there. The Church of Pergamos was rebuked for swerving from the Truth and embracing the doctrines of Balaam and the Nicolaitanes. Antipas Christ’s “faithful Martyr ” here sealed his Testimony with his blood.

This City stood on the banks of the River Caicus,Abo 2:20 miles from the Sea It is now called Bergama, and has a population of some twenty thousand, of whom about two thousand profess to be Christians. Parchment (q.v.) was first made here, and was called by the Greeks pergamene, from the name of the City

Perida: kernel, Nehemiah 7:57. (See Peruda )

Perizzites: villagers; dwellers in the Open country, the Canaanitish nation inhabiting the fertile regions South and south-west of Carmel “They were the graziers, farmers, and peasants of the time.” They were to be driven out of the land by the descendants of Abraham (Gen 15:20;Exo 3:8, Exo 3:17; Exo 23:23; Exo 33:2; Exo 34:11). They are afterwards named among the conquered tribes (Jos 24:1 Jos 24:1). Still lingering in the land, however, they were reduced to servitude by Solomon (1Ki 9:20).

Persecution: The first great Persecution for religious opinion of which we have any record was that which broke out against the worshippers of God among the Jews in the days of Ahab when that King at the instigation of his Wife Jezebel “a Woman in whom, with the reckless and licentious habits of an Oriental Queen were united the fiercest and sternest qualities inherent in the Old Semitic race”, sought in the most relentless manner to extirpate the Worship of Jehovah and substitute in its Place the Worship of Ashtoreth and Baal Ahab’s example in this respect was followed by Manasseh who “shed innocent blood very much, till he had filled Jerusalem from one End to another” (2Ki 21:16; comp. ... 2Ki 24:4). In all ages, in one form or another, the people of God have had to suffer Persecution In its earliest history the Christian Church passed through many Bloody persecutions. Of subsequent centuries in our own and in other lands the same sad record may be made.

Christians are forbidden to seek the propagation of the gospel by force (Mat 7:1; Luke Mat 9:54-56; Romans Mat 14:4; James Mat 4:11, Mat 4:12).The 7:13, “He ordaineth his Arrows against the persecutors,” ought rather to be, as in the Revised Version “He maketh his Arrows fiery [shafts].”

Perseverance: OF THE SAINTS their certain continuance in a state of Grace Once justified and regenerated, the believer can neither totally nor finally Fall away from Grace but Will certainly persevere therein and attain Everlasting Life

This doctrine is clearly taught in these passages,Jhn 10:28, Jhn 10:29;Rom 11:29; Phil. Rom 1:6;1Pe 1:5. It, moreover, follows from a consideration of (1Pe 1:1) the immutability of the divine Decrees (Jer 31:3; Matthew Jer 24:22-24; Acts Jer 13:48;Rom 8:30); (Rom 8:2) the provisions of the Covenant of Grace (Jer 32:40;Jhn 10:29; Jhn 17:2-6); (Jhn 17:3) the Atonement and Intercession of Christ (Isa 53:6, Isa 53:11; Matthew Isa 20:28;1Pe 2:24;Jhn 11:42; Jhn 17:11, Jhn 17:15, Jhn 17:20;Rom 8:34); and (Rom 8:4) the indwelling of the Holy Ghost (Jhn 14:16;2Co 1:21, 2Co 1:22; 2Co 5:5; Ephesians 2Co 1:14;1Jn 3:9). ...

This doctrine is not inconsistent with the Truth that the believer may nevertheless Fall into grievous sin, and continue therein for some time. (See Backslide )

Persia

Peruda: one whose descendants returned with Zerubbabel (Ezr 2:55); called also Perida (Neh 7:57).

Peter: , Second Epistle OF The question of the authenticity of this epistle has been much discussed, but the weight of evidence is wholly in favour of its claim to be the production of the Apostle whose name it bears. It appears to have been written shortly before the apostle’s Death (1:14). This epistle contains eleven references to the Old Testament It also contains (3:15, 16) a remarkable reference to Paul’s Epistles Som 3:1The 4:13-5:The 4:11. A few years ago, among other documents, a Parchment fragment, called the “Gospel of Peter ” was discovered in a Christian tomb at Akhmim in Upper Egypt Origen (obiit A.D. The 4:254), Eusebius (Obi 4:340), and Jerome (Obi 4:420) refer to such a work, and hence it has been concluded that it was probably written about the middle of the second century. ... It professes to give a history of our Lord’s Resurrection and ascension. While differing in not a few particulars from the canonical Gospels the writer shows plainly that he was acquinted both with the synoptics and with the Gospel of John Though apocryphal, it is of considerable value as showing that the main facts of the history of our Lord were then widely known.

Pethahiah: loosed of the Lord (1.) The Chief of one of the priestly Courses (the nineteenth) in the time of David (1 Chronicles 24:16). (2.) A Levite (Ezr 10:23). (Ezr 10:3.)Neh 9:5. (Neh 9:4.) A descendant of Judah who had some office at the Court of Persia (Neh 9:1 Neh 1:24).

Pethor: interpretation of dreams, identified with Pitru, on the west bank of the Euphrates a few miles South of the Hittite capital of Carchemish (Num 22:5, “which is by the River of the land of the children of [the God] Ammo”). (See Balaam )

Pethuel: vision of God the Father of Joel the Prophet (Jol 1:1).

Petra: rock,Isa 16:1, marg. (See SELA.)

Peulthai: wages of the Lord one of the sons of Obed-edom, a Levite Porter (1 Chronicles 26:5).

Phalec: (Luk 3:35)=Peleg (q.v.),Gen 11:16.

Phallu: separated, the second Son of Reuben (Gen 46:9).

Phalti: deliverance of the Lord the Son of Laish of Gallim (1Sa 25:44)= Phaltiel (2Sa 3:15). Michal, David’s Wife was given to him.

Phanuel: face of God Father of the prophetess Anna (q.v.),Luk 2:36.

Pharaoh: ’S DAUGHTERS Three princesses are thus mentioned in Scripture (1.) The princess who adopted the infant Moses (q.v.), Exodus 2:10. She is twice mentioned in the New Testament (Act 7:21: Hebrews1 1:24). It would seem that she was alive and in some position of influence about the Court when Moses was compelled to flee from Egypt and thus for forty years he had in some way been under her influence. She was in all probability the sister of Rameses and the Daughter of Seti I. Josephus calls her Thermuthis. It is supposed by some that she was Nefert-ari, the Wife as well as sister of Rameses The mummy of this Queen was among the treasures found at Deir-el-Bahari.

(1 1:2.) “Bithiah the Daughter of Pharaoh which Mered took (1 1:1 Chronicles 1 4:18).

(1 4:3.) The Wife of Solomon (1Ki 3:1). This is the first reference since the Exodus to any connection of Israel with Egypt

Pharez: breach, the elder of the twin sons of Judah (Gen 38:29). From him the royal line of David sprang (Rut 4:18-22). “The Chief of all the captains of the host” was of the children of Perez (Rut 4:1 Chronicles Rut 27:3; Matthew Rut 1:3).

Pharisees: separatists (Hebrews persahin, fromparash, “to separate”). They were probably the successors of the Assideans (i.e., the “pious”), a party that originated in the time of Antiochus Epiphanes in revolt against his heathenizing policy. The first mention of them is in a description by Josephus of the three sects or Schools into which the Jews were divided (B.C. 145). The other two sects were the Essenes and the Sadducees In the time of our Lord they were the popular party (Jhn 7:48). They were extremely accurate and minute in all matters appertaining to the Law of Moses (Mat 9:14; Mat 23:15; Luke Mat 11:39; Mat 18:12). Paul when brought before the Council of Jerusalem professed himself a Pharisee (Act 23:6-8; Act 26:4, Act 26:5). ...

There was much that was sound in their creed, yet their system of religion was a form and nothing more. Theirs was a very lax morality (Mat 5:20; Mat 15:4, Mat 15:8; Mat 23:3, Mat 23:14, Mat 23:23, Mat 23:25;Jhn 8:7). On the first notice of them in the New Testament (Mat 3:7), they are ranked by our Lord with the Sadducees as a “generation of vipers.” They were noted for their self-righteousness and their pride (Mat 9:11; Luke Mat 7:39; Mat 18:11, Mat 18:12). They were frequently rebuked by our Lord (Mat 12:39; Mat 16:1-4).

Lrom the very beginning of his ministry the Pharisees showed themselves Bitter and persistent enemies of our Lord They could not bear his doctrines, and they sought by every means to destroy his influence among the people.

Pharpar: swift, one of the Rivers of Damascus (2Ki 5:12). It has been identified with the ‘Awaj, “a small lively River ” The whole of the district watered by the ‘Awaj is called the Wady el-‘Ajam, i.e., “the Valley of the Persians”, so called for some unknown reason. This River empties itself into the lake or marsh Bahret Hijaneh, on the East of Damascus One of its branches bears the modern name of Wady Barbar, which is probably a corruption of Pharpar

Phebe: a “deaconess of the Church at Cenchrea ” the port of Corinth She was probably the Bearer of Paul’s epistle to the Romans Paul commended her to the Christians at Rome “for she Hath been,” says he, “a succourer of many, and of myself also” (Rom 16:1, Rom 16:2).

Phenice: properly Phoenix a palm-tree (as in the R.V.), a town with a harbour on the southern side of Crete (Act 27:12), west of the Fair Havens. It is now called Lutro.

Phenicia: (Act 21:2) = Phenice (Act 11:19; Act 15:3; R.V., Phoenicia), Gr. phoinix, “a palm”, the land of palm-trees;A S 15:20 miles along the shores of the Mediterranean, from the River Eleutherus in the North to the promotory of Carmel in the South Abo 15:120 miles in length. This name is not found in the Old Testament and in the New Testament it is mentioned only in the passages above referred to.

“In the Egyptian inscriptions Phoenicia is called Keft, the inhabitants being Kefa; and since Keft-ur, or ‘Greater Phoenicia ’ was the name given to the delta of the Nile from the Phoenician colonies settled upon it, the Philistines who came from Caphtor or Keft-ur must have been of Phoenician origin” (comp.Deu 2:23; Jeremiah Deu 47:4;Amo 9:7)., Sayce’s Bible and the Monuments. ...

Phoenicia lay in the very centre of the Old world, and was the natural entrepot for commerce with foreign nations. It was the “England of antiquity.” “The trade routes from all Asia converged on the Phoenician coast; the centres of commerce on the Euphrates and Tigris forwarding their goods by way of Tyre to the Nile, to Arabia and to the west; and, on the other Hand the productions of the vast regions bordering the Mediterranean passing through the Canaanite capital to the eastern world.” It was “situate at the entry of the Sea a Merchant of the people for many isles” (Ezk 27:3, Ezk 27:4). The far-reaching commercial activity of the Phoenicians, especially with Tarshish and the western world, enriched them with vast wealth, which introduced boundless luxury and developed among them a great activity in all manner of arts and manufactures. (See TYRE.)

The Phoenicians were the most enterprising merchants of the Old world, establishing colonies at various places, of which Carthage was the Chief They were a Canaanite Branch of the race of Ham and are frequently called Sidonians, from their principal City of Sidon. None could “skill to hew timber like unto the Sidonians” (1Ki 5:6). King Hiram rendered important service to Solomon in connection with the planning and Building of the Temple casting for him all the vessels for the Temple service, and the two pillars which stood in the front of the Porch and “the molten sea” (1Ki 7:21-23). Singular marks have been found by recent exploration on the great Stones that form the substructure of the Temple These marks, both painted and engraved, have been regarded as made by the workmen in the Quarries and as probably intended to indicate the Place of these Stones in the Building “The Biblical account (1Ki 5:17, 1Ki 5:18) is accurately descriptive of the massive masonry now existing at the south-eastern angle (of the Temple area),And 5:80 feet below the present surface. The Royal Engineers found, buried deeply among the rubbish of many centuries, great Stones costly and hewed Stones forming the foundation of the Sanctuary Wall while Phoenician fragments of Pottery and Phoenician marks painted on the massive blocks seem to proclaim that the Stones were prepared in the quarry by the cunning workmen of Hiram, the King of Tyre.” (See Temple )

The Phoenicians have been usually regarded as the inventors of alphabetic Writing The Egyptians expressed their thoughts by certain symbols, called “hieroglyphics”, i.e., sacred carvings, so styled because used almost exclusively on sacred subjects. The recent discovery, however, of inscriptions in Southern Arabia (Yemen and Hadramaut), known as Hemyaritic, in connection with various philogical considerations, has led some to the conclusion that the Phoenician alphabet was derived from the Mineans (admitting the antiquity of the Kingdom of Ma’in,Jdg 10:12; Jdg 10:2 Chronicles Jdg 26:7). Thus the Phoenician alphabet ceases to be the mother alphabet. Sayce thinks “it is more than possible that the Egyptians themselves were emigrants from Southern Arabia ” (See Moabite Stone )

“The Phoenicians were renowned in Ancient times for the manufacture of Glass and some of the specimens of this work that have been preserved are still the wonder of mankind. ..In the matter of shipping, whether ship-building be thought of or traffic upon the Sea the Phoenicians surpassed all other nations.” “The name Phoenicia is of uncertain origin, though it may be derived from Fenkhu, the name given in the Egyptian inscriptions to the natives of Palestine Among the Chief Phoenician cities were Tyre and Sidon, Gebal North of Beirut, Arvad or Arados and Zemar.”

Phicol: great, the Chief Captain of the Army of Abimelech the Philistine King of Gerar He entered into an Alliance with Abraham with reference to a certain well which, from this circumstance, was called Beersheba (q.v.), “the well of the oath” (Gen 21:22, Gen 21:32; Gen 26:26).

Philadelphia: brotherly Love a City of Lydia in Asia Minor, about 25 miles south-east of Sardis. It was the seat of one of the “seven churches” (Rev 3:7-12). It came into the possession of the Turks in A.D. Rev 3:1392. It has several times been nearly destroyed by earthquakes. It is still a town of considerable size, called Allahshehr, “the City of God ”

Philemon: , Epistle TO was written from Rome at the same time as the Epistles to the Colossians and Ephesians and was sent also by Onesimus It was addressed to Philemon and the members of his family.

It was written for the purpose of interceding for Onesimus (q.v.), who had deserted his master Philemon and been “unprofitable” to him. Paul had found Onesimus at Rome and had there been instrumental in his Conversion and now he sends him back to his master with this Letter

This epistle has the character of a strictly private Letter and is the only one of such Epistles preserved to us. “It exhibits the Apostle in a New Light He throws off as far as possible his apostolic dignity and his fatherly authority over his converts. ... He speaks simply as Christian to Christian He speaks, therefore, with that Peculiar Grace of Humility and courtesy which has, under the reign of Christianity, developed the Spirit of chivalry and what is called ‘the character of a gentleman,’ certainly very little known in the Old Greek and Roman civilization” (Dr. Barry). (See Slave )

Philetus: amiable, with Hymenaeus, at Ephesus said that the “resurrection was past already” (2 Timothy 2:17, 18). This was a Gnostic Heresy held by the Nicolaitanes. (See Alexander [4].)

Philip: lover of horses. (1.) One of the twelve apostles; a native of Bethsaida “the City of Andrew and Peter” (Jhn 1:44). He readily responded to the Call of Jesus when first addressed to him (Jhn 1:43), and forthwith brought Nathanael also to Jesus (Jhn 1:45,Jhn 1:46). He seems to have held a prominent Place among the apostles (Mat 10:3; Mark Mat 3:18; John Mat 6:5-7; Mat 12:21,Mat 12:22; Mat 14:8, Mat 14:9; Acts Mat 1:13). Of his later Life nothing is certainly known. He is said to have preached in Phrygia and to have met his Death at Hierapolis.

(Mat 1:2.) One of the “seven” (Act 6:5), called also “the evangelist” (Act 21:8, Act 21:9). ... He was one of those who were “scattered abroad” by the Persecution that arose on the Death of Stephen. He went first to Samaria where he laboured as an Evangelist with much success (Act 8:5-13). While he was there he received a divine command to proceed toward the South along the Road leading from Jerusalem to Gaza These towns were connected by two roads. The one Philip was directed to take was that which led through Hebron and thence through a district little inhabited, and hence called “desert.” As he travelled along this Road he was overtaken by a Chariot in which sat a Man of Ethiopia the Eunuch or Chief officer of Queen Candace who was at that moment reading, probably from the Septuagint Version a portion of the prophecies of Isaiah (Act 53:6,Act 53:7). Philip entered into Conversation with him, and expounded these verses, preaching to him the glad tidings of the Saviour The Eunuch received the message and believed, and was forthwith baptized, and then “went on his way rejoicing.” Philip was instantly caught away by the Spirit after the Baptism and the Eunuch saw him no more. He was next found at Azotus whence he went forth in his evangelistic work till he came to Caesarea He is not mentioned again for about twenty years, when he is still found at Caesarea (Act 21:8) when Paul and his companions were on the way to Jerusalem He then finally disappears from the page of history.

(Act 21:3.) Mentioned only in connection with the imprisonment of John the Baptist (Mat 14:3; Mark Mat 6:17; Luke Mat 3:19). He was the Son of Herod the Great, and the first Husband of Herodias and the Father of Salome (See Herod Philip I.)

(Mat 3:4.) The “tetrarch of Ituraea” (Luk 3:1); a Son of Herod the Great, and Brother of Herod Antipas The City of Caesarea- Philippi was named partly after him (Mat 16:13; Mark Mat 8:27). (See Herod Philip II.)

Philippi: (1.) Formerly Crenides, “the Fountain ” the capital of the province of Macedonia. It stood near the head of the Sea about 8 miles north-west of Kavalla. It is now a ruined village, called Philibedjik. Philip of Macedonia fortified the Old Thracian town of Crenides, and called it after his own name Philippi (B.C. 359-336). In the time of the Emperor Augustus this City became a Roman Colony i.e., a military settlement of Roman soldiers, there planted for the purpose of controlling the district recently conquered. It was a “miniature Rome ” under the municipal Law of Rome and governed by military officers, called duumviri, who were appointed directly from Rome Having been providentially guided thither, here Paul and his companion Silas preached the gospel and formed the first Church in Europe. ... (See Lydia ) This success stirred up the Enmity of the people, and they were “shamefully entreated” (Act 16:9-40;1Th 2:2). Paul and Silas at length Left this City and proceeded to Amphipolis (q.v.).

(1Th 2:2.) When Philip the Tetrarch the Son of Herod succeeded to the government of the northern portion of his Kingdom he enlarged the City of Paneas, and called it Caesarea in honour of the emperor. But in order to distinguish it from the Caesarea on the Sea coast, he added to it subsequently his own name, and called it Caesarea-Philippi (q.v.).

Philippians: , EPISTLE TO was written by Paul during the two years when he was “in bonds” in Rome (Phil. 1:7-13), probably early in the Year A.D.62 1:61.

The Philippians had sent Epaphroditus their Messenger with contributions to Meet the necessities of the Apostle and on his return Paul sent back with him this Letter With this precious communication Epaphroditus sets out on his homeward Journey “The joy caused by his return, and the effect of this wonderful Letter when first read in the Church of Philippi are hidden from us. And we may almost say that with this Letter the Church itself passes from our view. To-day, in silent meadows, quiet Cattle browse among the ruins which Mark the site of what was once the flourishing Roman Colony of Philippi the home of the most attractive Church of the apostolic Age But the name and fame and spiritual influence of that Church Will never pass. ... To myriads of men and women in every Age and nation the Letter written in a Dungeon at Rome and carried along the Egnatian Way by an obscure Christian Messenger has been a Light divine and a cheerful guide along the most rugged paths of life” (Professor Beet).

The Church at Philippi was the first-fruits of European Christianity. Their attachment to the Apostle was very fervent, and so also was his Affection for them. They alone of all the churches helped him by their contributions, which he gratefully acknowledges (Act 20:33-35;2Co 11:7-12;2Th 3:8). The pecuniary liberality of the Philippians comes out very conspicuously (Phil. 2Th 4:15). “This was a characteristic of the Macedonian missions,As 4:2Cor 4:8And 4:9 amply and beautifully prove. It is remarkable that the Macedonian converts were, as a class, very poor (2Co 8:2); and the parallel facts, their poverty and their open-handed support of the great missionary and his work, are deeply harmonious. At the present Day the missionary liberality of poor Christians is, in Proportion really greater than that of the rich” (Moule’s Philippians Introd.).

The contents of this epistle give an interesting insight into the condition of the Church at Rome at the time it was written. Paul’s imprisonment, we are informed, was no hindrance to his preaching the gospel, but rather “turned out to the furtherance of the gospel.” The gospel spread very extensively among the Roman soldiers, with whom he was in constant contact, and the Christians grew into a “vast multitude.” It is Plain that Christianity was at this time making rapid advancement in Rome

The doctrinal statements of this epistle bear a close relation to those of the Epistle to the Romans Compare also Phil. 2Co 3:20Wit 2:12, Wit 2:19, where the Church is presented under the idea of a City or commonwealth for the first time in Paul’s writings. The personal Glory of Christ is also set forth in almost parallel forms of expression in Phil. Wit 2:5-11,Com 1:17-23; Com 2:8; and Colossians Com 1:15-20. “This exposition of the Grace and wonder of His personal majesty, personal self-abasement, and personal exaltation after it,” found in these Epistles “is, in a great Measure a New development in the revelations given through St. Paul” (Moule). Other minuter analogies in forms of expression and of thought are also found in these Epistles of the Captivity

Pffl

Listia: =Palestine (q.v.), “the land of the Philistines” (Psa 60:8; Psa 87:4; Psa 108:9). The Word is supposed to mean “the land of wanderers” or “of strangers.”

Philistines: (Gen 10:14, R.V.; but in A.V., “Philistim”), a Tribe allied to the Phoenicians. They were a Branch of the primitive race which spread over the whole district of the Lebanon and the Valley of the Jordan and Crete and other Mediterranean islands. Some suppose them to have been a Branch of the Rephaim (2Sa 21:16-22). In the time of Abraham they inhabited the south-west of Judea Abimelech of Gerar being their King (Gen 21:32, Gen 21:34; Gen 26:1). They are, however, not noticed among the Canaanitish tribes mentioned in the Pentateuch They are spoken of by Amos (Gen 9:7) and Jeremiah (Gen 47:4) as from Caphtor i.e., probably Crete or, as some think, the Delta of Egypt In the whole record from Exodus to Samuel they are represented as inhabiting the tract of country which lay between Judea and Egypt (Exo 13:17; Exo 15:14, Exo 15:15;Jos 13:3;1Sa 13:4). ...

This powerful Tribe made frequent incursions against the Hebrews There was almost perpetual war between them. They sometimes held the tribes, especially the southern tribes, in degrading servitude (Jdg 15:11;1Sa 13:19-22); at other times they were defeated with great slaughter (1Sa 14:1-47; 1Sa 14:17). These hostilities did not cease till the time of Hezekiah (2Ki 18:8), when they were entirely subdued. They still, however, occupied their territory, and always showed their Old Hatred to Israel (Ezk 25:15-17). They were finally conquered by the Romans

The Philistines are called Pulsata or Pulista on the Egyptian monuments; the land of the Philistines (Philistia) being termed Palastu and Pilista in the Assyrian inscriptions. They occupied the five cities of Gaza Ashkelon Ashdod Ekron and Gath in the south-western Corner of Canaan which belonged to Egypt up to the closing days of the Nineteenth Dynasty. The occupation took Place during the reign of Rameses III. of the Twentieth Dynasty. The Philistines had formed part of the great naval confederacy which attacked Egypt but were eventually repulsed by that Pharaoh who, however, could not dislodge them from their settlements in Palestine As they did not enter Palestine till the time of the Exodus the use of the name PhilistinesIn 26:1 must be proleptic. Indeed the country was properly Gerar as in eh. In 26:20.

They are called Allophyli, “foreigners,” in the Septuagint and in the Books of Samuel they are spoken of as uncircumcised. It would therefore appear that they were not of the Semitic race, though after their establishment in Canaan they adopted the Semitic language of the country. We learn from the Old Testament that they came from Caphtor usually supposed to be Crete From Philistia the name of the land of the Philistines came to be extended to the whole of “Palestine.” Many scholars identify the Philistines with the PelethitesOf 26:2Sam 8:18.

Phinehas: mouth of Brass or from Old Egypt the negro. (1.) Son of Eleazar the High Priest (Exo 6:25). While yet a youth he distinguished himself at Shittim by his Zeal against the immorality into which the Moabites had tempted the people (Num 25:1-9), and thus “stayed the plague” that had broken out among the people, and by which twenty-four thousand of them perished. For his faithfulness on that occasion he received the divine approbation (10 25:13). He afterwards commanded the Army that went out against the Midianites (10 31:6-8). When representatives of the people were sent to expostulate with the two and a half tribes who, just after crossing Jordan built an Altar and departed without giving any explanation, Phinehas was their leader,And 22:16-20. ... Their explanation follows. This great Altar was intended to be all ages only a Witness that they still formed a part of Israel Phinehas was afterwards the Chief adviser in the war with the Benjamites.He 106:30, He 106:31. (See ED.)

(He 106:2.) One of the sons of Eli the High Priest (1Sa 1:3; 1Sa 2:12). He and his Brother Hophni were guilty of great crimes, for which Destruction came on the House of Eli (1Sa 2:31). He died in battle with the Philistines (1Sa 4:4, 1Sa 4:11); and his Wife on hearing of his Death gave Birth to a Son whom she called “Ichabod,” and then she died (19 4:22).

Phlegon: burning, a Roman Christian to whom Paul sent salutations (Rom 16:14).

Phoenicia: (Act 21:2). (See Phenicia )

Phrygia: dry, an irregular and ill-defined district in Asia Minor. It was divided into two parts, the Greater Phrygia on the South and the Lesser Phrygia on the west. It is the Greater Phrygia that is spoken of in the New Testament The towns of Antioch in Pisidia (Act 13:14), Colosse, Hierapolis, Iconium and Laodicea were situated in it.

Phut: Phu 10:6, and elsewhere we find the people of Phut described as mercenaries in the armies of Egypt and Tyre (Jer 46:9;Ezk 30:5; Ezk 27:10). In a fragment of the annuals of Nebuchadrezzar which records his invasion of Egypt reference is made to “Phut of the Ionians.”

Phygellus: fugitive, a Christian of Asia, who “turned away” from Paul during his second imprisonment at Rome (2 Timothy 1:15). Nothing more is known of him.

Phylacteries: (Gr. phulakteria; i.e., “defences” or “protections”), called by modern Jews tephillin (i.e., “prayers”) are mentioned only in Matthew 23:5. They consisted of strips of Parchment on which were inscribed these four texts: (1.) Exodus 13:1-10; (2.)11 13:16; (11 13:3.)Deu 6:4-9; (Deu 6:4.) Deu 11:18-21, and which were enclosed in a square leather case, on one side of which was inscribed the Hebrew Letter shin, to which the rabbis attached some significance. This case was fastened by certain straps to the Forehead just between the eyes. The “making broad the phylacteries” refers to the enlarging of the case so as to make it conspicuous. (See Frontlets )

Another form of the phylactery consisted of two rolls of Parchment on which the same texts were written, enclosed in a case of Black calfskin. This was worn on the Left Arm near the elbow, to which it was bound by a thong. It was called the “Tephillah on the Arm ”

Physician: Asa, afflicted with some bodily malady, “sought not to the Lord but to the physicians” (2 Chronicles 16:12). The “physicians” were those who “practised Heathen arts of magic, disavowing recognized methods of cure, and dissociating the healing art from dependence on the God of Israel The sin of Asa was not, therefore, in seeking medical advice, as we understand the phrase, but in forgetting Jehovah ”

Pl-

Beseth: (Ezk 30:17), supposed to mean, “a cat,” or a deity in the form of a cat, worshipped by the Egyptians. It was called by the Greeks Bubastis. The hieroglyphic name is “Pe-bast”, i.e., the House of Bast, the Artemis of the Egyptians. The town of Bubasts was situated on the Pelusian Branch i.e., the easternmost Branch of the Delta. It was the seat of one of the Chief annual Festivals of the Egyptians. Its ruins bear the modem name of Tel-Basta.

Pieces: (1) of SilverIn 68:30 denotes “fragments,” and not properly Money In 68:1Sam 2:36 (Hebrews agorah), properly a “small sum” as Wages weighed rather than coined.Jos 24:32 (Hebrews Kesitah q.v.), supposed by some to have been a piece of Money bearing the figure of a Lamb but rather simply a certain amount. (Comp.Gen 33:19).

(Gen 33:2.) The Word Pieces is omitted in many passages,As 20:16; As 37:28; As 45:22, etc.The 11:12, The 11:13 is quoted in the Gospel (Mat 26:15), and from this we know that the Word to be supplied is “shekels.” In all these omissions we may thus warrantably supply this Word

(Mat 26:3.) The “piece of money” mentioned in Matthew Mat 17:27 is a stater=a Hebrew Shekel or four Greek drachmae;And 15:8, And 15:9,Act 19:19, a Greek drachma=a denarius. (See Penny )

Piety: Lat. pietas, properly honour and respect toward parents (1 Timothy 5:4). In Acts 17:23 the Greek verb is rendered “ye Worship ” as applicable to God

Pigeon: Pigeons are mentioned as among the offerings which, by divine appointment, Abram presented unto the Lord (Gen 15:9). They were afterwards enumerated among the sin-offerings (Lev 1:14; Lev 12:6), and the Law provided that those who could not offer a Lamb might offer two young pigeons (Lev 5:7; comp. Luke Lev 2:24). (See Dove )

Pl-

Hahiroth: Place where the reeds grow (LXX. and Copt, read “farmstead”), the name of a Place in Egypt where the children of Israel encamped (Exo 14:2, Exo 14:9), how long is uncertain. Some have identified it with Ajrud, a fortress between Etham and Suez. The condition of the Isthmus of Suez at the time of the Exodus is not exactly known, and hence this, with the other places mentioned as encampments of Israel in Egypt cannot be definitely ascertained. The isthmus has been formed by the Nile deposits. This increase of deposit still goes on, and so rapidly that within the last fifty years the mouth of the Nile has advanced Northward about four geographical miles. In the maps of Ptolemy (of the second and third centuries A.D.) the mouths of the Nile are forty miles further South than at present. (See Exodus )

Pilate: , PONTIUS probably connected with the Roman family of the Pontii, and called “Pilate” from the Latin pileatus, i.e., “wearing the pileus”, which was the “cap or badge of a manumitted Slave ” as indicating that he was a “freedman,” or the descendant of one. He was the sixth in the order of the Roman procurators of Judea (A.D. 26-36). His headquarters were at Caesarea but he frequently went up to Jerusalem His reign extended over the period of the ministry of John the Baptist and of Jesus Christ in connection with whose trial his name comes into prominent notice. Pilate was a “typical Roman, not of the antique, simple stamp, but of the imperial period, a Man not without some remains of the Ancient Roman Justice in his soul, yet pleasure-loving, imperious, and corrupt. ... He hated the Jews whom he ruled, and in times of irritation freely shed their blood. They returned his Hatred with cordiality, and accused him of every crime, maladministration, cruelty, and Robbery He visited Jerusalem as seldom as possible; for, indeed, to one accustomed to the pleasures of Rome with its theatres, baths, Games and gay society, Jerusalem with its religiousness and ever- smouldering revolt, was a dreary residence. When he did visit it he stayed in the Palace of Herod the Great, it being common for the officers sent by Rome into conquered countries to occupy the palaces of the displaced sovereigns.”

After his trial before the Sanhedrin, Jesus was brought to the Roman procurator, Pilate who had come up to Jerusalem as usual to preserve order during the Passover and was now residing, perhaps, in the Castle of Antonia or it may be in Herod’s Palace Pilate came forth from his Palace and met the deputation from the Sanhedrin, who, in answer to his inquiry as to the nature of the accusation they had to prefer against Jesus accused him of being a “malefactor.” Pilate was not satisfied with this, and they further accused him (1) of sedition, (2) preventing the payment of the Tribute to Caesar and (3) of assuming the title of King (Luk 23:2). Pilate now withdrew with Jesus into the Palace (Jhn 18:33) and examined him in private (Jhn 18:37,Jhn 18:38); and then going out to the deputation still standing before the Gate he declared that he could find no fault in Jesus (Luk 23:4). This only aroused them to more furious clamour, and they cried that he excited the populace “throughout all Jewry, beginning from Galilee.” When Pilate heard of Galilee, he sent the accused to Herod Antipas who had jurisdiction over that province, thus hoping to escape the difficulty in which he found himself. But Herod with his men of war, set Jesus at nought, and sent him back again to Pilate clad in a purple robe of mockery (Luk 23:11, Luk 23:12).

Pilate now proposed that as he and Herod had found no fault in him, they should release Jesus and anticipating that they would consent to this proposal, he ascended the judgment-seat as if ready to ratify the Decision (Mat 27:19). But at this moment his Wife (Claudia Procula) sent a message to him imploring him to have nothing to do with the “just person.” Pilate’s feelings of perplexity and awe were deepened by this incident, while the crowd vehemently cried out, “Not this Man but Barabbas ” Pilate answered, “What then shall I do with Jesus?” The fierce cry immediately followed. “Let him be crucified.” Pilate apparently vexed, and not knowning what to do, said, “Why, what evil Hath he done?” but with yet fiercer fanaticism the crowd yelled out, “Away with him! crucify him, crucify him!” Pilate yielded, and sent Jesus away to be scourged. This Scourging was usually inflicted by lictors; but as Pilate was only a procurator he had no lictor, and hence his soldiers inflicted this terrible Punishment This done, the soldiers began to deride the sufferer, and they threw around him a purple robe, probably some Old cast-off robe of state (Mat 27:28; John Mat 19:2), and putting a Reed in his right Hand and a crowd of thorns on his head, bowed the knee before him in mockery, and saluted him, saying, “Hail, King of the Jews!” They took also the Reed and smote him with it on the head and Face and spat in his Face heaping upon him every indignity.

Pilate then led forth Jesus from within the Praetorium (Mat 27:27) before the people, wearing the Crown of thorns and the purple robe, saying, “Behold the man!” But the sight of Jesus now scourged and crowned and bleeding, only stirred their Hatred the more, and again they cried out, “Crucify him, crucify him!” and brought forth this additional charge against him, that he professed to be “the Son of God ” Pilate heard this accusation with a superstitious awe, and taking him once more within the Praetorium asked him, “Whence art thou?” Jesus gave him no answer. Pilate was irritated by his continued silence, and said, “Knowest thou not that I have power to crucify thee?” Jesus with calm dignity, answered the Roman, “Thou couldest have no power at all against me, except it were given thee from above.”

After this Pilate seemed more resolved than ever to let Jesus go. The crowd perceiving this cried out, “If thou let this Man go, thou art not Caesar’s friend.” This settled the matter. He was afraid of being accused to the emperor. Calling for Water he washed his hands in the sight of the people, saying, “I am innocent of the blood of this just person.” The mob, again scorning his scruples, cried, “His blood be on us, and on our children.” Pilate was stung to the heart by their insults, and putting forth Jesus before them, said, “Shall I crucify your King?” The fatal moment had now come. They madly exclaimed, “We have no King but Caesar ” and now Jesus is given up to them, and led away to be crucified.

By the direction of Pilate an inscription was placed, according to the Roman Custom over the Cross stating the crime for which he was crucified. Having ascertained from the Centurion that he was Dead he gave up the body to Joseph of Arimathea to be buried. Pilate’s name now disappears from the Gospel history. References to him, however, are found in the Acts of the Apostles (Mat 3:13; Mat 4:27; Mat 13:28),And 13:1 Timothy And 6:13. In A.D. And 6:36 the Governor of Syria brought serious accusations against Pilate and he was banished to Vienne in Gaul, where, according to Tradition he committed suicide.

Pillar: used to support a Building (Jdg 16:26, Jdg 16:29); as a trophy or memorial (Gen 28:18; Gen 35:20; Exodus Gen 24:4;1Sa 15:12, A.V., “place,” more correctly “monument,” or “trophy of victory,”As 15:2Sam 18:18); of Fire by which the Divine Presence was manifested (Exo 13:2). The “plain of the pillar”In 9:6 ought to be, as in the Revised Version the “oak of the pillar”, i.e., of the monument or Stone set up by Joshua (In 24:26).

Pinnacle: a little wing, (Mat 4:5;Luk 4:9). On the southern side of the Temple Court was a range of porches or cloisters forming three arcades. At the south-Eas 4:300 feet above the Kidron Valley The Pinnacle some parapet or wing-like projection, was above this roof, and hence at a great height,Pro 4:350 feet or more above the Valley

Pipe: (1Sa 10:5;1Ki 1:40;Isa 5:12; Isa 30:29). The Hebrew Word halil, so rendered, means “bored through,” and is the name given to various kinds of wind instruments, as the fife, Flute Pan-pipes, etc. In Amos Isa 6:5 this Word is rendered “instrument of Music ” This instrument is mentioned also in the New Testament (Mat 11:17;1Co 14:7). It is still used in Palestine and is, as in Ancient times, made of different materials, as Reed Copper bronze, etc.

Rathon: Prince or summit, a Place “in the land of Ephraim” (Jdg 12:15), now Fer’on,Som 12:10 miles south-west of Shechem This was the home of Abdon the Judge

Rathonite: (1.) Abdon the Son of Hillel, so called,Jdg 12:13, Jdg 12:15.

(Jdg 12:2.) Benaiah the Ephraimite (2Sa 23:30), one of David’s thirty heroes.

Sgah: a part, a mountain summit in the land of Moab in the territory of Reuben where Balak offered up sacrifices (Num 21:20; Num 23:14), and from which Moses viewed the promised land (Deu 3:27). It is probably the modem Jebel Siaghah. (See Nebo )

Sidia: a district in Asia Minor, to the North of Pamphylia The Taurus range of mountains extends through it. Antioch one of its Chief cities, was twice visited by Paul (Act 13:14; Act 14:21-24).

Son: OF Man (1.) Denotes mankind generally, with special reference to their weakness and frailty (Job 25:6;Psa 8:4; Psa 144:3; Psa 146:3; Isaiah Psa 51:12, etc.).

(Psa 51:2.) It is a title frequently given to the Prophet Ezekiel, probably to remind him of his human weakness.

(Psa 51:3.) In the New Testament it is used forty-three times as a distinctive title of the Saviour In the OldTes 80:17And 7:13 with this application. It denotes the true humanity of our Lord He had a true body (Heb 2:14; Luke Heb 24:39) and a rational soul. He was perfect Man

Pit: a hole in the Ground (Exo 21:33, Exo 21:34), a Cistern for Water (Gen 37:24; Jeremiah Gen 14:3), a vault (Gen 41:9), a Grave (Psa 30:3). It is used as a figure for mischief (Psa 9:15), and is the name given to the unseen Place of woe (Rev 20:1, Rev 20:3). The slime-pits in the vale of Siddim were wells which yielded asphalt (Gen 14:10).

Pitch: (Gen 6:14), asphalt or Bitumen in its soft state, called “slime” (Gen 11:3; Gen 14:10; Exodus Gen 2:3), found in pits near the Dead Sea (q.v.). It was used for various purposes, as the coating of the outside of vessels and in BuildingAll 34:9 to its inflammable character. (See Slime )

Pitcher: a vessel for containing liquids. In the East pitchers were usually carried on the head or shoulders (Gen 24:15-20;Jdg 7:16, Jdg 7:19;Mrk 14:13).

Thom: Egyptian, Pa-Tum, “house of Turn,” the sun-God, one of the “treasure” cities built for Pharaoh Rameses II. by the Israelites (Exo 1:11). It was probably the Patumos of the Greek historian Herodotus. It has now been satisfactorily identified with Tell-el-Maskhuta,Abo 1:12 miles west of Ismailia,And 1:20 East of Tel-el-Kebir, on the southern bank of the present Suez Canal. Here have recently (And 1:1883) been discovered the ruins of supposed grain-chambers, and other evidences to show that this was a great “store City ” Its immense ruin-heaps show that it was built of bricks, and partly also of bricks without Straw Succoth (Exo 12:37) is supposed by some to be the secular name of this City Pithom being its sacred name. This was the first halting-place of the Israelites in their Exodus It has been argued (Dr. Lansing) that these “store” cities “were residence cities, royal Dwellings such as the Pharaohs of Old the Kings of Israel and our modern Khedives have ever loved to build, thus giving employment to the superabundant muscle of their enslaved peoples, and making a name for themselves.”

Plague: a “stroke” of affliction, or disease. Sent as a divine chastisement (Num 11:33; Num 14:37; Num 16:46-49;2Sa 24:21). Painful Afflictions or diseases, (Lev 13:3, Lev 13:5, Lev 13:30;1Ki 8:37), or severe calamity (Mrk 5:29;Luk 7:21), or the Judgment of God so called (Exo 9:14). Plagues of Egypt were ten in number.

(Exo 9:1.) The River Nile was turned into blood, and the Fish died, and the River stank, so that the Egyptians loathed to Drink of the River (Exo 7:14-25).

(Exo 7:2.) The Plague of frogs (Exo 8:1-15).

(Exo 8:3.) The Plague of Lice (Hebrews kinnim, properly gnats or mosquitoes; comp.Psa 78:45; Psa 105:31), “out of the dust of the land” (Exo 8:16-19). ...

(Exo 8:4.) The Plague of flies (Hebrews arob, rendered by the LXX. dog-fly), Exodus Exo 8:21-24.

(Exo 8:5.) The Murrain (Ex. Exo 9:1-7), or epidemic pestilence which carried off vast Numbers of Cattle in the field. Warning was given of its Coming

(Exo 9:6.) The sixth Plague of “boils and Blains ” like the third, was sent without warning (Ex. Exo 9:8-12). It is called (Deu 28:27) “the botch of Egypt ” A.V.; but in R.V., “the Boil of Egypt ” “The Magicians could not stand before Moses” because of it.

(Deu 28:7.) The Plague of Hail with Fire and Thunder (Exo 9:13-33). Warning was given of its Coming (Comp.Psa 18:13; Psa 105:32, Psa 105:33).

(Psa 105:8.) The Plague of locusts, which covered the whole Face of the earth, so that the land was darkened with them (Exo 10:12-15). The Hebrew name of this insect, arbeh, points to the “multitudinous” character of this visitation. Warning was given before this Plague came.

(Exo 10:9.) After a short interval the Plague of Darkness succeeded that of the locusts; and it came without any special warning (Exo 10:21-29). The Darkness covered “all the land of Egypt” to such an extent that “they saw not one another.” It did not, however, extend to the land of Goshen

(Exo 10:10.) The last and most fearful of these plagues was the Death of the first-born of Man and of beast (Exo 11:4, Exo 11:5; Exo 12:29,Exo 12:30). The exact time of the visitation was announced, “about midnight”, which would add to the horror of the infliction. Its extent also is specified, from the first-born of the King to the first-born of the humblest Slave and all the first-born of beasts. But from this Plague the Hebrews were completely exempted. The Lord “put a difference” between them and the Egyptians. (See Passover )

Plain: OF Mamre (Gen 13:18; Gen 14:13; R.V., “oaks of Mamre ” marg., “terebinths”). (See Mamre TEIL-TREE.)

Plane: TREE Hebrews ‘armon (Gen 30:37;Ezk 31:8), rendered “chesnut” in the Authorized Version but correctly “plane tree” in the Revised Version and the LXX. This Tree is frequently found in Palestine both on the coast and in the North It usually sheds its outer bark, and hence its Hebrew name, which means “naked.” (See Chestnut )

Pledge

Pleiades: Hebrews kimah, “a cluster” (Job 9:9; Job 38:31;Amo 5:8, A.V., “seven Stars ” R.V., “Pleiades”), a name given to the cluster of Stars seen in the shoulder of the Constellation Taurus.

Plough

Poetry: has been well defined as “the measured language of emotion.” Hebrew Poetry deals almost exclusively with the great question of man’s relation to God “Guilt, condemnation, Punishment Pardon Redemption Repentance are the awful themes of this heaven-born Poetry ”

In the Hebrew scriptures there are found three distinct kinds of Poetry (1) that of the Book of Job and the Song of Solomon which is dramatic; (2) that of the Book of Psalms which is lyrical; and (3) that of the Book of Ecclesiastes which is didactic and sententious.

Hebrew Poetry has nothing akin to that of Western nations. It has neither Metre nor rhyme. Its great peculiarity consists in the mutual correspondence of sentences or clauses, called parallelism, or “thought-rhyme.” Various kinds of this parallelism have been pointed out:

(1.) Synonymous or cognate parallelism, where the same idea is repeated in the same words (Psa 93:3; Psa 94:1;Pro 6:2), or in different words (Psa 6:22, Psa 6:23, Psa 6:28, Psa 6:114, etc.); or where it is expressed in a positive form in the one clause and in a negative in the other (Psa 40:12;Pro 6:26); or where the same idea is expressed in three successive clauses (Psa 40:15, Psa 40:16); or in a double parallelism, the first and second clauses corresponding to the third and fourth (Isa 9:1; Isa 61:10, Isa 61:11). ...

(Isa 61:2.) Antithetic parallelism, where the idea of the second clause is the converse of that of the first (Psa 20:8; Psa 27:6, Psa 27:7; Psa 34:1 Psa 34:1; Psa 37:9, Psa 37:17, Psa 37:21, Psa 37:22). This is the common form of gnomic or proverbial Poetry (See 37:15.)

(See 37:3.) Synthetic or constructive or compound parallelism, where each clause or sentence contains some accessory idea enforcing the main idea (Psa 19:7-10; Psa 85:12; Job Psa 3:3-9; Isaiah Psa 1:5-9).

(Psa 1:4.) Introverted parallelism, in which of four clauses the first answers to the fourth and the second to the third (Psa 135:15-18;Pro 23:15, Pro 23:16), or where the second line reverses the order of words in the first (Psa 86:2).

Hebrew Poetry sometimes assumes other forms than these. (Psa 86:1.) An alphabetical arrangement is sometimes adopted for the purpose of connecting clauses or sentences. Thus in the following the initial words of the respective verses begin with the letters of the alphabet in regular succession:Pro 31:10-31; Lamentations Pro 31:1, Pro 31:2, Pro 31:3, Pro 31:4;Psa 31:25, Psa 31:34, Psa 31:37, Psa 31:145.Psa 31:119 has a Letter of the alphabet in regular order beginning every eighth verse.

(Psa 31:2.) The repetition of the same verse or of some emphatic expression at intervals (Psa 31:42, Psa 31:107, where the refrain is in verses, Psa 31:8, Psa 31:15, Psa 31:21, Psa 31:31). (Comp, also Isaiah Psa 9:8-10:Psa 9:4; Amos Psa 1:3, Psa 1:6, Psa 1:9, Psa 1:11, Psa 1:13; Psa 2:1, Psa 2:4, Psa 2:6.)

(Psa 2:3.) Gradation, in which the thought of one verse is resumed in another (Psa 2:121).

Several odes of great poetical beauty are found in the historical books of the Old Testament such as the song of Moses (Exo 2:15), the song of Deborah (Jdg 2:5), of Hannah (Jdg 2:1 Samuel Jdg 2:2), of Hezekiah (Isa 38:9-20),

of Habakkuk (Hab 38:3), and David’s “song of the bow” (Hab 38:2 Samuel Hab 1:19-27).

Poison: (1.) Hebrews hemah, “heat,” the Poison of certain venomous reptiles (Deu 32:24, Deu 32:33; Job Deu 6:4;Psa 58:4), causing inflammation.

(Psa 58:2.) Hebrews Rosh “a head,” a poisonous plant (Deu 29:18), growing luxuriantly (Hos. Deu 10:4), of a Bitter taste (Psa 69:21; Lamentations Psa 3:5), and coupled with Wormwood probably the poppy. This Word is rendered “gall”, q.v., (Deu 29:18; Deu 32:33;Psa 69:21; Jeremiah Psa 8:14, etc.), “hemlock” (Hos. Psa 10:4; Amos Psa 6:12), and “poison” (Job 20:16), “the Poison of asps,” showing that the Rosh was not exclusively a vegetable Poison

(Job 20:3.) In Romans Job 3:13 (comp. Job Job 20:16;Psa 140:3), James Psa 3:8, as the rendering of the Greek ios.

Pomegranate: i.e., “grained apple” (pomum granatum), Hebrews Rimmon Common in Egypt (Num 20:5) and Palestine (Num 13:23; Deuteronomy Num 8:8). The Romans called it Punicum malum, i.e., Carthaginian Apple because they received it from Carthage. It belongs to the myrtle family of trees. The withering of the Pomegranate Tree is mentioned among the Judgments of God (Jol 1:12). It is frequently mentioned in the Song of Solomon (Cant. Jol 4:3, Jol 4:13, etc.). The skirt of the High priest’s Blue robe and Ephod was adorned with the representation of pomegranates, alternating with Golden bells (Exo 28:33,Exo 28:34), as also were the “chapiters upon the two pillars” (1Ki 7:20) which “stood before the House ”

Pommels: (2 Chronicles 4:12, 13), or bowls (1Ki 7:41), were balls or “rounded knobs” on the top of the chapiters (q.v.).

Pontius

Pontus: a province of Asia Minor, stretching along the southern coast of the Euxine Sea corresponding nearly to the modem province of Trebizond. In the time of the apostles it was a Roman province. Strangers from this province were at Jerusalem at Pentecost (Act 2:9), and to “strangers scattered throughout Pontus ” among others, Peter addresses his first epistle (Act 2:1 Peter Act 1:1). It was evidently the resort of many Jews of the Dispersion Aquila was a native of Pontus (Act 18:2).

Pool: a pond, or reservoir, for holding Water (Hebrews berekhah; modern Arabic, birket), an artificial Cistern or tank. Mention is made of the Pool of Gibeon (2Sa 2:13); the Pool of Hebron (2Sa 4:12); the upper Pool at Jerusalem (2Ki 18:17; 2Ki 20:20); the Pool of Samaria (1Ki 22:38); the king’s Pool (Neh 2:14); the Pool of Siloah (Neh 3:15; Ecclesiastes Neh 2:6); the fishpools of Heshbon (Cant. Neh 7:4); the “lower Pool ” and the “old pool” (Isa 22:9,Isa 22:11).

The “pool of Bethesda” (Jhn 5:2,Jhn 5:4, Jhn 5:7) and the “pool of Siloam” (Jhn 9:7, Jhn 9:11) are also mentioned. Isaiah (Jhn 35:7) says, “The Parched Ground shall become a Pool ” This is rendered in the Revised Version “glowing sand,” etc. ... (marg., “the mirage,” etc.). The Arabs Call the mirage “serab,” plainly the same as the Hebrew Word scirab, here rendered “parched Ground ” “The mirage shall become a pool”, i.e., the mock-lake of the burning Desert shall become a real lake, “the pledge of refreshment and joy.” The “pools”

spoken of in Isaiah Jhn 14:23 are the marshes caused by the ruin of the canals of the Euphrates in the neighbourhood of Babylon

The cisterns or Pools of the Holy City are for the most part excavations beneath the surface. Such are the vast cisterns in the Temple Hill that have recently been discovered by the engineers of the Palestine Exploration Fund. These underground caverns are about thirty-five in number, and are capable of storing about ten million gallons of Water They are connected with one another by passages and tunnels.

Pools

Poplar: Hebrews libneh, “white”, (Gen 30:37; Hos. Gen 4:13), in all probability the storax Tree (Styrax officinalis) or white Poplar distinguished by its white blossoms and pale leaves. It is common in the Anti-Libanus. Other species of the Poplar are found in Palestine such as the white Poplar (P. alba) of our own country, the Black Poplar (P. nigra), and the aspen (P. tremula). (See WILLOW.)

Porch: , Solomon’s a colonnade on the East of the Temple so called from a Tradition that it was a relic of Solomon’s Temple Left standing after the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians. (Comp.1Ki 7:6.)

The Word “porch” is in the New Testament the rendering of three different Greek words:

(1Ki 7:1.) Stoa, meaning aportico or veranda (Jhn 5:2; Jhn 10:23; Acts Jhn 3:11; Jhn 5:12). (Jhn 5:2.) Pulon, a gateway (Mat 26:71).

(Mat 26:3.) Proaulion, the entrance to the inner Court (Mrk 14:68).

Porcius

Porter: a gate-keeper (2Sa 18:26;2Ki 7:10; 2Ki 7:1 Chronicles 2Ki 9:21; 2Ki 9:2 Chronicles 2Ki 8:14). Of the Levites, 2Ki 8:4,2Ki 8:000 were appointed as porters by David (2Ki 8:1 Chronicles 2Ki 23:5), who were arranged according to their families (2Ki 26:1-19) to take charge of the doors and gates of the Temple They were sometimes employed as musicians (2Ki 26:1 Chronicles 2Ki 15:18).

Post: (1.) A runner, or courier, for the rapid transmission of letters, etc. (2 Chronicles 30:6; Esther 3:13, 15; 8:10, 14;Job 9:25; Jeremiah Job 51:31). Such messengers were used from very early times. Those employed by the Hebrew kings had a military character (Job 51:1 Samuel Job 22:17;2Ki 10:25, “guard,” marg. “runners”). The modern system of postal communication was first established by Louis XI. of France in A.D. 2Ki 10:1464.

(2Ki 10:2.) This Word sometimes also is used for lintel or Threshold (Isa 6:4).

Potiphar: dedicated to Ra; i.e., to the sun-God, the Egyptian to whom the Ishmaelites sold Joseph (Gen 39:1). He was “captain of the guard”, i.e., Chief probably, of the state police, who, while they formed part of the Egyptian Army were also largely employed in civil duties (Gen 37:36; marg., “chief of the executioners”). Joseph though a Foreigner gradually gained his confidence, and became overseer over all his possessions. Believing the false accusation which his profligate Wife brought against Joseph Potiphar cast him into prison, where he remained for some years. (See Joseph )

Potipherah: a Priest of On, whose Daughter Asenath became Joseph’s Wife (Gen 41:45).

Potsherd: a “shred”, i.e., anything severed, as a fragment of earthenware (Job 2:8;Pro 26:23;Isa 45:9).

Pottage: Hebrews nazid, “boiled”, a dish of boiled Food as of lentils (Gen 25:29;2Ki 4:38).

Potters: FIELD the name given to the piece of Ground which was afterwards bought with the Money that had been given to Judas It was called the “field of blood” (Mat 27:7-10). Tradition places it in the Valley of Hinnom. (See Aceldama )

Pottery: the art of, was early practised among all nations. Various materials seem to have been employed by the potter. Earthenware is mentioned in connection with the history of Melchizedek (Gen 14:18), of Abraham (Gen 18:4-8), of Rebekah (Gen 27:14), of Rachel (Gen 29:2, Gen 29:3, Gen 29:8, Gen 29:10). The potter’s Wheel is mentioned by Jeremiah (Gen 18:3).See 18:1Chr 4:23;Psa 2:9;Isa 45:9; Isa 64:8; Jeremiah Isa 19:1;Lam 4:2;Zec 11:13;Rom 9:21.

Pound: (1.) A weight. Hebrews Maneh equal to 100 shekels (1Ki 10:17;Ezr 2:69;Neh 7:71, Neh 7:72). Gr. litra,Equ 7:12 oz. avoirdupois (Jhn 12:3; Jhn 19:39).

(Jhn 19:2.) A sum of Money the Gr. mna or mina (Luk 19:13, Luk 19:16, Luk 19:18, Luk 19:20, Luk 19:24, Luk 19:25).It 19:100 drachmas, and was of the value of about $It 19:3, It 19:6s. It 19:8d. of our Money (See Money )

Praetorium: The Greek Word (praitorion)Thu 15:16 is rendered “common hall” (Mat 27:27, marg., “governor’s house”), “judgment Hall ” (Jhn 18:28, Jhn 18:33, marg., “Pilate’s house”, Jhn 19:9;

Act 23:35), “palace” (Phil. Act 1:13). This is properly a military Word It denotes (Act 1:1) the general’s Tent or headquarters; (Act 1:2) the governor’s residence, as in Acts Act 23:35 (R.V., “palace”); and (Act 23:3) the praetorian Guard (See PALACE), or the Camp or quarters of the praetorian cohorts (Act 28:16), the imperial guards in immediate attendance on the emperor, who was “praetor” or commander-in-chief.

Prayer: is converse with God the intercourse of the soul with God not in contemplation or meditation, but in direct address to him. Prayer may be Oral or mental, occasional or constant, ejaculatory or formal. It is a “beseeching the Lord” (Exo 32:11); “pouring out the soul before the Lord” (1Sa 1:15); “praying and crying to heaven” (1Sa 1:2 Chronicles 1Sa 32:20); “seeking unto God and making supplication” (Job 8:5); “drawing near to God” (Psa 73:28); “bowing the knees” (Eph 3:14).

Prayer presupposes a belief in the personality of God his ability and willingness to hold intercourse with us, his personal control of all things and of all his creatures and all their actions.

Acceptable Prayer must be sincere (Heb 10:22), offered with reverence and godly Fear with a humble sense of our own insignificance as creatures and of our own unworthiness as sinners, with Earnest importunity, and with unhesitating submission to the divine Will Prayer must also be offered in the Faith that God is, and is the hearer and answerer of Prayer and that he Will fulfil his Word “Ask, and ye shall receive” (Mat 7:7, Mat 7:8; Mat 21:22;Mrk 11:24;Jhn 14:13, Jhn 14:14), and in the name of Christ (Jhn 16:23, Jhn 16:24; Jhn 15:16; Ephesians Jhn 2:18; Jhn 5:20; Colossians Jhn 3:17;1Pe 2:5). ...

Prayer is of different kinds, secret (Mat 6:6); social, as family prayers, and in social Worship and public, in the service of the Sanctuary

Intercessory Prayer is enjoined (Num 6:23;Job 42:8;Isa 62:6;Psa 122:6; Psa 122:1 Timothy Psa 2:1; James Psa 5:14), and there are many instances on record of answers having been given to such prayers, e.g., of Abraham (Gen 17:18, Gen 17:20; Gen 18:23-32; Gen 20:7, Gen 20:17, Gen 20:18), of Moses for Pharaoh (Exo 8:12, Exo 8:13, Exo 8:30, Exo 8:31; Exodus Exo 9:33), for the Israelites (Exo 17:11, Exo 17:13; Exo 32:11-14,31 32:34;Num 21:7, Num 21:8;Deu 9:18, Deu 9:19, Deu 9:25), for Miriam (Num 12:13), for Aaron (Deu 9:20), of Samuel (1Sa 7:5-12), of Solomon (1Ki 7:8; 1Ki 7:2 Chronicles 1Ki 7:6), Elijah (1Ki 17:20-23),

Elisha (2Ki 4:33-36), Isaiah (2Ki 4:19), Jeremiah (2Ki 42:2-10), Peter (Act 9:40), the Church (Act 12:5-12), Paul (Act 28:8).

No rules are anywhere in Scripture laid down for the manner of Prayer or the attitude to be assumed by the suppliant. There is mention made of kneeling in Prayer (1Ki 8:54; 1Ki 8:2 Chronicles 1Ki 6:13;Psa 95:6;Isa 45:23;Luk 22:41; Acts Luk 7:60; Luk 9:40; Ephesians Luk 3:14, etc.); of Bowing and falling prostrate (Gen 24:26, Gen 24:52; Exodus Gen 4:31; Gen 12:27; Matthew Gen 26:39;Mrk 14:35, etc.); of spreading out the hands (1Ki 8:22, 1Ki 8:38, 1Ki 8:54;Psa 28:2; Psa 63:4; Psa 88:9; Psa 88:1 Timothy Psa 2:8, etc.); and of standing (1Sa 1:26;1Ki 8:14, 1Ki 8:55; 1Ki 8:2 Chronicles 1Ki 20:9;Mrk 11:25;Luk 18:11, Luk 18:13).

If we except the “Lord’s Prayer” (Mat 6:9-13), which is, however, rather a model or pattern of Prayer than a set Prayer to be offered up, we have no special form of Prayer for general use given us in Scripture

Prayer is frequently enjoined in Scripture (Exo 22:23, Exo 22:27;1Ki 3:5; 1Ki 3:2 Chronicles 1Ki 7:14;Psa 37:4;Isa 55:6; Joel Isa 2:32;Ezk 36:37, etc.), and we have very many testimonies that it has been answered (Psa 3:4; Psa 4:1; Psa 6:8; Psa 18:6; Psa 28:6; Psa 30:2; Psa 34:4; Psa 118:5; James Psa 5:16-18, etc.).

“Abraham’s servant prayed to God and God directed him to the person who should be Wife to his master’s Son and Heir (Gen 24:10-20).

“Jacob prayed to God and God inclined the heart of his irritated Brother so that they met in Peace and friendship (Gen 32:24-30; Gen 33:1-4).

“Samson prayed to God and God showed him a well where he quenched his burning thirst, and so lived to Judge Israel (Jdg 15:18-20).

“David prayed, and God defeated the counsel of Ahithophel (2Sa 15:31; 2Sa 16:20-23; 2Sa 17:14-23).

“Daniel prayed, and God enabled him both to tell Nebuchadnezzar his Dream and to give the interpretation of it (Dan 2:16-23).

“Nehemiah prayed, and God inclined the heart of the King of Persia to grant him leave of absence to visit and rebuild Jerusalem (Neh 1:11; Neh 2:1-6 ).

“Esther and Mordecai prayed, and God defeated the purpose of Haman and saved the Jews from Destruction (Est 4:15-17; Est 6:7, Est 6:8).

“The believers in Jerusalem prayed, and God opened the prison doors and set Peter at liberty, when Herod had resolved upon his Death (Act 12:1-12 ).

“Paul prayed that the Thorn in the Flesh might be removed, and his Prayer brought a large increase of spiritual strength, while the Thorn perhaps remained (2Co 12:7-10).

“Prayer is like the Dove that Noah sent forth, which blessed him not only when it returned with an olive-leaf in its mouth, but when it never returned at all.”, Robinson’s Job

Predestination: This Word is properly used only with reference to God’s plan or purpose of Salvation The Greek Word rendered “predestinate” is found only in these six passages, Acts 4:28;Rom 8:29, Rom 8:30;1Co 2:7;Eph 1:5, Eph 1:11; and in all of them it has the same meaning. They teach that the Eternal sovereign, immutable, and unconditional decree or “determinate purpose” of God governs all events.

This doctrine of Predestination or Election is beset with many difficulties. It belongs to the “secret things” of God But if we take the revealed Word of God as our guide, we must accept this doctrine with all its mysteriousness, and settle all our questionings in the humble, devout acknowledgment, “Even so, Father for so it seemed good in thy sight.”

For the teaching of Scripture on this subject let the following passages be examined in addition to those referred to above;Gen 21:12;Exo 9:16; Exo 33:19;Deu 10:15; Deu 32:8;Jos 11:20;1Sa 12:22;2Ch 6:6;Psa 33:12; Psa 65:4; Psa 78:68; Psa 135:4;Isa 41:1-10; Jeremiah Isa 1:5;Mrk 13:20;Luk 22:22;Jhn 6:37; Jhn 15:16; Jhn 17:2, Jhn 17:6, Jhn 17:9; Acts Jhn 2:28; Jhn 3:18; Jhn 4:28; Jhn 13:48; Jhn 17:26;Rom 9:11, Rom 9:18, Rom 9:21; Rom 11:5;Eph 3:11;1Th 1:4;2Th 2:13; 2Th 2:2 Timothy 2Th 1:9;Tit 1:2;1Pe 1:2. ... (See Decrees OF God Election )

Hodge has well remarked that, “rightly understood, this doctrine (1Pe 1:1) exalts the majesty and absolute Sovereignty of God while it illustrates the riches of his free Grace and his just displeasure with sin. (1Pe 1:2.) It enforces upon us the essential Truth that Salvation is entirely of Grace That no one can either complain if passed over, or boast himself if saved. (1Pe 1:3.) It brings the inquirer to absolute self-despair and the cordial embrace of the free offer of Christ (1Pe 1:4.) In the case of the believer who has the Witness in himself, this doctrine at once deepens his Humility and elevates his confidence to the full Assurance of hope” (Outlines).

Presidents: Three Presidents are mentioned, of whom Daniel was the first (Dan 6:2-7). The name in the original is sarkhin, probably a Persian Word meaning perfects or ministers.

Priest: The Hebrews kohen, Gr. hierus, Lat. sacerdos, always denote one who offers sacrifices.

At first every Man was his own Priest and presented his own sacrifices before God Afterwards that office devolved on the head of the family, as in the cases of Noah (Gen 8:20), Abraham (Gen 12:7; Gen 13:4), Isaac (Gen 26:25), Jacob (Gen 31:54), and Job (Job 1:5).

The name first occurs as applied to Melchizedek (Gen 14:18). Under the Levitical arrangements the office of the priesthood was limited to the Tribe of Levi and to only one family of that Tribe the family of Aaron Certain laws respecting the qualifications of priests are given in Leviticus Gen 21:16-23. ... There are ordinances also regarding the priests’ Dress (Exo 28:40-43) and the manner of their Consecration to the office (Exo 29:1-37).

Their duties were manifold (Exo 27:20, Exo 27:21; Exo 29:38-44; Leviticus Exo 6:12; Exo 10:11; Exo 24:8;Num 10:1-10;Deu 17:8-13; Deu 33:10;Mal 2:7). They represented the people before God and offered the various sacrifices prescribed in the Law

In the time of David the priests were divided into twenty-four Courses or classes (Mal 2:1 Chronicles Mal 24:7-18). This number was retained after the Captivity (Ezr 2:36-39; Nehemiah Ezr 7:39-42).

“The priests were not distributed over the country, but lived together in certain cities [forty-eight in number, of which six were cities of Refuge q.v.], which had been assigned to their use. From thence they went up by turns to Minister in the Temple at Jerusalem Thus the religious instruction of the people in the country generally was Left to the heads of families, until the establishment of synagogues, an event which did not take Place till the return from the Captivity and which was the main source of the Freedom from Idolatry that became as Marked a feature of the Jewish people thenceforward as its practice had been hitherto their great national sin.”

The whole priestly system of the Jews was typical. It was a Shadow of which the body is Christ The priests all prefigured the great Priest who offered “one Sacrifice for sins” “once for all” (Heb 10:10, Heb 10:12). There is now no human priesthood. (See Epistle to the Hebrews throughout.) The term “priest” is indeed applied to believers (Heb 10:1 Peter Heb 2:9; Revelation Heb 1:6), but in these cases it implies no sacerdotal functions. All true believers are now “kings and priests unto God ” As priests they have free access into the holiest of all, and offer up the sacrifices of praise and thanksgiving, and the sacrifices of grateful service from Day to Day

Prince: the title generally applied to the Chief men of the state. The “princes of the provinces” (1Ki 20:14) were the governors or Lord-lieutenants of the provinces. So also the “princes”Men 6:1, Men 6:3, Men 6:4, Men 6:6, Men 6:7 were the officers who administered the affairs of the provinces; the “satraps” (as rendered in R.V.). These are also called “lieutenants” (Est 3:12; Est 8:9; R.V., “satraps”). The promised Saviour is called by Daniel (Est 9:25) “Messiah the Prince” (Hebrews nagid);Com 3:15; Com 5:31. The Angel Micheal is called (Dan 12:1) a “prince” (Hebrews sar, whence “Sarah,” the “princes”).

Priscilla

Prophecy: or prediction, was one of the functions of the Prophet It has been defined as a “miracle of knowledge, a declaration or description or representation of something future, Beyond the power of human sagacity to foresee, discern, or conjecture.” (See Prophet )

The great prediction which runs like a Golden thread through the whole contents of the Old Testament is that regarding the Coming and work of the Messiah and the great use of Prophecy was to perpetuate Faith in his Coming and to prepare the world for that event. But there are many subordinate and intermediate prophecies also which hold an important Place in the great Chain of events which illustrate the Sovereignty and all-wise overruling Providence of God

Then there are many prophecies regarding the Jewish nation, its founder Abraham (Gen 12:1-3; Gen 13:16; Gen 15:5; Gen 17:2,4 17:6, etc.), and his posterity, Isaac and Jacob and their descendants (4 12:7; 4 13:14, 4 13:15, 4 13:17; 4 15:18-21; Exodus 4 3:8, 4 3:17), which have all been fulfilled. ... The twenty-eighth Chapter of Deuteronomy contains a series of predictions which are even now in the present Day being fulfilled. In the writings of the prophets Isaiah (4 2:18-21), Jeremiah (4 27:3-7; 4 29:11-14), Ezekiel (4 5:12; 4 5:8), Daniel (4 5:8; 4 9:26, 4 9:27), Hosea (4 9:17), there are also many prophecies regarding the events which were to befall that people.

There is in like manner a large number of prophecies relating to those nations with which the Jews came into contact, as Tyre (Ezk 26:3-5,14 26:21), Egypt (Ezk 29:10, Ezk 29:15; Ezk 30:6, Ezk 30:12, Ezk 30:13), Ethiopia (Nam 3:8-10), Nineveh (Nam 1:10; Nam 2:8-13; Nam 3:17-19), Babylon (Isa 13:4; Jeremiah Isa 51:7; Isaiah Isa 44:27; Jeremiah Isa 50:38; Isa 51:36, Isa 51:39, Isa 51:57), the land of the Philistines (Jer 47:4-7;Ezk 25:15-17; Amos Ezk 1:6-8;Zep 2:4-7; Zechariah Zep 9:5-8), and of the four great monarchies (Dan 2:39, Dan 2:40; Dan 7:17-24; Dan 8:9).

But the great body of Old Testament Prophecy relates directly to the advent of the Messiah beginning with Genesis Dan 3:15, the first great promise, and extending in ever-increasing Fulness and clearness all through to the very close of the Canon The Messianic prophecies are too numerous to be quoted. “To him gave all the prophets Witness ” (Comp.Mic 5:2; Hag. Mic 2:6-9; Isaiah Mic 7:14; Mic 9:6, Mic 9:7; Mic 11:1, Mic 11:2; Mic 11:53; Mic 60:10, Mic 60:13;Psa 16:11; Psa 68:18.)

Many predictions also were delivered by Jesus and his apostles. Those of Christ were very numerous. (Comp. Matthew Psa 10:23:Psa 10:24; Psa 11:23; Psa 19:28; Psa 21:43,Psa 21:44; Psa 21:24; Psa 25:31-46; Psa 26:17-35, Psa 26:46, Psa 26:64;Mrk 9:1; Mrk 10:30; Mrk 10:13; Mrk 11:1-6, Mrk 11:14; Mrk 14:12-31,Mrk 14:42, Mrk 14:62; Mrk 16:17, etc.)

Prophet: (Hebrews nabi, from a root meaning “to bubble forth, as from a Fountain ” hence “to utter”, comp.Psa 45:1). This Hebrew Word is the first and the most generally used for a Prophet In the time of Samuel another Word ro’eh, “seer”, began to be used (1Sa 9:9). It occurs Seven times in reference to Samuel Afterwards another Word hozeh, “seer” (2Sa 24:11), was employed.In 24:1 Ch. In 29:29 all these three words are used: “Samuel the Seer (ro’eh), Nathan the Prophet (nabi’), Gad the seer” (hozeh). In Joshua In 13:22 Balaam is called (Hebrews ) a kosem “diviner,” a Word used only of a false Prophet

The “prophet” proclaimed the message given to him, as the “seer” beheld the Vision of God (See 12:6, See 12:8.) Thus a Prophet was a spokesman for God he spake in God’s name and by his authority (Exo 7:1). ... He is the mouth by which God speaks to men (Jer 1:9; Isaiah Jer 51:16), and hence what the Prophet says is not of Man but of God (Jer 51:2 Peter Jer 1:20, Jer 1:21; comp. Hebrews Jer 3:7; Acts Jer 4:25; Jer 28:25). Prophets were the immediate organs of God for the communication of his mind and Will to men (Deu 18:18, Deu 18:19). The whole Word of God may in this general sense be spoken of as prophetic, inasmuch as it was written by men who received the Revelation they communicated from God no matter what its nature might be. The foretelling of future events was not a necessary but only an incidental part of the prophetic office. The great task assigned to the prophets whom God raised up among the people was “to correct moral and religious abuses, to proclaim the great moral and religious truths which are connected with the character of God and which he at the foundation of his government.”

Any one being a spokesman for God to Man might thus be called a Prophet Thus Enoch Abraham and the patriarchs, as bearers of God’s message (Gen 20:7; Exodus Gen 7:1;Psa 105:15), as also Moses (Deu 18:15; Deu 34:10; Hos. Deu 12:13), are ranked among the prophets.

The Seventy elders of Israel (Num 11:16-29), “when the Spirit rested upon them, prophesied;” Asaph and Jeduthun “prophesied with a harp” (Num 11:1 Chronicles Num 25:3). Miriam and Deborah were prophetesses (Exo 15:20;Jdg 4:4). The title thus has a general application to all who have messages from God to men.

But while the prophetic Gift was thus exercised from the beginning, the prophetical order as such began with Samuel Colleges, “schools of the prophets”, were instituted for the training of prophets, who were constituted, a distinct order (1Sa 19:18-24;2Ki 2:3, 2Ki 2:15; 2Ki 4:38), which continued to the close of the Old Testament Such “schools” were established at Ramah, Bethel, Gilgal Gibeah, and Jericho The “sons” or “disciples” of the prophets were young men (2Ki 5:22; 2Ki 9:1, 2Ki 9:4) who lived together at these different “schools” (2Ki 4:38-41). These young men were taught not only the rudiments of secular knowledge, but they were brought up to Exercise the office of Prophet “to preach pure morality and the heart-felt Worship of Jehovah and to act along and co-ordinately with the priesthood and monarchy in guiding the state aright and checking all attempts at illegality and tyranny.”

In New Testament times the prophetical office was continued. Our Lord is frequently spoken of as a Prophet (Luk 13:33; Luk 24:19). He was and is the great Prophet of the Church There was also in the Church a distinct order of prophets (1Co 12:28; Ephesians 1Co 2:20; 1Co 3:5), who made New revelations from God They differed from the “teacher,” whose office it was to impart truths already revealed.

Of the Old Testament prophets there are sixteen, whose prophecies form part of the inspired Canon These are divided into four groups:

(1Co 3:1.) The prophets of the northern Kingdom (Israel), viz., Hosea Amos Joel Jonah

(1Co 3:2.) The prophets of Judah viz., Isaiah Jeremiah Obadiah Micah, Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah

(1Co 3:3.) The prophets of Captivity viz., Ezekiel and Daniel

(1Co 3:4.) The prophets of the Restoration, viz., Haggai Zechariah and Malachi

Propitiation: that by which God is rendered propitious, i.e., by which it becomes consistent with his character and government to Pardon and Bless the sinner. The Propitiation does not procure his Love or make him loving; it only renders it consistent for him to execise his Love towards sinners.

In 3:25 and Hebrews In 9:5 (A.V., “mercy-seat”) the Greek Word hilasterion is used. It is the Word employed by the LXX. translators in Exodus In 25:17 and elsewhere as the equivalent for the Hebrew kapporeth, which means “covering,” and is used of the lid of the Ark of the Covenant (Exo 25:21; Exo 30:6). This Greek Word (hilasterion) came to denote not only the mercy-seat or lid of the Ark but also propitation or reconciliation by blood. ... On the great Day of Atonement the High Priest carried the blood of the Sacrifice he offered for all the people within the Veil and sprinkled with it the “mercy-seat,” and so made Propitiation

In 30:1Jhn 2:2; Jhn 4:10, Christ is called the “propitiation for our sins.” Here a different Greek Word is used (hilasmos). Christ is “the Propitiation ” because by his becoming our substitute and assuming our obligations he expiated our guilt, covered it, by the vicarious Punishment which he endured. (Comp. Hebrews Jhn 2:17, where the expression “make reconciliation” of the A.V. is more correctly in the R.V. “make Propitiation ”)

Proportion: OF Faith (Rom 12:6). Paul says here that each one was to Exercise his Gift of Prophecy i.e., of teaching, “according to the Proportion of Faith ” The meaning is, that the utterances of the “prophet” were not to fluctuate according to his own impulses or independent thoughts, but were to be adjusted to the Truth revealed to him as a beliver, i.e., were to be in accordance with it.

In post-Reformation times this phrase was used as meaning that all Scripture was to be interpreted with reference to all other Scripture i.e., that no words or expressions were to be isolated or interpreted in a way contrary to its general teaching. This was also called the “analogy of Faith ”

Proselyte: is used in the LXX. for “stranger” (1Ch 22:2), i.e., a comer to Palestine a sojourner in the land (Exo 12:48; Exo 20:10; Exo 22:21), and in the New Testament for a convert to Judaism. There were such converts from early times (Isa 56:3;Neh 10:28;Est 8:17). The Law of Moses made specific regulations regarding the admission into the Jewish Church of such as were not Born Israelites (Exo 20:10; Exo 23:12; Exo 12:19, Exo 12:48;Deu 5:14; Deu 16:11, Deu 16:14, etc.). The Kenites the Gibeonites, the Cherethites, and the Pelethites were thus admitted to the privileges of Israelites. Thus also we hear of individual proselytes who Rose to positions of prominence in Israel as of Doeg the Edomite, Uriah the Hittite, Araunah the Jebusite, Zelek the Ammonite Ithmah and Ebedmelech the Ethiopians. ...

In the time of Solomon there were one hundred and fifty-three thousand six hundred strangers in the land of Israel (1Ch 22:2;2Ch 2:17, 2Ch 2:18). And the prophets speak of the time as Coming when the strangers shall share in all the privileges of Israel (Ezk 47:22;Isa 2:2; Isa 11:10; Isa 56:3-6;Mic 4:1). Accordingly, in New Testament times, we read of proselytes in the synagogues, (Act 10:2, Act 10:7; Act 13:42, Act 13:43, Act 13:50; Act 17:4; Act 18:7;Luk 7:5). The “religious proselytes” here spoken of were proselytes of righteousness, as distinguished from proselytes of the Gate

The distinction between “proselytes of the gate” (Exo 20:10) and “proselytes of righteousness” originated only with the rabbis. According to them, the “proselytes of the gate” (half proselytes) were not required to be circumcised nor to comply with the Mosaic ceremonial Law They were bound only to conform to the so-called Seven precepts of Noah viz., to abstain from Idolatry Blasphemy bloodshed, uncleaness, the Eating of blood, theft, and to yield obedience to the authorities. Besides these laws, however, they were required to abstain from work on the Sabbath and to refrain from the use of leavened Bread during the time of the Passover

The “proselytes of righteousness”, religious or devout proselytes (Act 13:43), were bound to all the doctrines and precepts of the Jewish economy, and were members of the Synagogue in full Communion

The name “proselyte” occurs in the New Testament only in Matthew Act 23:15; Acts Act 2:10; Act 6:5; Act 13:43. The name by which they are commonly designated is that of “devout men,” or men “fearing God” or “worshipping God ”

Proverb: a trite maxim; a similitude; a Parable The Hebrew Word thus rendered (mashal) has a wide signification. It comes from a root meaning “to be like,” “parable.” Rendered “proverb”In 14:4; Habakkuk In 2:6; “dark saying”In 49:4,Num 12:8. Ahab’s defiant words in answer to the insolent demands of Benhadad, “Let not him that girdeth on his Harness boast himself as he that putteth it off,” is a well known instance of a proverbial saying (1Ki 20:1 1Ki 20:1).

Proverbs: , Book OF a Collection of moral and philosophical maxims of a wide range of subjects presented in a poetic form. This book sets forth the “philosophy of practical Life It is the sign to us that the Bible does not despise common sense and discretion. It impresses upon us in the most forcible manner the value of intelligence and prudence and of a good education. The whole strength of the Hebrew language and of the sacred authority of the book is thrown upon these homely truths. It deals, too, in that refined, discriminating, careful view of the Finer shades of human character so often overlooked by theologians, but so necessary to any true estimate of human life” (Stanley’s Jewish Church).

As to the origin of this book, “it is probable that Solomon gathered and recast many Proverbs which sprang from human experience in preceeding ages and were floating past him on the tide of time, and that he also elaborated many New ones from the material of his own experience. ... Towards the close of the book, indeed, are preserved some of Solomon’s own sayings that seem to have fallen from his lips in later Life and been gathered by other hands’ (Amot’s Laws from Heaven etc.)

This book is usually divided into three parts: (1.) Consisting of ch. 1-9, which contain an exhibition of wisdom as the highest good.

(2.) Consisting of ch. 10-24.

(3.) Containing Proverbs of Solomon “which the men of Hezekiah, the King of Judah collected” (ch. 25-29).

These are followed by two supplements, (1) “The words of Agur” (ch. 30); and (2) “The words of King Lemuel” (ch. 31).

Solomon is said to have written three thousand Proverbs and those contained in this book may be a selection from these (1Ki 4:32). In the New Testament there are thirty-five direct Quotations from this book or allusions to it.

Providence: literally means foresight, but is generally used to denote God’s preserving and governing all things by means of second causes (Psa 18:35; Psa 63:8; Acts Psa 17:28; Colossians Psa 1:17; Hebrews Psa 1:3). God’s Providence extends to the natural world (Psa 104:14; Psa 135:5-7; Acts Psa 14:17), the brute Creation (Psa 104:21-29; Matthew Psa 6:26; Psa 10:29), and the affairs of men (Psa 10:1 Chronicles Psa 16:31;Psa 47:7;Pro 21:1;Job 12:23;Dan 2:21; Dan 4:25), and of individuals (1Sa 2:6;Psa 18:30; Luke Psa 1:53; James Psa 4:13-15). It extends also to the free actions of men (Exo 12:36;1Sa 24:9-15;Psa 33:14, Psa 33:15;Pro 16:1; Pro 19:21; Pro 20:24; Pro 21:1), and things sinful (2Sa 16:10; 2Sa 24:1;Rom 11:32; Acts Rom 4:27, Rom 4:28), as well as to their good actions (Phil. ... Rom 2:13; Rom 4:13;2Co 12:9, 2Co 12:10; Ephesians 2Co 2:10; Galatians 2Co 5:22-25).

As regards sinful actions of men, they are represented as occurring by God’s permission (Gen 45:5; Gen 50:20. Comp.1Sa 6:6; Exodus 1Sa 7:13; 1Sa 14:17; Acts 1Sa 2:3; 1Sa 3:18; 1Sa 4:27, 1Sa 4:28), and as controlled (Psa 76:10) and overruled for good (Gen 50:20; Acts Gen 3:13). God does not cause or approve of sin, but only limits, restrains, overrules it for good.

The mode of God’s providential government is altogether unexplained. We only know that it is a fact that God does govern all his creatures and all their actions; that this government is universal (Psa 103:17-19), particular (Mat 10:29-31), efficacious (Psa 33:11;Job 23:13), embraces events apparently contingent (Pro 16:9, Pro 16:33; Pro 19:21; Pro 21:1), is consistent with his own perfection (Pro 21:2 Timothy Pro 2:13), and to his own Glory (Rom 9:17; Rom 11:36).

Psalms: The Psalms are the production of various authors. “Only a portion of the Book of Psalms claims David as its author. Other inspired poets in successive generations added now one now another contribution to the sacred Collection and thus in the wisdom of Providence it more completely reflects every phase of human emotion and circumstances than it otherwise could.” But it is specially to David and his contemporaries that we owe this precious book. In the “titles” of the Psalms the genuineness of which there is no sufficient reason to doubt, 73 are ascribed to David Peter and John (Act 4:25) ascribe to him also the second psalm,Whi 4:48 that are anonymous. About two-thirds of the whole Collection have been ascribed to David

Psa 4:39, Psa 4:62,And 4:77 are addressed to Jeduthun to be sung after his manner or in his choir. ... Psalms50 4:83 are addressed to Asaph, as the master of his choir, to be sung in the Worship of God The “sons of Korah,” who formed a leading part of the Kohathite singers (2Ch 20:19),Wer 20:42,44 20:49, 44 20:84, 44 20:85, 44 20:87,And 20:88.

In 24:44 the Word “psalms” means the Hagiographa, i.e., the Holy writings, one of the sections into which the Jews divided the Old Testament (See Bible )

None of the Psalms can be proved to have been of a later Date than the time of Ezra and Nehemiah Hen 24:1,Hen 24:000 years.The 24:116 direct Quotations from the Psalter.

The Psalter is divided, after the analogy of the Pentateuch into five books, each closing with a doxology or benediction:

(The 24:1.)The 24:41 PsalmsAll 24:1, All 24:2, All 24:10,And 24:33, which, though anonymous, may also be ascribed to him.

(And 24:2.)Boo 24:31 Psalms (42 24:72),18 24:1 to Solomon (The 24:72nd). The Rest are anonymous.

(The 24:3.)The 24:17 Psalms (73 24:89),Of 24:86th is ascribed to David The 24:88th to Heman the Ezrahite And 24:89th to Ethan the Ezrahite

(And 24:4.)The 24:17 Psalms (90 24:106),Of 24:90th is ascribed to Moses And 24:101St 24:103rd to David

(St 24:5.) The fifth book contains the remaining Psalms St 24:44 in number. Of these, St 24:15 are ascribed to David And 24:127th to Solomon

Psa 24:136 is generally called “the great Hallel ”But 24:135.Psa 24:118, inclusive, constitute the “hallel” recited at the three great Feasts at the New moon, and on the eight days of the Feast of Dedication

“It is presumed that these several collections were made at times of High religious Life the first, probably, near the close of David’s Life the second in the days of Solomon the third by the singers of Jehoshaphat (2Ch 20:19); the fourth by the men of Hezekiah (2Ch 20:29, 2Ch 20:30, 2Ch 20:31); and the fifth in the days of Ezra.”

The Mosaic ritual makes no provision for the service of song in the Worship of God David first taught the Church to sing the praises of the Lord He first introduced into the ritual of the Tabernacle Music and song.

Divers names are given to the Psalms (2Ch 20:1.) Some bear the Hebrew designation shir (Gr. ode, a song). Thirteen have this title. It means the flow of speech, as it were, in a straight line or in a regular Strain This title includes secular as well as sacred song.

(2Ch 20:2.) Fifty-eight Psalms bear the designation (Hebrews ) mitsmor (Gr. psalmos, a psalm), a lyric ode, or a song set to Music a sacred song accompanied with a musical instrument.

(2Ch 20:3.)Psa 20:145, and many others, have the designation (Hebrews ) tehillah (Gr. hymnos, a hymn), meaning a song of praise; a song the prominent thought of which is the praise of God

(Psa 20:4.) Six Psalms (Psa 20:16,56 20:60) have the title (Hebrews ) michtam (q.v.).

(56 20:5.)Psa 20:7And 20:3 bear the title (Hebrews ) Shiggaion (q.v.).

Psaltery: a musical instrument, supposed to have been a kind of lyre, or a Harp with twelve strings. The Hebrew Word nebhel, so rendered, is translated “viol”In 5:12 (R.V., “lute”); In 14:11.In 3:5, In 3:7, In 3:10, In 3:15, the Word thus rendered is Chaldaic, pesanterin, which is supposed to be a Word of Greek origin denoting an instrument of the Harp ki nd.

Ptolemais: a maritime City of Galilee (Act 21:7). It was originally called “Accho” (q.v.), and received the name Ptolemais from Ptolemy Soter when he was in possession of Coele-Syria.

Puah: splendid. (1.) One of the two midwives who feared God and refused to kill the Hebrew male children at their Birth (Exo 1:15-21).

(Exo 1:2.) A descendant of Issachar (Jdg 10:1).

Publican: one who farmed the Taxes (e.g., Zacchaeus,Luk 19:2) to be levied from a town or district, and thus undertook to pay to the supreme government a certain amount. In order to collect the Taxes the publicans employed subordinates (Luk 5:27; Luk 15:1; Luk 18:10), who, for their own ends, were often guilty of extortion and peculation. In New Testament times these Taxes were paid to the Romans and hence were regarded by the Jews as a very heavy Burden and hence also the collectors of Taxes who were frequently Jews, were hated, and were usually spoken of in very opprobrious terms. Jesus was accused of being a “friend of publicans and sinners” (Luk 7:34).

Publius: “the Chief Man of the island” of Malta (Act 28:7), who courteously entertained Paul and his shipwrecked companions for three days, till they found a more permanent Place of residence; for they remained on the Island for three months, till the stormy season had passed. The Word here rendered “chief man” (protos) is supposed by some to be properly a Maltese term, the official title of the Governor

Pudens: bashful, a Christian at Rome who sent his greetings to Timothy (2 Timothy 4:21). (See Claudia )

Pul

Pulpit: (Neh 8:4). (See EZRA.)

Pulse: (Dan 1:12, Dan 1:16), R.V. “herbs,” vegetable Food in general.

Punishment: The New Testament lays down the general principles of good government, but contains no code of laws for the Punishment of offenders. Punishment proceeds on the principle that there is an Eternal distinction between right and wrong, and that this distinction must be maintained for its own sake. It is not primarily intended for the reformation of criminals, nor for the purpose of deterring others from sin. These results may be gained, but crime in itself demands Punishment (See Murder THEFT.)

Endless, of the impenitent and unbelieving. The rejection of this doctrine “cuts the Ground from under the gospel... blots out the attribute of retributive Justice transmutes sin into misfortune instead of guilt; turns all suffering into chastisement; converts the piacular work of Christ into moral influence... The attempt to retain the evangelical theology in connection with it is futile” (Shedd).

Purification: the process by which a person unclean, according to the Levitical Law and thereby cut off from the Sanctuary and the Festivals was restored to the enjoyment of all these privileges.

The great annual Purification of the people was on the Day of Atonement (q.v.).

But in the details of Daily Life there were special causes of cermonial uncleanness which were severally provided for by ceremonial laws enacted for each separate case. For example, the case of the leper (Leviticus 13, 14), and of the House defiled by Leprosy (Lev 14:49-53;See 8:2-4). Uncleanness from touching a Dead body (Num 19:11; Hos. Num 9:4; Hag. Num 2:13;Mat 23:27;Luk 11:44). The case of the High Priest and of the Nazarite (Lev 21:1-4, Lev 21:10, Lev 21:11;Num 6:6, Num 6:7;Ezk 44:25). ... Purification was effected by bathing and Washing the clothes (Lev 14:8, Lev 14:9); by Washing the hands (Deu 21:6;Mat 27:24); Washing the hands and feet (Exo 30:18-21;Heb 6:2, “baptisms”, R.V. marg., “washings;” Heb 9:10); sprinkling with blood and Water (Exo 24:5-8;Heb 9:19), etc.All 26:6; All 51:7;Ezk 36:25;Heb 10:22.

Pur: , PURIM a Lot lots, a festival instituted by the Jews (Est 9:24-32) in ironical commemoration of Haman’s consultation of the Pur (a Persian word), for the purpose of ascertaining the auspicious Day for executing his cruel plot against their nation. It became a national institution by the common consent of the Jews, and is observed by them to the present DayOn 9:14Th 9:15th of the Month Adar a Month before the Passover

Purse: (l.) Gr. balantion, a Bag (Luk 10:4; Luk 22:35, Luk 22:36).

(Luk 22:2.) Gr. zone, properly a Girdle (Mat 10:9;Mrk 6:8), a money-belt. As to our Lord’s sending forth his disciples without Money in their purses, the remark has been made that in this “there was no departure from the simple manners of the country. At this Day the farmer sets out on excursions quite as extensive without a para in his Purse and a modern Moslem Prophet of Tarshisha thus sends forth his apostles over this identical region. No traveller in the East would hestitate to throw himself on the hospitality of any village.” Thomson’s Land and the Book. (See SCRIP.)

Puteoli: a City on the coast of Campania, on the North shore of a Bay running North from the Bay of Naples, at which Paul landed on his way to Rome from which it was distant 170 miles. Here he tarried for Seven days (Act 28:13, Act 28:14). This was the great emporium for the Alexandrian corn Ships Here Paul and his companions began their Journey by the “Appian Way,” to Rome It is now called Pozzuoli. The remains of a huge amphitheatre, and of the quay at which Paul landed, may still be seen here.

Put: , PHUT(1.) One of the sons of Ham (Gen 10:6).

(Gen 10:2.) A land or people from among whom came a portion of the mercenary troops of Egypt Jer 46:9 (A.V., “Libyans,” but correctly, R.V., “Put”);Ezk 27:10; Ezk 30:5 (A.V., “Libya;” R.V., “Put”); Ezk 38:5;Nam 3:9.

Pygarg: Hebrews dishon, “springing”, (Deu 14:5), one of the animals permitted for Food It is supposed to be the Antelope addax. It is described as “a large AnimalOve 14:3 Ove 14:1/Ove 14:2 feet High at the shoulder, and, with its gently-twisted horns,2 14:1/2 14:2 feet long. Its Colour is pure white, with the exception of a short Black mane, and a tinge of tawny on the shoulders and back.”, Tristram’s Natural History.

Q Quails

Quarantania: a mountain some 1,200 feet High about 7 miles north-west of Jericho the traditional scene of our Lord’s Temptation (Mat 4:8).

Quarries: (1.) The “Royal Quarries” (not found in Scripture) is the name given to the vast caverns stretching far underneath the northern Hill Bezetha, on which Jerusalem is built. Out of these mammoth caverns Stones a hard lime-stone, have been quarried in Ancient times for the buildings in the City and for the temples of Solomon Zerubbabel and Herod Huge blocks of Stone are still found in these caves bearing the marks of pick and chisel. The general appearance of the whole suggests to the explorer the idea that the Phoenician quarrymen have just suspended their work. The supposition that the polished blocks of Stone for Solomon’s Temple were sent by Hiram from Lebanon or Tyre is not supported by any evidence (comp.1Ki 5:8). ... Hiram sent masons and stone-squarers to Jerusalem to assist Solomon’s workmen in their great undertaking, but did not send Stones to Jerusalem where, indeed, they were not needed, as these royal Quarries abundantly testify.

(1Ki 5:2.) The “quarries” (Hebrews pesilim) by Gilgal (Jdg 3:19), from which Ehud turned back for the purpose of carrying out his design to Put Eglon King of Moab to Death were probably the “graven images” (as the Word is rendered by the LXX. and the Vulgate and in the marg. A.V. and R.V.), or the Idol temples the Moabites had erected at Gilgal where the children of Israel first encamped after crossing the Jordan The Hebrew Word is rendered “graven images”In 7:25, and is not elsewhere translated “quarries.”

Quartus: fourth, a Corinthian Christian who sent by Paul his salutations to friends at Rome (Rom 16:23).

Quaternion: a band of four soldiers. Peter was committed by Herod to the custody of four quaternions, i.e., one Quaternion for each watch of the night (Act 12:4). Thus every precaution was taken against his escape from prison. Two of each Quaternion were in turn stationed at the door (Act 12:6), and to two the Apostle was chained according to Roman Custom

Queen: OF Heaven (Jer 7:18; Jer 44:17, Jer 44:25), the moon, worshipped by the Assyrians as the receptive power in nature.

Quicksands: found only in Acts 27:17, the rendering of the Greek Syrtis. On the North coast of Africa were two localities dangerous to sailors, called the Greater and Lesser Syrtis. The former of these is probably here meant. It lies between Tripoli and Barca, and near Cyrene The Lesser Syrtis lay farther to the west.

Quiver: the sheath for Arrows The Hebrew Word (aspah)Thu 39:23;Psa 127:5;Isa 22:6; Isa 49:2; Jeremiah Isa 5:16; Lamentations Isa 3:13.In 27:3 this Word is the rendering of the Hebrew teli, which is supposed rather to mean a suspended weapon, literally “that which hangs from one”, i.e., is suspended from the shoulder or Girdle

Quotations: from the Old Testament in the New which are very numerous, are not made according to any uniform method. When the New Testament was written, the Old was not divided, as it now is, into chapters and verses, and hence such peculiarities as these: When Luke (20:37) refers to Exodus 3:6, he quotes from “Moses at the bush”, i.e., the section containing the record of Moses at the bush. So also Mark (2:26)Ref 2:1Sam 21:1-6, in the words, “in the days of Abiathar ” and Paul (Rom 11:2)Ref 11:1 Kings ch.17 11:19, in the words, “in Elias”, i.e., in the portion of the history regarding Elias

In general, the New Testament writers quote from the Septuagint (q.v.) Version of the Old Testament as it was then in common use among the Jews. ... But it is noticeable that these Quotations are not made in any uniform manner. Sometimes, e.g., the quotation does not agree literally either with the LXX. or the Hebrew text. This occurs in about one hundred instances. Sometimes the LXX. is literally quoted (in about ninety instances), and sometimes it is corrected or altered in the Quotations (in over eighty instances).

Quotations are sometimes made also directly from the Hebrew text (Mat 4:15, Mat 4:16;Jhn 19:37;1Co 15:54). Besides the Quotations made directly, there are found numberless allusions, more or less distinct, showing that the minds of the New Testament writers were filled with the expressions and ideas as well as historical facts recorded in the Old

There are in all two hundred and eighty-three direct Quotations from the Old Testament in the New but not one clear and certain case of quotation from the Apocrypha (q.v.).

Besides Quotations in the New from the Old Testament there are in Paul’s writings three Quotations from certain Greek poets, Acts 1Co 17:28;1Co 15:33;Tit 1:12. These Quotations are memorials of his early classical education.

Raamah: Thunder (1.) One of the sons of Cush (Gen 10:7). (Gen 10:2.) A country which traded with Tyre (Ezk 27:22).

Raamiah: thunder of the Lord one of the princes who returned from the Exile (Neh 7:7); called also Reelaiah (Ezr 2:2).

Raamses: (Exo 1:11). (See Rameses )

Rabbah: or Rab’bath, great. (1.) “Rabbath of the children of Ammon ” the Chief City of the Ammonites, among the eastern hills, some 20 miles East of the Jordan on the southern of the two streams which united with the Jabbok Here the Bedstead of Og was preserved (Deu 3:11), perhaps as a trophy of some victory gained by the Ammonites over the King of Bashan After David had subdued all their allies in a great war, he sent Joab with a strong force to take their City For two years it held out against its assailants. It was while his Army was engaged in this protracted siege that David was guilty of that deed of shame which Left a blot on his character and cast a gloom over the Rest of his Life At length, having taken the “royal city” (or the “city of waters,”2Sa 12:27, i.e., the lower City on the River as distinguished from the citadel), Joab sent for David to direct the final assault (2Sa 11:1; 2Sa 12:26-31). ... The City was given up to plunder, and the people were ruthlessly Put to Death and “thus did he with all the cities of the children of Ammon ” The Destruction of Rabbath was the last of David’s conquests. His Kingdom now reached its farthest limits (2Sa 8:1-15; 2Sa 8:1 Chronicles 2Sa 18:1-15). The capture of this City is referred to by Amos (2Sa 1:14), Jeremiah (2Sa 49:2, 2Sa 49:3), and Ezekiel (2Sa 21:20; 2Sa 25:5).

(2Sa 25:2.) A City in the Hill country of Judah (Jos 15:60), possibly the ruin Rubba, six miles north-east of Beit-Jibrin.

Rabbi: my master, a title of dignity given by the Jews to their doctors of the Law and their distinguished teachers. It is sometimes applied to Christ (Mat 23:7, Mat 23:8;Mrk 9:5 (R.V.);Jhn 1:38, Jhn 1:49; Jhn 3:2; Jhn 6:25, etc.); also to John (Jhn 3:26).

Rabboni: (id.) occurs only twice in the New Testament (Mrk 10:51, A.V., “Lord,” R.V., “Rabboni;”Jhn 20:16). It was the most honourable of all the titles.

Rabmag: Assyrian Rab-mugi, “chief Physician ” “who was attached to the King (Jer 39:3, Jer 39:13), the title of one of Sennacherib’s officers sent with messages to Hezekiah and the people of Jerusalem (2Ki 18:17-19:2Ki 18:13; Isaiah 2Ki 36:12-37:2Ki 36:13) demanding the surrender of the City He was accompanied by a “great Army ” but his mission was unsuccessful.

Rabsaris

Rabshakeh: chief of the princes, the name given to the Chief cup-bearer or the vizier of the Assyrian Court one of Sennacherib’s messengers to Hezekiah. See the speech he delivered, in the Hebrew language, in the hearing of all the people, as he stood near the Wall on the North side of the City (2Ki 18:17-37). He and the other envoys returned to their master and reported that Hezekiah and his people were obdurate, and would not submit.

Raca

Rachab: =Rahab, a name found in the genealogy of our Lord (Matthew :5).

Rachal

Rachel: ewe, “the daughter”, “the somewhat petulant, peevish, and self-willed though Beautiful younger daughter” of Laban and one of Jacob’s wives (Gen 29:6, Gen 29:28). He served Laban fourteen years for her, so Deep was Jacob’s Affection for her. She was the mother of Joseph (Gen 30:22-24). Afterwards, on Jacob’s departure from Mesopotamia, she took with her her father’s Teraphim (Gen 31:34, Gen 31:35). As they journeyed on from Bethel, Rachel died in giving Birth to Benjamin (Gen 35:18, Gen 35:19), and was buried “in the way to Ephrath, which is Bethlehem And Jacob set a Pillar upon her grave”. Her Sepulchre is still regarded with great veneration by the Jews. Its traditional site is about half a mile from Jerusalem

This name is used poetically by Jeremiah (Gen 31:15-17) to denote God’s people mourning under their calamities. This Passage is also quoted by Matthew as fulfilled in the Lamentation at Bethlehem on account of the slaughter of the infants there at the command of Herod (Mat 2:17, Mat 2:18).

Raguel: friend of God (Num 10:29)=Reuel (q.v.),Exo 2:18, the father-in-law of Moses and probably identical with Jethro (q.v.).

Rahab: insolence; pride, a poetical name applied to EgyptIn 87:4; In 89:10;Isa 51:9, as “the proud one.”

Rahab, (Hebrews Rahab i.e., “broad,” “large”). When the Hebrews were encamped at Shittim in the “Arabah” or Jordan Valley opposite Jericho ready to Cross the River Joshua as a final preparation, sent out two Spies to “spy the land.” After five days they returned, having swum across the River which at this season, the Month Abib overflowed its banks from the melting of the Snow on Lebanon The Spies reported how it had fared with them (Jos 2:1-7). They had been exposed to danger in Jericho and had been saved by the fidelity of Rahab the Harlot to whose House they had gone for protection. ... When the City of Jericho fell (Jos 6:17-25), Rahab and her whole family were preserved according to the promise of the Spies and were incorporated among the Jewish people. She afterwards became the Wife of Salmon a Prince of the Tribe of Judah (Rut 4:21; Rut 4:1 Chronicles Rut 2:11; Matthew Rut 1:5). “Rahab’ s being asked to bring out the Spies to the soldiers (Jos 2:3) sent for them, is in strict keeping with Eastern manners, which would not permit any Man to enter a woman’s House without her permission. The fact of her Covering the Spies with bundles of Flax which lay on her house-roof (Jos 2:6) is an ‘undesigned coincidence’ which strictly corroborates the narrative. It was the time of the Barley Harvest and Flax and Barley are ripe at the same time in the Jordan Valley so that the bundles of Flax stalks might have been expected to be drying just then” (Geikie’s Hours, etc., ii., Jos 2:390).

Raham: merciful, one of the descendants of Caleb the Son of Hezron (1 Chronicles 2:44).

Rain

Rainbow: caused by the reflection and refraction of the rays of the Sun shining on falling rain. It was appointed as a Witness of the divine faithfulness (Gen 9:12-17). It existed indeed before, but it was then constituted as a sign of the Covenant Others, however (as Delitzsch, Commentary on Pentateuch), think that it “appeared then for the first time in the vault and clouds of Heaven ” It is argued by those holding this opinion that the atmosphere was differently constituted before the Flood. It is referred to three other times in Scripture (Ezk 1:27, Ezk 1:28; Revelation Ezk 4:1-3; Ezk 10:1).

Raisins: dried grapes; mentioned 1Sam 25:18; Sam 30:12;2Sa 16:1;1Ch 12:40.

Rakkath: shore-town, a “fenced city” of the Tribe of Naphtali (Jos 19:35). The Old name of Tiberias according to the Rabbins.

Rakkon: a Place upon the shore, a town belonging to Dan (Jos 19:46). It is now Tell er-Rakkeit, Jos 19:6 miles North of Joppa on the sea-shore, near the mouth of the River ‘Aujeh, i.e., “yellow Water ” (See Kanah )

Rama: (Mat 2:18), the Greek form of Ramah. (Mat 2:1.)A C 18:25, near Gibeah of Benjamin It was fortified by Baasha King of Israel (1Ki 15:17-22; 1Ki 15:2 Chronicles 1Ki 16:1-6). Asa King of Judah employed Benhadad the Syrian King to drive Baasha from this City (1Ki 15:18, 1Ki 15:20). Isaiah (1Ki 10:29) refers to it, and also Jeremiah who was once a prisoner there among the other captives of Jerusalem when it was taken by Nebuchadnezzar (Jer 39:8-12; Jer 40:1). Rachel whose tomb lies close to Bethlehem is represented as weeping in Ramah (Jer 31:15) for her slaughtered children. This Prophecy is illustrated and fulfilled in the re-awakening of Rachel’s grief at the slaughter of the infants in Bethlehem (Mat 2:18). ... It is identified with the modern village of er-Ram, between Gibeon and Beeroth Abo 2:5 miles due North of Jerusalem (See Samuel )

(Abo 2:2.) A town identified with Rameh, on the border of Asher Abo 2:13 miles south-east of Tyre, “on a solitary Hill in the midst of a basin of green fields” (Jos 19:29).

(Jos 19:3.) One of the “fenced cities” of Naphtali (Jos 19:36), on a mountain slope, about Seven and a half miles west-south- west of Safed,And 19:15 miles west of the North End of the Sea of Galilee, the present large and well-built village of Rameh.

(And 19:4.) The same as Ramathaim-zophim (q.v.), a town of Mount Ephraim (1Sa 1:1, 1Sa 1:19).

(1Sa 1:5.) The same as Ramoth-gilead (q.v.),2Ki 8:29; 2Ki 8:2 Chronicles 2Ki 22:6.

Ramathaim-zophim

Ramathite: the designation given to Shimei the manager of David’s vineyard (1Ch 27:27).

RAMATH-

Mizpeh: the height of Mizpeh or of the watch-tower (Jos 13:26), a Place mentioned as one of the limits of Gad There were two Mizpehs on the East of the Jordan This was the Mizpeh where Jacob and Laban made a Covenant “Mizpeh of Gilead,” called also Galeed and Jegar-sahadutha. It has been identified with the modern es-Salt, where the roads from Jericho and from Shechem to Damascus unite,Abo 13:25Mil 13:13 South of the Jabbok

Ramath: OF THE South (Hebrews Ramath-negeb). The Hebrews negeb is the general designation for South or south-west of Judah This was one of the towns of Simeon (Jos 19:8). It is the same as “south Ramoth” (Jos 19:1 Samuel Jos 30:27; R.V., “Ramoth of the south”). Its site is doubtful. Some have thought it another name for Baalath-beer.

Rameses: “the land of” (Gen 47:11), was probably “the land of Goshen” (q.v.) Gen 45:10. After the Hebrews had built Rameses one of the “treasure cities,” it came to be known as the “land” in which that City was built.

The City bearing this name (Exo 12:37) was probably identical with Zoan which Rameses II. (“son of the sun”) rebuilt. It became his special residence, and ranked next in importance and magnificance to Thebes. Huge masses of bricks, made of Nile mud, sun-dried, some of them mixed with stubble, possibly moulded by Jewish hands, still Mark the site of Rameses This was the general rendezvous of the Israelites before they began their march out of Egypt Called also Raamses (Exo 1:11).

Ramoth: heights. A Levitical City in the Tribe of Issachar (1Sa 30:27; 1Sa 30:1 Chronicles 1Sa 6:73), the same as Jarmuth (Jos 21:29) and Remeth (q.v.), Jos 19:21.

RAMOTH-

Ranges: (1.) Leviticus 11:35. Probably a cooking Furnace for two or more pots, as the Hebrew Word here is in the dual number; or perhaps a fire-place fitted to receive a pair of ovens.

(2.)2Ki 11:8. A Hebrew Word is here used different from the preceding, meaning “ranks of soldiers.” The Levites were appointed to Guard the king’s person within the Temple (2Ki 11:2 Chronicles 2Ki 23:7), while the soldiers were his Guard in the Court and in going from the Temple to the Palace The soldiers are here commanded to slay any one who should break through the “ranks” (as rendered in the R.V.) to come near the KingIn 23:2Kin 23:1 Kin 1:15 the expression, “Have her forth without the Ranges ” is in the Revised Version “Have her forth between the ranks;” i.e., Jehoiada orders that Athaliah should be kept surrounded by his own guards, and at the same time conveyed Beyond the precincts of the Temple

Ransom: the price or payment made for our Redemption as when it is said that the Son of Man “gave his Life a Ransom for many” (Mat 20:28; comp. Acts Mat 20:28;Rom 3:23, Rom 3:24;1Co 6:19, 1Co 6:20;Gal 3:13; Gal 4:4, Gal 4:5:Eph 1:7; Colossians Eph 1:14; Eph 1:1 Timothy Eph 2:6;Tit 2:14;1Pe 1:18, 1Pe 1:19. In all these passages the same idea is expressed). This Word is derived from the Fr. rancon; Lat. redemptio. The Debt is represented not as cancelled but as fully paid. The Slave or Captive is not liberated by a mere gratuitous favour, but a Ransom price has been paid, in consideration of which he is set free. The original owner receives back his alienated and lost possession because he has bought it back “with a price.” This price or Ransom (Gr. lutron) is always said to be Christ his blood, his Death He secures our Redemption by the payment of a Ransom (See Redemption )

Rapha: tall. (1.) A Benjamite, the Son of Binea (1 Chronicles 8:2, 37), a descendant of Saul (2.)Mar 8:1 Chronicles Mar 20:4, Mar 20:6, where “giant” is given in the text.

Raphu: healed, a Benjamite, whose Son Palti was one of the twelve Spies (Num 13:9).

Raven: Hebrews ‘orebh, from a root meaning “to be black” (comp. Cant. 5:11); first mentioned as “sent forth” by Noah from the Ark (Gen 8:7). “Every Raven after his ki nd” was forbidden as Food (Lev 11:15; Deuteronomy Lev 14:14). Ravens feed mostly on carrion, and hence their Food is procured with difficulty (Job 38:41;Psa 147:9). When they attack kids or lambs or weak animals, it is said that they first pick out the eyes of their victims (Pro 30:17). When Elijah was concealed by the brook Cherith God commanded the ravens to bring him “bread and Flesh in the morning, and Bread and Flesh in the evening” (1Ki 17:3-6). (See Elijah )

There are eight species of ravens in Palestine and they are everywhere very numerous in that land.

Razor: The Nazarites were forbidden to make use of the Razor (Num 6:5;Jdg 13:5). At their Consecration the Levites were shaved all over with a Razor (Num 8:7; comp.Psa 52:2;Ezk 5:1).

Reba: fourth, one of the Midianite chiefs slain by the Israelites in the Wilderness (Num 31:8; Joshua Num 13:21).

Rebekah: a noose, the Daughter of Bethuel and the Wife of Isaac (Gen 22:23; Gen 24:67). The circumstances under which Abraham’s “steward” found her at the “city of Nahor ” in Padan-aram,Are 24:27. “She can hardly be regarded as an amiable Woman When we first see her she is ready to leave her father’s House for ever at an hour’s notice; and her future Life showed not only a full share of her Brother Laban’s duplicity, but the Grave fault of partiality in her relations to her children, and a strong Will which soon controlled the gentler nature of her Husband ” The time and circumstances of her Death are not recorded, but it is said that she was buried in the Cave of Machpelah (Gen 49:31).

Rechab: horseman, or Chariot (1.) One of Ishbosheth’s “captains of bands” or leaders of predatory troops (2Sa 4:2).

(2Sa 4:2.) The Father of Jehonadab who was the Father of the Rechabites (2Ki 10:15, 2Ki 10:23;Jer 35:6-19).

Rechabites: the descendants of Rechab through Jonadab or Jehonadab They belonged to the Kenites who accompanied the children of Israel into Palestine and dwelt among them. Moses married a Kenite Wife (Jdg 1:16), and Jael was the Wife of “Heber the Kenite” (Jdg 4:17). Saul also showed kindness to the Kenites (1Sa 15:6). The main body of the Kenites dwelt in cities, and adopted settled habits of Life (1Sa 30:29); but Jehonadab forbade his descendants to Drink wine or to live in cities. They were commanded to Lead always a nomad Life They adhered to the Law laid down by Jonadab and were noted for their fidelity to the old-established Custom of their family in the days of Jeremiah (1Sa 30:35); and this feature of their character is referred to by the Prophet for the purpose of giving point to his own exhortation. ... They are referred to in Nehemiah 1Sa 3:14And 3:1 Chronicles And 2:55. Dr. Wolff (And 2:1839) found in Arabia near Mecca, a Tribe claiming to be descendants of Jehonadab and recently a Bedouin Tribe has been found near the Dead Sea who also profess to be descendants of the same Kenite Chief

Reconcilation: a change from Enmity to friendship. It is mutual, i.e., it is a change wrought in both parties who have been at Enmity

(1.) In Colossians 1:21, 22, the Word there used refers to a change wrought in the personal character of the sinner who ceases to be an enemy to God by wicked Works and yields up to him his full confidence and LoveIn 1:2Cor 5:20 the Apostle beseeches the Corinthians to be “reconciled to God”, i.e., to lay aside their Enmity

(Cor 5:2.) Romans Cor 5:10 refers not to any change in our disposition toward God but to God himself, as the party reconciled. Romans Cor 5:11 teaches the same Truth From God we have received “the reconciliation” (R.V.), i.e., he has conferred on us the token of his friendship.So 5:2Cor 5:18, Cor 5:19 speaks of a reconciliation originating with God and consisting in the removal of his merited wrath. ... In Ephesians Cor 2:16 it is clear that the Apostle does not refer to the winning back of the sinner in Love and loyalty to God but to the restoration of God’s forfeited favour. This is effected by his Justice being satisfied, so that he can, in consistency with his own nature, be favourable toward sinners. Justice demands the Punishment of sinners. The Death of Christ satisfies Justice and so reconciles God to us. This reconciliation makes God our friend, and enables him to Pardon and save us. (See Atonement )

Recorder: (Hebrews mazkir, i.e., “the mentioner,” “rememberancer”), the office first held by Jehoshaphat in the Court of David (2 Samuel 8:16), also in the Court of Solomon (1Ki 4:3). The next Recorder mentioned is Joah in the reign of Hezekiah (2Ki 18:18, 2Ki 18:37; Isaiah 2Ki 36:3, 2Ki 36:22). In the reign of Josiah another of the name of Joah filled this office (2Ki 36:2 Chronicles 2Ki 34:8). The “recorder” was the Chancellor or vizier of the Kingdom He brought all weighty matters under the notice of the King “such as complaints, petitions, and wishes of subjects or foreigners. He also drew up papers for the king’s guidance, and prepared drafts of the royal Will for the Scribes All treaties came under his oversight; and he had the care of the national archives or records, to which, as royal historiographer, like the same state officer in Assyria and Egypt he added the current annals of the Kingdom ”

Redemption: the purchase back of something that had been lost, by the payment of a Ransom The Greek Word so rendered is apolutrosis, a Word occurring nine times in Scripture and always with the idea of a Ransom or price paid, i.e., Redemption by a lutron (see Matthew 20:28; Mark 10:45). There are instances in the LXX. Version of the Old Testament of the use of lutron in man’s relation to Man (Lev 19:20; Lev 25:51; Exodus Lev 21:30; Numbers Lev 35:31, Lev 35:32; Isaiah Lev 45:13;Pro 6:35), and in the same sense of man’s relation to God (Num 3:49; Num 18:15).

There are many passages in the New Testament which represent Christ’s sufferings under the idea of a Ransom or price, and the result thereby secured is a purchase or Redemption (comp. ... Acts Num 20:28;1Co 6:19, 1Co 6:20; Galatians 1Co 3:13; 1Co 4:4, 1Co 4:5; Ephesians 1Co 1:7; Colossians 1Co 1:14; 1Co 1:1 Timothy 1Co 2:5, 1Co 2:6;Tit 2:14; Hebrews Tit 9:12; Tit 9:1 Peter Tit 1:18, Tit 1:19; Revelation Tit 5:9). The idea running through all these texts, however various their reference, is that of payment made for our Redemption The Debt against us is not viewed as simply cancelled, but is fully paid. Christ’s blood or Life which he surrendered for them, is the “ransom” by which the deliverance of his people from the servitude of sin and from its penal consequences is secured. It is the Plain doctrine of Scripture that “Christ saves us neither by the mere Exercise of power, nor by his doctrine, nor by his example, nor by the moral influence which he exerted, nor by any subjective influence on his people, whether natural or mystical, but as a satisfaction to divine Justice as an Expiation for sin, and as a Ransom from the curse and authority of the Law thus reconciling us to God by making it consistent with his perfection to Exercise mercy toward sinners” (Hodge’s Systematic Theology).

Red

Red: SEA, Passage OF The account of the march of the Israelites through the RedSea 14:22-31. There has been great diversity of opinion as to the precise Place where this occurred. The difficulty of arriving at any definite conclusion on the matter is much increased by the consideration that the head of the Gulf of Suez, which was the Branch of the Sea that was crossed,Mus 14:50 miles farther North than it does at present. Some have argued that the crossing took Place opposite the Wady Tawarik,Whe 14:7 miles broad. But the opinion that seems to be best supported is that which points to the neighbourhood of Suez. This position perfectly satisfies all the conditions of the stupendous Miracle as recorded in the sacred narrative. (See Exodus )

Reed: (1.) “Paper reeds” (Isa 19:7; R.V., “reeds”). Hebrews ‘aroth, properly green herbage growing in marshy places.

(Isa 19:2.) Hebrews kaneh (1Ki 14:15;Job 40:21;Isa 19:6), whence the Gr. kanna, a “cane,” a generic name for a Reed of any kind.

The Reed of Egypt and Palestine is the Arundo donax,Whi 19:12 feet, its stalk jointed like the bamboo, “with a magnificent panicle of blossom at the top, and so slender and yielding that it Will Lie perfectly flat under a gust of wind, and immediately resume its upright position.” It is used to illustrate weakness (2Ki 18:21;Ezk 29:6), also fickleness or instability (Mat 11:7; comp.Eph 4:14).

A “bruised reed” (Isa 42:3;Mat 12:20) is an emblem of a believer weak in Grace A Reed was Put into our Lord’s hands in derision (Mat 27:29); and “they took the Reed and smote him on the head” (Mat 27:30). ... The “reed” on which they Put the Sponge filled with Vinegar (Mat 27:48) was, according to John (Mat 19:29), a Hyssop stalk, which must have been of some length, or perhaps a Bunch of Hyssop twigs fastened to a rod with the Sponge (See Cane )

Refuge: , Cities OF were six in number (Numbers 35). 1. On the west of Jordan were (1) Kadesh in Naphtali (2) Shechem in Mount Ephraim (3) Hebron in Judah 2. On the East of Jordan were, (1) Golan in Bashan (2) Ramoth-Gilead, in Gad and (3) Bezer, in Reuben (See under each of these names.)

REGEM-

Regeneration: only found in Matthew 19:28And 3:5. This Word literally means a “new Birth ” The Greek Word so rendered (palingenesia) is used by classical writers with reference to the Changes produced by the return of Spring In Matthew And 19:28 the Word is equivalent to the “restitution of all things” (Act 3:21).In 3:5 it denotes that change of heart elsewhere spoken of as a passing from Death to Life (1Jn 3:14); becoming a New Creature in Christ Jesus (2Co 5:17); being bom again (Jhn 3:5); a renewal of the mind (Rom 12:2); a Resurrection from the Dead (Eph 2:6); a being quickened (Eph 2:1, Eph 2:5).

This change is ascribed to the Holy Spirit It originates not with Man but with God (Jhn 1:12, Jhn 1:13;1Jn 2:29; 1Jn 5:1, 1Jn 5:4). ...

As to the nature of the change, it consists in the implanting of a New principle or disposition in the soul; the impartation of spiritual Life to those who are by nature “dead in trespasses and sins.”

The necessity of such a change is emphatically affirmed in Scripture (Jhn 3:3;Rom 7:18; Rom 8:7-9;1Co 2:14; Ephesians 1Co 2:1; 1Co 4:21-24).

Rehabiah: enlargement of the Lord the Son of Eliezer and grandson of Moses (1 Chronicles 23:17; 24:21).

Rehob: street; broad Place (1.) The Father of Hadadezer King of Tobah (2 Samuel 8:3, 12).

(2.) Nehemiah 10:11.

(3.) The same, probably, as Beth-rehob (2 Samuel 10:6, 8; Judges 18:28), a Place in the North of Palestine (Num 13:21). It is now supposed to be represented by the Castle of Hunin, south-west of Dan on the Road from Hamath into Coele-Syria.

(Num 13:4.) A town of Asher (Jos 19:28), to the East of Zidon.

(Jos 19:5.) Another town of Asher (Jos 19:30), kept possession of by the Canaanites (Jdg 1:31).

Rehoboam: he enlarges the people, the successor of Solomon on the Throne and apparently his only Son He was the Son of Naamah “the Ammonitess,” some well-known Ammonitish princess (1Ki 14:21; 1Ki 14:2 Chronicles 1Ki 12:13). He was forty-one years Old when he ascended the Throne and he reigned seventeen years (B.C.975 12:958). Although he was acknowledged at once as the rightful Heir to the Throne yet there was a strongly-felt Desire to modify the character of the government. The Burden of taxation to which they had been subjected during Solomon’s reign was very oppressive, and therefore the people assembled at Shechem and demanded from the King an alleviation of their burdens. ... He went to Meet them at Shechem and heard their demands for relief (1Ki 12:4). After three days, having consulted with a younger Generation of courtiers that had grown up around him, instead of following the advice of elders, he answered the people haughtily (6 12:15). “The King hearkened not unto the people; for the cause was from the Lord” (comp. 6 11:31). This brought matters speedily to a crisis. The terrible cry was heard (comp. 6 11:2 Samuel 6 20:1 ):

“What portion have we in David? Neither have we inheritance in the Son of Jesse To your tents, O Israel Now see to thine own House David” (1Ki 12:16).

And now at once the Kingdom was rent in twain. Rehoboam was appalled, and tried concessions, but it was too late (1Ki 12:18). The Tribe of Judah Rehoboam’ s own Tribe alone remained Faithful to him. Benjamin was reckoned along with Judah and these two tribes formed the southern Kingdom with Jerusalem as its capital; while the northern ten tribes formed themselves into a separate Kingdom choosing Jeroboam as their King Rehoboam tried to win back the revolted ten tribes by making war against them, but he was prevented by the Prophet Shemaiah (21 12:24; 21 12:2 Chronicles 21 11:1-4) from fulfilling his purpose. (See Jeroboam )

In the fifth Year of Rehoboam’s reign, Shishak (q.v.), one of the kings of Egypt of the Assyrian dynasty, stirred up, no doubt, by Jeroboam his son-in-law, made war against him. Jerusalem submitted to the invader, who plundered the Temple and virtually reduced the Kingdom to the position of a vassal of Egypt (1Ki 14:25, 1Ki 14:26; 1Ki 14:2 Chronicles 1Ki 12:5-9). A remarkable memorial of this invasion has been discovered at Karnac, in Upper Egypt in certain sculptures on the walls of a small Temple there. These sculptures represent the King Shishak holding in his Hand a train of prisoners and other figures, with the names of the captured towns of Judah the towns which Rehoboam had fortified (1Ki 12:2 Chronicles 1Ki 11:5-12).

The Kingdom of Judah under Rehoboam sank more and more in moral and spiritual decay. “There was war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam all their days.” At length, in the fifty-eighth Year of his Age Rehoboam “slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the City of David” (1Ki 14:31). He was succeeded by his Son Abijah (See Egypt )

Rehoboth: broad places. (1.) A well in Gerar dug by Isaac (Gen 26:22), supposed to be in Wady er-Ruheibeh,Abo 26:20 miles South of Beersheba

(Abo 26:2.) An Ancient City on the Euphrates (Gen 36:37; Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:48), “Rehoboth by the River ”

(Gen 1:3.) Named among the cities of Asshur (Gen 10:11). Probably, however, the words “rehoboth’ ir” are to be translated as in the Vulgate and the margin of A.V., “the streets of the City ” or rather “the public square of the city”, i.e., of Nineveh

Rehum: merciful. (1.) One of “the children of the province” who returned from the Captivity (Ezr 2:2); the same as “Nehum” (Neh 7:7).

(Neh 7:2.) The “chancellor” of Artaxerxes who sought to stir him up against the Jews (Ezr 4:8-24) and prevent the rebuilding of the walls and the Temple of Jerusalem

(Ezr 4:3.) A Levite (Neh 3:17).

(Neh 3:4.) Nehemiah Neh 10:25.

(Neh 10:5.) A Priest (Neh 12:3).

Re: 3 friendly, one who maintained true allegiance to King David (1 Kings 1:8) when Adonijah rebelled.

Reins: the kidneys, the supposed seat of the desires and affections; used metaphorically for “heart.” The “reins” and the “heart” are often mentioned together, as denoting the whole moral constitution of Man (Psa 7:9; Psa 16:7; Psa 26:2; Psa 139:13; Jeremiah Psa 17:10, etc.).

Rekem: embroidered; variegated. (1.) One of the five Midianite kings whom the Israelites destroyed (Num 31:8).

(Num 31:2.) One of the sons of Hebron (Num 31:1 Chronicles Num 2:43, Num 2:44).

(Num 2:3.) A town of Benjamin (Jos 18:27).

Remaliah: adorned by the Lord the Father of Pekah who conspired successfully against Pekahiah (2Ki 15:25, 2Ki 15:27, 2Ki 15:30, 2Ki 15:32, 2Ki 15:37; Isaiah 2Ki 7:1, 2Ki 7:4, 2Ki 7:5, 2Ki 7:9; 2Ki 8:6).

Remeth: another form of Ramah (q.v.) or Ramoth (1 Chronicles 6:73; Joshua 19:21), and probably also of Jarmuth (Jos 21:29).

REMMON-

Methoar: (Jos 19:13), rendered correctly in the Revised Version “Rimmon, which stretcheth unto Neah ” a Landmark of Zebulun called also Rimmon (Jos 19:1 Chronicles Jos 6:77).

Remphan: (Act 7:43; R.V., “Rephan”).In 5:26 the Hebrews Chiun (q.v.) is rendered by the LXX. “Rephan,” and this name is adopted by Luke in his narrative of the Acts These names represent the star-God Saturn or Moloch

Repentance: There are three Greek words used in the New Testament to denote Repentance (1.) The verb metamelomai is used of a change of mind, such as to produce regret or even remorse on account of sin, but not necessarily a change of heart. This Word is used with reference to the Repentance of Judas (Mat 27:3).

(Mat 27:2.) Metanoeo, meaning to change one’s mind and purpose, as the result of after knowledge. This verb, with (Mat 27:3) the cognate noun metanoia, is used of true Repentance a change of mind and purpose and Life to which remission of sin is promised.

Evangelical Repentance consists of (Mat 27:1) a true sense of one’s own guilt and sinfulness; (Mat 27:2) an apprehension of God’s mercy in Christ (Mat 27:3) an actual Hatred of sin (Psa 119:128;Job 42:5, Job 42:6;2Co 7:10) and turning from it to God and (2Co 7:4) a persistent endeavour after a Holy Life in a walking with God in the way of his Commandments

The true penitent is conscious of guilt (Psa 51:4, Psa 51:9), of pollution (Psa 51:5, Psa 51:7, Psa 51:10), and of helplessness (Psa 51:11; Psa 109:21, Psa 109:22). ... Thus he apprehends himself to be just what God has always seen him to be and declares him to be. But Repentance comprehends not only such a sense of sin, but also an apprehension of mercy, without which there can be no true Repentance (Psa 51:1; Psa 130:4).

Rephael: healed of God one of Shemaiah’s sons. He and his brethren, on account of their “strength for service,” formed one of the divisions of the Temple porters (1 Chronicles 26:7, 8).

Rephaim: , Valley OF (Jos 15:8; Jos 18:16, R.V.). When David became King over all Israel the Philistines judging that he would now become their uncompromising enemy, made a sudden attack upon Hebron compelling David to retire from it. He sought Refuge in “the hold” at Adullam (2Sa 5:17-22), and the Philistines took up their position in the Valley of Rephaim on the west and south-west of Jerusalem Thus all communication between Bethlehem and Jerusalem was intercepted. While David and his Army were encamped here,The 5:2Sam 23:15-17. Having obtained divine direction, David led his Army against the Philistines and gained a complete victory over them. ... The scene of this victory was afterwards called Baalperazim (q.v.).

A second time, however, the Philistines rallied their Forces in this Valley (2Sa 5:22). Again warned by a divine Oracle David led his Army to Gibeon, and attacked the Philistines from the South inflicting on them another severe defeat, and chasing them with great slaughter to Gezer (q.v.). There David kept in check these enemies of Israel This Valley is now called el-Bukei’a.

Rephidim: supports, one of the stations of the Israelites, situated in the Wady Feiran, near its junction with the Wady esh-Sheikh. Here no Water could be found for the people to Drink and in their impatience they were ready to Stone Moses as if he were the cause of their distress. At the command of God Moses smote “the Rock in Horeb ” and a copious Stream flowed forth, enough for all the people. After this the Amalekites attacked the Israelites while they were here encamped, but they were utterly defeated (Exo 17:1,8 17:16). They were the “first of the nations” to make war against Israel (Num 24:20).

Leaving Rephidim the Israelites advanced into the Wilderness of Sinai (Exo 19:1, Exo 19:2;Num 33:14, Num 33:15), marching probably through the two passes of the Wady Solaf and the Wady esh-Sheikh, which converge at the entrance to the Plain er-Rahah, the “desert of Sinai,” which is two miles long and about half a mile broad. (See SINAI; Meribah )

Reprobate: that which is rejected on account of its own worthlessness (Jer 6:30; Hebrews Jer 6:8; Gr. adokimos, “rejected”). This Word is also used with reference to persons cast away or rejected because they have failed to make use of opportunities offered them (1Co 9:27;2Co 13:5-7).

Rereward: (Jos 6:9), the troops in the rear of an Army on the march, the rear-guard. This Word is a corruption of the French arriere-garde. During the Wilderness march the Tribe of Dan formed the rear-guard (Num 10:25; comp.1Sa 29:2;Isa 52:12; Isa 58:8).

Resen: head of the Stream Bridle one of Nimrod’s cities (Gen 10:12), “between Nineveh and Calah ” It has been supposed that the four cities named in this verse were afterwards combined into one under the name of Nineveh (q.v.). Resen was on the East side of the Tigris. It is probably identified with the mound of ruins called Karamless.

Rest: (1.) Gr. katapausis, equivalent to the Hebrew Word Noah (Heb 4:1).

(Heb 4:2.) Gr. anapausis, “rest from weariness” (Mat 11:28).

(Mat 11:3.) Gr. anesis, “relaxation” (2Th 1:7).

(2Th 1:4.) Gr. sabbatismos, a Sabbath Rest a Rest from all work (Heb 4:9; R.V., “sabbath”), a Rest like that of God when he had finished the work of Creation

Resurrection: OF THE Dead Will be simultaneous both of the just and the unjust (Dan 12:2; John Dan 5:28, Dan 5:29; Romans Dan 2:6-16; Dan 2:2 Thessalonians Dan 1:6-10). The qualities of the Resurrection body Will be different from those of the body laid in the Grave (1Co 15:53, 1Co 15:54; Phil. 1Co 3:21); but its identity Will nevertheless be preserved. It Will still be the same body (1Co 15:42-44) which rises again.

As to the nature of the Resurrection body, (1Co 15:1) it Will be spiritual (1Co 15:44), i.e., a body adapted to the use of the soul in its glorified state, and to all the conditions of the heavenly state; (1Co 15:2) glorious, incorruptible, and powerful (1Co 15:54); (1Co 15:3) like unto the glorified body of Christ (Phil. ... 1Co 3:21); and (1Co 3:4) immortal (Rev 21:4).

Christ’s Resurrection secures and illustrates that of his people. “(Rev 21:1.) Because his Resurrection seals and consummates his redemptive power; and the Redemption of our persons involves the Redemption of our bodies (Rom 8:23). (Rom 8:2.) Because of our federal and vital union with Christ (1Co 15:21, 1Co 15:22; 1Co 15:1 Thessalonians 1Co 4:14). (1Co 4:3.) Because of his Spirit which dwells in us making our bodies his members (1Co 6:15; Romans 1Co 8:11). (1Co 8:4.) Because Christ by Covenant is Lord both of the Living and the Dead (Rom 14:9). This same federal and vital union of the Christian with Christ likewise causes the Resurrection of the believer to be similar to as well as consequent upon that of Christ (1Co 15:49; Phil. 1Co 3:21; 1Co 3:1 John 1Co 3:2).” Hodge’s Outlines of Theology.

Reuben: , Tribe OF at the Exodus numbered 46,500 male adults, from twenty years Old and upwards (Num 1:20, Num 1:21), and at the close of the WildernessWan 1:43,Wan 1:730 (Wan 26:7). This Tribe united with that of Gad in asking permission to settle in the “land of Gilead,” “on the other side of Jordan” (Wan 32:1-5). The Lot assigned to Reuben was the smallest of the lots given to the trans-Jordanic tribes. It extended from the Arnon in the South along the coast of the Dead Sea to its northern End where the Jordan flows into it (Jos 13:15-21, Jos 13:23). It thus embraced the original Kingdom of Sihon. Reuben is “to the eastern tribes what Simeon is to the western. ... ‘Unstable as Water ’ he vanishes away into a mere Arabian Tribe ‘His men are few;’ it is all he can do ‘to live and not die.’ We hear of nothing Beyond the multiplication of their Cattle in the land of Gilead, their spoils of ‘camels fifty thousand, and of asses two thousand’ (Jos 13:1 Chronicles Jos 5:9, Jos 5:10, Jos 5:20, Jos 5:21). In the great struggles of the nation he never took part. The complaint against him in the song of Deborah is the summary of his whole history. ‘By the streams of Reuben ’ i.e., by the fresh streams which descend from the eastern hills into the Jordan and the Dead Sea on whose banks the Bedouin chiefs met then as now to debate, in the ‘streams’ of Reuben great were the ‘desires’”, i.e., resolutions which were never carried out, the people idly resting among their flocks as if it were a time of Peace (Jdg 5:15, Jdg 5:16). Stanley’s Sinai and Palestine

All the three tribes on the East of Jordan at length fell into complete apostasy, and the time of retribution came. God “stirred up the Spirit of Pul, King of Assyria and the Spirit of Tiglath-pileser, King of Assyria ” to carry them away, the first of the tribes, into Captivity (Jdg 5:1 Chronicles Jdg 5:25, Jdg 5:26).

Reuel: friend of God (1.) A Son of Esau and Bashemath (Gen 36:4, Gen 36:10; Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 1:35). (Gen 1:2.) “The Priest of Midian,” Moses’ father-in-law (Exo 2:18)=Raguel (Num 10:29). If he be identified with Jethro q.v.), then this may be regarded as his proper name, and Jether or Jethro (i.e., “excellency”) as his official title. (Num 10:3.)Num 2:14, called also Deuel (Num 1:14; Num 7:42).

Revelation: OF Christ the second advent of Christ Three different Greek words are used by the apostles to express this, (1) apokalupsis (1 Corinthians 1;7;2Th 1:7;1Pe 1:7, 1Pe 1:13); (1Pe 1:2) parousia (Mat 24:3, Mat 24:27;1Th 2:19; James 1Th 5:7, 1Th 5:8); (1Th 5:3) epiphaneia (1Th 5:1 Timothy 1Th 6:14; 1Th 6:2 Timothy 1Th 1:10; 1Th 4:1-8;Tit 2:13). There existed among Christians a wide expectation, founded on Matthew Tit 24:29, Tit 24:30, Tit 24:34, of the speedy return of Christ (See Millennium )

Rezeph: solid; a Stone (2Ki 19:12; Isaiah 2Ki 37:12), a fortress near Haran probably on the west of the Euphrates conquered by Sennacherib

Rezon: prince, Son of Eliadah. Abandoning the service of Hadadezer the King of Zobah on the occasion of his being defeated by David he became the “captain over a band” of marauders, and took Damascus and became King of Syria (1Ki 11:23-25; 1Ki 11:2 Samuel 1Ki 8:3-8). For centuries after this the Syrians were the foes of Israel He “became an Adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon ”

Rhegium: breach, a town in the South of Italy on the Strait of Messina, at which Paul touched on his way to Rome (Act 28:13). It is now called Rheggio.

Rhesa

Rhodes: a Rose an Island to the South of the western extremity of Asia Minor, between Coos and Patara about 46 miles long and 1 8 miles broad.

Here the Apostle probably landed on his way from Greece to Syria (Act 21:1), on returning from his third missionary Journey

Blah: fruitful, an Ancient town on the northern frontier of Palestine 35 miles north-east of Baalbec and 10 or 12 South of Lake Homs, on the eastern bank of the Orontes, in a wide and fertile Plain Here Nebuchadnezzar had his head-quarters in his campaign against Jerusalem and here also Necho fixed his Camp after he had routed Josiah’s Army at Megiddo (2Ki 23:29-35; 2Ki 25:6, 2Ki 25:20, 2Ki 25:21; Jeremiah 2Ki 39:5; 2Ki 52:10). It was on the great caravan Road from Palestine to Carchemish on the Euphrates It is described (Num 34:11) as “on the eastern side of Ain.” A Place still called el Ain, i.e., “the fountain”,Is 34:10 miles distant. (See Jerusalem )

Riddle: (Hebrews hodah). The oldest and, strictly speaking, the only example of a Riddle was that propounded by Samson (Jdg 14:12-18).The 17:2-18 is there called a “riddle.” It was rather, however, an Allegory The Word “darkly”In 17:1Cor 13:12 is the rendering of the Greek enigma; marg., “in a Riddle ”

Righteousness

Mmon: Pomegranate (1.) A Man of Beeroth (2Sa 4:2), one of the four Gibeonite cities. (See Joshua 2Sa 9:17.)

(2Sa 9:2.) A Syrian IdolMen 9:2Kin 5:18.

(Kin 5:3.) One of the “uttermost cities” of Judah afterwards given to Simeon (Jos 15:21, Jos 15:32; Jos 19:7; Jos 19:1 Chronicles Jos 4:32). In Joshua Jos 15:32 Ain and Rimmon are mentioned separately,But 19:7And 19:1 Chronicles And 4:32 (comp. Nehemiah And 11:29) the two words are probably to be combined, as forming together the name of one Place Ain-Rimmon=the Spring of the Pomegranate It has been identified with Um er-Rumamin,Abo 11:13 miles south-west of Hebron

(Abo 11:4.) “Rock of,” to which the Benjamites fled (Jdg 20:45, Jdg 20:47; Jdg 21:13), and where they maintained themselves for four months after the fearful battle at Gibeah, in which they were almost exterminated,600 21:27,600 21:000. ... It is the present village of Rummon, “on the very edge of the Hill country, with a precipitous descent toward the Jordan Valley ” supposed to be the site of Ai.

RlMMON-

Parez: a Pomegranate breach, or Rimmon of the breach, one of the stations of the Israelites in the Wilderness (Num 33:19, Num 33:20).

Ring

Phath: a crusher, Gomer’s second Son (Gen 10:3), supposed to have been the ancestor of the Paphlagonians.

Ssah: Heap of ruins; Dew a station of the Israelites in the Wilderness (Num 33:21, Num 33:22).

Thmah: wild broom, a station in the Wilderness (Num 33:18, Num 33:19), the “broom Valley ” or “valley of broombushes,” the Place apparently of the original encampment of Israel near Kadesh

River: OF God (Psa 65:9), as opposed to earthly streams, denoting that the divine resources are inexhaustible, or the sum of all fertilizing streams that Water the earth (Gen 2:10).

Rivers: OF Judah (Jol 3:1 Jol 3:8), the watercourses of Judea

Zpah: Coal hot Stone the Daughter of Aiah, and one of Saul’s concubines. She was the mother of Armoni and Mephibosheth (2Sa 3:7; 2Sa 21:8, 2Sa 21:10, 2Sa 21:11).

It happened that a grievous Famine which lasted for three years, fell upon the land during the earlier half of David’s reign at Jerusalem This calamity was sent “for Saul and for his Bloody House because he slew the Gibeonites.” David inquired of the Gibeonites what satisfaction they demanded, and was answered that nothing would compensate for the wrong Saul had done to them but the Death of Seven of Saul’s sons. David accordingly delivered up to them the two sons of Rizpah and five of the sons of Merab (q.v.), Saul’s eldest Daughter whom she bore to Adriel These the Gibeonites Put to Death and hung up their bodies before the Lord at the Sanctuary at Gibeah. ... Rizpah thereupon took her Place on the Rock of Gibeah (q.v.), and for five months watched the suspended bodies of her children, to prevent them from being devoured by the beasts and birds of prey, till they were at length taken down and buried by David

Her marriage to Abner was the occasion of a quarrel between him and Ishbosheth, which led to Abner’s going over to the side of David (2Sa 3:17-21).

Road: (1Sa 27:10; R.V., “raid”), an inroad, an incursion. This Word is never used in Scripture in the sense of a way or path.

Robbery: Practised by the Ishmaelites (Gen 16:12), the Chaldeans and Sabeans (Job 1:15, Job 1:17), and the men of Shechem (Jdg 9:25.See 9:1Sam 27:6-10; Sam 27:30; Hos. Sam 4:2; Sam 6:9). Robbers infested Judea in our Lord’s time (Luk 10:30; John Luk 18:40; Acts Luk 5:36, Luk 5:37; Luk 21:38;2Co 11:26). The words of the Authorized Version “counted it not Robbery to be equal,” etc. (Phil. 2Co 2:6, 2Co 2:7), are better rendered in the Revised Version “counted it not a prize to be on an equality,” etc., i.e., “did not look upon equality with God as a prize which must not slip from his grasp” = “did not cling with avidity to the prerogatives of his divine majesty; did not ambitiously display his equality with God ”

“Robbers of churches” should be rendered, as in the Revised Version “of temples.” In the Temple at Ephesus there was a great treasure-chamber, and as all that was laid up there was under the guardianship of the goddess Diana to steal from such a Place would be sacrilege (Act 19:37).

Rock: (Hebrews tsur), employed as a symbol of God in the Old Testament (1Sa 2:2;2Sa 22:3;Isa 17:10;Psa 28:1; Psa 31:2,Psa 31:3; Psa 89:26; Psa 95:1); also in the New Testament (Mat 16:18;Rom 9:33;1Co 10:4).In 2:45 the Chaldaic form of the Hebrew Word is translated “mountain.” It ought to be translated “rock,” as in Habakkuk In 1:12 in the Revised Version The “rock” from which the Stone is cut there signifies the divine origin of Christ (See Stone )

Roe: (Hebrews tsebi), properly the gazelle (Arab, ghazal), permitted for Food (Deu 14:5; comp.Deu 12:15, Deu 12:22; Deu 15:22;1Ki 4:23), noted for its swiftness and beauty and Grace of form (2Sa 2:18;1Ch 12:8; Cant. 1Ch 2:9; 1Ch 7:3; 1Ch 8:14).

The gazelle (Gazella dorcas) is found in great Numbers in Palestine “Among the gray hills of Galilee it is still ‘the Roe upon the mountains of Bether,’ and I have seen a little troop of gazelles feeding on the Mount of Olives close to Jerusalem itself’ (Tristram).

The Hebrew Word (‘ayyalah)In 5:19 thus rendered (R.V., “doe”), is properly the “wild she-goat,” the mountain Goat the ibex. (See 5:1Sam 24:2;Psa 104:18;Job 39:1.)

Rogelim: fullers, a town of Gilead, the residence of Barzillai the Gileadite (2Sa 17:27; 2Sa 19:31), probably near to Mahanaim

Roll

Romans: , Epistle TO THE This epistle was probably written at Corinth Phoebe (Rom 16:1) of Cenchrea conveyed it to Rome and Gaius of Corinth entertained the Apostle at the time of his Writing it (Rom 16:23;1Co 1:14), and Erastus was Chamberlain of the City i.e., of Corinth (1Co 1:2 Timothy 1Co 4:20).

The precise time at which it was written is not mentioned in the epistle, but it was obviously written when the Apostle was about to “go unto Jerusalem to Minister unto the saints”, i.e., at the close of his second visit to Greece during the winter preceding his last visit to that City (Rom 15:25; comp. Acts Rom 19:21; Rom 20:2, Rom 20:3, Rom 20:16;1Co 16:1-4), early in A.D. ... 1Co 16:58.

It is highly probable that Christianity was planted in Rome by some of those who had been at Jerusalem on the Day of Pentecost (Act 2:10). At this time the Jews were very numerous in Rome and their synagogues were probably resorted to by Romans also, who in this way became acquainted with the great facts regarding Jesus as these were reported among the Jews. Thus a Church composed of both Jews and Gentiles was formed at Rome Many of the brethren went out to Meet Paul on his approach to Rome There are evidences that Christians were then in Rome in considerable Numbers and had probably more than one Place of meeting (Rom 16:14, Rom 16:15).

The object of the Apostle in Writing to this Church was to explain to them the great doctrines of the gospel. His epistle was a “word in season.” Himself deeply impressed with a sense of the value of the doctrines of Salvation he opens up in a clear and connected form the whole system of the gospel in its relation both to Jew and Gentile. This epistle is Peculiar in this, that it is a systematic exposition of the gospel of universal application. The subject is here treated argumentatively, and is a plea for Gentiles addressed to Jews. In the Epistle to the Galatians the same subject is discussed, but there the Apostle pleads his own authority, because the Church in Galatia had been founded by him.

After the introduction (Rom 1:1-15), the Apostle presents in it divers aspects and relations the doctrine of Justification by Faith (Rom 1:16-11:Rom 1:36) on the Ground of the imputed righteousness of Christ He shows that Salvation is all of Grace and only of Grace This main section of his Letter is followed by various practical exhortations (Rom 12:1-15:Rom 12:13), which are followed by a conclusion containing personal explanations and salutations, which contain the names of twenty-four Christians at Rome a benediction, and a doxology (Rom 15:14-ch. Rom 15:16).

Rome: the most celebrated City in the world at the time of Christ It is said to have been founded B.C. 753. When the New Testament was written, Rome was enriched and adorned with the spoils of the world, and contained a population estimated at 1,200,000, of which the half were slaves, and including representatives of nearly every nation then known. It was distinguished for its wealth and luxury and profligacy. The empire of which it was the capital had then reached its greatest prosperity.

On the Day of Pentecost there were in Jerusalem “strangers from Rome ” who doubtless carried with them back to Rome tidings of that great Day and were instrumental in founding the Church there. Paul was brought to this City a prisoner, where he remained for two years (Act 28:30, Act 28:31) “in his own hired House ” While here, Paul wrote his Epistles to the Philippians to the Ephesians to the Colossians to Philemon and probably also to the Hebrews He had during these years for companions Luke and Aristarchus (Act 27:2), Timothy (Phil. ... Act 1:1; Colossians Act 1:1),

Tychicus (Eph 6:21), Epaphroditus (Phil. Eph 4:18), and John Mark (Col 4:10). (See Paul )

Beneath this City are extensive galleries, called “catacombs,” which were used from about the time of the apostles (one of the inscriptions found in them bears the Date A.D. Col 4:71) for some three hundred years as places of Refuge in the time of Persecution and also of Worship and Burial About four thousand inscriptions have been found in the catacombs. These give an interesting insight into the history of the Church at Rome down to the time of Constantine.

Rose: Many varieties of the Rose proper are indigenous to Syria The famed Rose of Damascus is white, but there are also Red and yellow roses. In Cant. 2:1 and Isaiah 35:1 the Hebrew Word habatstseleth (found only in these passages), rendered “rose” (R.V. marg., “autumn crocus”), is supposed by some to mean the oleander, by others the sweet-scented Narcissus (a native of Palestine), the tulip, or the daisy; but nothing definite can be affirmed regarding it.

The “rose of Sharon” is probably the cistus or rock-rose, several species of which abound in Palestine “Mount Carmel especially abounds in the cistus, which in April covers some of the barer parts of the mountain with a glow not inferior to that of the Scottish heather.” (See Myrrh [2].)

Rosh: (Ezk 38:2, Ezk 38:3; Ezk 39:1) is rendered “chief’ in the Authorized Version It is Left untranslated as a proper name in the Revised Version Some have supposed that the Russians are here meant, as one of the three Scythian tribes of whom Magog was the Prince They invaded the land of Judah in the days of Josiah Herodotus, the Greek historian, says: “For twenty-eight years the Scythians ruled over Asia, and things were turned upside down by their violence and contempt.” (See BETHSHEAN.)

Rosin

Ruby: (Hebrews peninim), only in plural (Lam 4:7). The Ruby was one of the Stones in the High priest’s Breastplate (Exo 28:17). A comparison is made between the value of wisdom and rubies (Job 28:18;

Pro 3:15; Pro 8:11). The price of a virtuous Woman is said to be “far above rubies” (Pro 31:10). The exact meaning of the Hebrew Word is uncertain. Some render it “red Coral ” others, “pearl” or “mother-of-pearl.”

Rudder: BANDS Ancient Ships had two great broad-bladed oars for rudders. These, when not in use, were lifted out of the Water and bound or tied up. When required for use, these Bands were unloosed and the rudders allowed to drop into the Water (Act 27:40).

Rue: a garden Herb (Ruta graveolens) which the Pharisees were careful to Tithe (Luk 11:42), neglecting weightier matters. It is omitted in the parallel Passage of Matthew Luk 23:23. There are several species growing wild in Palestine It is used for medicinal and culinary purposes. It has a powerful scent, and is a stimulant. (See Mint )

Rufus: red, the Son of Simon the Cyrenian (Mrk 15:21), whom the Roman soldiers compelled to carry the Cross on which our Lord was crucified.Pro 16:13 as a Disciple at Rome whose mother also was a Christian held in esteem by the Apostle Mark mentions him along with his Brother Alexander as persons well known to his readers (Mrk 15:21).

Rumah: elevation, probably the same as Arumah (Jdg 9:41;2Ki 23:36), near Shechem Others identify it with Tell Rumeh, in Galilee,Abo 23:6 miles North of Nazareth.

Rush: the papyrus (Job 8:11). (See Bulrush ) The expression “branch and rush”In 9:14; In 19:15 means “utterly.”

Ruth: The Book OF was originally a part of the Book of Judges but it now forms one of the twenty-four separate books of the Hebrew Bible

The history it contains refers to a period perhaps about one hundred and twenty-six years before the Birth of David It gives (1) an account of Naomi’s going to Moab with her Husband Elimelech and of her subsequent return to Bethlehem with her daughter-in-law; (2) the marriage of Boaz and Ruth and (3) the Birth of Obed of whom David sprang.

The author of this book was probably Samuel according to Jewish Tradition

‘‘Brief as this book is, and simple as is its story, it is remarkably rich in examples of Faith patience, industry, and kindness, nor less so in indications of the care which God takes of those who Put their trust in him.”

Rye

Sabachthani: thou hast forsaken me, one of the Aramaic words uttered by our Lord on the Cross (Mat 27:46;Mrk 15:34).

Sabaoth: the transliteration of the Hebrew Word tsebha ’ oth , meaning “hosts,” “armies” (Rom 9:29; James Rom 5:4). In the LXX. the Hebrew Word is rendered by “Almighty.” (See Revelation Rom 4:8; comp.Isa 6:3.) It may designate Jehovah as either (Isa 6:1) God of the armies of earth, or (Isa 6:2) God of the armies of the Stars or (Isa 6:3) God of the unseen armies of angels; or perhaps it may include all these ideas.

Sabbath: DAY’S Journey supposed to be a distance of 2,000 cubits, or less than half-a-mile, the distance to which, according to Jewish Tradition it was allowable to travel on the Sabbath Day without violating the Law (Act 1:12; comp. Exodus Act 16:29;Num 35:5;Jos 3:4).

Sabbatical: YEAR every seventh Year during which the land, according to the Law of Moses had to remain uncultivated (Lev 25:2-7; comp.Exo 23:10, Exo 23:11, Exo 23:12;Lev 26:34, Lev 26:35). Whatever grew of itself during that Year was not for the owner of the land, but for the poor and the Stranger and the beasts of the field. All debts, except those of foreigners, were to be remitted (Deu 15:1-11). There is little notice of the observance of this Year in Biblical history. It appears to have been much neglected (2Ch 36:20, 2Ch 36:21).

Sabeans: descendants of Seba (Gen 10:7); Africans (Isa 43:3). They were “men of stature,” and engaged in merchandise (Isa 45:14).

Their Conversion to the Lord was predicted (Psa 72:10). This WordIn 23:42, should be read, as in the margin of the Authorized Version and in the Revised Version “drunkards.” Another Tribe apparently given to war, is mentioned in Job In 1:15.

Sabtah: rest, the third Son of Cush (Gen 10:7; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:9).

Sabtecha: the fifth Son of Cush (id.).

Sachar: hire. (1.) One of David’s heroes (1 Chronicles 11:35); called also Sharar (2Sa 23:33).

(2Sa 23:2.) A Son of Obed-edom the Gittite, and a Temple Porter (2Sa 23:1 Chronicles 2Sa 26:4).

Sackbut: (Chald. sabkha; Gr. sambuke), a Syrian stringed instrument resembling a Harp (Dan 3:5, Dan 3:7, Dan 3:10, Dan 3:15); not the modern Sackbut which is a wind instrument.

Sackcloth: cloth made of Black goats’ Hair coarse, rough, and thick, used for sacks, and also worn by mourners (Gen 37:34; Gen 42:25; Gen 42:2 Samuel Gen 3:31; Esther Gen 4:1, Gen 4:2;Psa 30:11, etc.), and as a sign of Repentance (Mat 11:21). It was Put upon animals by the people of Nineveh (Jon 3:8).

Sacrifice: The Offering up of sacrifices is to be regarded as a divine institution. It did not originate with Man God himself appointed it as the mode in which acceptable Worship was to be offered to him by guilty Man The language and the idea of Sacrifice pervade the whole Bible

Sacrifices were offered in the ante-diluvian Age The Lord clothed Adam and Eve with the skins of animals, which in all probability had been offered in Sacrifice (Gen 3:21). Abel offered a Sacrifice “of the firstlings of his flock” (Gen 4:4;Heb 11:4). A distinction also was made between Clean and unclean animals, which there is every reason to believe had reference to the Offering up of sacrifices (Gen 7:2, Gen 7:8), because animals were not given to Man as Food till after the Flood. ...

The same practice is continued down through the patriarchal Age (Gen 8:20; Gen 12:7; Gen 13:4, Gen 13:18; Gen 15:9-11; Gen 22:1-18, etc.). In the Mosaic period of Old Testament history definite laws were prescribed by God regarding the different kinds of sacrifices that were to be offered and the manner in which the Offering was to be made. The Offering of stated sacrifices became indeed a prominent and distinctive feature of the whole period (Exo 12:3-27;Lev 23:5-8;Num 9:2-14). (See Altar )

We leam from the Epistle to the Hebrews that sacrifices had in themselves no value or efficacy. They were only the “shadow of good things to come,” and pointed the worshippers forward to the Coming of the great High Priest who, in the fullness of the time, “was offered once for all to bear the sin of many.” Sacrifices belonged to a temporary economy, to a system of types and emblems which served their purposes and have now passed away. The “one Sacrifice for sins” Hath “perfected for ever them that are sanctified.”

Sacrifices were of two kinds: Num 9:1. Unbloody, such as (Num 9:1) first-fruits and tithes; (Num 9:2) meat and drink-offerings; and (Num 9:3) Incense Num 9:2. Bloody such as (Num 9:1) burnt-offerings; (Num 9:2) peace-offerings; and (Num 9:3) sin and Trespass offerings. (See OLLERINGS.)

Sadducees: The origin of this Jewish Sect cannot definitely be traced. It was probably the outcome of the influence of Grecian customs and philosophy during the period of Greek domination. The first time they are met with is in connection with John the Baptist’s ministry. They came out to him when on the banks of the Jordan and he said to them, “O Generation of vipers, who Hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come?” (Mat 3:7.) The next time they are spoken of they are represented as Coming to our Lord tempting him. He calls them “hypocrites” and “a wicked and adulterous generation” (Mat 16:1-4; Mat 22:23). The only reference to them in the Gospels of Mark (Mat 12:18-27) and Luke (Mat 20:27-38) is their attempting to ridicule the doctrine of the Resurrection which they denied, as they also denied the existence of angels. ... They are never mentioned in John’s Gospel.

There were many Sadducees among the “elders” of the Sanhedrin. They seem, indeed, to have been as numerous as the Pharisees (Act 23:6). They showed their Hatred of Jesus in taking part in his condemnation (Mat 16:21; Mat 26:1-3, Mat 26:59;Mrk 8:31; Mrk 15:1;Luk 9:22; Luk 22:66). They endeavoured to prohibit the apostles from preaching the Resurrection of Christ (Act 2:24, Act 2:31, Act 2:32; Act 4:1, Act 4:2; Act 5:17,24 5:28). They were the deists or sceptics of that Age They do not appear as a separate Sect after the Destruction of Jerusalem

Sadoc: just, mentioned in the genealogy of our Lord (Mat 1:14).

Saffron: Hebrews karkom, Arab zafran (i.e., “yellow”), mentioned only in Cant. 4:13, 14; the Crocus sativus. Many species of the crocus are found in Palestine The pistils and stigmata, from the centre of its Flowers are pressed into “saffron cakes,” common in the East “We found,” says Tristram, “saffron a very useful condiment in travelling cookery, a very small pinch of it giving not only a rich yellow Colour but an agreable flavour to a dish of rice or to an insipid stew.”

Saint: one separated from the world and consecrated to God one Holy by profession and by Covenant a believer in Christ (Psa 16:3; Romans Psa 1:7; Psa 8:27; Phil. Psa 1:1; Hebrews Psa 6:10).

The “saints” spoken of in Jude Psa 1:14 are probably not the disciples of Christ but the “innumerable company of angels” (Heb 12:22;Psa 68:17), with reference to Deuteronomy Psa 33:2.

This Word is also used of the Holy Dead (Mat 27:52; Revelation Mat 18:24). It was not used as a distinctive title of the apostles and evangelists and of a “spiritual nobility” till the fourth century. In that sense it is not a scriptural title.

Sala: a shoot, a descendant of Arphaxed (Luk 3:35, Luk 3:36); called also Shelah (1Ch 1:18, 1Ch 1:24).

Salamis: a City on the south-east coast of Cyprus (Act 13:5), where Saul and Barnabas on their first missionary Journey preached the Word in one of the Jewish synagogues, of which there seem to have been several in that Place It is now called Famagusta.

Salathiel: whom I asked of God the Son of Jeconiah (Mat 1:12; Mat 1:1 Chronicles Mat 3:17); also called the Son of Neri (Luk 3:27). The probable explanation of the apparent discrepancy is that he was the Son of Neri, the descendant of Nathan and thus Heir to the Throne of David on the Death of Jeconiah (comp. Jeremiah Luk 22:30).

Salcah: wandering, a City of Bashan assigned to the half Tribe of Manasseh (Deu 3:10;Jos 12:5; Jos 13:11), identified with Salkhad,Abo 13:56 miles East of Jordan

Salem: peace, commonly supposed to be another name of Jerusalem (Gen 14:18;Psa 76:2;Heb 7:1, Heb 7:2).

Salim: peaceful, a Place near Aenon (q.v.), on the west of Jordan where John baptized (Jhn 3:23).It 33:18,Abo 33:7 miles South of Aenon at the head of the great Wady Far’ ah, which formed the northern boundary of Judea in the Jordan Valley

Sallai: basket-maker. (1.) A Benjamite (Neh 11:8).

(Neh 11:2.) A Priest in the days of Joshua and Zerubbabel (Neh 12:20).

Sallu: weighed. (1.) A Priest (Neh 12:7).

(Neh 12:2.) A Benjamite (Neh 12:1 Chronicles Neh 9:7; Nehemiah Neh 11:7).

Salmon: shady; or Zalmon (q.v.), a Hill covered with dark forests, South of Shechem from which Abimelech and his men gathered Wood to burn that City (Jdg 9:48).In 68:14 the change from war to Peace is likened to Snow on the dark mountain, as some interpret the expression. Others suppose the words here mean that the bones of the slain Left unburied covered the land, so that it seemed to be white as if covered with Snow The reference, however, of the psalm is probably to Joshua11 68:12. The scattering of the kings and their followers is fitly likened unto the snow-flakes rapidly falling on the dark Salmon It is the modern Jebel Suleiman.

Salmone: a promontory on the East of Crete under which Paul sailed on his voyage to Rome (Act 27:7); the modem Cape Sidero.

Salome: perfect. (1.) The Wife of Zebedee and mother of James and John (Mat. 27:56), and probably the sister of Mary, the mother of our Lord (Jhn 19:25). She sought for her sons places of honour in Christ’s Kingdom (Mat 20:20, Mat 20:21; comp. Mat 19:28). She witnessed the Crucifixion (Mrk 15:40), and was present with the other women at the Sepulchre (Mat 27:56).

(Mat 27:2.) “The Daughter of Herodias ” not named in the New Testament On the occasion of the birthday festival held by Herod Antipas who had married her mother Herodias in the fortress of Machaerus she “came in and danced, and pleased Herod” (Mrk 6:14-29). John the Baptist, at that time a prisoner in the dungeons underneath the Castle was at her request beheaded by order of Herod and his head given to the damsel in a Charger “and the damsel gave it to her mother,” whose revengeful Spirit was thus gratified. ... “A luxurious Feast of the period” (says Farrar, Life of Christ) “was not regarded as complete unless it closed with some gross pantomimic representation; and doubtless Herod had adopted the evil fashion of his Day But he had not anticipated for his guests the rare luxury of seeing a princess, his own niece, a grand-daughter of Herod the Great and of Mariamne, a descendant, therefore, of Simon the High Priest and the great line of Maccabean princes, a princess who afterwards became the Wife of a Tetrarch [Philip, Tetrarch of Trachonitis] and the mother of a King honouring them by degrading herself into a scenic dancer.”

Salt: , Valley OF a Place where it is said David smote the Syrians (2 Samuel 8:13). This Valley (the’ Arabah) is between Judah and Edom on the South of the Dead Sea Hence some interpreters would insert the words, “and he smote Edom ” after the words, “Syrians” in the above text. It is conjectured that while David was leading his Army against the Ammonites and Syrians, the Edomites invaded the South of Judah and that David sent Joab or Abishai against them, who drove them back and finally subdued Edom (Comp,Tit 8:60.)

Here also Amaziah “slew of Edom ten thousand men” (2Ki 14:7; comp. 2Ki 8:20-22And 8:2 Chronicles And 25:5-11).

Salutation: “Eastern modes of Salutation are not unfrequently so prolonged as to become wearisome and a positive waste of time. The profusely polite Arab asks so many questions after your health, your happiness, your welfare, your House and other things, that a person ignorant of the habits of the country would imagine there must be some secret ailment or mysterious sorrow oppressing you, which you wished to conceal, so as to spare the feelings of a dear, sympathizing friend, but which he, in the depth of his anxiety, would Desire to hear of. I have often listened to these prolonged salutations in the House the Street and the Highway and not unfrequently I have experienced their tedious monotony, and I have bitterly lamented useless waste of time” (Porter, Through Samaria etc.). The work on which the disciples were sent forth was one of urgency, which Left no time for empty compliments and prolonged greetings (Luk 10:4).

Salvation: This Word is used of the deliverance of the Israelites from the Egyptians (Exo 14:13), and of deliverance generally from evil or danger. In the New Testament it is specially used with reference to the great deliverance from the guilt and the pollution of sin wrought out by Jesus Christ “the great salvation” (Heb 2:3). (See Redemption Regeneration )

Samaria: a watch-mountain or a watch-tower. In the heart of the mountains of Israel a few miles north-west of Shechem stands the “hill of Shomeron,” a solitary mountain, a great “mamelon.” It is an oblong Hill with steep but not inaccessible sides, and a long flat top. Omri the King of Israel purchased this Hill from Shemer its owner for two talents of Silver and built on its broad summit the City to which he gave the name of “Shomeron”, i.e., Samaria as the New capital of his Kingdom instead of Tirzah (1Ki 16:24). As such it possessed many advantages. Here Omri resided during the last six years of his reign. As the result of an unsuccessful war with Syria he appears to have been obliged to grant to the Syrians the right to “make streets in Samaria”, i.e., probably permission to the Syrian merchants to carry on their trade in the Israelite capital. ... This would imply the existence of a considerable Syrian population. “It was the only great City of Palestine created by the sovereign. All the others had been already consecrated by patriarchal Tradition or previous possession. But Samaria was the choice of Omri alone. He, indeed, gave to the City which he had built the name of its former owner, but its especial connection with himself as its founder is proved by the designation which it seems Samaria bears in Assyrian inscriptions, Beth-khumri (‘the House or Palace of Omri’).”, Stanley.

Samaria was frequently besieged. In the days of Ahab Benhadad II. came up against it with thirty-two vassal kings, but was defeated with a great slaughter (1Ki 20:1-21). A second time, next Year he assailed it; but was again utterly routed, and was compelled to surrender to Ahab (1Ki 20:28-34), whose Army as compared with that of Benhadad, was no more than “two little flocks of kids.”

In the days of Jehoram this Benhadad again laid siege to Samaria during which the City was reduced to the direst extremities. But just when success seemed to be within their reach, they suddenly broke up the seige, alarmed by a mysterious noise of chariots and horses and a great Army and fled, leaving their Camp with all its contents behind them. The famishing inhabitants of the City were soon relieved with the abundance of the spoil of the Syrian Camp and it came to pass, according to the Word of Elisha, that “a Measure of fine Flour was sold for a Shekel and two measures of barely for a Shekel in the gates of Samaria” (2Ki 7:1-20).

Shalmaneser invaded Israel in the days of Hoshea, and reduced it to vassalage. He laid siege to Samaria (B.C. 2Ki 7:723), which held out for three years, and was at length captured by Sargon who completed the conquest Shalmaneser had begun (2Ki 18:9-12; 2Ki 17:3), and removed vast Numbers of the tribes into Captivity (See Sargon )

This City after passing through various vicissitudes, was given by the emperor Augustus to Herod the Great, who rebuilt it, and called it Sebaste (Gr. form of Augustus) in honour of the emperor. In the New Testament the only mention of it is in Acts 2Ki 8:5-14, where it is recorded that Philip went down to the City of Samaria and preached there.

It is now represented by the hamlet of Sebustieh, containing about three hundred inhabitants. The ruins of the Ancient town are all scattered over the Hill down the sides of which they have rolled. The shafts of about one hundred of what must have been grand Corinthian columns are still standing, and attract much attention, although nothing definite is known regarding them. (Comp.Mic 1:6.)

In the time of Christ Western Palestine was divided into three provinces, Judea Samaria and Galilee. Samaria occupied the centre of Palestine (John :Mic 1:4). It is called in the Talmud the “land of the Cuthim,” and is not regarded as a part of the Holy Land at all.

It may be noticed that the distance between Samaria and Jerusalem the respective capitals of the two kingdoms,Is 1:35 miles in a direct line.

Samaritan: PENTATEUCH On the return from the Exile, the Jews refused the Samaritans participation with them in the Worship at Jerusalem and the latter separated from all Fellowship with them, and built a Temple for themselves on Mount Gerizim. This Temple was razed to the Ground more than one hundred years B.C. Then a system of Worship was instituted similar to that of the Temple at Jerusalem It was founded on the Law copies of which had been multiplied in Israel as well as in Judah Thus the Pentateuch was preserved among the Samaritans although they never called it by this name, but always “the Law ” which they read as one book. The division into five books, as we now have it, however, was adopted by the Samaritans as it was by the Jews, in all their priests’ copies of “the Law ” for the sake of convenience. ... This was the only portion of the Old Testament which was accepted by the Samaritans as of divine authority.

The form of the letters in the manuscript copies of the Samaritan Pentateuch is different from that of the Hebrew copies, and is probably the same as that which was in general use before the Captivity There are other peculiarities in the Writing which need not here be specified.

There are important differences between the Hebrew and the Samaritan copies of the Pentateuch in the readings of many sentences. In about two thousand instances in which the Samaritan and the Jewish texts differ, the LXX. agrees with the former. The New Testament also, when quoting from the Old Testament agrees as a rule with the Samaritan text, where that differs from the Jewish.Thu 12:40 in the Samaritan reads, “Now the sojourning of the children of Israel and of their fathers which they had dwelt in the land of Canaan and in Egypt was four hundred and thirty years” (comp.Gal 3:17). It may be noted that the LXX. has the same reading of this text.

Samaritans: the name given to the New and mixed inhabitants whom Esarhaddon (B.C. 677), the King of Assyria brought from Babylon and other places and settled in the cities of Samaria instead of the original inhabitants whom Sargon (B.C. 721) had removed into Captivity (2Ki 7:24; comp.Ezr 4:2, Ezr 4:9, Ezr 4:10). These strangers (comp.Luk 17:18) amalgamated with the Jews still remaining in the land, and gradually abandoned their Old Idolatry and adopted partly the Jewish religion.

After the return from the Captivity the Jews in Jerusalem refused to allow them to take part with them in rebuilding the Temple and hence sprang up an Open Enmity between them. They erected a rival Temple on Mount Gerizim, which was, however, destroyed by a Jewish King (B.C. ... Luk 17:130). They then built another at Shechem The Bitter Enmity between the Jews and Samaritans continued in the time of our Lord the Jews had “no dealings with the Samaritans” (Jhn 4:9; comp.Luk 9:52, Luk 9:53). Our Lord was in contempt called “a Samaritan” (Jhn 8:48). Many of the Samaritans early embraced the gospel (Jhn 4:5-42;Act 8:25; Act 9:31; Act 15:3). Of these Samaritans there still remains a small population of about one hundred and sixty, who all reside in Shechem where they carefully observe the religious customs of their fathers. They are the “smallest and oldest Sect in the world.”

SAMGAR-

Samos: an Island in the AEgean Sea which Paul passed on his voyage from Assos to Miletus (Act 20:15), on his third missionary Journey It 20:27Mil 20:20 broad,And 20:42 miles south-west of Smyrna

Samothracia: an Island in the AEgean Sea off the coast of Thracia, about 32 miles distant. This Thracian Samos was passed by Paul on his voyage from Troas to Neapolis (Act 16:11) on his first missionary JourneyIt 16:8Mil 16:6 miles broad. Its modern name is Samothraki.

Samson: of the Sun the Son of Manoah Born at Zorah The narrative of his Life is given in Judges 13-16. He was a “Nazarite unto God” from his Birth the first Nazarite mentioned in Scripture (Jdg 13:3-5; comp.Num 6:1-21). The first recorded event of his Life was his marriage with a Philistine Woman of Timnath (Jdg 14:1-5). Such a marriage was not forbidden by the Law of Moses as the Philistines did not form one of the Seven doomed Canaanite nations (Exo 34:11-16;Deu 7:1-4). It was, however, an ill-assorted and unblessed marriage. His Wife was soon taken from him and given “to his companion” (Jdg 14:20). For this Samson took revenge by burning the “standing corn of the Philistines” (Jdg 15:1-8), who, in their turn, in revenge “burnt her and her Father with Fire ” Her Death he terribly avenged (Jdg 15:7-19). ... During the twenty years following this he judged Israel but we have no record of his Life Probably these twenty years may have been simultaneous with the last twenty years of Eli’s Life After this we have an account of his exploits at Gaza (Jdg 16:1-3), and of his infatuation for Delilah and her treachery (Jdg 16:4-20), and then of his melancholy Death (Jdg 16:21-31). He perished in the last terrible Destruction he brought upon his enemies. “So the Dead which he slew at his Death were more [in social and political importance=the elite of the people] than they which he slew in his Life ”

“Straining all his nerves, he bowed: As with the force of Winds and waters pent, When mountains tremble, those two massy pillars With horrible convulsion to and fro He tugged, he shook, till down they came, and drew The whole roof after them, with burst of Thunder Upon the heads of all who sat beneath, Lords, ladies, captains, counsellors, or priests, Their choice nobility and flower.” Milton’s Samson Agonistes.

Samuel: , Books OF The LXX. translators regarded the books of Samuel and of Kings as forming one continuous history, which they divided into four books, which they called “Books of the Kingdom ” The Vulgate Version followed this division, but styled them “Books of the Kings.” These books of Samuel they accordingly called the “First” and “Second” Books of Kings, and not, as in the modern Protestant versions, the “First” and “Second” Books of Samuel

The authors of the books of Samuel were probably Samuel Gad and Nathan Samuel penned the first twenty-four chapters of the first book. Gad the companion of David (1 Samuel 22:5), continued the history thus commenced; and Nathan completed it, probably arranging the whole in the form in which we now have it (1 Chronicles 29:29). ...

The contents of the books. The first book comprises a period of about a hundred years, and nearly coincides with the Life of Samuel It contains (1) the history of Eli (1 29:4); (1 29:2) the history of Samuel (5 29:12); (5 29:3) the history of Saul and of David in exile (13 29:31). The second book, comprising a period of perhaps fifty years, contains a history of the reign of David (13 29:1) over Judah (1 29:4), and (1 29:2) over all Israel (5 29:24), mainly in its political aspects.

The last four chapters of Second Samuel may be regarded as a sort of appendix recording various events, but not chronologically. These books do not contain complete histories. Frequent gaps are met with in the record, because their object is to present a history of the Kingdom of God in its gradual development, and not of the events of the reigns of the successive rulers. It is noticeable that the section (5 29:2 Samuel 5 11:2-12: 5 11:29) containing an account of David’s sin in the matter of Bathsheba is omitted in the corresponding PassageIn 11:1 Chronicles In 11:20.

Sanballat: held some Place of authority in Samaria when Nehemiah went up to Jerusalem to rebuild its ruined walls. He vainly attempted to hinder this work (Neh 2:10, Neh 2:19; Neh 4:1-12; Neh 4:6). His Daughter became the Wife of one of the sons of Joiada a Son of the High Priest much to the grief of Nehemiah (Neh 13:28).

Sanctification: involves more than a mere moral reformation of character, brought about by the power of the Truth it is the work of the Holy Spirit bringing the whole nature more and more under the influences of the New gracious principles implanted in the soul in Regeneration In other words, Sanctification is the carrying on to perfection the work begun in Regeneration and it extends to the whole Man (Rom 6:13;2Co 4:6; Colossians 2Co 3:10;1Jn 4:7;1Co 6:19). It is the special office of the Holy Spirit in the plan of Redemption to carry on this work (1Co 6:11;2Th 2:13). Faith is instrumental in securing Sanctification inasmuch as it (2Th 2:1) secures union to Christ (Gal 2:20), and (Gal 2:2) brings the believer into Living contact with the Truth whereby he is led to yield obedience “to the commands, trembling at the threatenings, and embracing the promises of God for this Life and that which is to come.”

Perfect Sanctification is not attainable in this Life (1Ki 8:46;Pro 20:9;Ecc 7:20; James Ecc 3:2;1Jn 1:8). ... See Paul’S A 7:14-25; Phil. S A 3:12-14;And 3:1 Timothy And 1:15; also the confessions of David (Psa 19:12, Psa 19:13; Psa 19:51), of Moses (Psa 90:8), of Job (Psa 42:5, Psa 42:6), and of Daniel (Psa 9:3-20). “The more Holy a Man is, the more humble, self-renouncing, self-abhorring, and the more sensitive to every sin he becomes, and the more closely he clings to Christ The moral imperfections which cling to him he feels to be sins, which he laments and strives to overcome. Believers find that their Life is a constant warfare, and they need to take the Kingdom of Heaven by storm, and watch while they pray. They are always subject to the constant chastisement of their Father’s loving Hand which can only be designed to correct their imperfections and to confirm their graces. And it has been notoriously the fact that the best Christians have been those who have been the least prone to claim the attainment of perfection for themselves.”, Hodge’s Outlines.

Sanctuary: denotes, (1) the Holy Land (Exo 15:17; comp.Psa 114:2); (Psa 114:2) the Temple (Psa 114:1 Chronicles Psa 22:19; Psa 22:2 Chronicles Psa 29:21); (Psa 29:3) the Tabernacle (Exo 25:8; Leviticus Exo 12:4; Exo 21:12); (Exo 21:4) the Holy Place the Place of the Presence (Gr. hieron, the temple-house; not the naos, which is the Temple area, with its courts and porches), Leviticus Exo 4:6; Ephesians Exo 2:21, R.V., marg.; (Exo 2:5) God’s Holy Habitation in Heaven (Psa 102:19). In the final state there is properly “no sanctuary” (Rev 21:22), for God and the Lamb “are the sanctuary” (R.V., “temple”). All is there hallowed by the Divine Presence; all is sancturary.

Sandals: Mentioned only in Mark 6:9 and Acts 12:8. The sandal was simply a sole, made of Wood or palm-bark, fastened to the foot by leathern straps. Sandals were also made of seal-skin (Ezk 16:10; lit. tahash, “leather;” A.V., “badger’s Skin ” R.V., “sealskin,” or marg., “porpoise-skin”). (See Shoe )

Sanhedrim: more correctly Sanhedrin (Gr. synedrion), meaning “a Sitting together,” or a “council.” This Word (rendered “council,” A.V.) is frequently used in the New Testament (Mat 5:22; Mat 26:59;Mrk 15:1, etc.) to denote the supreme judicial and administrative Council of the Jews, which, it is said, was first instituted by Moses and was composed of Seventy men (Num 11:16, Num 11:17). But that seems to have been only a temporary arrangement which Moses made. This Council is with greater probability supposed to have originated among the Jews when they were under the domination of the Syrian kings in the time of the Maccabees The name is first employed by the Jewish historian Josephus. This “council” is referred to simply as the “chief priests and elders of the people” (Mat 26:3, Mat 26:47, Mat 26:57, Mat 26:59; Mat 27:1, Mat 27:3, Mat 27:12, Mat 27:20, etc.), before whom Christ was tried on the charge of claiming to be the Messiah Peter and John were also brought before it for promulgating Heresy (Acts. ... Mat 4:1-23; Mat 5:17-41); as was also Stephen on a charge of Blasphemy (Mat 6:12-15), and Paul for violating a Temple by-law (Mat 22:30; Mat 23:1-10).

The Sanhedrin is said to have consisted of seventy-one members, the High Priest being president. They were of three classes (Mat 23:1) the Chief priests, or heads of the twenty-four priestly Courses (1Ch 23:24), (1Ch 23:2) the Scribes and (1Ch 23:3) the elders. As the highest Court of judicature, “in all causes and over all persons, ecclesiastical and civil, supreme,” its Decrees were binding, not only on the Jews in Palestine but on all Jews wherever scattered abroad. Its jurisdiction was greatly curtailed by Herod and afterwards by the Romans Its usual Place of meeting was within the precincts of the Temple in the Hall “Gazith,” but it sometimes met also in the House of the High Priest (Mat 26:3), who was assisted by two vice-presidents.

Sansannah: a Palm Branch or a Thorn bush, a town in the South (the negeb) of Judah (Jos 15:31); called also Hazarsusah (Jos 19:5), or Hazar-susim (Jos 19:1 Chronicles Jos 4:31).

Saph

Saphir: beautiful, a town of Judah (Mic 1:11), identified with es-Suafir, Mic 1:5 miles south-east of Ashdod

Sapphira: beautiful, the Wife of Ananias (q.v.). She was a partner in his guilt and also in his Punishment (Act 5:1-11).

Sapphire: Associated with diamonds (Exo 28:18) and emeralds (Ezk 28:13); one of the Stones in the High priest’s Breastplate It is a precious Stone of a sky-blue Colour probably the lapis lazuli, brought from Babylon The Throne of God is described as of the Colour of a Sapphire (Exo 24:10; comp.Ezk 1:26).

Sarah

Sarai: my princess, the name originally borne by Sarah (Gen 11:31; Gen 17:15).

Sardine: STONE (Rev 4:3, R.V., “sardius;” Hebrews ‘odhem; LXX., Gr. sardion, from a root meaning “red”), a gem of a blood-red Colour It was called “sardius” because obtained from Sardis in Lydia It is enumerated among the precious Stones in the High priest’s Breastplate (Exo 28:17; Exo 39:10). It is our Red camelian.

Sardis

Sardonyx: (Rev 21:20), a species of the carnelian combining the sard and the Onyx having three layers of opaque spots or Stripes on a transparent Red basis. Like the Sardine it is a variety of the Chalcedony

Sarepta: (Luk 4:26). See Zarephath

Sargon: (In the inscriptions, “Sarra-yukin” [the God] has appointed the King also “Sarru-kinu,” the legitimate King ) On the Death of Shalmaneser (B.C. 723), one of the Assyrian generals established himself on the vacant Throne taking the name of “Sargon,” after that of the famous monarch, the Sargon of Accad founder of the first Semitic empire, as well as of one of the most famous libraries of Chaldea He forthwith began a conquering career, and became one of the most powerful of the Assyrian monarchs. He is mentioned by name in the Bible only in connection with the siege of Ashdod (Isa 20:1).

At the very beginning of his reign he besieged and took the City of Samaria (2Ki 17:6; 2Ki 18:9-12). On an inscription found in the Palace he built at Khorsabad, near - Nieveh, he says, “The City of Samaria I besieged, I took; 2Ki 18:27,2Ki 18:280 of its inhabitants I carried away; fifty chariots that were among them I collected,” etc. ... The northern Kingdom he changed into an Assyrian satrapy. He afterwards drove Merodach-baladan (q.v.), who kept him at Bay for twelve years, out of Babylon which he entered in triumph. By a succession of victories he gradually enlarged and consolidated the empire, which now extended from the frontiers of Egypt in the west to the mountains of Elam in the East and thus carried almost to completion the ambitious designs of Tiglath-pileser (q.v.). He was murdered by one of his own soldiers (B.C. 2Ki 18:705) in his Palace at Khorsabad, after a reign of sixteen years, and was succeeded by his Son Sennacherib

Satan: adversary; Accuser When used as a proper name, the Hebrew Word so rendered has the article “the adversary” (Job 1:6-12; Job 2:1-7). In the New Testament it is used as interchangeable with Diabolos, or the Devil and is so used more than thirty times.

He is also called “the Dragon ” “the Old serpent” (Rev 12:9; Rev 20:2); “the Prince of this world” (Jhn 12:31; Jhn 14:30); “the Prince of the power of the air” (Eph 2:2); “the God of this world” (2Co 4:4); “the Spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience” (Eph 2:2). The distinct personality of Satan and his activity among men are thus obviously recognized. He tempted our Lord in the Wilderness (Mat 4:1-11). ... He is “Beelzebub, the Prince of the devils” (Mat 12:24). He is “the constant enemy of God of Christ of the divine Kingdom of the followers of Christ and of all Truth full of falsehood and all malice, and exciting and seducing to evil in every possible way.” His power is very great in the world. He is a “roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour” (1Pe 5:8). Men are said to be “taken Captive by him” (1Pe 5:2 Timothy 1Pe 2:26). Christians are warned against his “devices” (2Co 2:11), and called on to “resist” him (Jas 4:7). Christ redeems his people from “him that had the power of Death that is, the devil” (Heb 2:14). Satan has the “power of Death ” not as Lord but simply as Executioner

Satyr: hairy one. Mentioned in Greek mythology as a Creature composed of a Man and a Goat supposed to inhabit wild and desolate regions. The Hebrew Word is rendered also “goat” (Lev 4:24) and “devil”, i.e., an Idol in the form of a Goat (Lev 17:7; Lev 17:2 Chronicles Lev 11:15). When it is said (Isa 13:21; comp. Isa 34:14) “the satyrs shall Dance there,” the meaning is that the Place referred to shall become a desolate waste. Some render the Hebrew Word “baboon,” a species of which is found in Babylonia.

Saul: asked for. (1.) A King of Edom (Gen 36:37, Gen 36:38);Cal 36:1Chr 1:48.

(Chr 1:2.) The Son of Kish (probably his only Son and a Child of Prayer “asked for”), of the Tribe of Benjamin the first King of the Jewish nation.The 1:10. His father’s she-asses had strayed, and Saul was sent with a servant to seek for them. Leaving his home at Gibeah (The 10:5, “the Hill of God ” A.V.; lit., as in R.V. marg., “Gibeah of God”), Saul and his servant went toward the north-west over Mount Ephraim and then turning north-east they came to “the land of Shalisha ” and thence eastward to the land of Shalim and at length came to the district of Zuph near Samuel’s home at Ramah (The 9:5-10). ... At this point Saul proposed to return from the three days’ fruitless search, but his servant suggested that they should first consult the “seer.” Hearing that he was about to offer Sacrifice the two hastened into Ramah, and “behold, Samuel came out against them,” on his way to the “bamah”, i.e., the “height”, where Sacrifice was to be offered; and in answer to Saul’s question, “Tell me, I pray thee, where the seer’s House is,” Samuel made himself known to him. Samuel had been divinely prepared for his Coming (The 9:15-17), and received Saul as his guest. He took him with him to the Sacrifice and then after the Feast “communed with Saul upon the top of the house” of all that was in his heart. On the morrow Samuel “took a vial of Oil and poured it on his head,” and anointed Saul as King over Israel (The 9:25-10:The 9:8), giving him three signs in confirmation of his Call to be King When Saul reached his home in Gibeah the last of these signs was fulfilled, and the Sprit of God came upon him, and “he was turned into another Man ” The simple countryman was transformed into the King of Israel a remarkable change suddenly took Place in his whole demeanour, and the people said in their astonishment, as they looked on the stalwart Son of Kish, “Is Saul also among the prophets?”, a saying which passed into a “proverb.” (Comp. The 19:24.)

The intercourse between Saul and Samuel was as yet unknown to the people. The “anointing” had been in secret. But now the time had come when the transaction must be confirmed by the nation. Samuel accordingly summoned the people to a Solemn assembly “before the Lord” at Mizpeh Here the Lot was drawn (The 10:17-27), and it fell upon Saul and when he was presented before them, the stateliest Man in all Israel the air was rent for the first time in Israel by the loud cry, “God save the king!” He now returned to his home in Gibeah, attended by a kind of bodyguard, “a band of men whose hearts God had touched.” On reaching his home he dismissed them, and resumed the quiet toils of his former Life

Soon after this, on hearing of the conduct of Nahash the Ammonite at Jabeshgilead (q.v.), an Army out of all the tribes of Israel rallied at his summons to the try sting-place at Bezek and he led them forth a great Army to battle, gaining a complete victory over the Ammonite invaders at Jabesh (The 11:1-11). Amid the universal joy occasioned by this victory he was now fully recognized as the King of Israel At the invitation of Samuel “all the people went to Gilgal and there they made Saul King before the Lord in Gilgal ” Samuel now officially anointed him as King (The 11:15). Although Samuel never ceased to be a Judge in Israel yet now his work in that capacity practically came to an End

Saul now undertook the great and difficult enterprise of freeing the land from its hereditary enemies the Philistines and for this End he gathered together an ArmyOf 11:3,Of 11:000 men (1Sa 13:1, 1Sa 13:2). The Philistines were encamped at Geba. SaulWit 13:2,Wit 13:000 men, occupied Michmash and Mount Bethel; while his Son Jonathan Wit 13:1,Wit 13:000 men, occupied Gibeah, to the South of Geba, and seemingly without any direction from his Father “smote” the Philistines in Geba. Thus roused, the Philistines who gathered an ArmyOf 13:30,000 13:6,000 13:000 horsemen, and “people as the sand which is on the sea-shore in multitude,” encamped in Michmash, which Saul had evacuated for Gilgal Saul now tarried for Seven days in Gilgal before making any movement, as Samuel had appointed (000 10:8); but becoming impatient on the seventh Day as it was drawing to a close, when he had made an End of Offering the Burnt Offering Samuel appeared and warned him of the fatal consequences of his act of disobedience, for he had not waited long enough (000 13:13, 000 13:14).

When Saul after Samuel’s departure,Wen 13:600 men, his followers having decreased to that number (Wen 13:15), against the Philistines at Michmash (q.v.), he had his head-quarters under a pomegrante Tree at Migron, over against Michmash, the Wady esSuweinit alone intervening. Here at Gibeah-Geba Saul and his Army rested, uncertain what to do. Jonathan became impatient, and with his armour-bearer planned an assault against the Philistines unknown to Saul and the Army (Wen 14:1-15). Jonathan and his armour-bearer went down into the wady, and on their hands and knees climbed to the top of the narrow rocky ridge called Bozez, where was the outpost of the Philistine Army They surprised and then slew twenty of the Philistines and immediately the whole Host of the Philistines was thrown into disorder and fled in great terror. “It was a very great trembling;” a supernatural panic seized the Host SaulAnd 14:600 men,A B 14:10,A B 14:000, perceiving the confusion, pursued the Army of the Philistines and the tide of battle rolled on as far as to Bethaven, halfway between Michmash and Bethel. The Philistines were totally routed. “So the Lord saved Israel that Day ” While pursuing the Philistines Saul rashly adjured the people, saying, “Cursed be the Man that eateth any Food until Evening ” But though faint and weary, the Israelites “smote the Philistines that Day from Michmash to Aijalon” (A D 14:15To 14:20 miles). Jonathan had, while passing through the Wood in pursuit of the Philistines tasted a little of the honeycomb which was abundant there (To 14:27). This was afterwards discovered by Saul (ver. To 14:42), and he threatened to Put his Son to Death The people, however, interposed, saying, “There shall not one Hair of his head Fall to the Ground ” He whom God had so signally owned, who had “wrought this great Salvation in Israel ” must not die. “Then Saul went up from following the Philistines and the Philistines went to their own place” (1Sa 14:24-46); and thus the campaign against the Philistines came to an End This was Saul’s second great military success.

Saul’s reign, however, continued to be one of almost constant war against his enemies round about (1Sa 14:47, 1Sa 14:48), in all of which he proved victorious. The war against the Amalekites is the only one which is recorded at length (1Sa 14:15). These oldest and hereditary (Exo 17:8;Num 14:43-45) enemies of Israel occupied the territory to the South and south-west of Palestine Samuel summoned Saul to execute the “ban” which God had pronounced (Deu 25:17-19) on this cruel and relentless foe of Israel The cup of their iniquity was now full. This command was “the test of his moral qualification for being King ” Saul proceeded to execute the divine command; and gathering the people together, marched from Telaim (1Sa 15:4) against the Amalekites, whom he smote “from Havilah until thou comest to Shur ” utterly destroying “all the people with the edge of the sword”, i.e., all that fell into his hands. He was, however, guilty of rebellion and disobedience in sparing Agag their King and in conniving at his soldiers’ sparing the best of the Sheep and Cattle and Samuel following Saul to Gilgal in the Jordan Valley said unto him, “Because thou hast rejected the Word of the Lord he also Hath rejected thee from being king” (1Sa 15:23). The Kingdom was rent from Saul and was given to another, even to David whom the Lord chose to be Saul’s successor, and whom Samuel anointed (1Sa 16:1-13). Lrom that Day “the Spirit of the Lord departed from Saul and an evil Spirit from the Lord troubled him.” He and Samuel parted only to Meet once again at one of the Schools of the prophets.

David was now sent for as a “cunning player on an harp” (1Sa 16:16, 1Sa 16:18), to play before Saul when the evil Spirit troubled him, and thus was introduced to the Court of Saul He became a great favourite with the King At length David returned to his father’s House and to his wonted avocation as a Shepherd for perhaps some three years. The Philistines once more invaded the land, and gathered their Army between Shochoh and Azekah in Ephes-dammim, on the southern slope of the Valley of Elah Saul and the men of Israel went forth to Meet them, and encamped on the northern slope of the same Valley which lay between the two armies. It was here that David slew Goliath of Gath the Champion of the Philistines (1Sa 17:4-54), an exploit which led to the flight and utter defeat of the Philistine Army Saul now took David permanently into his service (1Sa 18:2); but he became jealous of him (ver. 1Sa 18:9), and on many occasions showed his Enmity toward him (ver. 1Sa 18:10, 1Sa 18:11), his Enmity ripening into a purpose of Murder which at different times he tried in vain to carry out.

After some time the Philistines “gathered themselves together” in the Plain of Esdraelon and pitched their Camp at Shunem on the slope of Little Hermon and Saul “gathered all Israel together,” and “pitched in Gilboa” (1Sa 28:3-14). Being unable to discover the mind of the Lord Saul accompanied by two of his retinue, betook himself to the “witch of Endor ”Som 28:7Or 28:8 miles distant. Here he was overwhelmed by the startling communication that was mysteriously made to him by Samuel (ver.16 28:19), who appeared to him. “He fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the words of Samuel” (ver. 16 28:20). The Philistine Host “fought against Israel and the men of Israel fled before the Philistines and fell down slain in Mount Gilboa” (16 31:1). In his despair at the disaster that had befallen his Army Saul “took a Sword and fell upon it.” And the Philistines on the morrow “found Saul and his three sons fallen in Mount Gilboa.” Having cut off his head, they sent it with his weapons to Philistia, and hung up the skull in the Temple of Dagon at Ashdod They suspended his headless body, with that of Jonathan from the walls of Bethshan. The men of Jabesh-gilead afterwards removed the bodies from this position; and having Burnt the Flesh they buried the bodies under a Tree at Jabesh The remains were, however, afterwards removed to the family Sepulchre at Zelah (2Sa 21:13, 2Sa 21:14). (See David )

(2Sa 21:3.) “Who is also called Paul” (q.v.), the Circumcision name of the Apostle given to him, perhaps, in memory of King Saul (Act 7:58; Act 8:1; Act 9:1).

Saviour: one who saves from any form or degree of evil. In its highest sense the Word indicates the relation sustained by our Lord to his redeemed ones, he is their Saviour The great message of the gospel is about Salvation and the Saviour It is the “gospel of Salvation ” Faith in the Lord Jesus Christ secures to the sinner a personal interest in the work of Redemption Salvation is Redemption made effectual to the individual by the power of the Holy Spirit

Scapegoat: Lev 16:8-26; R.V., “the Goat for Azazel” (q.v.), the name given to the Goat which was taken away into the Wilderness on the Day of Atonement (Lev 16:20-22). The Priest made Atonement over the Scapegoat laying Israel’s guilt upon it, and then sent it away, the Goat bearing “upon him all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited.”

At a later period an evasion or modification of the Law of Moses was introduced by the Jews. “The Goat was conducted to a mountain named Tzuk, situated at a distance of ten Sabbath days’ Journey or about six and a half English miles, from Jerusalem At this Place the Judean Desert was supposed to commence; and the Man in whose charge the Goat was sent out, while setting him free, was instructed to push the unhappy beast down the slope of the mountain side, which was so steep as to insure the Death of the Goat whose bones were broken by the Fall The reason of this barbarous Custom was that on one occasion the Scapegoat returned to Jerusalem after being set free, which was considered such an evil omen that its recurrence was prevented for the future by the Death of the goat” (Twenty-one Years’ Work in the Holy Land). ... This mountain is now called el-Muntar.

Scarlet: This Dye was obtained by the Egyptians from the shell-fish Carthamus tinctorius; and by the Hebrews from the Coccus ilicis, an insect which infests oak trees, called kermes by the Arabians.

This Colour was early known (Gen 38:28). It was one of the colours of the Ephod (Exo 28:6), the Girdle (Exo 28:8), and the Breastplate (Exo 28:15) of the High Priest It is also mentioned in various other connections (Jos 2:18;2Sa 1:24;Lam 4:5; Nahum Lam 2:3). A Scarlet robe was in mockery placed on our Lord (Mat 27:28;Luk 23:11). “Sins as scarlet” (Isa 1:18), i.e., as Scarlet robes “glaring and habitual.” Scarlet and crimson were the firmest of dyes, and thus not easily washed out.

Sceptre: (Hebrews shebet = Gr. skeptron), properly a staff or rod. As a symbol of authority, the use of the Sceptre originated in the idea that the ruler was as a Shepherd of his people (Gen 49:10;Num 24:17;Psa 45:6;Isa 14:5). There is no example on record of a Sceptre having ever been actually handled by a Jewish King

Sceva: an implement, a Jew Chief of the priests at Ephesus (Act 19:13-16); i.e., the head of one of the twenty-four Courses of the House of Levi He had Seven sons, who “took upon them to Call over them which had evil spirits the name of the Lord Jesus ” in imitation of Paul They tried their method of exorcism on a fierce demoniac, and failed. His answer to them was to this effect (Act 19:15): “The Jesus whom you invoke is One whose authority I acknowledge; and the Paul whom you name I recognize to be a servant or Messenger of God but what sort of men are ye who have been empowered to act as you do by neither?” (Lindsay on the Acts of the Apostles.)

Schism: a separation, an alienation causing divisions among Christians, who ought to be united (1Co 12:25).

Schoolmaster: the Law so designated by Paul (Gal 3:24, Gal 3:25). As so used, the Word does not mean teacher, but pedagogue (shortened into the modern page), i.e., one who was intrusted with the supervision of a family, taking them to and from the school, being responsible for their safety and manners. Hence the pedagogue was stem and severe in his discipline. Thus the Law was a pedagogue to the Jews, with a view to Christ i.e., to prepare for Faith in Christ by producing convictions of guilt and helplessness. The office of the pedagogue ceased when “faith came”, i.e., the object of that Faith the seed, which is Christ

Schools: OF THE Prophets (1Sa 19:18-24;2Ki 2:3, 2Ki 2:5, 2Ki 2:7, 2Ki 2:12, 2Ki 2:15) were instituted for the purpose of training young men for the prophetical and priestly offices. (See Prophet Samuel )

Scorpions: mentioned along with serpents (Deu 8:15). Used also figuratively to denote wicked persons (Ezk 2:6; Luke Ezk 10:19); also a particular kind of scourge or whip (1Ki 12:11). Scorpions were a species of Spider They abounded in the Jordan Valley

Scourging: (1Ki 12:11). Variously administered. In no case were the Stripes to exceed forty (Deu 25:3; comp.2Co 1:24). In the time of the apostles, in consequence of the passing of what was called the Porcian Law no Roman citizen could be scourged in any case (Act 16:22-37). (See Bastinado ) In the Scourging of our Lord (Mat 27:26;Mrk 15:15) the words of Prophecy (Isa 53:5) were fulfilled.

Scribes: anciently held various important offices in the public affairs of the nation. The Hebrew Word so rendered (sopher) is first used to designate the holder of some military office (Jdg 5:14; A.V., “pen of the writer;” R.V., “the marshal’s staff;” marg., “the staff of the scribe”). The Scribes acted as secretaries of state, whose business it was to prepare and issue Decrees in the name of the King (2Sa 8:17; 2Sa 20:25;1Ch 18:16; 1Ch 24:6;1Ki 4:3;2Ki 12:9-11; 2Ki 18:18-37, etc.). They discharged various other important public duties as men of High authority and influence in the affairs of state.

There was also a subordinate class of Scribes most of whom were Levites. They were engaged in various ways as writers. ... Such, for example, was Baruch who “wrote from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the Lord” (Jer 36:4, Jer 36:32).

In later times, after the Captivity when the nation lost its independence, the Scribes turned their attention to the Law gaining for themselves distinction by their intimate acquaintance with its contents. On them devolved the duty of multiplying copies of the Law and of teaching it to others (Ezr 7:6,10 7:12;Neh 8:1, Neh 8:4, Neh 8:9, Neh 8:13). It is evident that in New Testament times the Scribes belonged to the Sect of the Pharisees who supplemented the Ancient written Law by their traditions (Mat 8:23), thereby obscuring it and rendering it of none effect. The titles “scribes” and “lawyers” (q.v.) are in the Gospels interchangeable (Mat 22:35;Mrk 12:28;Luk 20:39, etc.). They were in the time of our Lord the public teachers of the people, and frequently came into collision with him. They afterwards showed themselves greatly hostile to the apostles (Act 4:5; Act 6:12).

Some of the Scribes however, were men of a different Spirit and showed themselves friendly to the gospel and its preachers. Thus Gamaliel advised the Sanhedrin, when the apostles were before them charged with “teaching in this name,” to “refrain from these men and let them alone” (Act 5:34-39; comp. Act 23:9).

Scrip

Scripture: invariably in the New Testament denotes that definite Collection of sacred books, regarded as given by Inspiration of God which we usually Call the Old Testament (2 Timothy 3:15, 16;Jhn 20:9;Gal 3:22;2Pe 1:20). It was God’s purpose thus to perpetuate his revealed Will From time to time he raised up men to commit to Writing in an infallible record the Revelation he gave. The “Scripture,” or Collection of sacred writings, was thus enlarged from time to time as God saw necessary. We have now a completed “Scripture,” consisting of the Old and New Testaments. The Old Testament Canon in the time of our Lord was precisely the same as that which we now possess under that name. He placed the Seal of his own authority on this Collection of writings, as all equally given by Inspiration (Mat 5:17; Mat 7:12; Mat 22:40;Luk 16:29, Luk 16:31). (See Bible Canon )

Scythian: The Scythians consisted of “all the pastoral tribes who dwelt to the North of the Black Sea and the Caspian, and were scattered far away toward the East Of this vast country but little was anciently known. Its modern representative is Russia, which, to a great extent, includes the same territories.” They were the descendants of Japheth (Gen 9:27). It appears that in apostolic times there were some of this people that embraced Christianity (Col 3:1 Col 3:1).

Seah: In land Measure a space of 50 cubits long by 50 broad. In Measure of capacity, a Seah was a little over one peck. (See Measure )

Seal: commonly a ring engraved with some device (Gen 38:18, Gen 38:25). Jezebel “wrote letters in Ahab’s name, and sealed them with his seal” (1Ki 21:8). Seals are frequently mentioned in Jewish history (Deu 32:34; Nehemiah Deu 9:38; Deu 10:1; Esther Deu 3:12; Cant. Deu 8:6; Isaiah Deu 8:16; Jeremiah Deu 22:24; Deu 32:44, etc.). Sealing a document was equivalent to the signature of the owner of the Seal “The use of a signet-ring by the from the bezel of a metallic finger-ring. It is an oval,2 I 32:1 inch wide, and bears the image, name, and titles of the Egyptian King Sabaco” (Rawlinson’s Hist. Illus. of the O.T., p. 2 I 32:46). The actual signet-rings of two Egyptian kings (Cheops and Horus) have been discovered. ... (See Signet )

The use of seals is mentioned in the New Testament only in connection with the record of our Lord’s Burial (Mat 27:66). The tomb was sealed by the Pharisees and Chief priests for the purpose of making sure that the disciples would not come and steal the body away (ver. Mat 27:63, Mat 27:64). The mode of doing this was probably by stretching a Cord across the Stone and sealing it at both ends with sealing-clay. When God is said to have sealed the Redeemer, the meaning is, that he has attested his divine mission (Jhn 6:27). Circumcision is a Seal an attestation of the Covenant (Rom 4:1 Rom 4:1). Believers are sealed with the Spirit as God’s Mark Put upon them (Eph 1:13; Eph 4:30). Converts are by Paul styled the Seal of his apostleship, i.e., they are its attestation (1Co 9:2). Seals and sealing are frequently mentioned in the book of Revelation (1Co 5:1; 1Co 6:1; 1Co 7:3; 1Co 10:4; 1Co 22:10).

Ancient Jewish Seals monarch has recently received a remarkable illustration by the discovery of an impression of such a Signet on fine Clay at Koyunjik, the site of the Ancient Nineveh This Seal appears to have been impressed

Sea: , THE MOLTEN the great Laver made by Solomon for the use of the priests in the Temple described in 1Kin 7:23-26; Kin 7:2 Chronicles Kin 4:2-5. It stood in the south-eastern Corner of the inner CourtIt 4:5 cubits High

It 4:10 in diameter from brim to brim,And 4:30 in circumference. It was placed on the backs of twelve oxen, standing with their faces outward. It was capable of containing two or three thousand baths of Water (comp. And 4:2 Chronicles And 4:5), which was originally supplied by the Gibeonites, but was afterwards brought by a Conduit from the Pools of Bethlehem It was made of “brass” (copper), which Solomon had taken from the captured cities of Hadarezer the King of Zobah (And 4:1 Chronicles And 18:8). Ahaz afterwards removed this Laver from the oxen, and placed it on a Stone pavement (2Ki 16:17). It was destroyed by the Chaldeans (2Ki 25:13).

Seasons: (Gen 8:22). See Agriculture Month

Seba: (1.) One of the sons of Cush (Gen 10:7).

(Gen 10:2.) The name of a country and nation (Isa 43:3; Isa 45:14) mentioned along with Egypt and Ethiopia and therefore probably in north-eastern Africa. The Ancient name of Meroe. The kings of Sheba and SebaAre 72:10.

S upposed F orm Of T he Molten S ea

Sebat: the eleventh Month of the Hebrew Year extending from the New moon of February to that of March (Zec 1:7). Assyrian sabatu, “storm.” (See Month )

Secacah: enclosure, one of the six cities in the Wilderness of Judah noted for its “great cistern” (Jos 15:61). It has been identified with the ruin Sikkeh, East of Bethany

Sechu: a Hill or watch-tower, a Place between Gibeah and Ramah noted for its “great well” (1Sa 19:22); probably the modem Suweikeh, South of Beeroth

Sect: (Gr. hairesis, usually rendered “heresy”,Act 24:14;1Ch 11:19;Gal 5:20, etc.), meaning properly “a choice,” then “a Chosen manner of Life ” and then “a religious party,” as the “sect” of the Sadducees (Act 5:17), of the Pharisees (Act 15:5), the Nazarenes, i.e., Christians (Act 24:5). It afterwards came to be used in a bad sense, of those holding pernicious error, divergent forms of belief (2Pe 2:1 ;Gal 5:20).

Secundus: second, a Christian of Thessalonica who accompanied Paul into Asia (Act 20:4).

Seer: a name sometimes applied to the prophets because of the visions granted to them. It is first found in 1 Samuel It 9:9. It is afterwards applied to Zadok Gad etc. (It 9:2 Samuel It 15:27; It 24:11; It 24:1 Chronicles It 9:22; It 25:5; It 25:2 Chronicles It 9:29; Amos It 7:12;Mic 3:7). The “sayings of the seers” (Mic 3:2 Chronicles Mic 33:18, Mic 33:19) is rendered in the Revised Version “the history of Hozai” (marg., the seers; so the LXX.), of whom, however, nothing is known. (See Prophet )

Seethe: to Boil (Exo 16:23).

Seething: POT a vessel for boiling provisions in (Job 41:20; Jeremiah Job 1:13).

Segub: elevated. (1.) The youngest Son of Hiel the Bethelite. His Death is recorded in 1Kin 16:34 (comp. Joshua Kin 6:26).

(Kin 6:2.) A descendant of Judah (Kin 6:1 Chronicles Kin 2:21, Kin 2:22).

Seir: rough; hairy. (1.) A Horite; one of the “dukes” of Edom (Gen 36:20-30).

(Gen 36:2.) The name of a mountainous region occupied by the Edomites, extending along the eastern side of the Arabah from the south-eastern extremity of the Dead Sea to near the Akabah, or the eastern Branch of the Red Sea It was originally occupied by the Horites (Gen 14:6), who were afterwards driven out by the Edomites (Gen 32:3; Gen 33:14, Gen 33:16). It was allotted to the descendants of Esau (Deu 2:4, Deu 2:22;Jos 24:4; Jos 24:2 Chronicles Jos 20:10;Isa 21:11; Exek. Isa 25:8).

(Isa 25:3.) A mountain range (not the Edomite range,Gen 32:3) lying between the Wady Aly and the Wady Ghurab (Jos 15:10).

Seirath: woody district; shaggy, a Place among the mountains of Ephraim bordering on Benjamin to which Ehud fled after he had assassinated Eglon at Jericho (Jdg 3:26, Jdg 3:27).

«S f,ta =Se’lah, Rock the capital of Edom situated in the great Valley extending from the Dead Sea to the Red Sea (2Ki 14:7). It was near Mount Hor close by the Desert of Zin. It is called “the rock” (Jdg 1:36). When Amaziah took it he called it Joktheel (q.v.) It is mentioned by the prophets (Isa 16:1; Obad. Isa 1:3) as doomed to Destruction

It appears in later history and in the Vulgate Version under the name of Petra “T ... he caravans from all ages, from the interior of Arabia and from the Gulf of Persia, from Hadramaut on the ocean, and even from Sabea or Yemen, appear to have pointed to Petra as a common centre; and from Petra the tide seems again to have branched out in every direction, to Egypt Palestine and Syria through Arsinoe, Gaza Tyre, Jerusalem and Damascus and by other routes, terminating at the Mediterranean.” (See Edom [Isa 1:2].)

Selah: a Word frequently found in the Book of Psalms and also in Habakkuk 3:9, 13, about seventy-four times in all in Scripture Its meaning is doubtful. Some interpret it as meaning “silence” or “pause;” others, “end,” “a louder Strain ” “piano,” etc. The LXX. render the Word by daplasma i.e., “a division.”

SELA-

Hammahlekoth: cliff of divisions the name of the great gorge which lies between Hachilah and Maon, south-east of Hebron This gorge is now called the Wady Malaky. This was the scene of the interview between David and Saul mentioned in 1Sam 26:13. Each stood on an opposing cliff, with this Deep chasm between.

Seleucia: the sea-port of Antioch near the mouth of the Orontes. Paul and his companions sailed from this port on their first missionary Journey (Act 13:4). This City was built by Seleucus Nicator, the “king of Syria ” It is said of him that “few princes have ever lived with so great a Passion for the Building of cities. He is reputed to have built in all nine Seleucias, sixteen Antiochs, and six Laodiceas.” Seleucia became a City of great importance, and was made a “free city” by Pompey. It is now a small village, called el-Kalusi.

Semei: mentioned in the genealogy of our Lord (Luk 3:26).

Senaah: thorny, a Place many of the inhabitants of which returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel (Ezr 2:35; Nehemiah Ezr 7:38).

Senate: (Act 5:21), the “elders of Israel” who formed a component part of the Sanhedrin.

Seneh: the Acacia rock-thorn, the southern cliff in the Wady es-Suweinit, a Valley South of Michmash, which Jonathan climbed with his armour-bearer (1 Samuel 14:4, 5). The Rock opposite, on the other side of the wady, was called Bozez.

Senir: =Shenir, the name given to Hermon by the Amorites (Deu 3:9). It means “coat of mail” or “breastplate,” and is equivalent to “Sirion.” Some interpret the Word as meaning “the prominent” or “the snowy mountain.” It is properly the name of the central of the three summits of Hermon (q.v.).

Sennacherib: Sin (the God) sends many brothers, Son of Sargon whom he succeeded on the Throne of Assyria (B.C. 705), in the 23rd Year of Hezekiah. “Like the Persian Xerxes, he was weak and vainglorious, cowardly under reverse, and cruel and boastful in success.” He first set himself to break up the powerful combination of princes who were in League against him. Among these was Hezekiah, who had entered into an Alliance with Egypt against Assyria He accordingly led a very powerful Army of at least 200,000 men into Judea and devastated the land on every side, taking and destroying many cities (2Ki 18:13-16; comp.Isa 18:22, Isa 18:24, Isa 18:29,And 18:2Chr 32:1-8). His own account of this invasion, as given in the Assyrian annals, is in these words: “Because Hezekiah, King of Judah would not submit to my Yoke I came up against him, and by force of arms and by the might of my power I took forty-six of his strong Fenced cities; and of the smaller towns which were scattered about, I took and plundered a countless number.Fro 32:200,Fro 32:156 persons, Old and young, male and female, together with horses and mules, asses and camels, oxen and Sheep a countless multitude; and Hezekiah himself I shut up in Jerusalem his capital City like a Bird in a Cage Building Towers round the City to Hem him in, and raising banks of earth against the gates, so as to prevent escape. ... ..Then upon Hezekiah there fell the Fear of the power of my arms,And 32:30Tal 32:800 talents of Silver and divers treasures, a rich and immense Booty All these things were brought to me at Nineveh the seat of my government.” (Comp.Isa 22:1-13 for description of the feelings of the inhabitants of Jerusalem at such a crisis.)

Hezekiah was not disposed to become an Assyrian feudatory. He accordingly at once sought help from Egypt (2Ki 18:20-24). Sennacherib hearing of this, marched a second time into Palestine (2Ki 18:17, 2Ki 18:37; 2Ki 18:19;2Ch 32:9-23;Isa 36:2-22.Isa 37:25 should be rendered “dried up all the Nile-arms of Matsor,” i.e., of Egypt so called from the “Matsor” or great fortification across the isthmus of Suez, which protected it from invasions from the east). Sennacherib sent envoys to try to persuade Hezekiah to surrender, but in vain. (See TIRHAKAH.) He next sent a threatening Letter (2Ki 19:10-14), which Hezekiah carried into the Temple and spread before the Lord Isaiah again brought an encouraging message to the pious King (2Ki 19:20-34). “In that night” the Angel of the Lord went forth and smote the Camp of the Assyrians. In the morning, “behold, they were all Dead corpses.” The Assyrian Army was annihilated.

This great disaster is not, as was to be expected, taken notice of in the Assyrian annals.

Though Sennacherib survived this disaster some twenty years, he never again renewed his attempt against Jerusalem He was murdered by two of his own sons (Adrammelech and Sharezer), and was succeeded by another Son Esarhaddon (B.C. 2Ki 19:681), after a reign of twenty-four years.

Seorim: barley, the Chief of the forth priestly course (1 Chronicles 24:8).

Sephar: numbering, (Gen 10:30), supposed by some to be the Ancient Himyaritic capital, “Shaphar,” Zaphar, on the Indian Ocean, between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea

Sepharad: (Obad. 1:20), some locality unknown. The modern Jews think that Spain is meant, and hence they designate the Spanish Jews “Sephardim,” as they do the German Jews by the name “Ashkenazim,” because the rabbis Call Germany Ashkenaz Others identify it with Sardis, the capital of Lydia The Latin Father Jerome regarded it as an Assyrian Word meaning “boundary,” and interpreted the sentence, “which is in Sepharad ” by “who are scattered abroad in all the boundaries and regions of the earth.” Perowne says: “Whatever uncertainty attaches to the Word Sepharad the drift of the Prophecy is clear, viz., that not only the exiles from Babylon but Jewish captives from other and distant regions, shall be brought back to live prosperously within the enlarged borders of their own land.”

Pharvaim: taken by Sargon King of Assyria (2Ki 17:24; 2Ki 18:34; 2Ki 19:13;Isa 37:13). It was a double City and received the common name Sepharvaim, i.e., “the two Sipparas,” or “the two booktowns.” The Sippara on the East bank of the Euphrates is now called Abu-Habba; that on the other bank was Accad the Old capital of Sargon I., where he established a great library. (See Sargon ) The recent discovery of cuneiform inscriptions at Tel el-Amarna in Egypt consisting of official despatches to Pharaoh Amenophis IV. and his predecessor from their agents in Palestine proves that in the century before the Exodus an active literary intercourse was carried on between these nations, and that the medium of the correspondence was the Babylonian language and script. (See KIRJATH-SEPHER.)

Septuagint: See VERSIONS.

Sepulchre: first mentioned as purchased by Abraham for Sarah from Ephron the Hittite (Gen 23:20). This was the “cave of the field of Machpelah ” where also Abraham and Rebekah and Jacob and Leah were hurried (Gen 79:29-32). In Acts Gen 7:16 it is said that Jacob was “laid in the Sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of Money of the sons of Emmor the Father of Sychem.” It has been proposed,As 23:20, to read Acts As 7:16 thus: “And they [i.e., our fathers] were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the Sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of Money of the sons of Emmor [the son] of Sychem.” In this way the purchase made by Abraham is not to be confounded with the purchase made by Jacob subsequently in the same district. Of this purchase by Abraham there is no direct record in the Old Testament (See TOMB.)

Serah: abundance; princess, the Daughter of Asher and grand-daughter of Jacob (Gen 46:17); called also Sarah (Num 26:46; R.V., “Serah”).

Seraiah: soldier of Jehovah (1.) The Father of Joab (1 Chronicles 4:13, 14).

(2.) The grandfather of Jehu (1 Chronicles 4:35).

(3.) One of David’s Scribes or secretaries (2 Samuel 8:17).

(4.) A Netophathite (Jer 40:8), a Chief Priest of the time of Zedekiah He was carried Captive by Nebuchadnezzar to Babylon and there Put to Death (2Ki 25:18, 2Ki 25:23).

(2Ki 25:5.)Ezr 2:2.

(Ezr 2:6.) Father of Ezra the scribe (Ezr 7:1).

(Ezr 7:7.) A ruler of the Temple (Neh 11:11).

(Neh 11:8.) A Priest of the days of Jehoiakim (Neh 12:1, Neh 12:12). ...

(Neh 12:9.) The Son of Neriah. When Zedekiah made a Journey to Babylon to do homage to Nebuchadnezzar Seraiah had charge of the royal Gifts to be presented on that occasion. Jeremiah took advantage of the occasion, and sent with Seraiah a Word of cheer to the exiles in Babylon and an announcement of the doom in store for that guilty City The roll containing this message (Jer 50:1-8) Seraiah was to read to the exiles, and then, after fixing a Stone to it, was to throw it into the Euphrates uttering, as it sank, the Prayer recorded in Jeremiah Jer 51:59-64. Babylon was at this time in the height of its Glory the greatest and most powerful monarchy in the world. Scarcely Seventy years elapsed when the words of the Prophet were all fulfilled. Jeremiah Jer 51:59 is rendered in the Revised Version “Now Seraiah was Chief Chamberlain ” instead of “was a quiet Prince ” as in the Authorized Version

Seraphim: Men 6:2, Men 6:3, Men 6:6, Men 6:7. This Word means fiery ones, in allusion, as is supposed, to their burning Love They are represented as “standing” above the King as he sat upon his Throne ready at once to Minister unto him. Their form appears to have been human, with the addition of wings. (See ANGELS.) This Word in the original, is used elsewhere only of the “fiery serpents” (Num 21:6, Num 21:8;Deu 8:15; comp.Isa 14:29; Isa 30:6) sent by God as his instruments to inflict on the people the righteous penalty of sin.

Sered: fear, one of the sons of Zebulun (Gen 46:14).

Sergeants: Act 16:35, Act 16:38 (R.V., “lictors”), officers who attended the magistrates and assisted them in the execution of Justice

Sergius: PAULUS a “prudent man” (R.V., “man of understanding”), the Deputy (R.V., “proconsul”) of Cyprus (Act 13:6-13). He became a convert to Christianity under Paul who visited this Island on his first mission to the Heathen

A remarkable memorial of this proconsul was recently (Act 13:1887) discovered at Rome On a boundary Stone of Claudius his name is found, among others, as having been appointed (A.D. Act 13:47) one of the curators of the banks and the Channel of the River Tiber. After serving his three years as proconsul at Cyprus he returned to Rome where he held the office referred to. As he is not saluted in Paul’s Letter to the Romans he probably died before it was written.

Sermon: ON THE Mount After spending a night in Solemn meditation and Prayer in the lonely mountain-range to the west of the Lake of Galilee (Luk 6:12), on the following morning our Lord called to him his disciples, and from among them chose twelve, who were to be henceforth trained to be his apostles (Mrk 3:14, Mrk 3:15). After this Solemn Consecration of the twelve, he descended from the mountain-peak to a more level spot (Luk 6:17), and there he sat down and delivered the “sermon on the mount” (Mat 6:7; Luke Mat 6:20-49) to the assembled multitude. The mountain here spoken of was probably that known by the name of the “Horns of Hattin” (Kurun Hattin), a ridge running East and west, not far from Capernaum It was afterwards called the “Mount of Beatitudes.”

Serpent: , Fiery (LXX. “deadly,” Vulg. “burning”),Num 21:6, probably the naja haje of Egypt some swift-springing, deadly snake (Isa 14:29). After setting out from their encampment at Ezion-gaber, the Israelites entered on a wide sandy Desert which stretches from the mountains of Edom as far as the Persian Gulf. While traversing this region, the people began to murmur and utter loud complaints against Moses As a Punishment the Lord sent serpents among them, and much people of Israel died. Moses interceded on their behalf, and by divine direction he made a “brazen Serpent ” and raised it on a pole in the midst of the Camp and all the wounded Israelites who looked on it were at once healed. (Comp.Jhn 3:14, Jhn 3:15.) (See Asp ) This “brazen serpent” was preserved by the Israelites till the days of Hezekiah, when it was destroyed (2Ki 18:4). (See Brass )

Serug: branch, the Father of Nahor (Gen 11:20-23); called Saruch in Luke Gen 3:35.

Servitor: occurs only in 2Kin 4:43, Authorized Version (R.V., “servant”). The Hebrew Word there rendered “servitor” is elsewhere rendered “minister,” “servant” (Exo 24:13; Exo 33:11). Probably Gehazi the personal attendant on Elisha, is here meant.

Seth: appointed; a substitute, the third Son of Adam and Eve (Gen 4:25; Gen 5:3). His mother gave him this name, “for God ” said she, “hath appointed me [i.e., compensated me with] another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew.”

Sethur: hidden, one of the Spies sent to search the Promised Land. He was of the Tribe of Asher (Num 13:13).

Seven: This number occurs frequently in Scripture and in such connections as Lead to the supposition that it has some typical meaning. On the seventh Day God rested, and hallowed it (Gen 2:2, Gen 2:3). The division of time into weeks of Seven days each accounts for many instances of the occurrence of this number. This number has been called the symbol of perfection, and also the symbol of Rest “Jacob’s Seven years’ service to Laban Pharaoh’s Seven Fat oxen and Seven lean ones; the Seven branches of the Golden Candlestick the Seven Trumpets and the Seven priests who sounded them; the Seven days’ siege of Jericho the Seven churches, Seven spirits, Seven Stars Seven seals, Seven vials, and many others, sufficiently prove the importance of this sacred number” (See 25:4;1Sa 2:5;Psa 12:6; Psa 79:12;Pro 26:16;Isa 4:1; Matthew Isa 18:21, Isa 18:22;Luk 17:4). ... The Feast of Passover (Exo 12:15, Exo 12:16), the Feast of Weeks (Deu 16:9), of Tabernacles (Deu 13:15), and the Jubilee (Lev 25:8), were all ordered by Seven Seven is the number of Sacrifice (Lev 25:2 Chronicles Lev 29:21;Job 42:8), of Purification and Consecration (Lev 42:6, Lev 42:17; Lev 8:11, Lev 8:33; Lev 14:9, Lev 14:51), of Forgiveness (Mat 18:21, Mat 18:22;Luk 17:4), of reward (Deu 28:7;1Sa 2:5), and of Punishment (Lev 26:21, Lev 26:24, Lev 26:28;Deu 28:25).It 5:19;Pro 26:16, Pro 26:25;Isa 4:1; Matthew Isa 12:45. It is used also to mean “abundantly” (Gen 4:15, Gen 4:24;Lev 26:24;Psa 79:12).

Seventy: W E 9:24, and usually interpreted on the “year-day” theory, i.e., reckoning each Day for a Year This period WillThu 9:490 years. This is regarded as the period which would elapse till the time of the Coming of the Messiah dating “from the going forth of the commandment to restore and rebuild Jerusalem” i.e., from the close of the Captivity

Shaalabbin: or Shaal’bim, a Place of foxes, a town of the Tribe of Dan (Jos 19:42;Jdg 1:35). It was one of the Chief towns from which Solomon drew his supplies (1Ki 4:9). It is probably the modern village of Selbit, 1Ki 4:3 miles North of Ajalon.

Shaaraim: two gates. (1.) A City in the Plain of Judah (1Sa 17:52); called also Sharaim (Jos 15:36).

(Jos 15:2.) A town in Simeon (1Ch 4:31).

Shaashgaz: servant of the Beautiful a Chief Eunuch in the second House of the harem of King Ahasuerus (Est 2:14).

Shabbethai: Sabbath-born, a Levite who assisted in expounding the Law and investigating into the illegal marriages of the Jews (Ezr 10:15;Neh 8:7; Neh 11:16).

Shaddai: the Omnipotent, the name of God in frequent use in the Hebrew Scriptures, generally translated “the Almighty.”

Shadow: used in Colossians 2:17;Heb 8:5; Heb 10:1 to denote the typical relation of the Jewish to the Christian Dispensation

Shadrach: Aku’s command, the Chaldean name given to Hananiah one of the Hebrew youths whom Nebuchadnezzar carried Captive to Babylon (Dan 1:6, Dan 1:7; Dan 3:12-30). He and his two companions refused to Bow down before the image which Nebuchadnezzar had set up on the plains of Dura. Their conduct filled the King with the greatest Fury and he commanded them to be cast into the burning fiery Furnace Here, amid the fiery flames, they were miraculously preserved from harm. Over them the Fire had no power, “neither was a Hair of their head singed, neither had the smell of Fire passed on them.” Thus Nebuchadnezzar learned the greatness of the God of Israel (See Abednego )

Shalem: perfect, a Place (probably the village of Salim) some 2 miles East of Jacob’s well. There is an abundant supply of Water which may have been the reason for Jacob’s settling at this Place (Gen 33:18-20). The Revised Version translates this Word and reads, “Jacob came in Peace to the City of Shechem ” thus not regarding it as a proper name at all.

Shalim: , LAND OF land of foxes, a Place apparently to the north-west of Jerusalem (1 Samuel 9:4), perhaps in the neighbourhood of Shaalabbin in Dan (Jos 19:42).

Shallecheth: , The Gate OF i.e., “the Gate of casting out,” hence supposed to be the refuse Gate one of the gates of the House of the Lord “by the Causeway of the going up” i.e., the Causeway rising up from the Tyropoeon Valley = Valley of the cheesemakers (1 Chronicles 26:16).

Shallum: retribution. (1.) The Son of Jabesh otherwise unknown. He “conspired against Zachariah and smote him before the people, and slew him, and reigned in his stead” (2Ki 15:10). He reigned only “a Month of days in Samaria” (2Ki 15:13, marg.). Menahem Rose up against Shallum and Put hi m to Death (2Ki 15:14, 2Ki 15:15, 2Ki 15:17), and became King in his stead.

(2Ki 15:2.) Keeper of the Temple vestments in the reign of Josiah (2Ki 22:14).

(2Ki 22:3.) One of the posterity of Judah (2Ki 22:1 Chronicles 2Ki 2:40, 2Ki 2:41).

(2Ki 2:4.) A descendant of Simeon (2Ki 2:1 Chronicles 2Ki 4:25). ...

(2Ki 4:5.) One of the line of the High priests (2Ki 4:1 Chronicles 2Ki 6:13).

(2Ki 6:6.) 2Ki 6:1 Chronicles 2Ki 7:13.

(2Ki 7:7.) A Keeper of the Gate in the reign of David (2Ki 7:1 Chronicles 2Ki 9:17).

(2Ki 9:8.) A Levite Porter (2Ki 9:1 Chronicles 2Ki 9:19, 2Ki 9:31; Jeremiah 2Ki 35:4).

(2Ki 35:9.) An Ephraimite Chief (2Ki 35:2 Chronicles 2Ki 28:12).

(2Ki 28:10.) The uncle of the Prophet Jeremiah (Jer 32:7).

(Jer 32:11.) A Son of King Josiah (Jer 32:1 Chronicles Jer 3:15; Jeremiah Jer 22:11), who was elected to succeed his Father on the Throne although he was two years younger than his Brother Eliakim He assumed the Crown under the name of Jehoahaz (q.v.). He did not imitate the example of his Father (2Ki 23:32), but was “a young lion, and it learned to catch the prey; it devoured men” (Ezk 19:3). His policy was anti-Egyptian therefore. Necho, at that time at Riblah, sent an Army against Jerusalem which at once yielded, and Jehoahaz was carried Captive to the Egyptian Camp E liakim being appointed King in his stead. He remained a Captive in Egypt till his Death and was the first King of Judah that died in exile.

Shalman: an Assyrian King (Hos. 10:14), identified with Shalmaneser II. (Sayce) or IV. (Lenormant), the successor of Pul on the Throne of Assyria (B.C. 728). He made war against Hoshea, the King of Israel whom he subdued and compelled to pay an annual Tribute Hoshea, however, soon after rebelled against his Assyrian conquerer. Shalmaneser again marched against Samaria which, after a siege of three years, was taken (2Ki 17:3-5; 2Ki 18:9) by Sargon (q.v.). A revolution meantime had broken out in Assyria and Shalmaneser was deposed. Sargon usurped the vacant Throne Schrader thinks that this is probably the name of a King of Moab mentioned on an inscription of Tiglath-pileser as Salamanu.

Shamgar: The Philistines from the maritime Plain had made incursions into the Hebrew upland for the purposes of plunder, when one of this name, the Son of Anath otherwise unknown, headed a rising for the purpose of freeing the land from this oppression. He repelled the invasion, slaying 600 men with an “ox goad” (q.v.). The Goad was a formidable sharpointed instrument, sometimes ten feet long. He was probably contemporary for a time with Deborah and Barak (Jdg 3:31; Jdg 5:6).

Shamir: a sharp Thorn (1.) One of the sons of Michah (1 Chronicles 24:24).

(2.) A town among the mountains of Judah (Jos 15:48); probably Somerah,2 15:1/2 15:2 miles north-west of Debir

(2 15:3.) The residence of Tola, one of the Judges on Mount Ephraim (Jdg 0:1 , Jdg 0:2 ).

Shammua: heard. (1.) One of the Spies sent out by Moses to search the land (Num 13:4). He represented the Tribe of Reuben

(Num 13:2.) One of David’s sons (Num 13:1 Chronicles Num 14:4; Num 3:5, “Shimea;”2Sa 5:14).

(2Sa 5:3.) A Levite under Nehemiah (2Sa 11:17).

Shaphan: a Coney a scribe or secretary of King Josiah (2Ki 22:3-7). He consulted Huldah concerning the newly-discovered copy of the Law which was delivered to him by Hilkiah the Priest (8 22:14). His grandson Gedaliah was Governor of Judea (8 25:22).

Shaphat: judge. (1.) One of the Spies He represented the Tribe of Simeon (Num 13:5).

(Num 13:2.) The Father of Elisha (1Ki 19:16-19).

(1Ki 19:3.) One of David’s Chief herdsmen (1Ki 19:1 Chronicles 1Ki 27:29).

Shapher: brightness, one of the stations where Israel encamped in the Wilderness (Num 33:23, Num 33:24).

Sharaim: two gates (Jos 15:36), more correctly Shaaraim (1Sa 17:52), probably Tell Zakariya and Kefr Zakariya, in the Valley of Elah 3 17:1/3 17:2 miles north-west of Socoh.

Sharezer: (God) protect the king!, a Son of Sennacherib King of Assyria He and his Brother Adrammelech murdered their Father and then fled into the land of Armenia (2Ki 19:37).

Sharon: , SARON a Plain a level tract extending from the Mediterranean to the Hill country to the west of Jerusalem about 30 miles long and from 8 to 15 miles broad, celebrated for its beauty and fertility (1 Chronicles To 27:29; Isaiah To 33:9; To 35:2; To 65:10). The “rose of Sharon” is celebrated (Cant. To 2:1). It is called Lasharon (the article la being here a part of the word) in Joshua To 12:18.

ShAVEH-

Kiriathaim: Plain of Kirja-thaim where Chedorlaomer defeated the Emims the original inhabitants (Gen 14:5). Now Kureiyat, North of Dibon, in the land of Moab

Shaveh: , Valley OF Valley of the Plain the Ancient name of the “king’s dale” (q.v.), or Kidron, on the North side of Jerusalem (Gen 14:17).

Shavsha: (“Seraiah,”2Sa 8:17; “Shisha,”1Ki 4:3), one of David’s secretaries (1Ch 18:16).

S: TEEL The “bow of steel” in (A.V.) 2 Samuel 22:35; Job 20:24; Psalm 18:34 is in the Revised Version “bow of brass” (Hebrews kesheth-nehushah). In Jeremiah 15:12 the same Word is used, and is also rendered in the Revised Version “brass.” But more correctly it is Copper (q.v.), as Brass in the ordinary sense of the Word (an alloy of Copper and zinc) was not known to the ancients.

Ashub: a remnant shall escape or return (i.e., to God), a symbolical name which the Prophet Isaiah gave to his Son (Isa 7:3), perhaps his eldest Son

Shebaniah: whom Jehovah hides, or has made grow up. (1.) A Levite appointed to blow the trumpet before the Ark of God (1 Chronicles 15:24).

(2.) Another Levite (Neh 9:4, Neh 9:5).

(Neh 9:3.) A Priest (Neh 10:12).

(Neh 10:4.) A Levite (Neh 10:4).

Shebarim: breaks; ruins, a Place near Ai (Jos 7:5; R.V. marg., “the quarries”).

Shebna: tender youth, “treasurer” over the House in the reign of Hezekiah, i.e., comptroller or Governor of the Palace On account of his pride he was ejected from his office, and Eliakim was promoted to it (Isa 22:15-25). He appears to have been the leader of the party who favoured an Alliance with Egypt against Assyria It is conjectured that “Shebna the scribe,” who was one of those whom the King sent to confer with the Assyrian Ambassador (2Ki 18:18, 2Ki 18:26, 2Ki 18:37; 2Ki 19:2; Isaiah 2Ki 36:3, 2Ki 36:11, 2Ki 36:22; 2Ki 37:2), was a different person.

Shebuel: captive of God (1.) One of the descendants of Gershom who had charge of the Temple treasures in the time of David (1 Chronicles 23:16; 26:24).

(2.) One of the sons of Heman one of those whose duty it was to “lift up the horn” in the Temple service (1 Chronicles 25:4, 5); called also Shubael (ver. 20).

Shecaniah: one intimate with Jehovah (1.) A Priest to whom the Tenth Lot came forth when David divided the priests (1Ch 24:1 1Ch 24:1).

(1Ch 24:2.) One of the priests who were set “to give to their brethren by courses” of the Daily portion (2Ch 31:15).

Shechani’ah, id. (2Ch 31:1.)A P 31:1Chr 3:21,Chr 3:22.

(Chr 3:2.)Ezr 8:5.

(Ezr 8:3.)Ezr 10:2-4.

(Ezr 10:4.) The Father of Shemaiah who repaired the Wall of Jerusalem (Neh 3:29).

(Neh 3:5.) The father-in-law of Tobiah (Neh 6:18).

(Neh 6:6.) A Priest who returned from the Captivity with Zerubbabel (Neh 12:3; marg., or Shebaniah).

Shechem: shoulder. (1.) The Son of Hamor the Hivite (Gen 33:19; Gen 33:34).

(Gen 33:2.) A descendant of Manasseh (Num 26:31;Jos 17:2).

(Jos 17:3.) A City in Samaria (Gen 33:18), called also Sichem (Gen 12:6), Sychem (Act 7:16). It stood in the narrow sheltered Valley between Ebal on the North and Gerizim on the South The 7:500 yards apart. Here Abraham pitched his Tent and built his first Altar in the Promised Land, and received the first divine promise (Gen 12:6, Gen 12:7). Here also Jacob “bought a parcel of a field at the hands of the children of Hamor” after his return from Mesopotamia, and settled with his household, which he purged from Idolatry by burying the Teraphim of his followers under an oak Tree which was afterwards called “the oak of the sorcerer” (Gen 33:19; Gen 35:4;Jdg 9:37). ... (See MEONENIM.) Here too, after a while, he dug a well, which bears his name to this Day (Jhn 4:5,39 4:42). To Shechem Joshua gathered all Israel “before God ” and delivered to them his second parting address (Jos 24:1-15). He “made a Covenant with the people that day” at the very Place where, on first entering the land, they had responded to the Law from Ebal and Gerizim (Jos 24:25), the terms of which were recorded “in the book of the Law of God”, i.e., in the roll of the Law of Moses and in memory of this Solemn transaction a great Stone was set up “under an oak” (comp.Gen 28:18; Gen 31:44-48; Exodus Gen 24:4;Jos 4:3, Jos 4:8, Jos 4:9), possibly the Old “oak of Moreh ” as a silent Witness of the transaction to all Coming time.

Shechem became one of the cities of Refuge the central City of Refuge for Western Palestine (Jos 20:7), and here the bones of Joseph were buried (Jos 24:32). Rehoboam was appointed King in Shechem (1Ki 12:1, 1Ki 12:19), but Jeroboam afterwards took up his residence here. This City is mentioned in connection with our Lord’s Conversation with the Woman of Samaria (Jhn 4:5); and thus, remaining as it does to the present Day it is one of the oldest cities of the world. It is the modern Nablus, a contraction for Neapolis the name given to it by Vespasian. It lies about a mile and a half up the Valley on its southern slope, and on the North of Gerizim,Whi 4:1,Whi 4:100 feet above it,And 4:34 miles North of Jerusalem It 4:10,It 4:000 inhabitants,Of 4:160 are SamaritansAnd 4:100 Jews, the Rest being Christians and Mohammedans.

The site of Shechem is said to be of unrivalled beauty. Stanley says it is “the most Beautiful perhaps the only very Beautiful spot in Central Palestine ”

Gaza, near ShechemOnl 4:1 Chronicles Onl 7:28, has entirely disappeared. It was destroyed at the time of the Conquest, and its Place was taken by Shechem (See Sychar )

Shechinah: a Chaldee Word meaning resting-place, not found in Scripture but used by the later Jews to designate the visible symbol of God’s presence in the Tabernacle and afterwards in Solomon’s Temple When the Lord led Israel out of Egypt he went before them “in a Pillar of a Cloud ” This was the symbol of his presence with his people. For references made to it during the Wilderness wanderings, see Exodus 14:20; 40:34-38; Leviticus 9:23, 24; Numbers 14:10; 16:19, 42.

It is probable that after the entrance into Canaan this glory-cloud settled in the Tabernacle upon the Ark of the Covenant in the most Holy Place We have, however, no special reference to it till the Consecration of the Temple by Solomon when it filled the whole House with its Glory so that the priests could not stand to Minister (1Ki 8:10-13; 1Ki 8:2 Chronicles 1Ki 5:13, 1Ki 5:14; 1Ki 7:1-3). ... Probably it remained in the first Temple in the Holy of holies as the symbol of Jehovah’ s presence so long as that Temple stood. It afterwards disappeared. (See Cloud )

Sheep: are of different varieties. Probably the flocks of Abraham and Isaac were of the wild species found still in the mountain regions of Persia and Kurdistan. After the Exodus and as a result of intercourse with surrounding nations, other species were no doubt introduced into the herds of the people of Israel They are frequently mentioned in Scripture The care of a Shepherd over his flock is referred to as illustrating God’s care over his people (Psa 23:1, Psa 23:2; Psa 74:1; Psa 77:20; Isaiah Psa 40:11; Psa 53:6; John Psa 10:1-5,7 10:16).

“The Sheep of Palestine are longer in the head than ours,And 10:5Inc 10:15 inches at the widest, the weight being in ProportionAnd 10:10To 10:14 lbs.,But 10:30 lbs. ... The tails are indeed huge masses of fat” (Geikie’s Holy Land, etc.). The tail was no doubt the “rump” so frequently referred to in the Levitical sacrifices (Exo 29:22; Leviticus Exo 29:9; Exo 7:3; Exo 9:19). Sheep- shearing was generally an occasion of great festivity (Gen 31:19; Gen 38:12, Gen 38:13; Gen 38:1 Samuel Gen 25:4-8, Gen 25:36; Gen 25:2 Samuel Gen 13:23-28).

SHEEP-

Market: Occ 5:2 (marg., also R.V., “sheep-gate”). The Word so rendered is an adjective, and it is uncertain whether the noun to be supplied should be “gate” or, following the Vulgate Version “pool.”

Shekel: weight, the common standard both of weight and value among the Hebrews It is estimated at 220 English grains, or a little more than half an ounce avoirdupois. The “shekel of the sanctuary” (Exo 30:13; Numbers Exo 3:47) was equal to twenty gerahs (Ezk 45:12). There were shekels of Gold (Ezk 45:1 Chronicles Ezk 21:25), of Silver (Ezk 21:1 Samuel Ezk 9:8), of Brass (Ezk 17:5), and of Iron (Ezk 17:7). When it became a coined piece of Money the Shekel of GoldWas 17:2 Pound of our Money Six Gold shekels, according to the later Jewish system, were equal in value to fifty Silver ones.

The Temple contribution, with which the public sacrifices were bought (Exo 30:13; Exo 30:2 Chronicles Exo 24:6), consisted of one common Shekel or a Sanctuary half-shekel, equal to two Attic drachmas. ... The Coin a Stater (q.v.), which Peter found in the fish’s mouth paid this contribution for both him and Christ (Mat 17:24, Mat 17:27). A zuza, or quarter of a Shekel was given by Saul to Samuel (Mat 17:1 Samuel Mat 9:8).

Shel: AH petition. (1.) Judah’s third Son (Gen 38:2, Gen 38:5, Gen 38:11, Gen 38:14).

(Gen 38:2.) A Son of Arphaxad (1Ch 1:18).

Shelemiah: whom Jehovah repays. (1.)Ezr 10:39.

(Ezr 10:2.) The Father of Hananiah (Neh 3:30).

(Neh 3:3.) A Priest in the time of Nehemiah (Neh 13:13).

(Neh 13:4.) Father of one of those who accused Jeremiah to Zedekiah (Jer 37:3; Jer 38:1).

(Jer 38:5.) Father of a Captain of the Ward (Jer 37:13).

(Jer 37:6.) Jeremiah Jer 36:14.

Shem: a name; renown, the first mentioned of the sons of Noah (Gen 5:32; Gen 6:10). He was probably the eldest of Noah’s sons. The words “brother of Japheth the elder” in Genesis Gen 10:21 are more correctly rendered “the elder Brother of Japheth ” as in the Revised Version Shem’s name is generally mentioned first in the list of Noah’s sons. He and his Wife were saved in the Ark (Gen 7:13). Noah foretold his preeminence over Canaan (Gen 9:23-27). He died at the Age of six hundred years, having been for many years contemporary with Abraham according to the usual Chronology The Israelitish nation sprang from him (Gen 11:10-26; Gen 11:1 Chronicles Gen 1:24-27).

Shema: rumour. (1.) A Reubenite (1 Chronicles 5:8).

(2.) A Benjamite (1 Chronicles 8:13).

(3.) One who stood by Ezra when he read the Law (Neh 8:4).

(Neh 8:4.) A town in the South of Judah (Jos 15:26); the same as Sheba (ver. Jos 15:5).

Shemaah: rumour, a Benjamite whose sons “came to David to Ziklag” (1 Chronicles 12:3).

Shemaiah: whom Jehovah heard. (1.) A Prophet in the reign of Rehoboam (1Ki 12:22-24).

(1Ki 12:2.) Nehemiah 1Ki 3:29.

(1Ki 3:3.) A Simeonite (1Ki 3:1 Chronicles 1Ki 4:37).

(1Ki 4:4.) A Priest (Neh 12:42).

(Neh 12:5.) A Levite (Neh 12:1 Chronicles Neh 9:16).

(Neh 9:6.) Neh 9:1 Chronicles Neh 9:14; Nehemiah Neh 11:15.

(Neh 11:7.) A Levite in the time of David Who 11:200 of his brethren took part in the bringing up of the Ark from Obed-edom to Hebron (Who 11:1 Chronicles Who 15:8).

(Who 15:8.) A Levite (Who 15:1 Chronicles Who 24:6). ...

(Who 24:9.) The eldest Son of Obed-edom (Who 24:1 Chronicles Who 26:4-8).

(Who 26:10.) A Levite (Who 26:2 Chronicles Who 29:14).

(1 29:1.) A false Prophet who hindered the rebuilding of Jerusalem (Nehemiah : 1 29:10 ).

(1 29:12.) A Prince of Judah who assisted at the Dedication of the Wall of Jerusalem (Neh 12:34-36).

(Neh 12:13.) A false Prophet who opposed Jeremiah (Jer 29:24-32).

(Jer 29:14.) One of the Levites whom Jehoshaphat appointed to teach the Law (Jer 29:2 Chronicles Jer 17:8).

(Jer 17:15.) A Levite appointed to “distribute the oblations of the Lord” (Jer 17:2 Chronicles Jer 31:15).

(Jer 31:16.) A Levite (Jer 31:2 Chronicles Jer 35:9).

(Jer 35:17.) The Father of Urijah the Prophet (Jer 26:20).

(Jer 26:18.) The Father of a Prince in the reign of Jehoiakim (Jer 36:12).

Shemariah: whom Jehovah guards. (1.) One who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:5).

(2.)Ezr 10:32,Ezr 10:41.

Shemeber: soaring on High the King of Zeboiim, who joined with the other kings in casting off the Yoke of Chedorlaomer After having been reconquered by him, he was rescued by Abraham (Gen 14:2).

Sheminith: eight; octave, a musical term, supposed to denote the lowest note sung by men’s voices (1 Chronicles 15:21;Psa 15:6; Psa 15:12, title).

Shemiramoth: most High name. (1.) A Levite in the reign of Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 17:8).

(2.) A Levite in David’s time (1 Chronicles 15:18, 20).

Shemuel: heard of God (1.) The Son of Ammihud He represented Simeon in the division of the land (Num 34:20).

(Num 34:2.) Used for “Samuel” (Num 34:1 Chronicles Num 6:33, R.V.).

(Num 6:3.) A Prince of the Tribe of Issachar (Num 6:1 Chronicles Num 7:2).

Shen: a tooth, probably some conspicuous tooth-shaped Rock or crag (1Sa 7:12), a Place between which and Mizpeh Samuel set up his “Ebenezer.” In the Hebrew the Word has the article prefixed, “the Shen ” The site is unknown.

Shenir: =Senir, (Deu 3:9; Cant. Deu 4:8), the name given to Mount Hermon (q.v.) by the Sidonians.

Sheol: (Hebrews , “the all-demanding world” = Gr. Hades, “the unknown region”), the invisible world of departed souls. (See HELL.)

Shepham: a treeless Place Num 34:10, Num 34:11: “The coast shall go down from Shepham to Riblah.”

Shephatiah: judged of the Lord (1.) A Son of David by Abital (2Sa 3:4).

(2Sa 3:2.) A Benjamite who joined David at Ziklag (1Ch 12:5).

(1Ch 12:3.) A Simeonite Prince in David’s time (1Ch 27:16).

(1Ch 27:4.) One of Jehoshaphat’s sons (2Ch 21:2).

(2Ch 21:5.)Ezr 2:4.

(Ezr 2:6.)Ezr 2:57;Neh 7:59.

(Neh 7:7.) One of the princes who urged the putting of Jeremiah to Death (Jer 38:1-4).

Shepherd: a Word naturally of frequent occurence in Scripture Sometimes the Word “pastor” is used instead (Jer 2:8; Jer 3:15; Jer 10:21; Jer 12:10; Jer 17:16). This Word is used figuratively to represent the relation of rulers to their subjects and of God to his people (Psa 23:1; Psa 80:1; Isaiah Psa 40:11; Psa 44:28; Jeremiah Psa 25:34, Psa 25:35; Nahum Psa 3:18; John Psa 10:11, Psa 10:14; Hebrews Psa 13:20; Psa 13:1 Peter Psa 2:25; Psa 5:4).

The duties of a Shepherd in an unenclosed country like Palestine were very onerous. “In early morning he led forth the flock from the Fold marching at its head to the spot where they were to be pastured. ... Here he watched them all Day taking care that none of the Sheep strayed, and if any for a time eluded his watch and wandered away from the Rest seeking diligently till he found and brought it back. In those lands Sheep require to be supplied regularly with Water and the Shepherd for this purpose has to guide them either to some running Stream or to wells dug in the Wilderness and furnished with troughs. At night he brought the flock home to the Fold counting them as they passed under the rod at the door to assure himself that none were missing. Nor did his labours always End with sunset. Often he had to Guard the Fold through the dark hours from the attack of wild beasts, or the wily attempts of the prowling thief (See 5:1Sam 17:34).”, Deane’s David

Sherebiah: flame of the Lord a Priest whose name is prominent in connection with the work carried on by Ezra and Nehemiah at Jerusalem (Ezr 8:17, Ezr 8:18,24 8:30; Nehemiah 24 8:7; 24 9:4, 24 9:5; 24 10:12).

Sheresh: root, a descendant of Manasseh (1Ch 7:16).

■S HE RE ZE R one of the messengers whom the children of the Captivity sent to Jerusalem “to pray for them before the Lord” (Zec 7:2).

Sheriffs: (Dan 3:2), Babylonian officers.

Sheshach: (Jer 25:26), supposed to be equivalent to Babel (Babylon), according to a secret (cabalistic) mode of Writing among the Jews of unknown antiquity, which consisted in substituting the last Letter of the Hebrew alphabet for the first, the last but one for the second, and so on. Thus the letters sh, sh, ch become b, b, Jer 25:1, i.e., Babel Thi 51:41, where Sheshach and Babylon are in parallel clauses. There seems to be no reason to doubt that Babylon is here intended by this name. (See Streane’s Jeremiah l.c.)

Sheshai: whitish, one of the sons of Anak (Num 13:22). When the Israelites obtained possession of the country the sons of Anak were expelled and slain (Jos 15:14;Jdg 1:10).

Sheshbazzar: O sun-God, defend the Lord! (Ezr 1:8, Ezr 1:11), probably another name for Zerubbabel (q.v.),Ezr 2:2; Hag. Ezr 1:12, Ezr 1:14; Zechariah Ezr 4:6, Ezr 4:10 .

Sheth: tumult. (1.) “The children of Sheth” (Num 24:17); R.V., “the sons of tumult,” which is probably the correct rendering, as there is no evidence that this is a proper name here.

(Num 24:2.) The antediluvian Patriarch (Num 24:1 Chronicles Num 1:1).

Shethar: a star, a Prince at the Court of Ahasuerus (Est 1:14).

SHETHAR-

Boznai: star of splendour, a Persian officer who vainly attempted to hinder the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezr 5:3, Ezr 5:6; Ezr 6:6, Ezr 6:13).

Shewbread: Exo 25:30 (R.V. marg., “presence bread”);1Ch 9:32 (marg., “bread of ordering”);Num 4:7: called “hallowed bread” (R.V., “holy bread”)In 4:1Sam 21:1-6.

This Bread consisted of twelve loaves made of the finest Flour They were flat and thin, and were placed in two rows of six each on a table in the Holy Place before the Lord They were renewed every Sabbath (Lev 24:5-9), and those that were removed to give Place to the New ones were to be eaten by the priests only in the Holy Place (See 24:1Sam 21:3-6; comp. Matthew Sam 12:3, Sam 12:4).

The number of the loaves represented the twelve tribes of Israel and also the entire spiritual Israel “the true Israel ” and the placing of them on the table symbolized the entire Consecration of Israel to the Lord and their acceptance of God as their God The table for the Bread was made of Acacia Wood Sam 12:3 feet long, Sam 12:18 inches broad,And 12:2Fee 12:3 inches High It was plated with pure Gold Two staves, plated with Gold passed through Golden rings, were used for carrying it. ...

Shibboleth: river, or an Ear of corn. The tribes Living on the East of Jordan separated from their brethren on the west by the Deep ravines and the rapid River gradually came to adopt Peculiar customs, and from mixing largely with the Moabites, Ishmaelites, and Ammonites to pronounce certain letters in such a manner as to distinguish them from the other tribes. Thus when the Ephraimites from the west invaded Gilead, and were defeated by the Gileadites under the leadership of Jephthah and tried to escape by the “passages of the Jordan ” the Gileadites seized the fords and would allow none to pass who could not pronounce “shibboleth” with a strong aspirate. This the fugitives were unable to do. They said “sibboleth,” as the Word was pronounced by the tribes on the west, and thus they were detected (Jdg 12:1-6). Forty-two thousand were thus detected, and Without reprieve, adjudged to Death For want of well-pronouncing Shibboleth ”

Shibmah: fragrance, a town of Reuben East of Jordan (Num 32:38).

Shiggaion: from the verb shagah, “to reel about through Drink ” occurs in the title of Psalm 7. The plural form, shigionoth, is found in Habakkuk Occ 3:1. The Word denotes a lyrical poem composed under strong mental emotion; a song of impassioned imagination accompanied with suitable Music a dithyrambic ode.

Shihon: overturning, a town of Issachar (Jos 19:19).

Shihor: dark, (1Ch 13:5), the southwestern boundary of Canaan the Wady el-‘Arish. (See SIHOR; NILE.)

SHIHOR-Ll

Bnath: black-white, a Stream on the borders of Asher probably the modern Nahr Zerka, i.e., the “crocodile brook,” or “blue river”, which rises in the Carmel range and enters the Mediterranean a little to the North of Caesarea (Jos 19:26). Crocodiles are still found in the Zerka. Thomson suspects “that long ages ago some Egyptians, accustomed to Worship this ugly Creature settled here (viz., at Caesarea), and brought their gods with them. Once here they would not easily be exterminated” (The Land and the Book).

Shilhim: aqueducts, a town in the South of Judah (Jos 15:32); called also Sharuhen and Shaaraim (Jos 19:6).

Shiloah: , THE WATERS OF =Siloah, (Neh 3:15) and Siloam (q.v.)

Shiloh: approach to Shiloh a Place on the border of Ephraim (Jos 16:6), probably the modern T’ana,A R 16:7 miles south-east of Shechem on the ridge East of the Mukhnah Plain

Shilonite: Ahijah the Prophet whose home was in Shiloh is so designated (1Ki 11:29; 1Ki 15:29). The plural form occurs (1Ch 9:5), denoting the descendants of Shelah, Judah’s youngest Son

Shimea: the hearing Prayer (1.) One of David’s sons by Bathsheba (1 Chronicles 3:5); called also Shammua (14:4).

(2.) A Levite of the family of Merari (1 Chronicles 6:30).

(3.) Another Levite of the family of Gershon (1 Chronicles 6:39).

(4.) One of David’s brothers (1Sa 16:9, marg.).

Shimeah: (1.) One of David’s brothers (2Sa 13:3); same as Shimea 2Sa 13:4).

(2Sa 13:2.) A Benjamite, a descendant of Gibeon (2Sa 13:1 Chronicles 2Sa 8:32); called also Shimeam (2Sa 9:38).

Shimei: famous. (1.) A Son of Gershon and grandson of Levi (Num 3:18; Num 3:1 Chronicles Num 6:17, Num 6:29); called Shimi in Exodus Num 6:17.

(Num 6:2.) A Benjamite of the House of Saul who stoned and cursed David when he reached Bahurim in his flight from Jerusalem on the occasion of the rebellion of Absalom (Num 6:2 Samuel Num 16:5-13). After the defeat of Absalom he “came cringing to the King humbly suing for Pardon bringing with him a thousand of his Benjamite tribesmen, and representing that he was heartily sorry for his crime, and had hurried the first of all the House of Israel to offer homage to the king” (Num 19:16-23). ... David forgave him; but on his death-bed he gave Solomon special instructions regarding Shimei of whose fidelity he seems to have been in doubt (1Ki 2:8,1Ki 2:9). He was Put to Death at the command of Solomon because he had violated his Word by leaving Jerusalem and going to Gath to recover two of his servants who had escaped (36 2:46).

(36 2:3.) One of David’s mighty men who refused to acknowledge Adonijah as David’s successor (1Ki 1:8). He is probably the same person who is called elsewhere (1Ki 4:18) “the Son of Elah ”

(1Ki 4:4.) A Son of Pedaiah the Brother of Zerubbabel (1Ki 4:1 Chronicles 1Ki 3:19).

(1Ki 3:5.) A Simeonite (1Ki 3:1 Chronicles 1Ki 4:26, 1Ki 4:27).

(1Ki 4:6.) A Reubenite (1Ki 4:1 Chronicles 1Ki 5:4).

(1Ki 5:7.) A Levite of the family of Gershon (1Ki 5:1 Chronicles 1Ki 6:42).

(1Ki 6:8.) A Ramathite who was “over the vineyards” of David (1Ki 6:1 Chronicles 1Ki 27:27).

(1Ki 27:9.) One of the sons of Heman who assisted in the Purification of the Temple (1Ki 27:2 Chronicles 1Ki 29:14).

(1Ki 29:10.) A Levite (1Ki 29:2 Chronicles 1Ki 31:12, 1Ki 31:13).

(1Ki 31:11.) Another Levite (Ezr 10:23). “The family of Shimei” (Zec 12:13; R.V., “the family of the Shimeites”) were the descendants of Shimei ( Zec 12:1 ).

Shimeon: hearkening.Ezr 10:31.

Shimhi: famous, a Benjamite (1Ch 8:21).

Shimrath: guardian, a Benjamite, one of Shimhi’s sons (id.).

Shimri: watchman. (1.) A Simeonite (1 Chronicles 4:37).

(2.) The Father of one of the “valiant men” of David’s armies (1 Chronicles 11:45).

(3.) Assisted at the Purification of the Temple in the time of Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 29:13).

Shimrom: watchman, the fourth Son of Issachar (Gen 46:13; Gen 46:1 Chronicles Gen 7:1; R.V., correctly, “Shimron”).

Shimron: watch-post, an Ancient City of the Canaanites with its Villages allotted to Zebulun (Jos 19:15); now probably Semunieh, on the northern edge of the Plain of Esdraelon Jos 19:5 miles west of Nazareth.

SHIMRON-

Meron: the same, probably, as Shimron (Jos 12:20).

Shimshai: the shining one, or sunny, the secretary of Rehum the Chancellor who took part in opposing the rebuilding of the Temple after the Captivity (Ezr 4:8, Ezr 4:9,17 4:23).

Shinab: cooling, the King of Adamah in the Valley of Siddim, who with his confederates was conquered by Chedorlaomer (Gen 14:2).

Shinar: , THE Land OF LXX. and Vulgate “Senaar;” in the inscriptions, “Shumir;” probably identical with Babylonia or Southern Mesopotamia, extending almost to the Persian Gulf. Here the tower of Babel was built (Gen 11:1-6), and the City of Babylon The name occurs later in Jewish history (Isa 11:11;Zec 5:11). Shinar was apparently first peopled by Turanian tribes, who tilled the land and made bricks and built cities. Then tribes of Semites invaded the land and settled in it, and became its rulers. This was followed in course of time by an Elamite invasion; from which the land was finally delivered by Khammurabi, the Son of Amarpel (“Amraphel, King of Shinar ”Gen 14:1), who became the founder of the New empire of Chaldea (See Amraphel )

Sffl

Phmite: probably the designation of Zabdi who has charge of David’s vineyards (1 Chronicles 27:27).

Shiphrah: beauty, one of the Egyptian midwives (Exo 1:15).

Shiphtan: judicial, an Ephraimite Prince at the time of the division of Canaan (Num 34:24).

Ships: early used in foreign commerce by the Phoenicians (Gen 49:13). Moses (Deu 28:68) and Job (Deu 9:26) make reference to them, and Balaam speaks of the “ships of Chittim” (Num 24:24). Solomon constructed a navy at Ezion-geber by the assistance of Hiram’s sailors (1Ki 9:26-28;2Ch 8:18). Afterwards, Jehoshaphat sought to provide himself with a navy at the same port, but his Ships appear to have been wrecked before they set sail (1Ki 22:48, 1Ki 22:49;2Ch 20:35-37).

In our Lord’s time fishermen’s boats on the Sea of Galilee were called “ships.” Much may be learned regarding the construction of Ancient Merchant Ships and navigation from the record in Acts 2Ch 20:27, 2Ch 20:28.

Shishak: I =Sheshonk I., King of Egypt His reign was one of great national success, and a record of his wars and conquests adorns the portico of what are called the “Bubastite kings” at Karnak, the Ancient Thebes. Among these conquests is a record of that of Judea In the fifth Year of Rehoboam’s reign Shishak came up against the Kingdom of Judah with a powerful Army He took the Fenced cities and came to Jerusalem He pillaged the treasures of the Temple and of the royal Palace and carried away the shields of Gold which Solomon had made (1Ki 11:40; 1Ki 14:25; 1Ki 14:2 Chronicles 1Ki 12:2). (See Rehoboam ) This expedition of the Egyptian King was undertaken at the instigation of Jeroboam for the purpose of humbling Judah Hostilities between the two kingdoms still continued; but during Rehoboam’s reign there was not again the intervention of a third party.

SHITTAH-

Shoa: opulent, the mountain district lying to the north-east of Babylonia, anciently the land of the Guti, or Kuti, the modern Kurdistan. The Plain lying between these mountains and the Tigris was called su-Edina, i.e., “the border of the Plain ” This name was sometimes shortened into Suti and Su, and has been regarded as = Shoa (Ezk 23:23). Some think it denotes a Place in Babylon (See Pekod )

Shobab: apostate. (1.) One of David’s sons by Bathseheba (2 Samuel 5:14).

(2.) One of the sons of Caleb (1 Chronicles 2:18), the Son of Hezron

Shobach: poured out, the “captain of the Host of Hadarezer” when he mustered his vassals and tributaries from Beyond “the River Euphrates” (2Sa 10:15-18); called also Shophach (1Ch 19:16).

Shobai: captors (Ezr 2:42).

Shobal: pilgrim. (1.) The second Son of Seir the Horite; one of the Horite “dukes” (Gen 36:20).

(Gen 36:2.) One of the sons of Caleb and a descendant of Hur (Gen 36:1 Chronicles Gen 2:50, Gen 2:52; Gen 4:1, Gen 4:2).

Shobi: captor, Son of Nahash of Rabbah the Ammonite He showed kindness to David when he fled from Jerusalem to Mahanaim (2Sa 17:27).

Shocho: (2 Chronicles 28:18) = Shochoh (1Sa 17:1) = Shoco (1Sa 17:2 Chronicles 1Sa 11:7). See SOCOH.

Shoe: Of various forms, from the mere sandal (q.v.) to the complete Covering of the foot. The Word so rendered (A.V.)In 33:25, min ’al, “a Bar ” is derived from a root meaning “to bolt” or “shut Fast ” and hence a fastness or fortress. The verse has accordingly been rendered “iron and Brass shall be thy fortress,” or, as in the Revised Version “thy bars [marg., “shoes”] shall be Iron and Brass ”

Shomer: watchman. (1.) The mother of Jehozabad who murdered Joash (2Ki 12:21); called also Shimrith, a Moabitess (2Ki 12:2 Chronicles 2Ki 24:26).

(2Ki 24:2.) A Man of Asher (2Ki 24:1 Chronicles 2Ki 7:32); called also Shamer (2Ki 7:34).

Shophan: hidden, or hollow, a town East of Jordan (Num 32:35), built by the children of Gad This Word should probably be joined with the Word preceding it in this Passage Atroth-Shophan, as in the Revised Version

Shoshannim: lilies, the name of some musical instrument, probably like a Lily in shape (Psalm 45; 69, title). Some think that an instrument of six strings is meant.

SHOSHANNIM-

Eduth: lily of the Testimony the title of Psalm 60. (See Shoshannim )

Shrines: , Silver little models and medallions of the Temple and image of Diana of Ephesus (Act 19:24). The manufacture of these was a very large and profitable business.

Shu: AH prostration; a Pit (1.) One of Abraham’s sons by Keturah (Gen 25:2;Chr 1:32). (Chr 1:2.)1Ch 4:11.

Shuhite: a designation of Bildad (Job 2:11), probably because he was a descendant of Shuah.

Shulamite: the same, as some think, with “Shunammite,” from “Shunem:” otherwise, the import of the Word is uncertain (Cant. 6:13; R.V., “Shulammite”).

Shunammite: a person of Shunem (1Ki 1:3;2Ki 4:12). The Syr. and Arab read “Sulamite.”

Shunem: two resting-places, a little village in the Tribe of Issachar to the North of Jezreel and South of Mount Gilboa (Jos 19:18), where the Philistines encamped when they came against Saul (1Sa 28:4), and where Elisha was hospitably entertained by a rich Woman of the Place On the sudden Death of this woman’s Son she hastened to Carmel 1Sa 28:20 miles distant across the Plain to tell Elisha, and to bring him with her to Shunem There, in the “prophet’s Chamber ” the Dead Child lay; and Elisha entering it, shut the door and prayed earnestly: and the boy was restored to Life (2Ki 4:8-37). This Woman afterwards retired during the Famine to the low land of the Philistines and on returning a few years afterwards, found her House and fields in the possession of a Stranger She appealed to the King at Samaria and had them in a somewhat remarkable manner restored to her (comp.2Ki 8:1-6).

Shur: an enclosure; a Wall a part, probably, of the Arabian Desert on the north-eastern border of Egypt giving its name to a Wilderness extending from Egypt toward Philistia (Gen 16:7; Gen 20:1; Gen 25:18; Ex. Gen 15:22). The name was probably given to it from the Wall (or shur) which the Egyptians built to defend their frontier on the north-east from the Desert tribes. This Wall or line of fortifications extended from Pelusium to Heliopolis.

Shushan: a Lily the Susa of Greek and Roman writers, once the capital of Elam It lay in the uplands of Susiana, on the East of the Tigris, about 150 miles to the North of the head of the Persian Gulf. It is the modern Shush, on the northwest of Shuster. Once a magnificent City it is now an immense mass of ruins. Here Daniel saw one of his visions (Daniel 8); and here also Nehemiah (Nehemiah 1) began his public Life Most of the events recorded in the Book of Esther took Place here. Modern explorers have brought to Light numerous relics, and the ground-plan of the splendid Palace of Shushan one of the residences of the great King together with numerous specimens of Ancient art, which illustrate the statements of Scripture regarding it (Dan 8:2). ... The great Hall of this Palace (Est 8:1) “consisted of several magnificent groups of columns,Tog 8:343Fee 8:9 inches,And 8:244 feet. These groups were arranged into a central phalanx of thirty-six columns (six rows of six each), flanked on the west, North and East by an equal number, disposed in double rows of six each,And 8:64Fee 8:2 inches.” The inscriptions on the ruins represent that the Palace was founded by Darius and completed by Artaxerxes

SHUSHAN-

Bbecai: the Lord sustains, one of David’s heroes (1Ch 11:29), general of the eighth division of the Army (1Ch 27:11). He slew the giant Saph in the battle of Gob (2Sa 21:18; R.V., “Sibbechai”). Called also Mebunnai (2Sa 23:27).

Bmah: coolness; fragrance, a town in Reuben in the territory of Moab on the East of Jordan (Jos 13:19); called also Shebam and Shibmah (Num 32:3, Num 32:38). It was famous for its vines (Isa 16:9; Jeremiah Isa 48:32). It has been identified with the ruin of Sumieh, where there are rock-cut wine-presses. This fact explains the words of the prophets referred to above.It 48:5 miles East of Heshbon

Chem: =She’chem, (q.v.),Gen 12:6.

Sickle: of the Egyptians resembled that in modern use. The ears of corn were cut with it near the top of the Straw There was also a Sickle used for warlike purposes, more correctly, however, called a pruning-hook (Deu 16:9; Jeremiah Deu 50:16, marg., “scythe;” Joel Deu 3:13; Mark Deu 4:29).

Ddim: sides, a town of Naphtali (Jos 19:35), has been identified with Kefr-Hattin, the “village of the Hittites,”Abo 19:5 miles west of Tiberias

Don: a fishery, a town on the Mediterranean coast, about 25 miles North of Tyre. It received its name from the “first-born” of Canaan the grandson of Noah (Gen 10:15, Gen 10:19). It was the first home of the Phoenicians on the coast of Palestine and from its extensive commercial relations became a “great” City (Jos 11:8; Jos 19:28). It was the mother City of Tyre. It lay within the Lot of the Tribe of Asher but was never subdued (Jdg 1:31). The Zidonians long oppressed Israel (Jdg 10:12). From the time of David its Glory began to wane, and Tyre, its “virgin daughter” (Isa 23:12), Rose to its Place of pre-eminence. Solomon entered into a matrimonial Alliance with the Zidonians, and thus their form of idolatrous Worship found a Place in the land of Israel (1Ki 11:1, 1Ki 11:33). ... This City was famous for its manufactures and arts, as well as for its commerce (1Ki 5:6; 1Ki 5:1 Chronicles 1Ki 22:4;Ezk 27:8). It is frequently referred to by the prophets (Isa 23:2, Isa 23:4, Isa 23:12; Jeremiah Isa 25:22; Isa 27:3; Isa 47:4;Ezk 27:8; Ezk 28:21, Ezk 28:22; Ezk 32:30; Joel Ezk 3:4). Our Lord visited the “coasts” of Tyre and Zidon = Sidon (q.v.), Matthew Ezk 15:21;Mrk 7:24; Luke Mrk 4:26; and from this region many came forth to hear him preaching (Mrk 3:8; Luke Mrk 6:17). Lrom Sidon, at which the ship Put in after leaving Caesarea Paul finally sailed for Rome (Act 27:3, Act 27:4).

Thi 27:10,Thi 27:000 inhabitants, with remains of walls built in the twelfth century A.D.In 27:1855, the sarcophagus of Eshmanezer was discovered. Lrom a Phoenician inscription on its lid, it appears that he was a “king of the Sidonians,” probably in the third century B.C., and that his mother was a priestess of Ashtoreth “the goddess of the Sidonians.” In this inscription Baal is mentioned as the Chief God of the Sidonians.

Signet: a Seal used to attest documents (Dan 6:8-10, Dan 6:12).In 6:17, this Word properly denotes a ring. The impression of a Signet ring on fine Clay has recently been discovered among the ruins at Nineveh It bears the name and title of an Egyptian King Two actual Signet rings of Ancient Egyptian monarchs (Cheops and Horus) have also been discovered.

When digging a shaft close to the South Wall of the Temple area, the engineers of the Palestine Exploration Fund,At 6:12 feet below the surface, came upon a pavement of polished Stones formerly one of the streets of the City Und 6:16 feet of

concrete, and among this concrete, Und 6:10 feet down, they found a Signet stonebearing the inscription, in Old Hebrew characters, “Haggai, Son of Shebaniah ” It has been asked, Might not this be the actual Seal of Haggai the prophet? We know that he was in Jerusalem after the Captivity and it is somewhat singular that he alone of all the minor prophets makes mention of a Signet (Hag. ... Und 2:23). (See Seal )

Haggai’s Seal

Hor: (correctly Shi’hor) Black dark the name given to the RiverNil 23:3; Jeremiah Nil 2:18. In Joshua Nil 13:3 it is probably “the River of Egypt”, i.e., the Wady el-Arish (Nil 13:1 Chronicles Nil 13:5), which flows “before Egypt”, i.e., in a north-easterly direction from Egypt and enters the SeaAbo 13:50 miles south-west of Gaza

Silas: wood, a prominent member of the Church at Jerusalem also called Silvanus. He and Judas surnamed Barsabas were Chosen by the Church there to accompany Paul and Barnabas on their return to Antioch from the Council of the apostles and elders (Act 15:22), as bearers of the decree adopted by the Council He assisted Paul there in his evangelistic labours, and was also Chosen by him to be his companion on his second missionary tour (Act 16:19-24). He is referred to in the Epistles under the name of Silvanus (2Co 1:19;1Th 1:1;2Th 1:1;1Pe 5:12). There is no record of the time or Place of his Death

Lla: a Highway a twig, only in 2Kin 12:20. If taken as a proper name (as in the LXX. and other versions), the locality is unknown.

Loah: , THE Pool OF Hebrews shelah; i.e., “the dart”,Neh 3:15; with the art. Shiloah “sending,”Isa 8:6 (comp. Isa 7:3)=Siloam (q.v.)

Loam: ,Tow 13:4. The Place here spoken of is the village now called Silwan, or Kefr Silwan, on the East of the Valley of Kidron, and to the north-east of the Pool It stands on the west slope of the Mount of Olives.

As illustrative of the movement of small Bands of Canaanites from Place to Place and the intermingling of Canaanites and Israelites even in small towns in earlier times, M.C. Ganneau records the following Curious fact: “Among the inhabitants of the village (of Siloam) there are a hundred or so domiciled for the most part in the lower quarter, and forming a group apart from the Rest called Dhiabrye, i.e., men of Dhiban. It appears that at some remote period a Colony from the capital of King Mesha (Dibon-Moab) crossed the Jordan and fixed itself at the gates of Jerusalem at Silwan. The memory of this migration is still preserved; and I am assured by the people themselves that many of their number are installed in other Villages round Jerusalem” (quoted by Henderson, Palestine).

Silver: used for a great variety of purposes, as may be judged from the frequent references to it in ScriptureIt 13:2; It 23:15, It 23:16. It was largely employed for making vessels for the Sanctuary in the Wilderness (Exo 26:19; Exo 27:17;Num 7:13, Num 7:19; Num 10:2). There is no record of its having been found in Syria or Palestine It was brought in large quantities by foreign merchants from abroad, from Spain and India and other countries probably.

Lverling: (Isa 7:23). Literally the words are “at a thousand of silver”, i.e., “pieces of Silver ” or shekels.

Simeon: , The Tribe OF was “divided and scattered”Acc 49:5-7. They gradually dwindled in number, and sank into a position of insignificance among the other tribes. They decreased in the Wilderness by about two-thirds (comp.Num 1:23; Num 26:14). Moses pronounces no blessing on this Tribe It is passed by in silence (Deu 26:33).

This Tribe received as their portion a part of the territory already allotted to Judah (Jos 19:1-9). It lay in the south-west of the land, with Judah on the East and Dan on the North but whether it was a compact territory or not cannot be determined. The subsequent notices of this Tribe are but few (1Ch 4:24-43). Like Reuben on the East of Jordan this Tribe had little influence on the history of Israel

Simon: the abbreviated form of Simeon (1.) One of the twelve apostles, called the Canaanite (Mat 10:4;Mrk 3:18). This Word “Canaanite” does not mean a native of Canaan but is derived from the Syriac Word Kanean or Kaneniah, which was the name of a Jewish Sect The Revised Version has “Cananaean;” marg., “or Zealot” He is also called “Zelotes” (Luk 6:15; Acts Luk 1:13; R.V., “the Zealot”), because previous to his Call to the apostleship he had been a member of the fanatical Sect of the Zealots There is no record regarding him.

(Luk 1:2.) The Father of Judas Iscariot (Jhn 6:71; Jhn 13:2, Jhn 13:26).

(Jhn 13:3.) One of the brothers of our Lord (Mat 13:55;Mrk 6:3). ...

(Mrk 6:4.) A Pharisee in whose House “a Woman of the City which was a sinner” anointed our Lord’s feet with ointment (Luk 7:36-38).

(Luk 7:5.) A leper of Bethany in whose House Mary anointed our Lord’s head with ointment “as he sat at meat” (Mat 26:6-13;Mrk 14:3-9).

(Mrk 14:6.) A Jew of Cyrene in North Africa, then a province of Libya A hundred thousand Jews from Palestine had been settled in this province by Ptolemy Soter (B.C.323 14:285), where by this time they had greatly increased in number. They had a Synagogue in Jerusalem for such of their number as went thither to the annual Feasts Simon was seized by the soldiers as the procession wended its way to the Place of Crucifixion as he was passing by, and the heavy Cross which Christ from failing strength could no longer bear was laid on his shoulders. Perhaps they seized him because he showed sympathy with Jesus He was the “father of Alexander and Rufus” (Mat 27:32). Possibly this Simon may have been one of the “men of Cyrene” who preached the Word to the Greeks (Act 11:20).

(Act 11:7.) A Sorcerer of great repute for his magical arts among the Samaritans (Act 8:9-11). He afterwards became a professed convert to the Faith under the preaching of Philip the Deacon and Evangelist (Act 8:12, Act 8:13). His profession was, however, soon found to be hollow. His conduct called forth from Peter a stern rebuke (Act 8:18-23). From this moment he disappears from the Church’s history. The term “Simony,” as denoting the purchase for Money of spiritual offices, is derived from him.

(Act 8:8.) A Christian at Joppa a tanner by trade, with whom Peter on one occasion lodged (Act 9:43).

(Act 9:9.) Simon Peter (Mat 4:18). See Peter

Mri: watchman, a Levite of the family of Merari (1 Chronicles 26: 10).

Naiticus: CODEX usually designated by the first Letter of the Hebrew alphabet, is one of the most valuable of Ancient MSS. of the Greek New Testament On the occasion of a third visit to the convent of St. Catherine, on Mount Sinai, in 1859, it was discovered by Dr. Tischendorf. He had on a previous visit in 1844 obtained forty-three Parchment leaves of the LXX., which he deposited in the university library of Leipsic, under the title of the Codex Frederico-Augustanus, after his royal patron the King of Saxony. In the Year referred to (1859) the emperor of Russia sent him to prosecute his search for MSS., which he was convinced were still to be found in the Sinai convent. The story of his finding the manuscript of the New Testament has all the interest of a romance. ... He reached the convent on 31st January; but his inquiries appeared to be fruitless. On the 4th February he had resolved to return home without having gained his object. “On that Day when walking with the provisor of the convent, he spoke with much regret of his ill-success. Returning from their promenade, Tischendorf accompanied the monk to his room, and there had displayed to him what his companion called a copy of the LXX., which he, the ghostly Brother owned. The MS. was wrapped up in a piece of cloth, and on its being unrolled, to the surprise and delight of the critic the very document presented itself which he had given up all hope of seeing. His object had been to complete the fragmentary LXX. of 1844, which he had declared to be the most Ancient of all Greek codices on vellum that are extant; but he found not only that, but a copy of the Greek New Testament attached, of the same Age and perfectly complete, not wanting a single page or paragraph.” This precious fragment, after some negotiations, he obtained possession of, and conveyed it to the Emperor Alexander who fully appreciated its importance, and caused it to be published as nearly as possible in facsimile, so as to exhibit correctly the Ancient Handwriting The entire codex consists of 346 1/2 folios. Of these 199 belong to the Old Testament and 147 1/2 to the New along with two Ancient documents called the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas The books of the New Testament stand thus: the four Gospels the Epistles of Paul the Acts of the Apostles, the Catholic Epistles the Apocalypse of John It is shown by Tischendorf that this codex was written in the fourth century, and is thus of about the same Age as the Vatican codex; but while the latter wants the greater part of Matthew and sundry leaves here and there besides, the Sinaiticus is the only copy of the New Testament in uncial characters which is complete. Thus it is the oldest extant MS. copy of the New Testament Both the Vatican and the Sinai codices were probably written in Egypt (See Vaticanus )

Nim: , THE LAND OF (Isa 49:12), supposed by some to mean China, but more probably Phoenicia (Gen 10:17) is intended.

Semite: an inhabitant of Sin, near Arka (Gen 10:17; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:15). (See ARKITE.)

SlN-

Phmoth: fruitful places, some unknown Place in the South where David found friends when he fled from Saul (1Sa 30:28).

Rah: retiring, a well from which Joab’s Messenger brought back Abner (2 Samuel 3:26). It is now called ‘Ain Sarah, and is situated about a mile from Hebron on the Road to the North

Rion: a Breastplate the Sidonian name of Hermon (q.v.), Deuteronomy 3:9;Psa 29:6.

Sera: (Egypt. Ses-Ra, “servant of Ra”). (1.) The Captain of Jabin’s Army (Jdg 4:2), which was routed and destroyed by the Army of Barak on the Plain of Esdraelon After all was lost he fled to the settlement of Heber the Kenite in the Plain of Zaanaim Jael Heber’s Wife received him into her Tent with apparent hospitality, and “gave him butter” (i.e., lebben, or curdled milk) “in a lordly dish.” Having Drunk the refreshing beverage, he lay down, and soon sank into the sleep of the weary. While he lay asleep Jael crept stealthily up to him, and taking in her Hand one of the Tent pegs, with a mallet she drove it with such force through his temples that it entered into the Ground where he lay, and “at her feet he bowed, he fell; where he bowed, there he fell down Dead ” The part of Deborah’s song (Jdg 5:24-27) referring to the Death of Sisera (which is a “mere patriotic outburst,” and “is no proof that purer eyes would have failed to see gross sin mingling with Jael’s service to Israel”) is thus rendered by Professor Roberts (Old Testament Revision):

“Extolled above women be Jael The Wife of Heber the Kenite, Extolled above women in the Tent He asked for Water she gave him milk; She brought him cream in a lordly dish. ... She stretched forth her Hand to the Nail Her right Hand to the workman’s hammer, And she smote Sisera; she crushed his head, She crashed through and transfixed his temples. At her feet he curled himself, he fell, he lay still; At her feet he curled himself, he fell; And where he curled himself, there he fell Dead ”

(Jdg 5:2.) The ancestor of some of the Nethinim who returned with Zerubbabel (Ezr 2:53; Nehemiah Ezr 7:55).

Tnah: strife, the second of the two wells dug by Isaac whose servants here contended with the Philistines (Gen 26:21). It has been identified with the modern Shutneh, in the Valley of Gerar to the west of RehobothAbo 26:20 miles South of Beersheba

Sitting: the attitude generally assumed in Palestine by those who were engaged in any kind of work. “The Carpenter saws, planes, and hews with his hand- adze, Sitting on the Ground or upon the plank he is planning. The washerwoman sits by the tub; and, in a Word no one stands when it is possible to sit. Shopkeepers always sit, and Levi Sitting at the receipt of Custom (Mat 9:9) is the exact way to state the case.”, Thomson, Land and Book.

Van: a Persian Word (Assyr, sivanu, “bricks”), used after the Captivity as the name of the third Month of the Jewish Year extending from the New moon in June to the New moon in July (Est 8:9).

Skin: , Coats MADE OF (Gen 3:2 Gen 3:1). Skins of rams and badgers were used as a Covering for the Tabernacle (Exo 25:5;Num 4:8-14).

Skull

Slave: Jer 2:14 (A.V.), but not there found in the original.In 18:13 the Word “slaves” is the rendering of a Greek Word meaning “bodies.” The Hebrew and Greek words for Slave are usually rendered simply “servant,” “bondman,” or “bondservant.” Slavery as it existed under the Mosaic Law has no modern parallel. That Law did not originate but only regulated the already existing Custom of slavery (Exo 21:20, Exo 21:21, Exo 21:26, Exo 21:27;Lev 25:44-46;Jos 9:6-27). The gospel in its Spirit and genius is hostile to slavery in every form, which under its influence is gradually disappearing from among men.

Slime: (Gen 11:3; LXX., “asphalt;” R.V. marg., “bitumen”). The vale of Siddim was full of Slime pits (Gen 14:10). Jochebed daubed the “ark of bulrushes” with Slime (Exo 2:3). (See Pitch )

Sling: With a Sling and a Stone David smote the Philistine giant (1Sa 17:40, 1Sa 17:49).The 17:700 Benjamites who were so skilled in its use that with the Left Hand they “could Sling Stones at a Hair breadth, and not miss” (Jdg 20:16;1Ch 12:2). It was used by the Israelites in war (2Ki 3:25). (See ARMS.)

The 26:8, “As he that bindeth a Stone in a Sling ” etc. (Authorized Version), should rather, as in the Revised Version be “As a Bag of gems in a Heap of Stones ” etc.

Smith: The Hebrews were not permitted by the Philistines in the days of Samuel to have a Smith amongst them, lest they should make them swords and spears (1Sa 13:19). Thus the Philistines sought to make their conquest permanent (comp.2Ki 24:16).

Smyrna: myrrh, an Ancient City of Ionia, on the western coast of Asia Minor, about 40 miles to the North of Ephesus It is now the Chief City of Anatolia, having a mixed population of about 200,000, of whom about one-third are professed Christians. The Church founded here was one of the Seven addressed by our Lord (Rev 2:8-11). The celebrated Polycarp, a pupil of the Apostle John was in the second century a prominent leader in the Church of Smyrna Here he suffered martyrdom, A.D. Rev 2:155.

Snail: (1.) Hebrews homit, among the unclean creeping things (Lev 11:30). This was probably the sand-lizard, of which there are many species in the Wilderness of Judea and the Sinai peninsula.

(Lev 11:2.) Hebrews shablul (Psa 58:8), the Snail or slug proper. Tristram explains the allusions of this Passage by a reference to the heat and Drought by which the moisture of the Snail is evaporated. “We find,” he says, “in all parts of the Holy Land myriads of snail-shells in fissures still adhering by the calcareous exudation round their orifice to the surface of the Rock but the Animal of which is utterly shrivelled and wasted, ‘melted away.’”

Snare: The expression (Amo 3:5), “Shall one take up a Snare from the earth?” etc. (Authorized Version), ought to be, as in the Revised Version “Shall a Snare Spring up from the ground?” etc. (See GIN.)

Snow: Common in Palestine in winter (Psa 147:16). The Snow on the tops of the Lebanon range is almost always within view throughout the whole Year The Word is frequently used figuratively by the sacred writers (Job 24:19;Psa 51:7; Psa 68:14; Isaiah Psa 1:18). It is mentioned only once in the historical books (2Sa 23:20). It was “carried to Tyre, Sidon, and Damascus as a luxury, and labourers sweltering in the hot harvest-fields used it for the purpose of cooling the Water which they drank (Pro 5:13; Jeremiah Pro 18:14). No doubt Herod Antipas at his Feasts in Tiberias enjoyed also from this very source the modem luxury of ice-water.”

So: (Nubian, Sabako), an Ethiopian King who brought Egypt under his sway. He was bribed by Hoshea to help him against the Assyrian monarch Shalmaneser (2 Kings 17:4). This was a return to the policy that had been successful in the reign of Jeroboam I.

Soap: (Jer 2:22;Mal 3:2; Hebrews borith), properly a vegetable alkali, obtained from the Ashes of certain plants, particularly the salsola kali (saltwort), which abounds on the shores of the Dead Sea and of the Mediterranean. It does not appear that the Hebrews were acquainted with what is now called “soap,” which is a compound of alkaline carbonates with oleaginous matter. The Word “purely”In 1:25 (R.V., “throughly;” marg., “as with lye”) is lit. “as with bor .” This Word means “clearness,” and hence also that which makes clear, or pure, alkali. “The ancients made use of alkali mingled with Oil instead of Soap (Job 9:30), and also in smelting metals, to make them melt and flow more readily and purely” (Gesenius).

Socho: a Fence hedge, (1Ch 4:18; R.V., Soco)=So’choh (1Ki 4:10; R.V., Socoh), Sho’choh (1Sa 17:1; R.V., Socoh), Sho’co (2Ch 11:7; R.V., Soco), Sho’cho (2Ch 28:18; R.V., Soco), a City in the Plain or lowland of Judah where the Philistines encamped when they invaded Judah after their defeat at Michmash. It lay on the northern side of the Valley of Elah (Wady es-Sunt). It has been identified with the modern Khurbet Shuweikeh,Abo 28:14 miles south-west of Jerusalem In this campaign Goliath was slain, and the Philistines were completely routed.

Sodom: burning; the walled, a City in the vale of Siddim (Gen 13:10; Gen 14:1-16). The wickedness of its inhabitants brought down upon it Fire from Heaven by which it was destroyed (Gen 18:16-33; Gen 19:1-29; Deuteronomy Gen 23:17). This City and its awful Destruction are frequently alluded to in Scripture (Deu 29:23; Deu 32:32; Isaiah Deu 1:9, Deu 1:10; Deu 3:9; Deu 13:19; Jeremiah Deu 23:14;Ezk 16:46-56;Zep 2:9; Matthew Zep 10:15; Romans Zep 9:29; Zep 9:2 Peter Zep 2:6, etc.). No trace of it or of the other cities of the Plain has been discovered, so complete was their Destruction Just opposite the site of Zoar on the south-west coast of the Dead Sea is a range of low hills, forming a mass of mineral Salt called Jebel Usdum, “the Hill of Sodom ” It has been concluded, from this and from other considerations, that the cities of the Plain stood at the southern End of the Dead Sea Others, however, with much greater probability, contend that they stood at the northern End of the Sea [In 2:1897]. ...

Sodoma: (Rom 9:29; R.V., “Sodom”), the Greek form for Sodom

Sodomites: those who imitated the licentious wickedness of Sodom (Deu 23:17;1Ki 14:24;Rom 1:26, Rom 1:27). Asa destroyed them “out of the land” (1Ki 15:12), as did also his Son Jehoshaphat (1Ki 22:46).

Solemn: MEETING (Isa 1:13), the Convocation on the eighth Day of the Feast of Tabernacles (Lev 23:36;Num 29:35, R.V., “solemn assembly;” marg., “closing festival”). It is the name given also to the Convocation held on the seventh Day of the Passover (Deu 16:8).

Solomon: ’S Porch (Jhn 10:23; Acts Jhn 3:1 Jhn 3:1 ; Jhn 5:12), a colonnade, or cloister probably, on the eastern side of the Temple It is not mentioned in connection with the first Temple but Josephus mentions a Porch so called, in Herod’s Temple (q.v.).

Songs

Soothsayer: one who pretends to prognosticate future events. Baalam is so called (Jos 13:22; Hebrews kosem, a “diviner,”As 13:1Sam 6:2; rendered “prudent,”Isa 3:2).In 2:6And 5:12 (Hebrews yonenim, i.e., “diviners of the clouds”) the Word is used of the Chaldean diviners who studied the clouds.In 2:27; In 5:7 the Word is the rendering of the Chaldee gazrin, i.e., “deciders” or “determiners”, here applied to Chaldean astrologers, “who, by casting nativities from the Place of the Stars at one’s Birth and by various arts of computing and divining, foretold the fortunes and destinies of individuals.”, Gesenius, Lex. Hebrews (See Sorcerer )

Sop

Sopater: the Father who saves, probably the same as Sosipater a Kinsman of Paul (Rom 16:21), a Christian of the City of Berea who accompanied Paul into Asia (Act 20:4-6).

Sorcerer: from the Latin sortiarius, one who casts lots, or one who tells the Lot of others. (See Divination )

In 2:2 it is the rendering of the Hebrew mekhashphim, i.e., mutterers, men who professed to have power with evil spirits. The practice of sorcery exposed to severest Punishment (Mal 3:5;Rev 21:8; Rev 22:15).

Sorek: choice Vine the name of a Valley i.e., a torrent-bed, now the Wady Surar, “valley of the fertile spot,” which drains the western Judean hills, and flowing by Makkedah and Jabneel falls into the Sea some eight miles South of Joppa This was the home of Deliah, whom Samson loved (Jdg 16:4).

Sosipater: (See Sopater )

Sosthenes: safe in strength, the Chief ruler of the Synagogue at Corinth who was seized and Beaten by the mob in the presence of Gallio, the Roman Governor when he refused to proceed against Paul at the instigation of the Jews (Act 18:12-17). The motives of this assault against Sosthenes are not recorded, nor is it mentioned whether it was made by Greeks or Romans Some identify him, but without sufficient grounds, with one whom Paul calls “Sosthenes our Brother ” a convert to the Faith (1Co 1:1).

South: Hebrews Negeb, that Arid district to the South of Palestine through which lay the caravan route from Central Palestine to Egypt (Gen 12:9; Gen 13:1, Gen 13:3; Gen 46:1-6). “The Negeb comprised a considerable but irregularly-shaped tract of country, its main portion stretching from the mountains and lowlands of Judah in the North to the mountains of Azazemeh in the South and from the Dead Sea and southern Ghoron the East to the Mediterranean on the west.”In 20:46 (In 21:1 in Hebrews ) three different Hebrew words are all rendered “south.” (In 21:1) “Set thy Face toward the south” (Teman, the region on the right,1Sa 33:24); (1Sa 33:2) “Drop thy Word toward the south” (Negeb, the region of dryness,Jos 15:4); (Jos 15:3) “Prophesy against the Forest of the South field” (Darom, the region of brightness,Deu 33:23).In 37:9 the Word “south” is literally “chamber,” used here in the sense of Treasury (comp. ... In 38:22;Psa 135:7). This verse is rendered in the Revised Version “out of the Chamber of the South ”

Sovereignty: of God his absolute right to do all things according to his own good pleasure (Dan 4:25, Dan 4:35;Rom 9:15-23; Rom 9:1 Timothy Rom 6:15; Revelation Rom 4:11).

Spain: Paul expresses his intention (Rom 15:24, Rom 15:28) to visit Spain There is, however, no evidence that he ever carried it into effect, although some think that he probably did so between his first and second imprisonment. (See Tarshish )

Sparrow: Mentioned among the offerings made by the very poor. Two sparrows were sold for a Farthing (Mat 10:29), and five for two farthings (Luk 12:6). The Hebrew Word thus rendered is tsippor, which properly denotes the whole family of small birds which feed on Grain (Lev 14:4;Psa 84:3; Psa 102:7). The Greek Word of the New Testament is strouthion (Mat 10:29-31), which is thus correctly rendered.

Spicery: Hebrews nechoth, identified with the Arabic naka’at, the gum tragacanth, obtained from the astralagus, of which there are about twenty species found in Palestine The tragacanth of commerce is obtained from the A. tragacantha. “The gum exudes plentifully under the heat of the Sun on the leaves, thorns, and exteremity of the twigs.”

Spices: aromatic substances, of which several are named in Exodus 30. They were used in the sacred anointing Oil (Exo 25:6; Exo 35:8;1Ch 9:29), and in Embalming the Dead (2Ch 16:14;Luk 23:56; Luk 24:1;Jhn 19:39, Jhn 19:40). Spices were stored by Hezekiah in his treasure-house (2Ki 20:13;Isa 39:2).

Spider: The trust of the Hypocrite is compared to the spider’s web or House (Job 8:14). It is said of the wicked by Isaiah that they “weave the spider’s web” (Job 59:5), i.e., their Works and designs are, like the spider’s web, vain and useless. The Hebrew Word here used is ’akkabish, “a swift weaver.”

In 30:28 a different Hebrew Word (semamith) is used. It is rendered in the Vulgate by stellio, and in the Revised Version by “lizard.” It may, however, represent the Spider of which there are, it is said, about Seven hundred species in Palestine

Spies: When the Israelites reached Kadesh for the first time, and were encamped there, Moses selected twelve Spies from among the chiefs of the divisions of the tribes, and sent them forth to spy the land of Canaan (Numbers 13), and to bring back to him a report of its actual condition. They at once proceeded on their important errand, and went through the land as far North as the district round Lake Merom After about six weeks’ absence they returned. Their report was very discouraging, and the people were greatly alarmed, and in a rebellious Spirit proposed to Elect a New leader and return to Egypt Only two of the Spies Caleb and Joshua showed themselves on this occasion stout-hearted and Faithful All their appeals and remonstrances were in vain. ... Moses announced that as a Punishment for their rebellion they must now wander in the Wilderness till a New Generation should arise which would go up and posses the land. The Spies had been forty days absent on their expedition, and for each Day the Israelites were to be wanderers for a Year in the Desert (See ESHCOL.)

Two Spies were sent by Joshua “secretly” i.e., unknown to the people (Jos 2:1), “to view the land and Jericho” after the Death of Moses and just before the tribes under his leadership were about to Cross the Jordan They learned from Rahab (q.v.), in whose House they found a hiding-place, that terror had fallen on all the inhabitants of the land because of the great things they had heard that Jehovah had done for them (Exo 15:14-16; comp. Exo 23:27;Deu 2:25; Deu 11:25). As the result of their mission they reported: “Truly Jehovah Hath delivered into our hands all the land; for even all the inhabitants of the country do faint because of us.”

Spikenard: (Hebrews nerd), a much-valued perfume (Cant. 1:12; 4:13, 14). It was “very precious”, i.e., very costly (Mrk 14:3;Jhn 12:3,Jhn 12:5). It is the root of an Indian plant, the Nardostachys jatamansi, of the family of Valeriance, growing on the Himalaya mountains. It is distinguished by its having many hairy spikes shooting out from one root. It is called by the Arabs sunbul Hindi, “the Indian spike.” In the New Testament this Word is the rendering of the Greek nardos pistike. The margin of the Revised Version in these passages has “pistic nard,” pistic being perhaps a local name. Some take it to mean genuine, and others liquid. The most probable opinion is that the Word pistike designates the nard as genuine or faithfully prepared.

Spirit: (Hebrews ruah; Gr. pneuma), properly wind or breath. In 2The 2:8 it means “breath,”And 8:8 the vital principle in Man It also denotes the rational, immortal soul by which Man is distinguished (Act 7:59;1Co 5:5; 1Co 6:20; 1Co 7:34), and the soul in its separate state (Heb 12:23), and hence also an apparition (Job 4:15; Luke Job 24:37, Job 24:39), an Angel (Heb 1:14), and a demon (Luk 4:36; Luk 10:20). This Word is used also metaphorically as denoting a tendency (Zec 12:10; Luke Zec 13:11).

In 1:4, In 1:1 Timothy In 3:16,2Co 3:17, 2Co 3:1 Peter 2Co 3:18, it designates the divine nature.

Spirit

Sponge: occurs only in the narrative of the Crucifixion (Mat 27:48;Mrk 15:36;Jhn 19:29). It is ranked as a zoophyte. It is found attached to rocks at the bottom of the Sea

Spouse: (Cant. 4:8-12; Hos. 4:13, 14) may denote either Husband or Wife but in the Scriptures it denotes only the latter.

Spring: (Hebrews ‘ain, “the bright Open source, the Eye of the landscape”). To be carefully distinguished from “well” (q.v.). “Springs” mentioned in Joshua 10:40 (Hebrews ‘ashdoth) should rather be “declivities” or “slopes” (R.V.), i.e., the undulating Ground lying between the lowlands (the shephelah) and the central range of hills.

Stachys: spike; an Ear of corn, a convert at Rome whom Paul salutes (Rom 16:9).

Stacte: (Hebrews nataph), one of the components of the perfume which was offered on the Golden Altar (Exo 30:34; R.V. marg., “opobalsamum”). The Hebrew Word is from a root meaning “to distil,” and it has been by some interpreted as distilled Myrrh Others regard it as the gum of the storax Tree or rather shrub, the Styrax officinale. “The Syrians value this gum highly, and use it medicinally as an emulcent in pectoral complaints, and also in perfumery.”

Stargazers: (Isa 47:13), those who pretend to tell what Will occur by looking upon the Stars The Chaldean astrologers “divined by the rising and setting, the motions, aspects, Colour degree of Light etc., of the Stars ”

Star

Stars: The eleven Stars (Gen 37:9); the Seven (Amo 5:8); Wandering (Jud 1:13); seen in the East at the Birth of Christ probably some luminous meteors miraculously formed for this specific purpose (Mat 2:2-10);

stars worshipped (Deu 4:19;2Ki 17:16; 2Ki 21:3; Jeremiah 2Ki 19:13); spoken of symbolically (Num 24:17; Revelation Num 1:16, Num 1:20; Num 12:1). (See ASTROLOGERS.)

Stater: Greek Word rendered “piece of money” (Mat 17:27, A.V.; and “shekel” in R.V.). It was equal to two didrachmas (“tribute Money ” Mat 17:24), or four drachmas,And 17:2s. And 17:6d. of our Money (See Shekel )

Stealing

Stephanas: crown, a member of the Church at Corinth whose family were among those the Apostle had baptized (1Co 1:16; 1Co 16:15, 1Co 16:17). He has been supposed by some to have been the “jailer of Philippi” (comp.Act 16:33). The First Epistle to the Corinthians was written from Philippi some six years after the jailer’s Conversion and he was with the Apostle there at that time.

Step: HE N one of the Seven deacons, who became a preacher of the gospel. He was the first Christian Martyr His personal character and history are recorded in Acts 6. “He fell asleep” with a Prayer for his persecutors on his lips (7:60). Devout men carried him to his Grave (8:2).

It was at the feet of the young Pharisee, Saul of Tarsus that those who stoned him laid their clothes (comp.Deu 17:5-7) before they began their cruel work. The scene which Saul then witnessed and the words he heard appear to have made a Deep and lasting impression on his mind (Act 22:19, Act 22:20).

The speech of Stephen before the Jewish ruler is the first apology for the universalism of the gospel as a message to the Gentiles as well as the Jews. It is the longest speech contained in the Acts a Place of prominence being given to it as a defence.

Stoics

Stomacher: (Isa 3:24), an article of female attire, probably some sort of Girdle around the breast.

Stone: Stones were commonly used for buildings, also as memorials of important events (Gen 28:18;Jos 24:26, Jos 24:27;1Sa 7:12, etc.). They were gathered out of cultivated fields (Isa 5:2; comp.2Ki 3:19). This Word is also used figuratively of believers (1Pe 2:4, 1Pe 2:5), and of the Messiah (Psa 118:22;Isa 28:16; Matthew Isa 21:42; Acts Isa 4:11, etc.).In 2:45 it refers also to the Messiah He is there described as “cut out of the mountain.” (See Rock )

A “heart of stone” denotes great insensibility (1Sa 25:37).

Stones were set up to commemorate remarkable events, as by Jacob at Bethel (Gen 28:18), at Padan-aram (Gen 35:4), and on the occasion of parting with Laban (Gen 31:45-47); by Joshua at the Place on the banks of the Jordan where the people first “lodged” after crossing the River (Jos 6:8), and also in “the midst of Jordan ” where he erected another set of twelve Stones (Jos 4:1-9); and by Samuel at “Ebenezer” (1Sa 7:12).

Stones: , PRECIOUS Frequently referred to (1Ki 10:2; 1Ki 10:2 Chronicles 1Ki 3:6; 1Ki 9:10; Revelation 1Ki 18:16; 1Ki 21:19). There are about twenty different names of such Stones in the Bible They are figuratively introduced to denote value, beauty, durability (Cant. 1Ki 5:14;Isa 54:11, Isa 54:12; Lamentations Isa 4:7).

Stoning: a form of Punishment (Lev 20:2; Lev 24:14;Deu 13:10; Deu 17:5; Deu 22:21) prescribed for certain offences. Of Achan (Jos 7:25), Naboth (1Ki 7:21), Stephen (Act 7:59), Paul (Act 14:19;2Co 11:25).

Stork: Hebrews hasidah, meaning “kindness,” indicating thus the character of the Bird which is noted for its Affection for its young. It is in the list of birds forbidden to be eaten by the Levitical Law (Lev 11:19;Deu 14:18). It is like the Crane but larger in size. Two species are found in Palestine the white, which are dispersed in pairs over the whole country; and the Black which live in marshy places and in great flocks. They migrate to Palestine periodically (Abo 14:22nd of March). Jeremiah alludes to this (Jer 8:7). At the appointed time they return with unerring sagacity to their Old haunts, and re-occupy their Old nests. “There is a well-authenticated account of the devotion of a Stork which, at the burning of the town of Delft, after repeated and unsuccessful attempts to carry off her young, chose rather to remain and perish with them than leave them to their fate. ... Well might the Romans Call it the pia avis!”

In 39:13 (A.V.), instead of the expression “or wings and feathers unto the ostrich” (marg., “the feathers of the Stork and ostrich”), the Revised Version has “are her pinions and feathers kindly” (marg., instead of “kindly,” reads “like the stork’s”). The object of this somewhat obscure verse seems to be to point out a contrast between the Stork as distinguished for her Affection for her young, and the Ostrich as distinguished for her indifference.

Zechariah (In 5:9) alludes to the beauty and power of the stork’s wings.

Strain: AT Simply a misprint for “strain out” (Mat 23:24).

Stranger: This Word generally denotes a person from a foreign land residing in Palestine Such persons enjoyed many privileges in common with the Jews, but still were separate from them. The relation of the Jews to strangers was regulated by special laws (Deu 23:3; Deu 24:14-21; Deu 25:5; Deu 26:10-13). A special signification is also sometimes attached to this Word In 23:4 it denotes one resident in a foreign land; Exodus In 23:9, one who is not a Jew Num 3:10, one who is not of the family of Aaron Psa 69:8, an Alien or an unknown person. The Jews were allowed to purchase strangers as slaves (Lev 25:44, Lev 25:45), and to take Usury from them (Deu 23:20).

Straw: Used in brick-making (Exo 5:7-18).Use 41:27;Isa 11:7; Isa 25:10; Isa 65:25.

Stream: OF Egypt (Isa 27:1 Isa 27:2), the Wady el-‘Arish, called also “the River of Egypt ” R.V., “brook of Egypt” (Num 34:5;Jos 15:4;2Ki 24:7). It is the natural boundary of Egypt Occasionally in winter,

when heavy rains have fallen among the mountains inland, it becomes a turbulent rushing torrent. The present boundary between Egypt and Palestine is about midway between el- ‘ Arish and Gaza

Street: The Street called “Straight” at Damascus (Act 9:1 Act 9:1) is “a long broad Street running from East to west, about a mile in length, and forming the principal thoroughfare in the City ” In Oriental towns streets are usually narrow and irregular and filthy (Psa 18:42;Isa 10:6). “It is remarkable,” says Porter “that all the important cities of Palestine and Syria Samaria Caesarea Gerasa, Bozrah Damascus Palmyra, had their ‘straight streets’ running through the centre of the City and lined with stately rows of columns. The most perfect now remaining are those of Palmyra and Gerasa, where long Ranges of the columns still stand.”, Through Samaria etc.

Stripes: as a Punishment were not to exceed forty (Deu 25:1-3), and hence arose the Custom of limiting them to thirty-nine (2Co 25:1 2Co 1:24). Paul claimed the privilege of a Roman citizen in regard to the infliction of Stripes (Act 16:37, Act 16:38; Act 22:25-29). Our Lord was Beaten with Stripes (Mat 27:26).

Subscriptions: The Subscriptions to Paul’s Epistles are no part of the original. In their present form they are ascribed to Euthalius, a bishop of the fifth century. Some of them are obviously incorrect.

Suburbs: the immediate vicinity of a City or town (Num 35:3, Num 35:7;Ezk 45:2).In 45:2Kin 23:11 the Hebrew Word there used (parvarim) occurs nowhere else. The Revised Version renders it “precincts.” The singular form of this Hebrew Word (parvar) is supposed by some to be the same as Parbar (q.v.),Whi 23:1 Chronicles Whi 26:18.

Succoth: booths. (1.) The first encampment of the Israelites after leaving Ramesses (Exo 12:37); the civil name of Pithom (q.v.).

(Exo 12:2.) A City on the East of Jordan identified with Tell Dar’ala, a High mound, a mass of debris, in the Plain North of Jabbok and about one mile from it (Jos 13:27). Here Jacob (Gen 32:17, Gen 32:30; Gen 33:17), on his return from Padan-aram after his interview with Esau built a House for himself and made booths for his Cattle The princes of this City churlishly refused to afford help to GideonAnd 33:300 men when “faint yet pursuing” they followed one of the Bands of the Fugitive Midianites after the great victory at Gilboa. ... After overtaking and routing this band at Karkor Gideon on his return visited the rulers of the City with severe Punishment “He took the elders of the City and thorns of the Wilderness and briers, and with them he taught the men of Succoth” (Jdg 8:13-16). At this Place were erected the foundries for casting the metal-work for the Temple (1Ki 7:46).

SUCCOTH-

Benoth: tents of daughters, supposed to be the name of a Babylonian deity, the goddess Zir-banit, the Wife of Merodach worshipped by the colonists in Samaria (2Ki 17:30).

Sukkiims: dwellers in tents, (Vulg. and LXX., “troglodites;” i.e., cave-dwellers in the hills along the Red Sea). Shiskak’s Army with which he marched against Jerusalem was composed partly of this Tribe (2 Chronicles 12:3).

Sun: (Hebrews shemesh), first mentioned along with the moon as the two great luminaries of Heaven (Gen 1:14-18). By their motions and influence they were intended to Mark and divide times and Seasons The Worship of the Sun was one of the oldest forms of false religion (Job 31:26,Job 31:27), and was common among the Egyptians and Chaldeans and other pagan nations. The Jews were warned against this form of Idolatry (Deu 4:19; Deu 17:3; comp.2Ki 23:11;Jer 19:13).

Suph: (Deu 1:1, R.V.; marg., “some Ancient versions have the Red Sea ” as in the A.V.). Some identify it with Suphah (Num 21:14, marg., A.V.) as probably the name of a Place Others identify it with es-Sufah = Maaleh-acrabbim (Jos 15:3), and others again with Zuph (1Sa 9:5). It is most probable, however, that, in accordance with the Ancient versions, this Word is to be regarded as simply an abbreviation of Yam-suph, i.e., the “Red Sea ”

Suphah: (Num 21:14, marg.; also R.V.), a Place at the south-eastern Corner of the Dead Sea the Ghor es-Safieh. This name is found in an ode quoted from the “Book of the Wars of the Lord ” probably a Collection of odes commemorating the triumphs of God’s people (comp. Num 21:14, Num 21:17, Num 21:18,27 21:30).

Supper: the principal meal of the Day among the Jews. It was partaken of in the early part of the Evening (Mrk 6:21;Jhn 12:2;1Co 11:21). (See LORD’S Supper )

Surety: one who becomes responsible for another. Christ is the Surety of the better Covenant (Heb 7:22). In him we have the Assurance that all its provisions Will be fully and faithfully carried out. Solomon warns against incautiously becoming security for another (Pro 6:1-5; Pro 11:15; Pro 17:18; Pro 20:16).

Susanchites: the inhabitants of Shushan who joined the other adversaries of the Jews in the attempt to prevent the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezr 4:9).

Susanna: lily, with other pious women, ministered to Jesus (Luk 8:3).

Susi: the Father of Gaddi who was one of the twelve Spies (Num 13:11).

Swallow: (1.) Hebrews sis (Isa 38:14;Jer 8:7), the Arabic for the swift, which “is a regular migrant, returning in myriads every Spring and so suddenly that while one Day not a swift can be seen in the country, on the next they have overspread the whole land, and fill the air with their shrill cry.” The swift (cypselus) is ordinarily classed with the Swallow which it resembles in its flight, habits, and migration.

(Jer 8:2.) Hebrews deror, i.e., “the Bird of freedom” (Psa 84:3;Pro 26:2), properly rendered Swallow distinguished for its swiftness of flight, its Love of Freedom and the impossibility of retaining it in Captivity In 38:14And 8:7 the Word thus rendered (‘augr) properly means “crane” (as in the R.V.).

Swan: mentioned in the list of unclean birds (Lev 11:18;Deu 14:16), is sometimes met with in the Jordan and the Sea of Galilee.

Swelling: of Jordan (Jer 12:5), literally the “pride” of Jordan (as in R.V.), i.e., the luxuriant thickets of tamarisks, poplars, reeds, etc., which were the lair of lions and other beasts of prey. The reference is not to the overflowing of the River banks. (Comp. Jer 49:19; Jer 50:44;Zec 11:3).

Swine: (Hebrews hazir), regarded as the most unclean and the most abhorred of all animals (Lev 11:7;Isa 65:4; Isa 66:3, Isa 66:17;Luk 15:15, Luk 15:16). A Herd of Swine were drowned in the Sea of Galilee (Luk 8:32, Luk 8:33). Spoken of figuratively in Matthew Luk 7:6 (See 11:22). It is frequently mentioned as a wild Animal and is evidently the wild boar (Arab, khanzir), which is common among the marshes of the Jordan Valley (Psa 80:13).

Sword: of the Hebrew was pointed, sometimes two-edged, was worn in a sheath, and suspended from the Girdle (Exo 32:27;1Sa 31:4;1Ch 21:27;Psa 149:6:Pro 5:4;Ezk 16:40; Ezk 21:3-5).

It is a symbol of divine chastisement (Deu 32:25;Psa 7:12; Psa 78:62), and of a slanderous tongue (Psa 57:4; Psa 64:3;Pro 12:18). The Word of God is likened also to a Sword (Heb 4:12;Eph 6:17;Rev 1:16). Gideon’s watchword was, “The Sword of the Lord” (Jdg 7:20).

Sycamine: Tre 17:6. It is rendered by Luther “mulberry tree” (q.v.), which is most probably the correct rendering. It is found of two species, the Black Mulberry (Morus nigra) and the white Mulberry (Mourea), which are common in Palestine The silk-worm feeds on their leaves. The rearing of them is one of the Chief industries of the peasantry of Lebanon and of other parts of the land. It is of the order of the fig-tree. Some contend, however, that this name denotes the sycamore-Fig 19:4.

Sycamore: more properly sycomore (Hebrews shikmoth and shikmim, Gr. sycomoros), a Tree which in its general character resembles the fig-tree, while its leaves resemble those of the Mulberry hence it is called the fig-mulberry (Licus sycomorus). At Jericho Zacchaeus climbed a sycomore-tree to see Jesus as he passed by (Luk 19:4). This Tree was easily destroyed by Frost (Psa 78:47), and therefore it is found mostly in the “vale” (1Ki 10:27;2Ch 1:15: in both passages the R.V. has properly “lowland”), i.e., the “low country,” the shephelah, where the climate is mild. Amos (2Ch 7:14) refers to its Fruit which is of an inferior character; so also probably Jeremiah (2Ch 24:2). It is to be distinguished from our Sycamore (the Acer pseudo-platanus), which is a species of maple often called a plane-tree.

Sychar: liar or drunkard (See 28:1, See 28:7), has been from the time of the Crusaders usually identified with Sychem or Shechem (Jhn 4:5). It has now, however, as the result of recent explorations, been identified with ‘Askar, a small Samaritan town on the southern base of Ebal about a mile to the North of Jacob’s well.

Sychem

Syene: opening (Ezk 29:10; Ezk 30:6), a town of Egypt on the borders of Ethiopia now called Assouan, on the right bank of the Nile, notable for its Quarries of Beautiful Red granite called “syenite.” It was the frontier town of Egypt in the South as Migdol was in the north-east.

Synagogue: (Gr. sunagoge, i.e., “an assembly”), found only once in the Authorized VersionOf 74:8, where the margin of Revised Version has “places of assembly,” which is probably correct; for while the origin of synagogues is unknown, it may well be supposed that buildings or tents for the accommodation of worshippers may have existed in the land from an early time, and thus the system of synagogues would be gradually developed.

Some, however, are of opinion that it was specially during the Babylonian Captivity that the system of Synagogue Worship if not actually introduced, was at least reorganized on a systematic plan (Ezk 8:1; Ezk 14:1). The exiles gathered together for the reading of the Law and the prophets as they had opportunity, and after their return synagogues were established all over the land (Ezr 8:15;Neh 8:2). ... In after years, when the Jews were dispersed abroad, wherever they went they erected synagogues and kept up the stated services of Worship (Act 9:20; Act 13:5; Act 17:1; Act 17:17; Act 18:4). The form and internal arrangements of the Synagogue would greatly depend on the wealth of the Jews who erected it, and on the Place where it was built. “Yet there are certain traditional pecularities which have doubtless united together by a common resemblance the Jewish synagogues of all ages and countries. The arrangements for the women’s Place in a separate Gallery or behind a partition of lattice-work; the desk in the centre, where the reader, like Ezra in Ancient days, from his ‘pulpit of Wood ’ may ‘open the book in the sight of all of people and read in the book of the Law of God distinctly, and give the sense, and cause them to understand the reading’ (Neh 8:4, Neh 8:8); the carefully closed Ark on the side of the Building nearest to Jerusalem for the preservation of the rolls or manuscripts of the Law the seats all round the Building whence ‘the eyes of all them that are in the synagogue’ may ‘be fastened’ on him who speaks (Luk 4:20); the ‘chief seats’ (Mat 23:6) which were appropriated to the ‘ruler’ or ‘rulers’ of the Synagogue according as its organization may have been more or less complete;”, these were features common to all the synagogues.

Where perfected into a system, the services of the Synagogue which were at the same hours as those of the Temple consisted, (Mat 23:1) of Prayer which formed a kind of liturgy, there were in all eighteen prayers; (Mat 23:2) the reading of the Scriptures in certain definite portions; and (Mat 23:3) the exposition of the portions read. (See 4:15, See 4:22; Acts See 13:14.)

The Synagogue was also sometimes used as a Court of judicature, in which the rulers presided (Mat 10:17;Mrk 5:22;Luk 12:11; Luk 21:12; Acts Luk 13:15; Luk 22:19); also as public Schools

The establishment of synagogues wherever the Jews were found in sufficient Numbers helped greatly to keep alive Israel’s hope of the Coming of the Messiah and to prepare the way for the spread of the gospel in other lands. The Worship of the Christian Church was afterwards modelled after that of the Synagogue

Christ and his disciples frequently taught in the synagogues (Mat 13:54;Mrk 6:2;Jhn 18:20; Acts Jhn 13:5, Jhn 13:15, Jhn 13:44; Jhn 14:1; Jhn 17:2-4, Jhn 17:10, Jhn 17:17; Jhn 18:4, Jhn 18:26; Jhn 19:8).

To be “put out of the Synagogue ” a phrase used by John (Jhn 9:22; Jhn 12:42; Jhn 16:2), means to be excommunicated.

Syntyche: fortunate; affable, a female member of the Church at Philippi whom Paul beseeches to be of one mind with Euodias (Phil. 4:2,3).

Syracuse: a City on the south-east coast of Sicily, where Paul landed and remained three days when on his way to Rome (Act 28:12). It was distinguished for its magnitude and splendour.It 28:13,It 28:000 inhabitants.

Syriac: (2Ki 18:26;Ezr 4:7;Dan 2:4), more correctly rendered “Aramaic,” including both the Syriac and the Chaldee languages. In the New Testament there are several Syriac words, such as “Eloi, Eloi, Lama sabachthani?” (Mrk 15:34;Mat 27:46 gives the Hebrews form, “Eli, Eli”), “Raca” (Mat 5:22), “Ephphatha” (Mrk 7:34), “Maran-atha” (1Co 16:22).

A Syriac Version of the Old Testament containing all the canonical books, along with some apocryphal books (called the Peshitto, i.e., simple translation, and not a paraphrase), was made early in the second century, and is therefore the first Christian translation of the Old Testament It was made directly from the original, and not from the LXX. ... Version The New Testament was also translated from Greek into Syriac about the same time. It is noticeable that this Version does not contain the Second and Third Epistles of John 1Co 16:2 Peter Jude and the Apocalypse These were, however, translated subsequently and placed in the Version (See Version )

Syrophenician: “a Greek, a Syrophenician by nation” (Mrk 7:26), i.e., a Gentile Born in the Phoenician part of Syria (See Phenicia )

When our Lord retired into the borderland of Tyre and Sidon (Mat 15:21), a Syro-phoenician Woman came to him, and earnestly besought him, in behalf of her Daughter who was grievously afflicted with a demon. Her Faith in him was severely tested by his silence (Mat 15:23), refusal (Mat 15:24), and seeming reproach that it was not Meet to cast the children’s Bread to dogs (Mat 15:26). But it stood the test, and her petition was graciously granted, because of the greatness of her Faith (Mat 15:28).

Taanach: a sandy Place an Ancient royal City of the Canaanites on the south-western border of the Plain of Esdraelon 4 miles South of Megiddo Its King was conquered by Joshua (12:21). It was assigned to the Levites of the family of Kohath (17:11-18; 21:25). It is mentioned in the song of Deborah (Jdg 5:19). It is identified with the small modern village of Ta’annuk.

TAANATH-

Tabbaoth: impressions; rings, “the children of,” returned from the Captivity (Ezr 2:43).

Tabbath: famous, a town in the Tribe of Ephraim (Jdg 7:22), to the South of Bethshean, near the Jordan

Tabeal: goodness of God the Father of one whom the kings of Syria and Samaria in vain attempted to Place on the Throne of Ahaz (Isa 7:6).

Tabeel: a Persian Governor of Samaria who joined others in the attempt to prevent the rebuilding of Jerusalem (Ezr 4:7).

Taberah: burning, a Place in the Wilderness of Paran where the “fire of the Lord” consumed the Murmuring Israelites (Num 11:3;Deu 9:22). It was also called Kibroth-hattaavah (q.v.).

Tabering: playing on a small drum or Tabret In Nahum 2:7, where alone it occurs, it means beating on the breast, as players beat on the Tabret

Tabernacle: (1.) A House or dwelling-place (Job 5:24; Job 18:6, etc.).

(Job 18:2.) A portable shrine (comp. Acts Job 19:24) containing the image of Moloch (Amo 5:26; marg. and R.V., “Siccuth”).

(Amo 5:3.) The human body (2Co 5:1, 2Co 5:4); a Tent as opposed to a permanent dwelling.

(2Co 5:4.) The sacred Tent (Hebrews mishkan, “the dwelling-place”); the movable tent-temple which Moses erected for the service of God according to the “pattern” which God himself showed to him on the Mount (Exo 25:9; Hebrews Exo 8:5). It is called “the Tabernacle of the Congregation ” rather “of meeting”, i.e., where God promised to Meet with Israel (Exo 29:42); the “tabernacle of the testimony” (Exo 38:21; Numbers Exo 1:50), which does not, however, designate the whole structure, but only the enclosure which contained the “ark of the testimony” (Exo 25:16, Exo 25:22; Numbers Exo 9:15); the “tabernacle of witness” (Num 17:8); the “house of the Lord” (Deu 23:18); the “temple of the Lord” (Jos 6:24); a “sanctuary” (Exo 25:8). ...

A particular account of the materials which the people provided for the erection and of the Building itself is recorded in Exodus25 25:40. The execution of the plan mysteriously given to Moses was intrusted to Bezaleel and Aholiab who were specially endowed with wisdom and artistic skill, probably gained in Egypt for this purpose (Exo 35:30-35). The people provided materials for the Tabernacle so abundantly that Moses was under the necessity of restraining them (Exo 36:6). These stores, from which they so liberally contributed for this purpose, must have consisted in a great part of the Gifts which the Egyptians so readily bestowed on them on the Eve of the Exodus (Exo 12:35, Exo 12:36).

The Tabernacle was a rectangular enclosure,In 12:45 feet (i.e., reckoning a CubitAt 12:18 inches)And 12:15. Its two sides and its western End were made of boards of Acacia Wood placed on End resting in sockets of Brass the eastern End being Left Open (Exo 26:22). This framework was covered with four coverings, the first of Linen in which figures of the symbolic cherubim were wrought with needlework in Blue and purple and Scarlet threads, and probably also with threads of Gold (Exo 26:1-6; Exo 36:8-13). Above this was a second Covering of twelve curtains of Black goats’-hair cloth, reaching down on the outside almost to the Ground (Exo 26:7-11). The third Covering was of rams’ skins dyed Red and the fourth was of badgers’ skins (Hebrews tahash, i.e., the dugong, a species of seal), Exodus Exo 25:5; Exo 26:14; Exo 35:7, Exo 35:23; Exo 36:19; Exo 39:34.

Internally it was divided by a Veil into two chambers, the exterior of which was called the Holy §|\ Place also “the ^ Sanctuary Hebrews Exo 9:2) and | the “first tabernacle”

f (Exo 9:6); and the interior, the Holy of holies, “the Holy Place ” “the Holiest,” the “second tabernacle” (Exo 28:29; Hebrews Exo 9:3, Exo 9:7).

The Veil separating these two chambers was a double Curtain of the finest * workmanship,

The Tabernacle In The Wilderness which was never

A. The Tabernacle covered I C. Alter of Burnt-Offerings passed except by the

B. Brazen Laver I D. Court of the Tabernacle High Priest once a

year, on the great

Day of Atonement The Holy Place was separated from the outer Court which enclosed the Tabernacle by a Curtain which hung over the six pillars which stood at the East End of the Tabernacle and by which it was entered.

The order as well as the typical character of the services of the Tabernacle are recorded in Hebrews Exo 9:9; Exo 10:19-22.

The Holy of holies,A C 10:10 cubits, contained the “ark of the testimony”, i.e., the oblong Chest containing the two Tables of Stone the pot of manna, and Aaron’s rod that budded.

The Holy Place was the western and larger Chamber of the Tabernacle Here were placed the table for the Shewbread the Golden Candlestick and the Golden Altar of Incense

The Tabernacle Unveiled

H. The Holy of Holies, containing the Ark (A) of the Covenant with the Shechinah (G)

V. The Veil separating the Holy of Holies from the Holy Place H.P. The Holy Place containing the Golden Candlestick (C); the Table of Shewbread (T); and the Altar of the Incense

Round about the Tabernacle was a Court enclosed by curtains hung upon sixty pillars Exodus A C 27:9-18). This CourtWas 27:150Fee 27:75 feet broad. Within it were placed the Altar of Burnt Offering which

Mea 27:7 Mea 27:1/2 F 27:4 2 F 27:1/2 F 27:2 feet High with horns at the four comers, and the Laver of Brass (Exo 30:18), which stood

between the Altar and the Tabernacle

The whole Tabernacle was completed in Seven months. On the first Day of the first Month of the second Year after the Exodus it was formally set up, and the Cloud of the divine presence descended on it (Exo 39:22-43; Exo 40:1-38).It 40:29Tal 40:730 shekels of Gold100 40:1,100 40:775 shekels of Silver70 40:2,70 40:400 shekels of Brass (Exo 38:24-31).

The Tabernacle was so constructed that it could easily be taken down and conveyed from Place to Place during the wanderings in the Wilderness The first encampment of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan was at Gilgal and there the Tabernacle remained for Seven years (Jos 4:19). It was afterwards removed to Shiloh (Jos 18:1), where it remained during the time of the Judges till the days of Eli when the Ark having been carried out into the Camp when the Israelites were at war with the Philistines was taken by the enemy (Jos 18:1 Samuel Jos 18:4), and was never afterwards restored to its Place in the Tabernacle The Old Tabernacle erected by Moses in the Wilderness was transferred to Nob (Jos 18:1 Samuel Jos 21:1), and after the Destruction of that City by Saul (Jos 22:9; Jos 22:1 Chronicles Jos 16:39, Jos 16:40), to Gibeon.It 16:1 Chronicles It 21:29. A New Tabernacle was erected by David at Jerusalem (It 21:2 Samuel It 6:17; It 6:1 Chronicles It 16:1), and the Ark was brought from Perez-uzzah and deposited in it (It 16:2 Samuel It 6:8-17; It 6:2 Chronicles It 1:4).

The Word thus rendered (‘ohel) in Exodus It 33:7 denotes simply a Tent probably Moses’ own Tent for the Tabernacle was not yet erected.

Tabernacles: , Feast OF the third of the great annual Festivals of the Jews (Lev 23:33-43). It is also called the “feast of ingathering” (Exo 23:16;Deu 16:13). It was celebrated immediately after the Harvest in the Month Tisri, and the celebration lasted for eight days (Lev 23:33-43). During that period the people Left their homes and lived in booths formed of the branches of trees.The 29:13-38. It was at the time of this Feast that Solomon’s Temple was dedicated (1Ki 8:2). Mention is made of it after the return from the Captivity This Feast was designed (1Ki 8:1) to be a memorial of the Wilderness wanderings, when the people dwelt in booths (Lev 23:43), and (Lev 23:2) to be a Harvest thanksgiving (Neh 8:9-18). ... The Jews, at a later time, introduced two appendages to the original festival, viz., (Neh 8:1) that of drawing Water from the Pool of Siloam, and pouring it upon the Altar (Jhn 7:2, Jhn 7:37), as a memorial of the Water from the Rock in Horeb and (Jhn 7:2) of lighting the lamps at night, a memorial of the Pillar of Fire by night during their wanderings.

“The Feast of Tabernacles the Harvest festival of the Jewish Church was the most popular and important festival after the Captivity At Jerusalem it was a gala Day It was to the autumn pilgrims,Who 7:14th (of the Month Tisri,The 7:15th) Day like entrance into a silvan City Roofs and courtyards, streets and squares, roads and Gardens were green with boughs of citron and myrtle, Palm and willow. The booths recalled the pilgrimage through the Wilderness The ingathering of Fruits prophesied of the spiritual Harvest ”, Valling’s Jesus Christ p. The 7:133.

Tabitha: (in Greek called Dorcas), gazelle, a Disciple at Joppa She was distinguished for her alms-deeds and good Works Peter who was sent for from Lydda on the occasion of her Death prayed over the Dead body, and said, “Tabitha, arise.” And she opened her eyes and sat up; and Peter “gave her his Hand and raised her up; and Calling the saints and widows, he presented her alive” (Act 9:36-43).

Tables: (Mrk 7:4) means banqueting-couches or benches, on which the Jews reclined when at Meals This Custom along with the use of raised Tables like ours, was introduced among the Jews after the Captivity Before this they had, properly speaking, no table. That which served the purpose was a Skin or piece of leather spread out on the carpeted floor. Sometimes a stool was placed in the middle of this Skin (See ABRAHAM’S BOSOM; Banquet Meals )

Tablet: probably a string of beads worn round the Neck (Exo 35:22;Num 31:50).In 3:20 the Hebrew Word means a perfume -box, as it is rendered in the Revised Version

Tabor: a height. (1.) Now Jebel et-Tur, a cone-like prominent mountain, 1 1 miles west of the Sea of Galilee. It is about 1,843 feet High The view from the summit of it is said to be singularly extensive and grand.Thi 89:12; Jeremiah Thi 46:18. It was here that Barak encamped before the battle with Sisera (q.v.)Jdg 4:6-14. There is an Old Tradition which, however, is unfounded, that it was the scene of the Transfiguration of our Lord (See Hermon ) “The prominence and isolation of Tabor standing, as it does, on the border-land between the northern and southern tribes, between the mountains and the central Plain made it a Place of note in all ages, and evidently led the psalmist to associate it with Hermon the one emblematic of the South the other of the North ” There are some who still hold that this was the scene of the Transfiguration (q.v.). ...

(Jdg 4:2.) A town of Zebulum (Jdg 4:1 Chronicles Jdg 6:77).

(Jdg 6:3.) The “plain of Tabor” (1Sa 10:3) should be, as in the Revised Version “the oak of Tabor ” This was probably the Allon-Bac 35:8.

Tabret: (Hebrews toph), a Timbrel (q.v.) or tambourine, generally played by women (Gen 31:27;1Sa 10:5; 1Sa 18:6).In 17:6 the Word Hebrews topheth) “tabret” should be, as in the Revised Version “an Open abhorring” (marg., “one in whose Face they spit;” lit., “a spitting in the face”).

Tabrimon: good is Rimmon the Father of Benhadad, King of Syria (1Ki 15:18).

Taches

Tachmonite: =Hach’monite, a name given to Jashobeam (2Sa 23:8; comp. 2Sa 23:1 Chronicles 2Sa 11:11).

Tackling: (Isa 33:23), the ropes attached to the mast of a ship. In Acts Isa 27:19 this Word means generally the furniture of the ship or the “gear” (Isa 27:17), all that could be removed from the ship.

Tadmor: palm, a City built by Solomon “in the wilderness” (2 Chronicles 8:4).In 8:1Kin 9:18, where the Word occurs in the Authorized Version the Hebrew text and the Revised Version read “Tamar,” which is properly a City on the southern border of Palestine and toward the Wilderness (comp.Ezk 47:19; Ezk 48:28).In 48:2 Chronicles In 8:14 Tadmor is mentioned in connection with Hamath-zobah. It is called Palmyra by the Greeks and Romans It stood in the great Syrian Wilderness 176 8:130 from the Mediterranean and was the centre of a vast commercial traffic with Western Asia. It was also an important military station. (See Solomon ) “Remains of Ancient temples and palaces, surrounded by splendid colonnades of white Marble many of which are yet standing, and thousands of prostrate pillars, scattered over a large extent of space, attest the Ancient magnificence of this City of palms, surpassing that of the renowned cities of Greece and Rome ”

Tahapanes: =Tahpanhes=Tehaphnehes, (called “Daphne” by the Greeks, now Tell Defenneh), an Ancient Egyptian City on the Tanitic Branch of the Nile, about 16 miles from Pelusium. The Jews from Jerusalem fled to this Place after the Death of Gedaliah (q.v.), and settled there for a time (Jer 2:16; Jer 43:7; Jer 44:1; Jer 46:14). A platform of brick-work, which there is every reason to believe was the pavement at the entry of Pharaoh’s Palace has been discovered at this Place “Here,” says the discoverer, Mr. Petrie, “the ceremony described by Jeremiah [Jer 43:8-10; “brick-kiln”, i.e., pavement of brick] took Place before the chiefs of the fugitives assembled on the platform, and here Nebuchadnezzar spread his royal pavilion” (R.V., “brickwork”).

Tahpenes: the Wife of Pharaoh who gave her sister in marriage to Hadad the Edomite (1Ki 11:19, 1Ki 11:20).

TAHTIM-

Hodshi: the land of the newly inhabited, (2Sa 24:6). It is conjectured that, instead of this Word the reading should be, “the Hittites of Kadesh ” the Hittite capital, on the Orontes. It was apparently some region East of the Jordan and North of Gilead.

Tale: (1.) Hebrews tokhen, “a task,” as weighed and measured out = tally, i.e., the number told off; the full number (Exo 5:18;See 5:1Sam 18:27; Sam 18:1 Chronicles Sam 9:28).In 45:1 In 45:1 rendered “measure.”

(In 45:2.) Hebrews hegeh, “a thought;” “meditation” (Psa 90:9); meaning properly “as a whisper of sadness,” which is soon over, or “as a thought.” The LXX. and Vulgate render it “spider;” the Authorized Version and Revised Version “as a tale” that is told.In 37:2 this Word is rendered “sound;” Revised Version margin, “muttering;”And 2:10, “mourning.”

Talent: of Silver contained 3,000 shekels (Exo 38:25, Exo 38:26),And 38:94 And 38:3/And 38:7 lbs. avoirdupois. The Greek Talent however, as in the LXX.,Was 38:82 Was 38:1/Was 38:4 lbs. It was in the form of a circular mass, as the Hebrew nam ekikkar denotes. A Talent of Gold was double the weight of a Talent of Silver (2Sa 12:30). Parable of the talents (Mat 18:24; Mat 25:15).

Talitha: CUMI (Mrk 5:41), a Syriac or Aramaic expression, meaning, “Little maid, arise.” Peter who was present when the Miracle was wrought, recalled the actual words used by our Lord and told them to Mark

Talmai: abounding in furrows. (1.) One of the Anakim of Hebron who were slain by the men of Judah under Caleb (Num 13:22;Jos 15:14;Jdg 1:10).

(Jdg 1:2.) A King of Geshur to whom Absalom fled after he had Put Amnon to Death (2Sa 3:3; 2Sa 13:37). His Daughter Maachah was one of David’s wives, and the mother of Absalom (2Sa 13:1 Chronicles 2Sa 3:2).

Talmon: oppressed. (1.) A Levite Porter (1 Chronicles 9:17; Nehemiah 11:19).

(2.) One whose descendants returned with Zerubbabel to Jerusalem (Ezr 2:42; Nehemiah Ezr 7:45); probably the same as (Ezr 7:1).

Tamarisk: Hebrews ‘eshel (Gen 21:33;1Sa 22:6; 1Sa 31:13, in the R.V.; but in A.V., “grove,” “tree”); Arab asal. Seven species of this Tree are found in Palestine It is a “very graceful Tree with long feathery branches and tufts closely clad with the minutest of leaves, and surmounted in Spring with spikes of Beautiful pink blosoms, which seem to envelop the whole Tree in one gauzy sheet of colour” (Tristram’s Nat. Hist.).

Tammuz: a corruption of Dumuzi, the Accadian sun-God (the Adonis of the Greeks), the Husband of the goddess Ishtar. In the Chaldean calendar there was a Month set apart in honour of this God the Month of June to July, the beginning of the summer solstice. At this festival, which lasted six days, the worshippers, with loud Lamentations bewailed the Funeral of the God they sat “weeping for Tammuz” (Ezk 8:14).

The name, also borrowed from Chaldea of one of the months of the Hebrew calendar.

Tanhumeth: consolation, a Netophathite; one of the captains who supported Gedaliah (2Ki 25:23; Jeremiah 2Ki 40:8).

Tanis: (Ezk 30:14, marg.). See Zoan

Tarah: stopping; station, an encampment of the Hebrews in the Wilderness (Num 33:27, Num 33:28).

Tares: the bearded darnel, mentioned only in Matthew 13:25-30. It is the Lolium temulentum, a species of rye-grass, the seeds of which are a strong soporific Poison It bears the closest resemblance to wheat till the Ear appears, and only then the difference is discovered. It grows plentifully in Syria and Palestine

Target: (1Sa 17:6, A.V., after the LXX. and Vulg.), a ki nd of small shield. The margin has “gorget,” a piece of Armour for the throat. The Revised Version more correctly renders the Hebrew Word (kidon) by “javelin.” The same HebrewWor 8:18 (A.V., “spear;” R.V., “javelin”);Job 39:23 (A.V., “shield;” R.V., “javelin”); Job 41:29 (A.V., “spear;” R.V., “javelin”).

Tarshish: a Sanscrit or Aryan Word meaning “the Sea coast.” (1.) One of the “sons” of Javan (Gen 10:4; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:7).

(Gen 1:2.) The name of a Place which first comes into notice in the days of Solomon The question as to the locality of Tarshish has given rise to not a little discussion. Some think there was a Tarshish in the East on the Indian coast, seeing that “ships of Tarshish” sailed from Eziongeber, on the Red Sea (1Ki 9:26; 1Ki 22:48; 1Ki 22:2 Chronicles 1Ki 9:21). Some, again, argue that Carthage was the Place so named. There can be little doubt, however, that this is the name of a Phoenician port in Spain between the two mouths of the Guadalquivir (the name given to the River by the Arabs, and meaning “the great wady” or water-course). ... It was founded by a Carthaginian Colony and was the farthest western harbour of Tyrian sailors. It was to this port Jonah’s ship was about to sail from Joppa It has well been styled “the Peru of Tyrian adventure;” it abounded in Gold and Silver mines.

It appears that this name also is used without reference to any locality. “Ships of Tarshish” is an expression sometimes denoting simply Ships intended for a long voyage (Isa 23:1, Isa 23:14), Ships of a large size (sea-going ships), whatever might be the port to which they sailed. Solomon’s Ships were so styled (1Ki 10:22; 1Ki 22:49).

Tarsus: the Chief City of Cilicia. It was distinguished for its wealth and for its Schools of learning, in which it rivalled, nay, excelled even Athens and Alexandria and hence was spoken of as “no mean City ” It was the native Place of the Apostle Paul (Act 21:39). It stood on the banks of the River Cydnus,Abo 21:12 miles North of the Mediterranean. It is said to have been founded by Sardanapalus, King of Assyria It is now a filthy, ruinous Turkish town, called Tersous. (See Paul )

Tartar

Tartan: an Assyrian Word meaning “the commander-in-chief.” (1.) One of Sennacherib’s messengers to Hezekiah (2Ki 18:17). (2Ki 18:2.) One of Sargon’s generals (Isa 20:1).

Tatnai: gift, a Persian Governor (Hebrews pehah, i.e., “satrap;” modern “pasha”) “on this side the river”, i.e., of the whole tract on the west of the Euphrates This Hebrew title pehah is given to governors of provinces generally. It is given to Nehemiah (5:14) and to Zerubbabel (Hag. 1:1). It is sometimes translated “captain” (1Ki 20:24;Dan 3:2, Dan 3:3), sometimes also “deputy” (Est 8:9; Est 9:3). With others, Tatnai opposed the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezr 5:6); but at the command of Darius he assisted the Jews (Ezr 6:1-13).

Taverns: , The THREE a Place on the great “Appian Way,” about 1 1 miles from Rome designed for the reception of travellers, as the name indicates. Here Paul on his way to Rome was met by a band of Roman Christians (Act 28:15). The “Tres Tabernae was the first mansio or mutatio, that is, halting-place for relays, from Rome or the last on the way to the City At this point three roads run into the Via Appia, that from Tusculum, that from Alba Longa, and that from Antium; so necessarily here would be a halting-place, which took its name from the three shops there, the general store, the blacksmith’s, and the refreshment-house. ..Tres Tabernae is translated as Three Taverns but it more correctly means three shops” (Forbes’s Footsteps of St. Paul p.Act 28:20).

Taxes: first mentioned in the command (Exo 30:11-16) that every Jew from twenty years and upward should pay an annual tax of “half a Shekel for an Offering to the Lord ” This enactment was faithfully observed for many generations (Exo 30:2 Chronicles Exo 24:6; Matthew Exo 17:24).

Afterwards, when the people had kings to reign over them, they began, as Samuel had warned them (Exo 17:1 Samuel Exo 8:10-18), to pay Taxes for civil purposes (1Ki 4:7; 1Ki 9:15; 1Ki 12:4). Such Taxes in increased amount, were afterwards paid to the foreign princes that ruled over them.

In the New Testament the payment of Taxes imposed by lawful rulers, is enjoined as a duty (Rom 13:1-7; Rom 13:1 Peter Rom 2:13, Rom 2:14). ... Mention is made of the tax (telos) on merchandise and travellers (Mat 17:25); the annual tax (phoros) on property (Luk 20:22; Luk 23:2); the poll-tax (kensos, “tribute,” Matthew Luk 17:25; Luk 22:17; Mark Luk 12:14); and the temple-tax (“tribute money” = two drachmas = half Shekel Matthew Luk 17:24-27; comp. Exodus Luk 30:13). (See Tribute )

Taxing: (Luk 2:2; R.V., “enrolment”), “when Cyrenius was Governor of Syria ” is simply a Census of the people, or an enrolment of them with a view to their taxation. The decree for the enrolment was the occasion of Joseph and Mary’s going up to Bethlehem It has been argued by some that Cyrenius (q.v.) was Governor of Cilicia and Syria both at the time of our Lord’s Birth and some years afterwards. This decree for the Taxing referred to the whole Roman world, and not to Judea alone. (See Census )

Tebeth: (Est 2:16), a Word probably of Persian origin, denoting the cold time of the Year used by the later Jews as denoting the Tenth Month of the Year Assyrian tebituv, “rain.”

Teil: TREE (an Old name for the lime-tree, the tilia),Isa 6:13, the Terebinth or turpentine-tree, the Pistacia terebinthus of botanists. The Hebrew Word here used (elah) is rendered oak (q.v.)In 35:4;

Jdg 6:11, Jdg 6:19;Isa 1:29, etc.In 61:3 it is rendered in the plural “trees;” Hos. In 4:13, “elm” (R.V., “terebinth”). Hos. In 4:13, “elm” (R.V., “terebinth”).In 4:1Sam 17:2, Sam 17:19 it is taken as a proper name, “Elah” (R.V. marg., “terebinth”).

“The Terebinth of Mamre or its lineal successor, remained from the days of Abraham till the fourth century of the Christian era, and on its site Constantine erected a Christian Church the ruins of which still remain.”

This Tree “is seldom seen in clumps or groves, never in forests, but stands isolated and weird-like in some bare ravine or on a hill-side where nothing else Towers above the low brushwood” (Tristram).

Tekel: weighed (Dan 5:27).

Tekoa: , TEKOAH pitching of tents; fastening down, a town of Judah about 12 miles South of Jerusalem and visible from the City From this Place Joab procured a “wise Woman ” who pretended to be in great affliction, and skilfully made her case known to David Her address to the King was in the form of an apologue, similar to that of Nathan (2Sa 12:1-6). The object of Joab was, by the intervention of this Woman to induce David to bring back Absalom to Jerusalem (2Sa 14:2, 2Sa 14:4, 2Sa 14:9).

This was also the birth-place of the Prophet Amos (2Sa 1:1).

It is now the village of Teku’a, on the top of a Hill among ruins, 2Sa 1:5 miles South of Bethlehem and close to Beth-haccerem (“Herod’s mountain”).

TEL-

Telaem: young lambs, a Place at which Saul gathered his Army to fight against Amalek (1Sa 15:4); probably the same as Telem (1Sa 15:2).

Telassar: or Thelasar, (Isa 37:12;2Ki 19:12), a province in the south-east of Assyria probably in Babylonia. Some have identified it with Tel Afer, a Place in Mesopotamia,Som 19:30 miles from Sinjar.

Telem: oppression. (1.) A Porter of the Temple in the time of Ezra (10:24).

(2.) A town in the southern border of Judah (Jos 15:24); probably the same as Telaim.

TEL-

Haresha: hill of the Wood a Place in Babylon from which some Captive Jews returned to Jerusalem (Ezr 2:59;Neh 7:61).

TEL-

Melah: hill of Salt a Place in Babylon from which the Jews returned (id.).

Tema: south; Desert one of the sons of Ishmael and Father of a Tribe so called (Gen 25:15;1Ch 1:30;Job 6:19;Isa 21:14;Jer 25:23) which settled at a Place to which he gave his name,Som 25:250 miles south-east of Edom on the route between Damascus and Mecca, in the northern part of the Arabian peninsula, toward the Syrian Desert the modern Teyma’.

Teman: id. (1.) A grandson of Esau one of the “dukes of Edom” (Gen 36:11, Gen 36:15, Gen 36:42).

(Gen 36:2.) A Place in Southern Idumea, the land of “the sons of the East ” frequently mentioned in the Old Testament It was noted for the wisdom of its inhabitants (Amo 1:12; Obad. Amo 1:8;Jer 49:7;Ezk 25:13). It was divided from the hills of Paran by the low Plain of Arabah (Hab 3:3).

Temamte: a Man of Teman the designation of Eliphaz one of Job’s three friends (Job 2:11; Job 22:1).

Temeni: one of the sons of Ashur, the Father of Tekoa (1Ch 4:6).

Temple: , THE Second After the return from Captivity under Zerubbabel (q.v.) and the High Priest Jeshua arrangements were almost immediately made to reorganize the long-desolated Kingdom The body of pilgrims, forming a band of 42,360, including children, having completed the long and dreary Journey of some four months, from the banks of the Euphrates to Jerusalem were animated in all their proceeding by a strong religious impulse, and therefore one of their first cares was to restore their Ancient Worship by rebuilding the Temple On the invitation of Zerubbabel the Governor who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1,000 Golden darics (probably about $6,000), besides other Gifts the people with great enthusiasm poured their Gifts into the sacred Treasury (Ezra 2). ... First they erected and dedicated the Altar of Jehovah on the exact spot where it had formerly stood, and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris which occupied the site of the Old Temple and in the second Month of the second Year (B.C. 535), amid great public excitement and rejoicing (Psalm 116; 117; 118), the foundations of the second Temple were laid. A wide interest was felt in this great movement, although it was regarded with mingled feelings by the spectators (Hag. Psa 2:3; Zechariah Psa 4:10). The Samaritans made proposals for a co-operation in the work. Zerubbabel and Jeshua and the elders, however, declined all such cooperation: Judah must build the Temple without help. Immediately evil reports were spread regarding the Jews.

The Samaritans sought to “frustrate their purpose” (Ezr 4:5), and sent messengers to Ecbatana and Susa, with the result that the work was suspended. Seven years after this Cyrus died ingloriously, having killed himself in Syria when on his way back from Egypt to the East and was succeeded by his Son Cambyses (B.C.529 4:522), on whose Death the “false Smerdis,” an imposter, occupied the Throne for some Seven or eight months, and then Darius Hystaspes became King (B.C. 529 4:522). In the second Year of this monarch the work of rebuilding the Temple was resumed and carried forward to its completion (Ezr 5:6-17; Ezr 6:1-15), under the stimulus of the Earnest counsels and admonitions of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah It was ready for Consecration in the Spring of B.C. Ezr 6:516, twenty years after the return from Captivity

This second Temple had not the Ark the Urim and Thummim the Holy Oil the sacred Fire the Tables of Stone the pot of manna, and Aaron’s rod. As in the Tabernacle there was in it only one Golden Lamp for the Holy Place one table of Shewbread and the Incense Altar with Golden censers, and many of the vessels of Gold that had belonged to Solomon’s Temple that had been carried to Babylon but restored by Cyrus (Ezr 1:7-1 Ezr 1:1).

This second Temple also differed from the first in that, while in the latter there were numerous “trees planted in the courts of the Lord ” there were none in the former. The second Temple also had for the first time a space, being a part of the outer Court provided for proselytes who were worshippers of Jehovah although not subject to the laws of Judaism.

The Temple when completed, was consecrated amid great rejoicings on the part of all the people (Ezr 6:16), although there were not wanting outward evidences that the Jews were no longer an independent people, but were subject to a foreign power.

Hag. Ezr 2:9 is rightly rendered in the Revised Version “The latter Glory of this House shall be greater than the former,” instead of, “The Glory of this latter House ” etc., in the Authorized Version The Temple during the different periods of its existence, is regarded as but one House the one only House of God (comp. Ezr 2:3). The Glory here predicted is spiritual Glory and not material splendour. “Christ himself, present bodily in the Temple on Mount Zion during his Life on earth, present spiritually in the Church now, present in the Holy City the heavenly Jerusalem of which he is the Temple

calling forth spiritual Worship and devotion is the Glory here predicted” (Perowne).

Temptation: (1.) Trial; a being Put to the test. Thus God “tempted [Gen 22:1; R.V., ‘did prove’] Abraham ” and Afflictions are said to tempt, i.e., to try, men (Jas 1:2, Jas 1:12; comp.Deu 8:2), putting their Faith and patience to the test. (Deu 8:2.) Ordinarily, however, the Word means solicitation to that which is evil, and hence Satan is called “the tempter” (Mat 4:3). Our Lord was in this way tempted in the Wilderness That Temptation was not internal, but by a real, active, subtle being. It was not self-sought. It was submitted to as an act of obedience on his part. “Christ was led, driven. An unseen personal force bore him a certain violence is implied in the words” (Mat 4:1-11).

The scene of the Temptation of our Lord is generally supposed to have been the mountain of Quarantania (q.v.), “a High and precipitous Wall of Rock Mat 4:1,200 4:1,200 4:500 feet above the Plain west of Jordan near Jericho ”

Temptation is common to all (Dan 12:10; Zechariah Dan 13:9;Psa 66:10; Luke Psa 22:31, Psa 22:40; Hebrews Psa 11:17; James Psa 1:12;1Pe 1:7; 1Pe 4:12). ... We read of the Temptation of Joseph (Gen 4:39), of David (2Sa 4:24; 2Sa 4:1 Chronicles 2Sa 4:21), of Hezekiah (2Sa 4:2 Chronicles 2Sa 32:31), of Daniel (Dan 32:6), etc. So long as we are in this world we are exposed to temptations, and need ever to be on our watch against them.

Tent: (l.) Hebrews ‘ohel (Gen 9:21, Gen 9:27). This Word is used also of a dwelling or Habitation (1Ki 8:66;Isa 16:5;Jer 4:20), and of the Temple (Ezk 41:1). When used of the Tabernacle As 41:1Kin 1:39, it denotes the Covering of goat’s Hair which was placed over the mishcan.

(Kin 1:2.) Hebrews mishcan (Cant. Kin 1:8), used also of a dwelling (Job 18:21;Psa 87:2), the Grave (Isa 22:16; comp. Isa 14:18), the Temple (Psa 46:4; Psa 84:2; Psa 132:5), and of the Tabernacle (Exo 25:9; Exo 26:1; Exo 40:9;Num 1:50,Num 1:53; Num 10:11). When distinguished from ‘ohel, it denotes the twelve interior curtains which lay upon the framework of the Tabernacle (q.v.). ...

(Num 10:3.) Hebrews kubbah (Num 25:8), a dome-l ik e Tent devoted to the impure Worship of Baal-peor.

(Num 25:4.) Hebrews succah (2Sa 11:11), a Tent or Booth made of green boughs or branches (See 33:17;Lev 23:34, Lev 23:42;Psa 18:11;

Jon 4:5;Isa 4:6;Neh 8:15-17, where the Word is variously rendered).

Jubal was “the Father of such as Dwell in tents” (Gen 4:20). The patriarchs were “dwellers in tents” (Gen 9:21, Gen 9:27; Gen 12:8; Gen 13:12; Gen 26:17); and during their Wilderness wanderings all Israel dwelt in tents (Exo 16:16;Deu 33:18;Jos 7:24). Tents have always occupied a prominent Place in Eastern Life (1Sa 17:54;2Ki 7:7;Psa 120:5; Cant. Psa 1:5). Paul the apostle’s occupation was that of a tent-maker (Act 18:3); i.e., perhaps a maker of Tent cloth.

Tenth: DEAL i.e., the Tenth part of an Ephah (as in the R.V.), equal to an Omer or six pints. The recovered leper, to complete his Purification was required to bring a Trespass a sin, and a Burnt Offering and to present a meal Offering a Tenth deal or an Omer of Flour for each, with Oil to make it into Bread or cakes (Lev 14:10, Lev 14:21; comp. Exodus Lev 16:36; Lev 29:40).

Terah: the wanderer; loiterer, for some unknown reason emigrated with his family from his native mountains in the North to the plains of Mesopotamia. He had three sons, Haran Nahor and Abraham and one Daughter Sarah. He settled in “Ur of the Chaldees ” where his Son Haran died, leaving behind him his Son Lot Nahor settled at Haran a Place on the way to Ur. Terah afterwards migrated with Abraham (probably his youngest son) and Lot (his grandson), together with their families, from Ur, intending to go with them to Canaan but he tarried at Haran where he spent the remainder of his days, and died at the Age of two hundred and five years (Gen 11:24-32;Jos 24:2). ... What a wonderful part the descendants of this Chaldean Shepherd have played in the history of the world!

Terah Haran Nahor Abraham I I I Bethel I I

Iscah Milcah Lor ! (of Hagar) (Of Sarah)

I I Laban Rebekah Ishmael Isaac

Moab Ammon I I Leah Rachel Esau Jacob of Leah) (ofBilhah) (OfZilpah) (Of Rachel)

Reuben, Simeon Levi Dan Naphtali Gad Asher Joseph Benjamin

Judah, Issachar !

Zebulun, Dinah I I

Ephraim Manasseh

Teraphim: givers of prosperity, idols in human shape, large or small, analogous to the images of ancestors which were revered by the Romans In order to deceive the guards sent by Saul to seize David Michal his Wife prepared one of the household Teraphim putting on it the goat’s-hair cap worn by sleepers and invalids, and laid it in a Bed Covering it with a Mantle She pointed it out to the soldiers, and alleged that David was confined to his Bed by a sudden illness (1Sa 19:13-16). Thus she gained time for David’s escape. It seems strange to read of Teraphim images of ancestors, preserved for superstitious purposes, being in the House of David Probably they had been stealthily brought by Michal from her father’s House “Perhaps,” says Bishop Wordsworth, “Saul, forsaken by God and possessed by the evil Spirit had resorted to Teraphim (as he afterwards resorted to witchcraft); and God overruled evil for good, and made his very Teraphim (by the Hand of his own daughter) to be an instrument for David’s escape.”, Deane’s David p. ... 1Sa 19:32. Josiah attempted to suppress this form of Idolatry (2Ki 23:24). The Ephod and Teraphim are mentioned together in Hos. 2Ki 3:4. It has been supposed by some (Cheyne’s Hosea) that the “ephod” here mentioned,And 8:24-27, was not the part of the sacerdotal Dress so called (Exo 28:6-14), but an image of Jehovah overlaid with Gold or Silver (comp.Jdg 28:17, Jdg 28:18;1Sa 21:9; 1Sa 23:6, 1Sa 23:9; 1Sa 30:7, 1Sa 30:8), and is thus associated with the Teraphim (See Thummim )

Terebinth: (R.V. marg.Of 11:30, etc.), the Pistacia terebinthus of botanists; a Tree very common in the South and East of Palestine (See OAK.)

Tertius: the third, a Roman Christian whom Paul employed as his amanuensis in Writing his epistle to the Romans (16:22).

Tertullus: a modification of “Tertius;” a Roman Advocate whom the Jews employed to state their case against Paul in the presence of Felix (Act 24:1-9). The charges he adduced against the Apostle were, “First, that he created disturbances among the Romans throughout the empire, an Offence against the Roman government (crimen majestatis). Secondly, that he was a ringleader of the Sect of the Nazarenes; disturbed the Jews in the Exercise of their religion, guaranteed by the state; introduced New gods, a thing prohibited by the Romans And thirdly, that he attempted to profane the Temple a crime which the Jews were permitted to punish.”

Testament: occurs twelve times in the New Testament (Heb 9:15, etc.) as the rendering of the Gr. diatheke, which is twenty times rendered “covenant” in the Authorized Version and always so in the Revised Version The Vulgate translates incorrectly by testamentum, whence the names “Old” and “New Testament ” by which we now designate the two sections into which the Bible is divided. (See Bible )

Testimony: , Tabernacle OF the Tabernacle the great Glory of which was that it contained “the testimony”, i.e., the “two tables” (Exo 38:21). The Ark in which these Tables were deposited was called the “ark of the testimony” (Exo 40:3), and also simply the “testimony” (Exo 27:21; Exo 30:6).

Tetrarch: strictly the ruler over the fourth part of a province; but the Word denotes a ruler of a province generally (Mat 14:1; Luke Mat 3:1, Mat 3:19; Mat 9:7; Acts Mat 13:1). Herod and Phasael, the sons of Antipater, were the first tetrarchs in Palestine Herod the Tetrarch had the title of King (Mat 14:9).

Thaddaeus: breast, the name of one of the apostles (Mrk 3:18), called “Lebbaeus” in Matthew Mrk 10:3, and in Luke Mrk 6:16, “Judas the Brother of James ” while John (Mrk 14:22), probably referring to the same person, speaks of “Judas, not Iscariot.” These different names all designate the same person, viz., Jude or Judas the author of the epistle.

Thahash: a Badger a Son of Nahor Abraham’s Brother (Gen 22:24).

Tharshish: (1Ki 10:22; 1Ki 22:48). See Tarshish

Theatre: only mentioned in Acts 19:29, 31. The ruins of this Theatre at Ephesus still exist, and they show that it was a magnificent structure,Cap 19:56,Cap 19:700 persons. It was the largest structure of the kind that ever existed. Theatres, as places of amusement, were unknown to the Jews.

Thebez: brightness, a Place some 11 miles north-east of Shechem on the Road to Scythopolis, the modern Tabas. Abimelech led his Army against this Place because of its participation in the conspiracy of the men of Shechem but as he drew near to the strong tower to which its inhabitants had fled for safety, and was about to set Fire to it, a Woman cast a fragment of millstone at him, and “all to brake his skull” i.e., “altogether brake,” etc. His armourbearer thereupon “thrust him through, and he died” (Jdg 9:50-55).

T: HE FT Punished by restitution, the proportions of which are noted in 2 Samuel 12:6. If the thief could not pay the fine, he was to be sold to a Hebrew master till he could pay (Exodus 22:1-4). A night-thief might be smitten till he died, and there would be no blood-guiltiness for him (22:2). A man-stealer was to be Put to Death (21:16). All theft is forbidden (Exodus 20:15; 21:16; Leviticus 19:11; Deuteronomy 5:19; 24:7; Psalm 50:18; Zechariah 5:3; Matthew 19:18; Romans 13:9; Ephesians 4:28; 1 Peter 4:15).

Theocracy: a Word first used by Josephus to denote that the Jews were under the direct government of God himself. The nation was in all things subject to the Will of their invisible King All the people were the servants of Jehovah who ruled over their public and private affairs, communicating to them his Will through the medium of the prophets. They were the subjects of a heavenly, not of an earthly, King They were Jehovah’s own subjects, ruled directly by him (comp. 1 Samuel 8:6-9).

Theophilus: lover of God a Christian probably a Roman, to whom Luke dedicated both his Gospel (Luk 1:3) and the Acts of the Apostles (Luk 1:1). Nothing Beyond this is known of him. From the fact that Luke applies to him the title “most excellent”, the same title Paul uses in addressing Felix (Act 23:26; Act 24:3) and Festus (Act 26:25), it has been concluded that Theophilus was a person of rank, perhaps a Roman officer.

Thessalonians: , Epistles TO THE The first epistle to the Thessalonians was the first of all Paul’s Epistles It was in all probability written from Corinth where he abode a “long time” (Act 18:11, Act 18:18), early in the period of his residence there, about the End of A.D. Act 18:52.

The occasion of its being written was the return of Timotheus from Macedonia, bearing tidings from Thessalonica regarding the state of the Church there (Act 18:1-5; Act 18:1 Thessalonians Act 3:6). While, on the whole, the report of Timothy was encouraging, it also showed that divers errors and misunderstandings regarding the tenor of Paul’s teaching had crept in amongst them. He addresses them in this Letter with the view of correcting these errors, and especially for the purpose of exhorting them to purity of Life reminding them that their Sanctification was the great End desired by God regarding them. ...

The subscription erroneously states that this epistle was written from Athens

The second epistle to the Thessalonians was probably also written from Corinth and not many months after the first.

The occasion of the Writing of this epistle was the arrival of tidings that the tenor of the first epistle had been misunderstood, especially with reference to the second advent of Christ The Thessalonians had embraced the idea that Paul had taught that “the Day of Christ was at hand”, that Christ’s Coming was just about to happen. This error is corrected (Act 2:1-12), and the Apostle prophetically announces what first must take Place “The apostasy” was first to arise. Various explanations of this expression have been given, but that which is most satisfactory refers it to the Church of Rome

Thessalonica: a large and populous City on the Thermaic Bay It was the capital of one of the four Roman districts of Macedonia, and was ruled by a praetor. It was named after Thessalonica the Wife of Cassander, who built the City She was so called by her Father Philip because he first heard of her Birth on the Day of his gaining a victory over the Thessalians. On his second missionary Journey Paul preached in the Synagogue here, the Chief Synagogue of the Jews in that part of Macedonia, and laid the foundations of a Church (Act 17:1-4; Act 17:1 Thes. Act 1:9). The violence of the Jews drove him from the City when he fled to Berea (Act 17:5-10). The “rulers of the city” before whom the Jews “drew Jason ” with whom Paul and Silas lodged, are in the original called politarchai, an unusual Word which was found, however, inscribed on an Arch in Thessalonica This discovery confirms the accuracy of the historian. ... Paul visited the Church here on a subsequent occasion (Act 20:1-3). This City long retained its importance. It is the most important town of European Turkey, under the name of Salonika,Wit 20:85,Wit 20:000.

Theudas: thanksgiving, referred to by Gamaliel in his speech before the Council at Jerusalem (Act 5:36). He headed an insurrection against the Roman authority. Beyond this nothing is known of him.

Thick

Thieves: , The TWO (Luk 23:32,39 23:43), robbers, rather brigands, probably followers of Barabbas Our Lord’s Cross was placed between those of the “malefactors,” to add to the ignominy of his position. According to Tradition Demas or Dismas was the name of the penitent thief Hanging on the right, and Gestas of the impenitent on the Left

Thistle: (1.) Hebrews hoah (2Ki 14:9; Job 2Ki 31:40). In Job 2Ki 41:2 the Hebrew Word is rendered “thorn,” but in the Revised Version “hook.” It is also rendered “thorn”In 41:2 Chronicles In 33:11;Pro 26:9; Cant. Pro 2:2; “brambles” in Isaiah Pro 34:13. It is supposed to be a variety of the wild plum-tree, but by some it is regarded as the common Thistle of which there are many varieties in Palestine

(Pro 34:2.) Hebrews dardar, meaning “a plant growing luxuriantly” (Gen 3:18; Hos. Gen 10:8); Gr. tribolos, “a triple point” (Mat 7:16; Hebrews Mat 6:8, “brier,” R.V. “thistle”). This was probably the star-thistle, called by botanists Centaurea calcitropa, or “caltrops,” a weed common in com-fields. (See THORNS.)

Thomas: twin, one of the twelve (Mat 10:3;Mrk 3:18, etc.). He was also called Didymus (Jhn 11:16; Jhn 20:24), which is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew name. All we know regarding him is recorded in the fourth Gospel (Jhn 11:15, Jhn 11:16; Jhn 14:4, Jhn 14:5; Jhn 20:24, Jhn 20:25,26 20:29). Prom the circumstance that in the lists of the apostles he is always mentioned along with Matthew who was the Son of Alphaeus (Mrk 3:18), and that these two are always followed by James who was also the Son of Alphaeus it has been supposed that these three, Matthew Thomas and James were brothers.

Thorn: IN THE Flesh (2Co 12:7-10). Many interpretations have been given of this Passage (2Co 12:1.) Roman Catholic writers think that it denotes suggestions to impiety.

(2Co 12:2.) Luther, Calvin, and other Reformers interpret the expression as denoting Temptation to unbelief.

(2Co 12:3.) Others suppose the expression refers to “a pain in the Ear or head,” epileptic fits, or, in general, to some severe physical infirmity, which was a hindrance to the Apostle in his work (comp.1Co 2:3;2Co 10:10; 2Co 11:30; Galatians 2Co 4:13, 2Co 4:14; 2Co 6:17). With a great amount of probability, it has been alleged that his malady was defect of sight, consequent on the dazzling Light which shone around him at his Conversion acute opthalmia. ... This would account for the statements in Galatians 2Co 4:14;2Co 10:10; also Acts 2Co 23:5, and for his generally making use of the help of an amanuensis (comp.Rom 16:22, etc.).

(Rom 16:4.) Another view which has been maintained is that this “thorn” consisted in an infirmity of temper, to which he occasionally gave way, and which interfered with his success (comp. Acts Rom 15:39; Rom 23:2-5). If we consider the fact, “which the experience of God’s saints in all ages has conclusively established, of the difficulty of subduing an infirmity of temper, as well as the pain, remorse, and Humiliation such an infirmity is wont to cause to those who groan under it, we may be inclined to believe that not the least probable hypothesis concerning the ‘thorn’ or ‘stake’ in the Flesh is that the loving heart of the Apostle bewailed as his sorest trial the misfortune that, by impatience in Word he had often wounded those for whom he would willingly have given his life” (Lias’s Second Corinthians , Introd.).

Thousands

Threshold: (l.) Hebrews miphtan, probably a projecting Beam at a higher point than the Threshold proper (1 Samuel 5:4,5;Ezk 9:3; Ezk 10:4,Ezk 10:18; Ezk 46:2; Ezk 47:1); also rendered “door” and “door-post.”

(Ezk 47:2.) ‘Asuppim, pi. (Neh 12:25), rendered correctly “storehouses” in the Revised VersionIn 12:1 Chronicles In 26:15, In 26:17 the Authorized Version retains the Word as a proper name, while in the Revised Version it is translated “storehouses.”

Throne: (Hebrews kiss’e), a royal chair or seat of dignity (Deu 17:18;2Sa 7:13;Psa 45:6); an elevated seat with a canopy and hangings, which cover it. It denotes the seat of the HighPri 45:1Sam 1:9; Sam 4:13, and of a provincial GovernorIn 3:7And 122:5. The Throne of SolomonIs 122:1Kin 10:18-20.

Thummim: perfection (LXX., “truth;” Vulg., “veritas”), Exodus 28:30; Deuteronomy 33:8; Judges 1:1; 20:18; 1 Samuel 14:3,18; 23:9; 2 Samuel 21:1. What the “Urim and Thummim” were cannot be determined with any certainty. All we certainly know is that they were a certain divinely-given means by which God imparted, through the High Priest direction and counsel to Israel when these were needed. The method by which this was done can be only a matter of mere conjecture. They were apparently material objects, quite distinct from the Breastplate but something added to it after all the Stones had been set in it, something in addition to the Breastplate and its jewels. They may have been, as some suppose, two small images, like the Teraphim (comp. Judges 17:5; 18:14, 17, 20; Hos. 3:4), which were kept in the Bag of the Breastplate by which, in some unknown way, the High Priest could give forth his divinely imparted Decision when consulted. They were probably lost at the Destruction of the Temple by Nebuchadnezzar They were never seen after the return from Captivity

Thunder: often referred to in Scripture (Job 40:9;Psa 77:18; Psa 104:7). James and John were called by our Lord “sons of thunder” (Mrk 3:17).In 39:19, instead of “thunder,” as in the Authorized Version the Revised Version translates (ra’amah) by “quivering main” (marg., “shaking”). Thunder accompanied the giving of the Law at Sinai (Exo 19:16). It was regarded as the voice of God (Job 37:2;Psa 18:13; Psa 81:7; comp.Jhn 12:29). In answer to Samuel’s Prayer (1Sa 12:17, 1Sa 12:18), God sent Thunder and “all the people greatly feared,” for at such a season (the wheat-harvest) Thunder and rain were almost unknown in Palestine

Thyatira: a City of Asia Minor, on the borders of Lydia and Mysia. Its modern name is Ak-hissar, i.e., “white Castle ” Here was one of the Seven churches (Rev 1:11; Rev 2:18-28). Lydia the seller of purple, or rather of cloth dyed with this Colour was from this City (Act 16:14). It was and still is famous for its dyeing. Among the ruins, inscriptions have been found relating to the guild of dyers in that City in Ancient times.

Thyine: Woo 18:12 among the articles which would cease to be purchased when Babylon fell. It was called citrus, citron Wood by the Romans It was the Callitris quadrivalvis of botanists, of the cone-bearing order of trees, and of the Cypress Tribe of this order. The name of this Wood is derived from the Greek Word thuein, “to Sacrifice ” and it was so called because it was Burnt in sacrifices, on account of its fragrance. The Wood of this Tree was reckoned very valuable, and was used for making articles of furniture by the Greeks and Romans Like the cedars of Lebanon it is disappearing from the forests of Palestine

Tiberias: , Sea OF called also the Sea of Galilee (q.v.) and of Gennesaret In the Old Testament it is called the Sea of Chinnereth or Chinneroth. John (21:1) is the only Evangelist who so designates this lake. His doing so incidentally confirms the opinion that he wrote after the other evangelists, and at a period subsequent to the taking of Jerusalem (A.D. 70). Tiberias had by this time become an important City having been spared by the Romans and made the capital of the province when Jerusalem was destroyed. It thus naturally gave its name to the lake.

Tiberius

Tidal: (in the LXX. called “Thorgal”), styled the “king of nations” (Gen 14:1-9). Mentioned as Tudkhula on Arioch’s brick (See 14:139). Goyyim , translated “nations,” is the country called Gutium, East of Tigris and North of Elam

TlGLATH-Pl

Leser: I. (not mentioned in Scripture) was the most famous of the monarchs of the first Assyrian empire (about B.C. 1110). After his Death for two hundred years the empire fell into decay. The history of David and Solomon falls within this period. He was succeeded by his Son Shalmaneser II.

Tiglath-Pileser

Maeus: defiled, the Father of Blind Bartimaeus (Mrk 10:46).

Timbrel: (Hebrews toph), a small drum or tambourine; a Tabret (q.v.). The antiquity of this musical instrument appears from the scriptural allusions to it (Gen 31:27;Exo 15:20;Jdg 11:34, etc.) (See Music )

Timnath: Gen 38:12,Gen 38:14. (Gen 38:1.) Hebrews Timnathah, which is appropriately rendered in the Revised Version Timnah, a town in Judah

(Gen 38:2.) The town where Samson sojourned, probably identical with “Timnah” (Gen 38:1) (Jdg 14:1-18).

TIMNATH-

Mmtk: a Man of Timnah. Samson’s father-in-law is so styled (Jdg 15:6).

Mon: honouring, one of the Seven deacons at Jerusalem (Act 6:5). Nothing further is known of him.

Motheus: the Greek form of the name of Timothy (Act 16:1, etc.; the R.V. always “Timothy”).

Timothy: , Second Epistle TO was probably written a Year or so after the first, and from Rome where Paul was for a second time a prisoner, and was sent to Timothy by the hands of Tychicus In it he entreats Timothy to come to him before winter, and to bring Mark with him (comp. Phil. 2:22). He was anticipating that “the time of his departure was at hand” (2 Timothy 4:6), and he exhorts his “son Timothy” to all diligence and steadfastness, and to patience under Persecution (1:6-15), and to a Faithful discharge of all the duties of his office (4:1-5), with all the solemnity of one who was about to appear before the Judge of quick and Dead

Tin: Hebrews bedil (Num 31:22;Ezk 22:18, Ezk 22:20), a metal well known in Ancient times. It is the general opinion that the Phoenicians of Tyre and Sidon obtained their supplies of Tin from the British Isles.In 27:12 it is said to have been brought from Tarshish which was probably a commercial emporium supplied with commodities from other places.In 1:25 the Word so rendered is generally understood of Lead the alloy with which the Silver had become mixed (ver. In 1:22). The Fire of the Babylonish Captivity would be the means of purging out the idolatrous alloy that had corrupted the people.

Tinkling: ORNAMENTS (Isa 3:1 Isa 3:8), anklets of Silver or Gold etc., such as are still used by women in Syria and the East

Phsah: passing over; ford, one of the boundaries of Solomon’s dominions (1Ki 4:24), probably “Thapsacus, a great and wealthy town on the western bank of the Euphrates ”Abo 4:100 miles north-east of Tadmor All the land traffic between the East and the west passed through it. Menahem undertook an expedition against this City and “smote Tiphsah and all that were therein” (2Ki 15:16).Thi 15:300 miles from Tirzah if by way of TadmorAnd 15:400 if by way of Aleppo; and its success showed the strength of the Israelite Kingdom for it was practically a defiance to Assyria Conder, however, identifies this Place with Khurbet Tafsah,Som 15:6 miles west of Shechem

Tiras

Tires: “To tire” the head is to adorn it (2Ki 9:30). As a noun the Word is derived from “tiara,” and is the rendering of the Hebrews p’er, a “turban” or an ornament for the head (Ezk 24:17; R.V., “headtire;” Ezk 24:23).In 3:18 the Word saharonim is rendered “round Tires like the moon,”And 8:21, And 8:26 “ornaments,” but in both cases “crescents” in the Revised Version

Rhakah: the last King of Egypt of the Ethiopian (the fifteenth) dynasty. He was the brother-in-law of So (q.v.). He probably ascended the Throne about B.C. 692, having been previously King of Ethiopia (2Ki 19:9;Isa 37:9), which with Egypt now formed one nation. He was a great warrior, and but little is known of him. The Assyrian armies under Esarhaddon and again under Assur-bani-pal, invaded Egypt and defeated Tirhakah, who afterwards retired into Ethiopia where he died, after reigning twenty- six years.

Rshatha: a Word probably of Persian origin, meaning “severity,” denoting a High civil dignity. The Persian Governor of Judea is so called (Ezr 2:63;Neh 7:65, Neh 7:70).Neh 8:9; Neh 10:1, and the “governor” (pehah)In 5:18. Probably, therefore, tirshatha=pehah=the modern pasha.

Rza: pleasantness. (1.) An Old royal City of the Canaanites which was destroyed by Joshua (Jos 12:24). Jeroboam chose it for his residence, and he removed to it from Shechem which at first he made the capital of his Kingdom It remained the Chief residence of the kings of Israel till Omri took Samaria (1Ki 14:17; 1Ki 15:21; 1Ki 16:6, 1Ki 16:8, etc.). Here Zimri perished amid the flames of the Palace to which in his despair he had set Fire (1Ki 16:18), and here Menahem smote Shallum (2Ki 15:14, 2Ki 15:16). Solomon refers to its beauty (Cant. 2Ki 6:4). It has been identified with the modern mud hamlet Teiasir,1 6:1 miles North of Shechem Others, however, would identify it with Telluza,A V 6:6 miles East of Samaria

(A V 6:2.) The youngest of Zelophehad’s five daughters (Num 26:33; Joshua Num 17:3).

Tishbite: Elijah the Prophet was thus named (1Ki 17:1; 1Ki 21:17, 1Ki 21:28, etc.).In 21:1Kin 17:1 the Word rendered “inhabitants” is in the original the same as that rendered “Tishbite,” hence that verse may be read as in the LXX., “Elijah the Tishbite of Tishbi in Gilead.” Some interpret this Word as meaning “stranger,” and read the verse, “Elijah the Stranger from among the strangers in Gilead.” This designation is probably given to the Prophet as denoting that his birthplace was Tishbi, a Place in Upper Galilee (mentioned in the apocryphal book of Tobit), from which for some reason he migrated into Gilead. Josephus, the Jewish historian (Ant. Kin 8:13, Kin 8:2), however, supposes that Tishbi was some Place in the land of Gilead. It has been identified by some with el-Ishtib, a some Place Kin 8:22 miles due South of the Sea of Galilee, among the mountains of Gilead.

Tisri

Tithe: a Tenth of the produce of the earth consecrated and set apart for special purposes. The Dedication of a Tenth to God was recognized as a duty before the time of Moses Abraham paid tithes to Melchizedek (Gen 14:20; Hebrews Gen 7:6); and Jacob vowed unto the Lord and said, “Of all that thou shalt give me I Will surely give the Tenth unto thee.”

The first Mosaic Law on this subject is recorded in Leviticus Gen 27:30-32. Subsequent legislation regulated the destination of the tithes (Num 18:21-24,26 18:28; Deuteronomy 26 12:5, 26 12:6, 26 12:11, 26 12:17; 26 14:22, 26 14:23). The paying of the tithes was an important part of the Jewish religious Worship In the days of Hezekiah one of the first results of the reformation of religion was the eagerness with which the people brought in their tithes (26 14:2 Chronicles 26 31:5, 26 31:6). ... The neglect of this duty was sternly rebuked by the prophets (Amo 4:4; Malachi Amo 3:8-10). It cannot be affirmed that the Old Testament Law of tithes is binding on the Christian Church nevertheless the principle of this Law remains, and is incorporated in the gospel (1Co 9:13, 1Co 9:14); and if, as is the case, the motive that ought to prompt to liberality in the cause of religion and of the service of God be greater now than in Old Testament times, then Christians outght to go Beyond the Ancient Hebrew in consecrating both themselves and their substance to God

Every Jew was required by the Levitical Law to pay three tithes of his property (1Co 9:1) one Tithe for the Levites; (1Co 9:2) one for the use of the Temple and the great Feasts and (1Co 9:3) one for the poor of the land.

Tll

Tus: , Epistle TO was probably written about the same time as the first epistle to Timothy with which it has many affinities. “Both letters were addressed to persons Left by the writer to preside in their respective churches during his absence. Both letters are principally occupied in describing the qualifications to be sought for in those whom they should appoint to offices in the Church and the ingredients of this description are in both letters nearly the same. Timothy and Titus are likewise cautioned against the same prevailing corruptions, and in particular against the same misdirection of their cares and studies. This affinity obtains not only in the subject of the letters, which from the similarity of situation in the persons to whom they were addressed might be expected to be somewhat alike, but extends in a great variety of instances to the phrases and expressions. ... The writer accosts his two friends with the same Salutation and passes on to the business of his Letter by the same transition (comp. 1 Timothy 1:2,3 W 1:4, 3 W 1:5; 3 W 1:1 Timothy 3 W 1:4Wit 1:13, Wit 1:14; Wit 3:9; Wit 3:1 Timothy Wit 4:12Wit 2:7, Wit 2:15).”, Paley’s Horae Paulinae.

The Date of its composition may be concluded from the circumstance that it was written after Paul’s visit to Crete (Tit 1:5). That visit could not be the one referred to in Acts Tit 27:7, when Paul was on his voyage to Rome as a prisoner, and where he continued a prisoner for two years. We may warrantably suppose that after his release Paul sailed from Rome into Asia and took Crete by the way, and that there he Left Titus “to set in order the things that were wanting.” Thence he went to Ephesus where he Left Timothy and from Ephesus to Macedonia, where he wrote First Timothy and thence to Nicopolis in Epirus, from which Place he wrote to Titus, about A.D.66 27:67.

In the subscription to the epistle it is said to have been written from “Nicopolis of Macedonia,” but no such Place is known. The Subscriptions to the Epistles are of no authority, as they are not authentic.

TOB-

Tobiah: pleasing to Jehovah the “servant,” the “Ammonite,” who joined with those who opposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem after the Exile (Neh 2:10). He was a Man of great influence, which he exerted in opposition to the Jews, and “sent letters” to Nehemiah “to Put him in fear” (Neh 6:17-19). “Eliashib the priest” prepared for him during Nehemiah’ s absence “a Chamber in the courts of the House of God ” which on his return grieved Nehemiah sore, and therefore he “cast forth all the household stuff of Tobiah out of the chamber” (Neh 13:7, Neh 13:8).

Tobijah

Togarmah: (1.) A Son of Gomer and grandson of Japheth (Gen 10:3).

(Gen 10:2.) A nation which traded in horses and mules at the Fairs of Tyre (Ezk 27:14; Ezk 38:6); probably an Armenian or a Scythian race; descendants of (Ezk 38:1).

Tohu

To: I a King of Hamath who sent “Joram his Son unto King David to salute him,” when he “heard that David had smitten all the Host of Hadadezer” (2 Samuel 8:9, 10). Called Tou (1 Chronicles 18:9, 10).

Tola

Tolad: productive, a town of Simeon in the South of Judah (1 Chronicles 4:29).

Tolaites: descendants of Tola (Num 26:23;1Ch 7:1, 1Ch 7:2).

Toll

Tongues: , Gift OF granted on the Day of Pentecost (Act 2:4), in fulfilment of a promise Christ had made to his disciples (Mrk 16:17). What this Gift actually was has been a subject of much discussion. Some have argued that it was merely an outward sign of the presence of the Holy Spirit among the disciples, typifying his manifold Gifts and showing that Salvation was to be extended to all nations. But the words of Luke (Act 2:9) clearly show that the various peoples in Jerusalem at the time of Pentecost did really hear themselves addressed in their own special language with which they were naturally acquainted (comp. Joel Act 2:28, Act 2:29).

Among the Gifts of the Spirit the ApostleEnu 2:1Cor 12:10-14:Cor 12:30, “divers ki nds of tongues” and the “interpretation of Tongues ”

This “gift” was a different manifestation of the Spirit from that on Pentecost although it resembled it in many particulars. Tongues were to be “a sign to them that believe not.”

Tooth

Topaz: Hebrews pitdah (Ezk 28:13;Rev 21:20), a Golden yellow or “green” Stone brought from Cush or Ethiopia (Job 28:19). It was the second Stone in the first row in the Breastplate of the High Priest and had the name of Simeon inscribed on it (Exo 28:17). It is probably the chrysolite of the moderns.

Tophel: lime, a Place in the Wilderness of Sinai (Deu 1:1), now identified with Tafyleh or Tufileh, on the west side of the Edomitish mountains.

Tophet: =Topheth, from Hebrews toph “a drum,” because the cries of children here sacrificed by the priests of Moloch were drowned by the noise of such an instrument; or from taph or toph, meaning “to burn,” and hence a Place of burning, the name of a particular part in the Valley of Hinnom. “Fire being the most destructive of all elements, is Chosen by the sacred writers to symbolize the agency by which God punishes or destroys the wicked. We are not to assume from prophetical figures that material Fire is the precise agent to be used. It was not the agency employed in the Destruction of SennacheribMen 30:33. ..Tophet properly begins where the Vale of Hinnom bends round to the East having the cliffs of Zion on the North and the Hill of Evil Counsel on the South It terminates at Beer ‘Ayub, where it joins the Valley of Jehoshaphat The cliffs on the southern side especially abound in Ancient tombs. ... Here the Dead carcasses of beasts and every offal and Abomination were cast, and Left to be either devoured by that Worm that never died or consumed by that Fire that was never quenched.” Thus Tophet came to represent the Place of Punishment (See HINNOM.)

Torches

Torment: Gr. basanos (Mat 4:24), the “touch-stone” of Justice hence inquisition by torture, and then any disease which racks and tortures the limbs.

Tortoise: (Hebrews tsabh). Ranked among the unclean a ni mals (Lev 11:29). Land tortoises are common in Syria The LXX. renders the Word by “land crocodile.” The Word however, more probably denotes a Lizard called by the modern Arabs dhabb.

Tow: (Jdg 16:9). See Flax

Tower

Towers: of Babel (Gen 11:4), Edar (Gen 35:21), Penuel (Jdg 8:9, Jdg 8:17), Shechem (Jdg 9:46), David (Cant. Jdg 4:4), Lebanon (Jdg 7:4), Syene (Ezk 29:10), Hananeel (Zec 14:10), Siloam (Luk 13:4). There were several Towers in Jerusalem (2Ch 26:9;Psa 48:12). They were erected for various purposes, as watch-towers in vineyard (Isa 5:2;Mat 21:33) and Towers for defence.

Trachonitis: a rugged region, corresponds to the Hebrews Argob (q.v.), the Greek name of a region on the East of Jordan (Luk 3:1); one of the five Roman provinces into which that district was divided. It was in the tetrarchy of Philip and is now called the Lejah.

Tradition: any kind of teaching, written or spoken, Handed down from Generation to GenerationIn 7:3, In 7:9, In 7:13, Colossians In 2:8, this Word refers to the arbitrary interpretations of the Jews.In 2:2The 2:15; The 3:6, it is used in a good sense. Peter (1Pe 1:18) uses this Word with reference to the degenerate Judaism of the “strangers scattered” whom he addresses (comp. Acts 1Pe 15:10; Matthew 1Pe 15:2-6; Galatians 1Pe 1:14).

Trance: (Gr. ekstasis, from which the Word “ecstasy” is derived) denotes the state of one who is “out of himself.” Such were the trances of Peter and Paul Act 10:10; Act 11:5; Act 22:17, ecstasies, “a preternatural, absorbed state of mind preparing for the reception of the vision”, (comp.2Co 12:1-4).In 5:42And 5:26 the Greek Word is rendered “astonishment,” “amazement” (comp.Mrk 16:8;Act 3:10).

Transfiguration: , THE of our Lord on a “high mountain apart,” is described by each of the three evangelists (Mat 17:1-8;Mrk 9:2-8;Luk 9:28-36). The fullest account is given by Luke who, no doubt, was informed by Peter who was present on the occasion. What these evangelists record was an absolute historical reality, and not a mere Vision The concurrence between them in all the circumstances of the incident is exact. John seems to allude to it also (Jhn 1:14). Forty years after the event Peter distinctly makes mention of it (2Pe 1:16-18). In describing the Sanctification of believers, Paul also seems to allude to this majestic and glorious appearance of our Lord on the “holy mount” (Rom 12:2;2Co 3:18).

The Place of the Transfiguration was probably Mount Hermon (q.v.), and not Mount Tabor as is commonly supposed.

Treasure: HOUSES the houses or magazines built for the safe keeping of Treasure and valuable articles of any kind (Ezr 5:17; Ezr 7:20;Neh 10:38;Dan 1:2).

Treasury: (Mat 27:6;Mrk 12:41;Jhn 8:20). It does not appear that there was a separate Building so called. The name was given to the thirteen brazen chests, called “trumpets,” from the form of the opening into which the offerings of the Temple worshippers were Put These stood in the outer “court of the women.” “Nine chests were for the appointed money-tribute and for the sacrifice-tribute, i.e., money-gifts instead of the sacrifices; four chests for freewill-offerings for Wood Incense Temple decoration, and burnt-offerings” (Lightfoot’s Hor Hebrews ).

Trespass: OFFERING (Hebrews ‘asham, “debt”), the Law concerning, given in Leviticus 5:14-6:7; also in Numbers 5:5-8. The idea of sin as a “debt” pervades this legislation. The asham, which was always a Ram was offered in cases where sins were more private. (See Offering )

Tribe: a Collection of families descending from one ancestor. The “twelve tribes” of the Hebrews were the twelve collections of fa mi lies which sprang from the sons of Jacob In Matthew 24:30 the Word has a wider significance. The tribes of Israel are referred to as types of the spiritual family of God (Rev 24:7). (See Israel Kingdom OF; Judah Kingdom OF.)

Tribulation: trouble or affiction of any kind (Deu 4:30; Matthew Deu 13:21;2Co 7:4).In 2:9 “tribulation and anguish” are the penal sufferings that shall overtake the wicked. In Matthew In 24:21, In 24:29, the Word denotes the calamities that were to attend the Destruction of Jerusalem

Tribute: a tax imposed by a King on his subjects (2Sa 20:24;1Ki 4:6;Rom 13:6). In Matthew Rom 17:24-27 the Word denotes the Temple rate (the “didrachma,” the “half-shekel,” as rendered by the R.V.) which was required to be paid for the support of the Temple by every Jew above twenty years of Age (Exo 30:12;2Ki 12:4; 2Ki 12:2 Chronicles 2Ki 24:6, 2Ki 24:9). It was not a civil but a religious tax.

In Matthew 2Ki 22:17,Mrk 12:14, Luke Mrk 20:22, the Word may be interpreted as denoting the capitation tax which the Romans imposed on the Jewish people. It may, however, be legitimately regarded as denoting any tax whatever imposed by a foreign power on the people of Israel The “tribute money” shown to our Lord (Mat 22:19) was the denarius, bearing Caesar’s superscription. It was the tax paid by every lew to the Romans (See Penny )

Trinity: a Word not found in Scripture but used to express the doctrine of the unity of God as subsisting in three distinct Persons. This Word is derived from the Gr. trias, first used by Theophilus (A.D. 168-183), or from the Lat. trinitas, first used by Tertullian (A.D. 220), to express this doctrine. The propositions involved in the doctrine are these: 1. That God is one, and that there is but one God (Deu 6:4;1Ki 8:60; Isaiah 1Ki 44:6; Mark 1Ki 12:29, 1Ki 12:32; John 1Ki 10:30). 1Ki 10:2. That the Father is a distinct divine Person (hypostasis, subsistentia, persona, suppositum intellectuale), distinct from the Son and the Holy Spirit 1Ki 10:3. That Jesus Christ was truly God and yet was a Person distinct from the Father and the Holy Spirit 1Ki 10:4. That the Holy Spirit is also a distinct divine Person.

Troas: a City on the coast of Mysia, in the north-west of Asia Minor, named after Ancient Troy, which was at some little distance from it (about 4 miles) to the North Here Paul on his second missionary Journey saw the Vision of a “man of Macedonia,” who appeared to him, saying, “Come over, and help us” (Act 16:8-11). He visited this Place also on other occasions, and on one of these visits he Left his Cloak and some books there (2Co 2:12; 2Co 2:2 Timothy 2Co 4:13). The ruins of Troas extend over many miles, the site being now mostly covered with a Forest of oak trees. The modern name of the ruins is Eski Stamboul i.e., Old Constantinople.

Trogyllium: a town on the western coast of Asia Minor, where Paul “tarried” when on his way from Assos to Miletus on his third missionary Journey (Act 20:15).

Trophimus: a foster-child, an Ephesian who accompanied Paul during a part of his third missionary Journey (Act 20:4; Act 21:29). He was with Paul in Jerusalem and the Jews, supposing that the Apostle had brought him with him into the Temple raised a tumult which resulted in Paul’s imprisonment. (See Temple HEROD’S.) In Writing to Timothy the Apostle says, “Trophimus have I Left at Miletum sick” (Act 21:2 Timothy Act 4:20). This must refer to some event not noticed in the Acts

Trumpets: , Feast OF was celebrated at the beginning of the Month Tisri, the first Month of the civil Year It received its name from the circumstances that the Trumpets usually blown at the commencement of each Month were on that occasion blown with unusual solemnity (Lev 23:23-25;Num 10:10; Num 29:1-6). It was one of the Seven days of Holy Convocation The special design of this Feast which is described in these verses, is not known.

Truth: Used in various senses in ScriptureIn 12:17, In 12:19, it denotes that which is opposed to falsehood.In 59:14, In 59:15, Jeremiah In 7:28, it means fidelity or truthfulness. The doctrine of Christ is called “the Truth of the gospel” (Gal 2:5), “the truth” (Gal 2:2 Timothy Gal 3:7; Gal 4:4). Our Lord says of himself, “I am the way, and the truth” (Jhn 14:6).

Tryphena: AND TRYPHOSA two female Christians, active workers, whom Paul salutes in his epistle to the Romans (16:12).

Tubal: (l.) The fifth Son of Japheth (Gen 10:2).

(Gen 10:2.) A nation, probably descended from the Son of Japheth It is mentioned by Isaiah (Gen 66:19), along with Javan and by Ezekiel (Gen 27:13), along with Meshech among the traders with Tyre, also among the confederates of Gog (Ezk 38:2, Ezk 38:3; Ezk 39:1), and with Meshech among the nations which were to be destroyed (Ezk 32:26). This nation was probably the Tiberini of the Greek historian Herodotus, a people of the Asiatic highland west of the Upper Euphrates the southern range of the Caucasus, on the East of the Black Sea

Tubal

Turtle: , Turtle-dove Its Peculiar peaceful and gentle habit its often referred to in Scripture A pair was offered in Sacrifice by Mary at her Purification (Luk 2:24). The Pigeon and the turtle-dove were the only birds permitted to be offered in Sacrifice (Lev 1:14; Lev 5:7; Lev 14:22; Lev 15:14, Lev 15:29, etc.). The Latin name of this Bird turtur, is derived from its note, and is a repetition of the Hebrew name tor. Three species are found in Palestine (Lev 15:1) the turtle-dove (Turtur auritus), (Lev 15:2) the collared Turtle (T. risorius), and (Lev 15:3) the Palm Turtle (T. Senegalensis). But it is to the first of these species which the various passages of Scripture refer. ... It is a migratory Bird (Jer 8:7; Cant. Jer 2:11, Jer 2:12). “Search the glades and valleys, even by sultry Jordan at the End of March, and not a turtle-dove is to be seen. Return in the second Week of April, and clouds of doves are feeding on the clovers of the Plain They overspread the whole Face of the land.” “Immediately on its arrival it pours forth from every garden, Grove and wooded Hill its melancholy yet soothing ditty unceasingly from early dawn till sunset. It is from its plaintive and continuous note, doubtless, that David pouring forth his heart’s sorrow to God compares himself to a turtle-dove” (Psa 74:19).

Tychicus: chance, an Asiatic Christian a “faithful Minister in the Lord” (Eph 6:21, Eph 6:22), who, with Trophimus accompanied Paul on a part of his Journey from Macedonia to Jerusalem (Act 20:4). He is alluded to also in Colossians Act 4:7,Tit 3:12,And 3:2 Timothy And 4:12 as having been with Paul at Rome whence he sent him to Ephesus probably for the purpose of Building up and encouraging the Church there.

Type

Tyrannus: prince, a Greek rhetorician, in whose “school” at Ephesus Paul disputed Daily for the space of two years with those who came to him (Act 19:9). Some have supposed that he was a Jew and that his “school” was a private Synagogue

Tyre

Tyropoeon: VALLEY (i.e., “Valley of the Cheesemongers”), the name given by Josephus the historian to the Valley or rugged ravine which in Ancient times separated Mount Moriah from Mount Zion. This Valley now filled up with a vast accumulation of rubbish, and almost a Plain was spanned by bridges, the most noted of which was Zion Bridge, which was probably the ordinary means of communication between the royal Palace on Zion and the Temple A fragment of the Arch (q.v.) of this bridge (called “Robinson’s Arch”), where it projects from the Sanctuary Wall was discovered by Robinson in 1839. This Arch was destroyed by the Romans when Jerusalem was taken.

The western Wall of the Temple area Rose up from the bottom of this Valley to the height of 84 feet, where it was on a level with the area, and above this, and as a continuance of it, the Wall of Solomon’s cloister Rose to the height of about 50 feet, “so that this section of the Wall would originally present to view a stupendous mass of masonry scarcely to be surpassed by any mural masonry in the world.”

Ucal: the name of a person to whom Agur’s words are addressed (Pro 30:1).

Ulai: the Eulaus of the Greeks; a River of Susiana. It was probably the eastern Branch of the Choasper (Kerkhan), which divided into two branches some 20 miles above the City of Susa. Hence Daniel (Whi 8:2,Whi 8:16) speaks of standing “between the banks of Ulai”, i.e., between the two streams of the divided River

Ummah: vicinity, a town of Asher (Jos 19:30).

Unction: (1Jn 2:20,1Jn 2:27; R.V., “anointing”). Kings, prophets, and priests were anointed, in token of receiving divine Grace All believers are, in a secondary sense, what Christ was in a primary sense, “the Lord’s anointed.”

Unicorn: described as an Animal of great ferocity and strength (Num 23:22, R.V., “wild ox,” marg., “ox- antelope;” Num 24:8;Isa 34:7, R.V., “wild oxen”), and untamable (Job 39:9). It was in reality a two-horned Animal but the exact reference of the Word so rendered (reem) is doubtful. Some have supposed it to be the buffalo; others, the white antelope, called by the Arabs rim. Most probably, however, the Word denotes the Bos primigenius (“primitive ox”), which is now extinct all over the world. This was the auerochs of the Germans, and the urus described by Caesar (Galatians Bel vi.Job 39:28) as inhabiting the Hercynian Forest The Word thus rendered has been found in an Assyrian inscription written over the wild ox or bison, which some also suppose to be the Animal intended (comp.Deu 33:17;Psa 22:21; Psa 29:6; Psa 92:10).

Unni: afficted. (1.) A Levite whom David appointed to take part in bringing the Ark up to Jerusalem from the House of Obed-edom by playing the Psaltery on that occasion (1 Chronicles 15:18, 20).

(2.) A Levite who returned with Zerubbabel from the Captivity (Neh 12:9).

Upharsin: and they divide, one of the words written by the mysterious Hand on the Wall of Belshazzar’s Palace (Dan 5:25). It is a pure Chaldean Word “Peres” is only a simple form of the same Word

Uphaz: probably another name for Ophir (Jer 10:9). Some, however, regard it as the name of an Indian Colony in Yemen, southern Arabia others as a Place on or near the River Hyphasis (now the Ghana), the south-eastern limit of the Punjaub.

Ur: light, or the moon City a City “of the Chaldees ” the birthplace of Haran (Genesis 11:28,31), the largest City of Shinar or northern Chaldea and the principal commercial centre of the country as well as the centre of political power. It stood near the mouth of the Euphrates on its western bank, and is represented by the mounds (of bricks cemented by bitumen) of el-Mugheir, i.e., “the bitumined,” or “the town of Bitumen ” now 150 miles from the Sea and some 6 miles from the Euphrates a little above the point where it receives the Shat el-Hie, an affluent from the Tigris. It was formerly a maritime City as the waters of the Persian Gulf reached thus far inland. Ur was the port of Babylonia, whence trade was carried on with the dwellers on the gulf, and with the distant countries of India Ethiopia and Egypt It was abandoned about B.C. ... 500, but long continued, like Erech to be a great sacred cemetery City as is evident from the number of tombs found there. (See Abraham )

The oldest King of Ur known to us is Ur-Ba’u (servant of the goddess Ba’u), as Hommel reads the name, or Ur-Gur, as others read it. He lived some twenty-eight hundred years B.C., and took part in Building the famous Temple of the moon-God Sin in Ur itself. The illustration here given represents his cuneiform inscription, written in the Sumerian language, and stamped upon every brick of the Temple in Ur. It reads: “Ur-Ba’u, King of Ur, who built the Temple of the moon-God.”

“Ur was consecrated to the Worship of Sin, the Babylonian moon-God. It shared this honour, however, with another City and this City was Haran or Harran. Harran was in Mesopotamia, and took its name from the highroad which led through it from the East to the west. The name is Babylonian, and bears Witness to its having been founded by a Babylonian King The same Witness is still more decisively borne by the Worship paid in it to the Babylonian moon-God and by its Ancient Temple of Sin. Indeed, the Temple of the moon-God at Harran was perhaps even more famous in the Assyrian and Babylonian world than the Temple of the moon-God at Ur.

“Between Ur and Harran there must, consequently, have been a close connection in early times, the record of which has not yet been recovered. It may be that Harran owed its foundation to a King of Ur; at any rate the two cities were bound together by the Worship of the same deity, the closest and most enduring Bond of union that existed in the Ancient world. That Terah should have migrated from Ur to Harran, therefore, ceases to be extraordinary. If he Left Ur at all, it was the most natural Place to which to go. It was like passing from one Court of a Temple into another.

“Such a remarkable coincidence between the Biblical narrative and the evidence of archaeological research cannot be the result of Chance The narrative must be historical; no writer of late Date even if he were a Babylonian, could have invented a story so exactly in accordance with what we now know to have been the Truth For a story of the kind to have been the invention of Palestinian Tradition is equally impossible. To the unprejudiced mind there is no escape from the conclusion that the history of the migration of Terah from Ur to Harran is founded on fact” (Sayce).

Uriah: the Lord is my Light (1.) A Hittite, the Husband of Bathsheba, whom David first seduced, and then after Uriah’s Death married. He was one of the band of David’s “mighty men.” The sad story of the curel wrongs inflicted upon him by David and of his mournful Death are simply told in the sacred record (2Sa 11:2-12:2Sa 11:26). (See BATHSHEBA; David )

(2Sa 11:2.) A Priest of the House of Ahaz (Isa 8:2).

(Isa 8:3.) The Father of Meremoth Men 8:33.

Uriel: God is my Light (1.) A Levite of the family of Kohath (1 Chronicles 6:24).

(2.) The Chief of the Kohathites at the time when the Ark was brought up to Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 15:5, 11).

(3.) The Father of Michaiah, one of Rehoboam’s wives, and mother of Abijah (2 Chronicles 13:2).

Urijah: the Lord is my Light (1.) A High Priest in the time of Ahaz (2Ki 16:10-16), at whose bidding he constructed an idolatrous Altar like one the King had seen at Damascus to be set up instead of the brazen Altar

(2Ki 16:2.) One of the priests who stood at the right Hand of Ezra’s Pulpit when he read and expounded the Law (Neh 8:4).

(Neh 8:3.) A Prophet of Kirjath-jearim in the reign of Jehoiakim, King of Judah (Jer 26:20-23). He fled into Egypt from the cruelty of the King but having been brought back he was beheaded and his body “cast into the graves of the common people.”

Urim: lights (Vulg.”doctrina;” LXX. “revelation”). See Thummim

Usury: the sum paid for the use of Money hence interest; not, as in the modern sense, exorbitant interest. The Jews were forbidden to exact Usury (Lev 25:36, Lev 25:37), only, however, in their dealings with each other (Deu 23:19, Deu 23:20). The violation of this Law was viewed as a great crime (Psa 15:5;Pro 28:8; Jeremiah Pro 15:10). After the Return, and later, this Law was much neglected (Neh 5:7, Neh 5:10).

Uzal: a wanderer, a descendant of Joktan (Gen 10:27; Gen 10:1 Chronicles Gen 1:21), the founder apparently of one of the Arab tribes; the name also probably of the province they occupied and of their Chief City

Uzza: strengh, a garden in which Manasseh and Amon were buried (2Ki 21:18, 2Ki 21:26). It was probably near the king’s Palace in Jerusalem or may have formed part of the Palace grounds. Manasseh may probably have acquired it from some one of this name.

Sherah: a town probably near Beth-horon. It derived its name from the Daughter of Ephraim (1 Chronicles 7:24).

Uzzithe

Uzziah: a contracted form of Azari’ah the Lord is my strength. (1.) One of Amaziah’s sons, whom the people made King of Judah in his father’s stead (2Ki 14:21;2Ch 26:1). His long reign of about fifty-two years was “the most prosperous excepting that of Jehosaphat since the time of Solomon ” He was a vigorous and able ruler, and “his name spread abroad, even to the entering in of Egypt” (2Ch 26:8, 2Ch 26:14). In the earlier part of his reign, under the influence of Zechariah he was Faithful to Jehovah and “did that which was right in the sight of the Lord” (2Ki 15:3;2Ch 26:4, 2Ch 26:5); but toward the close of his long Life “his heart was lifted up to his Destruction ” and he wantonly invaded the priest’s office (2Ch 26:16), and entering the Sanctuary proceeded to offer Incense on the Golden Altar Azariah the High Priest saw the tendency of such a daring act on the part of the King and with a band of eighty priests he withstood him (2Ch 26:17), saying, “It appertaineth not unto thee, Uzziah to burn Incense ” Uzziah was suddenly struck with Leprosy while in the act of Offering Incense (2Ch 26:19-21), and he was driven from the Temple and compelled to reside in “a several house” to the Day of his Death (2Ki 15:5, 2Ki 15:27;2Ch 26:3). ... He was buried in a separate Grave “in the field of the Burial which belonged to the kings” (2Ki 15:7;2Ch 26:23). “That lonely Grave in the royal necropolis would eloquently testify to Coming generations that all earthly monarchy must Bow before the inviolable order of the divine Will and that no interference could be tolerated with that unfolding of the purposes of God which, in the Fulness of time, would reveal the Christ the true High Priest and King for evermore” (Dr. Green’s Kingdom of Israel etc.).

(2Ch 26:2.) The Father of Jehonathan one of David’s overseers (1Ch 27:25).

Uzziel: strength of God (1.) One of the sons of Kohath and uncle of Aaron (Exo 6:18; Leviticus Exo 10:4).

(Exo 10:2.) A Simeonite Captain (Exo 10:1 Chronicles Exo 4:39-43).

(Exo 4:3.) A Son of Bela and grandson of Benjamin (Exo 4:1 Chronicles Exo 7:7).

(Exo 7:4.) One of the sons of Heman (Exo 7:1 Chronicles Exo 25:4); called also Azareel (Exo 25:18).

(Exo 25:5.) A Son of Jeduthan (Exo 25:2 Chronicles Exo 29:14).

(Exo 29:6.) The Son of Harhaiah (Neh 3:8).

Vagabond: from Lat. vagabundus, “a wanderer,” “a Fugitive ” not used opprobriously (Gen 4:12, R.V., “wanderer;”Psa 109:10; Acts Psa 19:13, R.V., “strolling”).

Vajezatha: purity; worthy of honour, one of Haman’s sons, whom the Jews slew in the Palace of Shushan (Est 9:9).

Valley: (1.) Hebrews bik’ah, a “cleft” of the mountains (Deu 8:7; Deu 11:11;Psa 104:8;Isa 41:18); also a low Plain bounded by mountains, as the Plain of Lebanon at the foot of Hermon around the sources of the Jordan (Jos 11:17; Jos 12:7), and the Valley of Megiddo (Jos 12:2 Chronicles Jos 35:22).

(Jos 35:2.) ‘Emek, “deep;” “a long, low plain” (Job 39:10, Job 39:21;Psa 65:13; Cant. Psa 2:1), such as the Plain of Esdraelon the “valley of giants” (Jos 15:8), usually translated “valley of Rephaim” (2Sa 5:18); of Elah (1Sa 17:2), of Berachah (1Sa 17:2 Chronicles 1Sa 20:26); the king’s “dale” (Gen 14:17); of Jehoshaphat (Jol 3:2, Jol 3:12), of Achor (Jos 7:24;Isa 65:10), Succoth (Psa 60:6), Ajalon (Jos 10:12), Jezreel (Hos. ... Jos 1:5).

(Jos 1:3.) Ge, “a bursting,” a “flowing together,” a narrow glen or ravine, such as the Valley of the children of Hinnom (2Ki 23:10); of Eshcol (Deu 1:24); of Sorek (Jdg 16:4), etc.

The “valley of vision” (Isa 22:1) is usually regarded as denoting Jerusalem which “may be so called,” says Barnes (Com. on Isaiah ), “either (Isa 22:1) because there were several valleys within the City and adjacent to it, as the vale between Mount Zion and Moriah the vale between Mount Moriah and Mount Ophel between these and Mount Bezetha, and the Valley of Jehoshaphat the Valley of the brook Kidron, etc., without the walls of the City or (Isa 22:2) more probably it was called the Valley in reference to its being compassed with hills rising to a considerable elevation above the city” (Psa 125:2; comp, also Jeremiah Psa 21:13, where Jerusalem is called a “valley”).

(Psa 21:4.) Hebrews nahal, a wady or water-course (Gen 26:19; Cant. Gen 6:11).

Vashti: beautiful, the Queen of Ahasuerus who was deposed from her royal dignity because she refused to obey the King when he desired her to appear in the banqueting Hall of Shushan the Palace (Est 1:10-12). (See Esther )

Vaticanus: , CODEX is said to be the oldest extant vellum manuscript. It and the Codex Sinaiticus are the two oldest uncial manuscripts. They were probably written in the fourth century. The Vaticanus was placed in the Vatican Library at Rome by Pope Nicolas V. in 1448, its previous history being unknown. It originally consisted in all probability of a complete copy of the Septuagint and of the New Testament It is now imperfect, and consists of 759 thin, delicate leaves, of which the New Testament fills 142. Like the Sinaiticus, it is of the greatest value to Biblical scholars in aiding in the formation of a correct text of the New Testament It is referred to by critics as Codex B.

Veil: , VAIL (1.) Hebrews mitpahath (Rut 3:15; marg., “sheet” or “apron;” R.V., “mantle”). In Isaiah Rut 3:22 this Word is plural, rendered “wimples;” R.V., “shawls” i.e., wraps.

(Rut 3:2.) Massekah (Isa 25:7; in Isaiah Isa 28:20 rendered “covering”). The Word denotes something spread out and Covering or concealing something else (comp.2Co 3:13-15).

(2Co 3:3.) Masveh (Exo 34:33, Exo 34:35), the Veil on the Face of Moses This verse should be read, “And when Moses had done speaking with them, he Put a Veil on his Face ” as in the Revised Version When Moses spoke to them he was without the Veil only when he ceased speaking he Put on the Veil (comp.2Co 3:13, etc.). ...

(2Co 3:4.) Paroheth (Exo 26:31-35), the Veil of the Tabernacle and the Temple which hung between the Holy Place and the most Holy (Exo 26:2 Chronicles Exo 3:14). In the Temple a partition Wall separated these two places. In it were two folding -doors, which are supposed to have been always Open the entrance being concealed by the Veil which the High Priest lifted when he entered into the Sanctuary on the Day of Atonement This Veil was rent when Christ died on the Cross (Mat 27:51;Mrk 15:38; Luke Mrk 23:45).

(Mrk 23:5.) Tza’iph (Gen 24:65). Rebekah “took a vail and covered herself.” (See 38:14, See 38:19.) Hebrew women generally appeared in public without veils (See 12:14; See 24:16; See 29:10;1Sa 1:12).

(1Sa 1:6.) Radhidh (Cant. 1Sa 5:7, R.V. “mantle;” Isaiah 1Sa 3:23). The Word probably denotes some kind of Cloak or wrapper.

(1Sa 3:7.) Masak, the Veil which hung before the entrance to the Holy Place (Exo 26:36, Exo 26:37).

Version: a translation of the Holy Scriptures. This Word is not found in the Bible nevertheless, as frequent references are made in this work to various Ancient as well as modern versions, it is fitting that some brief account should be given of the most important of these. These versions are important Helps to the right interpretation of the Word (See Samaritan Pentateuch )

1. The Targums. After the return from the Captivity the Jews, no longer familiar with the Old Hebrew required that their Scriptures should be translated for them into the Chaldaic or Aramaic language and interpreted. These translations and paraphrases were at first Oral but they were afterwards reduced to Writing and thus targums, i.e., “versions” or “translations”, have come down to us. ... The Chief of these are, (1.) The Onkelos Targum, i.e., the targum of Akelas=Aquila, a targum so called to give it greater popularity by comparing it with the Greek translation of Aquila mentioned below. This targum originated about the second century after Christ (2.) The targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel comes next to that of Onkelos in respect of Age and value. It is more a paraphrase on the Prophets, however, than a translation. Both of these targums issued from the Jewish school which then flourished at Babylon

2. The Greek Versions. (1.) The oldest of these is the Septuagint usually quoted as the LXX. The origin of this the most important of all the versions is involved in much obscurity. It derives its name from the popular notion that seventy-two translators were employed on it by the direction of Ptolemy Philadelphus, King of Egypt and that it was accomplished in seventy-two days, for the use of the Jews residing in that country. There is no historical warrant for this notion. It is, however, an established fact that this Version was made at Alexandria that it was begun about 280 B.C., and finished about 200 or 150 B.C.; that it was the work of a number of translators who differed greatly both in their knowledge of Hebrew and of Greek; and that from the earliest times it has borne the name of “The Septuagint”, i.e., The Seventy

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of a number of translators who differed greatly both in their knowledge of Hebrew and of Greek; and that from the earliest times it has borne the name of “The Septuagint”, i.e., The Seventy

“This Version with all its defects, must be of the greatest interest, (a) as preserving evidence for the text far more Ancient than the oldest Hebrew manuscripts; (b) as the means by which the Greek Language was wedded to Hebrew thought; (c) as the source of the great majority of Quotations from the Old Testament by writers of the New Testament

(Iro 3:2.) The New Testament manuscripts Fall into two divisions, Uncials, written in Greek capitals, with no distinction at all between the different words, and very little even between the different Lines and Cursives, in small Greek letters, and with divisions of words and Lines The change between the two kinds of Greek Writing took Place about the Tenth century. Only five manuscripts of the New Testament approaching to completeness are more Ancient than this dividing Date The first, numbered A, is the Alexandrian manuscript. Though brought to this country by Cyril Lucar, Patriarch of Constantinople, as a present to Charles I., it is believed that it was written, not in that capital, but in Alexandria whence its title. It is now dated in the fifth century A.D. The second, known as B, is the Vatican manuscript. (See Vaticanus ) The Third, C, or the Ephraem manuscript, was so called because it was written over the writings of Ephraem, a Syrian theological author, a practice very common in the days when Writing materials were scarce and dear. It is believed that it belongs to the fifth century, and perhaps a slightly earlier period of it than the manuscript A. The fourth, D, or the manuscript of Beza, was so called because it belonged to the reformer Beza, who found it in the monastery of St.Ire 3:1562 A.D. It is imperfect, and is dated in the sixth century. The fifth (called Aleph) is the Sinaitic manuscript. (See SINAITICUS.)

Ire 3:3. The Syriac Versions. (See Syriac )

Ire 3:4. The Latin Versions. A Latin Version of the Scriptures, called the “Old Latin ” which originated in North Africa, was in common use in the time of Tertullian (A.D. Ire 3:150). Of this there appear to have been various copies or recensions made. That made in Italy and called the Itala, was reckoned the most accurate. This translation of the Old Testament seems to have been made not from the original Hebrew but from the LXX.

This Version became greatly corrupted by repeated transcription, and to remedy the evil Jerome (A.D.329 3:420) was requested by Damasus, the bishop of Rome to undertake a complete revision of it. It met with opposition at first, but was at length, in the seventh century, recognized as the “Vulgate” Version It appeared in a printed from about A.D. 329 3:1455, the first book that ever issued from the Press The Council of Trent (329 3:1546) declared it “authentic.” It subsequently underwent various revisions, but that which was executed (329 3:1592) under the sanction of Pope Clement VIII. was adopted as the basis of all subsequent editions. It is regarded as the sacred original in the Roman Catholic Church All modern European versions have been more or less influenced by the Vulgate. This VersionRea 3:15, “She shall bruise thy head.”

Rea 3:5. There are several other Ancient versions which are of importance for Biblical critics, but which we need not mention particularly, such as the Ethiopic, in the fourth century, from the LXX.; two Egyptian versions, about the fourth century, the Memphitic, circulated in Lower Egypt and the Thebaic, designed for Upper Egypt both from the Greek; the Gothic, written in the German language, but with the Greek alphabet, by Ulphilas (died A.D. Rea 3:388), of which only fragments of the Old Testament remain; the Armenian, about A.D. Rea 3:400; and the Slavonic, in the ninth century, for Ancient Moravia. Other Ancient versions, as the Arabic, the Persian, and the Anglo-Saxon, may be mentioned.

Rea 3:6. The history of the English versions begins properly with Wyckliffe. Portions, however, of the Scriptures were rendered into Saxon (as the Gospel according to John by Bede, A.D. Rea 3:735), and also into English (by Orme, called the “Ormulum,” a portion of the Gospels and of the Acts in the form of a metrical paraphrase, toward the close of the seventh century), long before Wyckliffe; but it is to him that the honour belongs of having first rendered the whole Bible into English (A.D. Rea 3:1380). This Version was made from the Vulgate,And 3:15 after that Version “She shall trede thy head.”

This was followed by Tyndale’s translation (152 3:1531); Miles Coverdale’s (153 3:1553); Thomas Matthew’s (153 3:1537), really, however, the work of John Rogers, the first Martyr under the reign of Queen Mary. This was properly the first Authorized Version Henry VIII. having ordered a copy of it to be got for every Church This took Place in less than a Year after Tyndale was martyred for the crime of translating the Scriptures.In 3:1539 Richard Taverner published a revised edition of Matthew’s Bible The Great Bible so called from its great size, called also Cranmer’s Bible Was 3:1539And 3:1568. In the strict sense, the “Great Bible” is “the only authorized Version for the Bishops’ Bible and the present Bible [the A.V.] never had the formal sanction of royal authority.” Next in order was the Geneva Version (155 3:1560); the Bishops’ Bible (155 3:1568); the Rheims and Douai versions, under Roman Catholic auspices (155 3:1582, 155 3:1609); the Authorized Version (155 3:1611); and the Revised VersionOf 3:1880And 3:1884.

Villages: (Jdg 5:7, Jdg 5:11). The Hebrew Word thus rendered (perazon) means habitations in the Open country, unwalled Villages (Deu 3:5;1Sa 6:18). Others, however, following the LXX. and the Vulgate versions, render the Word “rulers.”

Vine: Of 32:32. Among the many conjectures as to this Tree the most probable is that it is the ‘osher of the Arabs, which abounds in the region of the Dead Sea Its Fruit are the so-called “apples of Sodom ” which, though Beautiful to the Eye are exceedingly Bitter to the taste. (See EN-GEDI.) The people of Israel are referred to here by Moses as being utterly corrupt, bringing forth only Bitter Fruit

Vinegar: Hebrews hometz, Gr. oxos, Fr. vin aigre; i.e., “sour wine.” The Hebrew Word is rendered VinegarIn 69:21, a Prophecy fulfilled in the history of the Crucifixion (Mat 27:34). This was the common sour wine (posea) Daily made use of by the Roman soldiers. They gave it to Christ not in derision, but from compassion, to assuage his thirst.Pro 10:26 shows that there was also a stronger Vinegar which was not fit for drinking. The comparison, “vinegar upon Nitre ” probably means “vinegar upon soda” (as in the marg. of the R.V.), which then effervesces.

Viol: Hebrews nebel (Isa 5:12, R.V., “lute;” Isa 14:11), a musical instrument, usually rendered “psaltery” (q.v.)

Viper: In 20:16, Isaiah In 30:6; In 59:5, the Hebrews Word eph’eh is thus rendered. The Hebrew Word however, probably denotes a species of poisonous serpents known by the Arabic name of ‘el Ephah Tristram has identified it with the sand Viper a species of small size common in sandy regions, and frequently found under Stones by the shores of the Dead Sea It is rapid in its movements, and highly poisonous. In the New Testament echidne is used (Mat 3:7; Mat 12:34; Mat 23:33) for any poisonous snake. The Viper mentioned in Acts Mat 28:3 was probably the vipera aspis, or the Mediterranean Viper (See Adder )

Virgin: In a Prophecy concerning our Lord Isaiah (7:14) says, “A Virgin [R.V. marg., ‘the virgin’] shall conceive, and bear a son” (comp.Luk 1:31-35). The people of the land of Zidon are thus referred to by Isaiah (Luk 23:12), “O thou oppressed Virgin Daughter of Zidon;” and of the people of Israel Jeremiah (Luk 18:13) says, “The Virgin of Israel Hath done a very horrible thing.”

Vision: (Luk 1:22), a vivid apparition, not a Dream (comp.Luk 24:23; Acts Luk 26:19;2Co 12:1).

Vows: voluntary promises which, when once made, were to be kept if the thing vowed was right. They were made under a great variety of circumstances (Gen 28:18-22;Lev 7:16;Num 30:2-13;

Deu 23:18;Jdg 11:30, Jdg 11:39;1Sa 1:11; Jonah 1Sa 1:16; Acts 1Sa 18:18; 1Sa 21:23).

Vulture: (1.) Hebrews da’ ah (Lev 11:14). In the parallel Passage (Deu 14:13) the Hebrew Word used is ra’ah, rendered “glede;” LXX., “gups;” Vulg., “milvus.” A species of ravenous Bird distinguished for its rapid flight. “When used without the epithet ‘red,’ the name is commonly confined to the Black Kite The habits of the Bird bear out the allusion in Isaiah Deu 34:15, for it is, excepting during the winter three months, so numerous everywhere in Palestine as to be almost gregarious.” (See EAGLE.)

(Deu 34:2.)In 28:7 the Hebrews ‘ayyah is thus rendered. The Word denotes a clamorous and a keen-sighted Bird of prey. In Leviticus In 11:14And 14:13 it is rendered “kite” (q.v.).

Wafers: thin cakes (Exo 16:31; Exo 29:2, Exo 29:23;Lev 2:4; Lev 7:12; Lev 8:26;Num 6:15, Num 6:19) used in various offerings.

Wages: Rate of (Men 20:2); to be punctually paid (Lev 19:13;Deu 24:14, Deu 24:15); judgements threatened against the withholding of (Jer 22:13;Mal 3:5; comp.Jas 5:4); paid in Money (Mat 20:1-14); to Jacob in kind (Gen 29:15, Gen 29:20; Gen 30:28; Gen 31:7, Gen 31:8,Gen 31:41).

Wagon: Hebrews aghalah; so rendered in Genesis 45:19, 21, 27; 46:5;Num 7:3, Num 7:7,Num 7:8, but elsewhere rendered “cart” (1Sa 6:7, etc.). This vehicle was used for peaceful purposes.In 23:24, however, it is the rendering of a different Hebrew Word and denotes a war-chariot.

WAILING-

Wall: Cities were surrounded by walls, as distinguished from “unwalled villages” (Ezk 38:11; Leviticus Ezk 25:29-34). They were made thick and strong (Num 13:28;Deu 3:5). Among the Jews walls were built of Stone some of those in the Temple being of great size (1Ki 6:7;

1Ki 7:9-12; 1Ki 20:30;Mrk 13:1, Mrk 13:2). The term is used metaphorically of security and safety (Isa 26:1; Isa 60:18; Revelation Isa 21:12-20). (See Fence )

Wandering: of the Israelites in the Wilderness in consequence of their rebellious fears to enter the Promised Land (Num 14:26-35). They wandered for forty years before they were permitted to Cross the Jordan (Jos 4:19; Jos 5:6).

The 33:1-49. Many of the stations at which they camped cannot now be identified.

Questions of an intricate nature have been discussed regarding the “Wanderings,” but it is enough for us to take the sacred narrative as it stands, and Rest assured that “He led them forth by the right way” (Psa 107:1-7,33 107:35). (See Wilderness )

War

Ward: a prison (Gen 40:3, Gen 40:4); a watch-station (Isa 21:8); a Guard (Neh 13:30).

Wars

Washing: (Mrk 7:1-9). The Jews, like other Orientals, used their fingers when taking Food and therefore washed their hands before doing so, for the sake of cleanliness. Here the reference is to the ablutions prescribed by Tradition according to which “the disciples ought to have gone down to the side of the lake, washed their hands thoroughly, ‘rubbing the fist of one Hand in the hollow of the other, then placed the ten finger-tips together, holding the hands up, so that any surplus Water might flow down to the elbow, and thence to the Ground ’” To neglect to do this had come to be regarded as a great sin, a sin equal to the breach of any of the ten Commandments Moses had commanded washings oft, but always for some definite cause; but the Jews multiplied the legal observance till they formed a large body of precepts. To such precepts about ceremonial Washing Mark here refers. (See Ablution )

Watches: the periods into which the time between sunset and sunrise was divided. They are so called because watchmen relieved each other at each of these periods. There are frequent references in Scripture to the duties of watchmen who were appointed to give notice of the approach of an enemy (2Sa 18:24-27;2Ki 9:17-20;Isa 21:5-9). They were sometimes placed for this purpose on watch-towers (2Ki 17:9; 2Ki 18:8). Ministers or teachers are also spoken of under this title (Jer 6:17;Ezk 33:2-9;Heb 13:17).

The Watches of the night were originally three in number, (Heb 13:1) “the beginning of the watches” (Lam 2:19); (Lam 2:2) “the middle watch” (Jdg 7:19); and (Jdg 7:3) “the morning watch” (Exo 14:24;1Sa 11:11), which extended from two o’clock to sunrise. But in the New Testament we read of four Watches a division probably introduced by the Romans (Mat 14:25;Mrk 6:48;Luk 12:38). (See Day )

(2Co 6:5), lit. “sleeplessnesses,” the result of “manual labour, teaching, travelling, meditating, praying, cares, and the like” (Meyer’s Com.).

Water: OF SEPARATION used along with the Ashes of a Red heifer for the ceremonial cleansing of persons defiled by contact with a Dead body (Numbers 19).

Waterspouts: (Psa 42:7; marg. R.V., “cataracts”). If we regard this psalm as descriptive of David’s feelings when banished from Jerusalem by the revolt of Absalom this Word may denote “waterfalls,” inasmuch as Mahanaim where he abode, was near the Jabbok and the region abounded with rapids and falls.

Wave: OFFERINGS parts of peace-offerings were so called, because they were waved by the priests (Exo 29:24, Exo 29:26, Exo 29:27; Leviticus Exo 7:20-34; Exo 8:27; Exo 9:21; Exo 10:14, Exo 10:15, etc.), in token of a Solemn special presentation to God They then became the property of the priests. The first-fruits, a sheaf of Barley offered at the Feast of Pentecost (Lev 23:17-20), and wheat-bread, the first-fruits of the second Harvest offered at the Passover (10 23:14), were wave-offerings.

Wax: Made by melting the combs of bees. Mentioned (Psa 22:14; Psa 68:2; Psa 97:5;Mic 1:4) in illustration.

Wean: Among the Hebrews children (whom it was customary for the mothers to nurse, Exodus 2:7-9;1Sa 1:23; Cant. 1Sa 8:1) were not generally weaned till they were three or four years Old

Weasel: (Hebrews holedh), enumerated among unclean a ni mals (Lev 11:29). Some think that this Hebrew Word rather denotes the mole (Spalax typhlus) common in Palestine There is no sufficient reason, however, to depart from the usual translation. The Weasel Tribe are common also in Palestine

Weaving: , WEAVERS Weaving was an art practised in very early times (Exo 35:35). The Egyptians were specially skilled in it (Isa 19:9;Ezk 27:7), and some have regarded them as its inventors.

In the Wilderness the Hebrews practised it (Exo 26:1, Exo 26:8; Exo 28:4, Exo 28:39; Leviticus Exo 13:47). It is referred to in subsequent times as specially the women’s work (2Ki 23:7;Pro 31:13, Pro 31:24). No mention of the loom is found in Scripture but we read of the “shuttle” (Job 7:6), “the pin” of the Beam (Jdg 16:14), “the web” (Jdg 16:13, Jdg 16:14), and “the beam” (Jdg 16:1 Samuel Jdg 17:7; Jdg 17:2 Samuel Jdg 21:19). The rendering, “with pining sickness,” in Isaiah Jdg 38:12 (A.V.) should be, as in the Revised Version “from the loom,” or, as in the margin, “from the thrum.” We read also of the “warp” and “woof’ (Lev 13:48, Lev 13:49,51 13:53, 51 13:58, 51 13:59), but the Revised Version margin has, instead of “warp,” “woven or knitted stuff.”

Week: From the beginning, time was divided into weeks, each consisting of six days of working and one of Rest (Gen 2:2, Gen 2:3; Gen 7:10; Gen 8:10, Gen 8:12; Gen 29:28). The references to this division of days becomes afterwards more frequent (Exo 34:22;Lev 12:5;Num 28:26;Deu 16:16; Deu 16:2 Chronicles Deu 8:13; Jeremiah Deu 5:24;Dan 9:24-27; Dan 10:2, Dan 10:3). It has been found to exist among almost all nations.

Weeks

Westward: sea-ward, i.e., toward the Mediterranean (Deu 3:27).

Whale: The Hebrew Word tan (plural, tannin) is so rendered in Job 7:12 (A.V.; but R.V., “sea- monster”). It is rendered by “dragons” in Deuteronomy 32:33;Psa 91:13; Jeremiah Psa 51:34;Psa 74:13 (marg., “whales;” and marg. of R.V., “sea-monsters”); Isaiah Psa 27:1; and “serpent” in Exodus Psa 7:9 (R.V. marg., “any large reptile,” and so in ver. Psa 7:10, Psa 7:12). The words of Job (Psa 7:12), uttered in Bitter irony, where he asks, “Am I a Sea or a whale?” simply mean, “Have I a wild, untamable nature, like the waves of the Sea which must be confined and held within bounds, that they cannot pass?” “The Serpent of the Sea which was but the wild, stormy Sea itself, wound itself around the land, and threatened to Swallow it up... ... Job inquires if he must be watched and plagued like this monster, lest he throw the world into disorder” (Davidson’s Job).

The Whale Tribe are included under the general Hebrew name tannin (Gen 1:21; Lamentations Gen 4:3). “Even the sea-monsters [tanninim] draw out the breast.” The Whale brings forth its young alive, and suckles them.

It is to be noticed of the story of Jonah’s being “three days and three nights in the whale’s belly,” as recorded in Matthew Gen 12:40, that here the Gr. ketos means properly any kind of sea-monster of the shark or the Whale Tribe and that in the book of Jonah (Gen 1:17) it is only said that “a great fish” was prepared to Swallow Jonah This Fish may have been, therefore, some great shark. The white shark is known to frequent the Mediterranean SeaAnd 1:30 feet in length.

■W HE AT one of the earliest cultivated grains. It bore the Hebrew name hittah, and was extensively cultivated in Palestine There are various species of wheat. That which Pharaoh saw in his Dream was the Triticum compositum, which bears several ears upon one stalk (Gen 41:5). The “fat of the kidneys of wheat” (Deu 32:14), and the “finest of the wheat” (Psa 81:16; Psa 147:14), denote the best of the kind. It was exported from Palestine in great quantities (1Ki 5:11;Ezk 27:17; Acts Ezk 2:20 ).

Parched grains of wheat were used for Food in Palestine (Rut 2:14; Rut 2:1 Samuel Rut 17:17; Rut 17:2 Samuel Rut 17:28). The disciples, under the sanction of the Mosaic Law (Deu 23:25), plucked ears of corn, and rubbing them in their hands, ate the Grain unroasted (Mat 12:1; Mark Mat 2:23; Luke Mat 6:1). Before any of the wheat-harvest, however, could be eaten, the first-fruits had to be presented before the Lord (Lev 23:14).

Wheel: (Hebrews galgal; rendered “wheel”In 83:13, and “a rolling thing”In 17:13; R.V. in both, “whirling dust”). This Word has been supposed to mean the wild artichoke, which assumes the form of a globe, and in autumn breaks away from its roots, and is rolled about by the wind in some places in great Numbers

White

Wife: The ordinance of marriage was sanctioned in Paradise (Gen 2:24;Mat 19:4-6). Monogamy was the original Law under which Man lived, but polygamy early commenced (Gen 4:19), and continued to prevail all down through Jewish history. The Law of Moses regulated but did not prohibit polygamy. A Man might have a plurality of wives, but a Wife could have only one Husband A wife’s legal rights (Exo 21:10) and her duties (Pro 31:10-31; Pro 31:1 Timothy Pro 5:14) are specified. She could be divorced in special cases (Deu 22:13-21), but could not Divorce her Husband Divorce was restricted by our Lord to the single case of Adultery (Mat 19:3-9). The duties of husbands and wives in their relations to each other are distinctly set forth in the New Testament (1Co 7:2-5;Eph 5:22-33; Colossians Eph 3:18, Eph 3:19;1Pe 3:1-7).

Wilderness: (1.) Hebrews midhbar, denoting not a Barren Desert but a district or region suitable for pasturing Sheep and Cattle (Psa 65:12;Isa 42:11; Jeremiah Isa 23:10; Joel Isa 1:19; Isa 2:22); an uncultivated Place This Word is used of the Wilderness of Beersheba (Gen 21:14), on the southern border of Palestine the Wilderness of the Red Sea (Exo 13:18); of Shur (Exo 15:22), a portion of the Sinaitic peninsula; of Sin (Exo 17:1), Sinai (Lev 7:38), Moab (Deu 2:8), Judah (Jdg 1:16), Ziph, Maon, En-gedi (1Sa 23:14, 1Sa 23:24; 1Sa 24:1), Jeruel and Tekoa (1Sa 24:2 Chronicles 1Sa 20:16, 1Sa 20:20), Kadesh (Psa 29:8). ...

“The Wilderness of the sea” (Isa 21:1). Principal Douglas, referring to this expression, says: “A mysterious name, which must be meant to describe Babylon (see especially ver. Isa 21:9), perhaps because it became the Place of discipline to God’s people, as the Wilderness of the Red Sea had been (comp.Ezk 20:35).Oth 22:1. Jerusalem is the “valley of Vision ” rich in spiritual husbandry; whereas Babylon the rival centre of influence, is spiritually Barren and as restless as the Sea (comp. Oth 57:20).” A Short Analysis of the O.T.

(Oth 57:2.) Jeshimon a Desert waste (Deu 32:10;Psa 68:7).

(Psa 68:3.) ‘Arabah, the name given to the Valley from the Dead Sea to the eastern Branch of the Red SeaIn 1:1; In 2:8, it is rendered “plain” (R.V., “Arabah”).

(In 2:4.) Tziyyah, a “dry place” (Psa 78:17; Psa 105:41).

(Psa 105:5.) Tohu, a “desolate” Place a Place “waste” or “unoccupied” (Deu 32:10;Job 12:24; comp.Gen 1:2, “without form”). The Wilderness region in the Sinaitic peninsula through which for forty years the Hebrews wandered is generally styled “the Wilderness of the wanderings.” This entire region is in the form of a triangle, having its base toward the North and its apex toward the South Its extent from North to SouthIs 1:250 miles,And 1:150 miles broad.Thr 1:1,Thr 1:500 square miles there is not a single River The northern part of this triangular peninsula is properly the “wilderness of the wanderings” (et-Tih). The western portion of it is called the “wilderness of Shur” (Exo 15:22), and the eastern the “wilderness of Paran ”

The “wilderness of Judea” (Mat 3:1) is a wild, Barren region, lying between the Dead Sea and the Hebron Mountains. It is the “Jeshimon”Men 3:1Sam 23:19.

Willows: (1.) Hebrews ‘arabim (Lev 23:40; Job Lev 40:22; Isaiah Lev 15:7; Lev 44:3, Lev 44:4;Psa 137:1, Psa 137:2). This was supposed to be the weeping willow, called by Linnaeus Salix Babylonica,Fro 137:137. This Tree is frequently found “on the coast, overhanging wells and Pools There is a conspicuous Tree of this species over a pond in the Plain of Acre, and others on the Phoenician Plain ” There are several species of the salix in Palestine but it is not indigenous to Babylonia, nor was it cultivated there. Some are of opinion that the Tree intended is the Tamarisk or Poplar

(Fro 137:2.) Hebrews tzaphtzaphah (Ezk 17:5), called by the Arabs the safsaf, the general name for the willow. ... This may be the Salix AEgyptica of naturalists.

Tristram thinks that by the “willow by the water-courses,” the Nerium oleander, the rose-bay oleander, is meant. He says, “It fringes the Upper Jordan dipping its wavy Crown of Red into the spray in the rapids under Hermon and is nutured by the oozy marshes in the Lower Jordan nearly as far as to Jericho On the Arnon on the Jabbok and the Yarmuk it forms a continuous fringe. In many of the streams of Moab it forms a complete screen, which the sun’s rays can never penetrate to evaporate the precious moisture. The wild boar lies safely ensconced under its impervious cover.”

Mple: Isa 3:22, (R.V., “shawls”), a wrap or Veil The same Hebrew Word is rendered “vail” (R.V., “mantle”) in Ruth Isa 3:15.

Window: properly only an opening in a House for the admission of Light and air, covered with lattice-work, which might be opened or closed (2Ki 1:2; Acts 2Ki 20:9). The Spies in Jericho and Paul at Damascus were let down from the windows of houses abutting on the town Wall (Jos 2:15;2Co 11:33). The clouds are metaphorically called the “windows of heaven” (Gen 7:11;Mal 3:10).The 54:12 ought rather to be rendered “battlements” (LXX., “bulwarks;” R.V., “pinnacles”), or as Gesenius renders it, “notched battlements, i.e., suns or rays of the sun”= having a radiated appearance like the Sun

Winds: blowing from the four quarters of Heaven (Jer 49:36;Ezk 37:9;Dan 8:8;Zec 2:6). The East wind was parching (Ezk 17:10; Ezk 19:12), and is sometimes mentioned as simply denoting a strong wind (Job 27:21;Isa 27:8). This wind prevails in Palestine from February to June, as the west wind (Luk 12:54) does from November to February. The South was a hot wind (Job 37:17;Luk 12:55). It swept over the Arabian peninsula. The Rush of invaders is figuratively spoken of as a whirlwind (Isa 21:1); a commotion among the nations of the world as a striving of the four Winds (Dan 7:2). The Winds are subject to the divine power (Psa 18:10; Psa 135:7).

Nefat: (Mrk 12:1). The original Word (hypolenion) so rendered occurs only here in the New Testament It properly denotes the Trough or lake (lacus), as it was called by the Romans into which the juice of the grapes ran from the Trough above it. It is here used, however, of the whole apparatus. In the parallel Passage in Matthew Mrk 21:33 the Greek Word lenos is used. This properly denotes the upper one of the two vats. (See WINE-PRESS.)

WlNE-

Press: Consisted of two vats or receptacles, (1) a Trough (Hebrews Gath Gr. lenos) into which the grapes were thrown and where they were trodden upon and bruised (Isa 16:10; Lamentations Isa 1:15;Loe 3:13); and (Loe 3:2) a Trough or vat (Hebrews yekebh, Gr. hypolenion) into which the juice ran from the Trough above, the Gath (Neh 13:15; Job Neh 24:11; Isaiah Neh 63:2, Neh 63:3; Hag. Neh 2:16; Joel Neh 2:24). Wine-presses are found in almost every part of Palestine They are “the only sure relics we have of the Old days of Israel before the Captivity Between Hebron and Beersheba they are found on all the Hill slopes; they abound in southern Judea they are no less common in the many valleys of Carmel and they are numerous in Galilee.” The “treading of the wine-press” is emblematic of divine Judgment (Isa 63:2; Lamentations Isa 1:15; Revelation Isa 14:19, Isa 14:20).

Winnow: Corn was winnowed, (1.) By being thrown up by a shovel against the wind. As a rule this was done in the Evening or during the night, when the west wind from the Sea was blowing, which was a moderate breeze and fitted for the purpose. The North wind was too strong, and the East wind came in gusts. (2.) By the use of a Fan or Van by which the Chaff was blown away (Rut 3:2;Isa 30:24; Jeremiah Isa 4:11, Isa 4:12; Matthew Isa 3:12).

Wis 2:12 included three classes, (Wis 2:1) astrologers, (Wis 2:2) Chaldeans, and (Wis 2:3) soothsayers. The Word in the original (hakamim) probably means “medicine men. In Chaldea medicine was only a Branch of magic. The “wise men” of Matthew Wis 2:7, who came from the East to Jerusalem were magi from Persia or Arabia

Wise: , WISDOM a moral rather than an intellectual quality. To be “foolish” is to be godless (Psa 14:1; comp.Jdg 19:23;2Sa 13:13). True wisdom is a Gift from God to those who ask it (Job 28:12-28;Pro 3:13-18;Rom 1:22; Rom 16:27;1Co 1:17-21; 1Co 2:6-8;Jas 1:5). “Wisdom”In 1:20; In 8:1; In 9:1-5 may be regarded not as a mere personification of the attribute of wisdom, but as a divine person, “Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God” (1Co 1:24).In 1:1 In 1:19 it is the personified principle of wisdom that is meant.

Witch

Witchcraft: (1Sa 15:23;2Ki 9:22; 2Ki 9:2 Chronicles 2Ki 33:6;Mic 5:12; Nahum Mic 3:4;Gal 5:20). In the popular sense of the Word no mention is made either of witches or of Witchcraft in Scripture

The “witch of En-dor” (1Sa 5:28) was a Necromancer i.e., one who feigned to hold converse with the Dead The damsel with “a Spirit of divination” (Act 16:16) was possessed by an evil Spirit or, as the words are literally rendered, “having a Spirit a pithon.” The reference is to the Heathen God Apollo, who was regarded as the God of Prophecy

Witness

Witness: OF THE Spirit (Rom 8:16), the consciousness of the gracious operation of the Spirit on the mind, “a certitude of the Spirit’s presence and work continually asserted within us”, manifested “in his comforting us, his stirring us up to Prayer his reproof of our sins, his drawing us to Works of Love to bear Testimony before the world,” etc.

Wizard: a pretender to supernatural knowledge and power, “a knowing one,” as the original Hebrew Word signifies. Such an one was forbidden on pain of Death to practise his deceptions (Lev 19:31; Lev 20:6, Lev 20:27;1Sa 28:3;Isa 8:19; Isa 19:3).

Wolf

Woman: was “taken out of man” (Gen 2:23), and therefore the Man has the preeminence. “The head of the Woman is the Man ” but yet honour is to be shown to the Wife “as unto the weaker vessel” (1Co 1:3, 1Co 1:8, 1Co 1:9;1Pe 3:7). Several women are mentioned in Scripture as having been endowed with prophetic Gifts as Miriam (Exo 15:20), Deborah (Jdg 4:4, Jdg 4:5), Huldah (2Ki 22:14), Noadiah (Neh 6:14), Anna (Luk 2:36, Luk 2:37), and the daughters of Philip the Evangelist (Act 21:8, Act 21:9). Women are forbidden to teach publicly (1Co 14:34, 1Co 14:35;1Ti 2:11, 1Ti 2:12). Among the Hebrews it devolved upon women to prepare the Meals for the household (Gen 18:6;2Sa 13:8), to attend to the work of spinning (Exo 35:26;Pro 31:19), and making clothes (1Sa 2:19;Pro 31:21), to bring Water from the well (Gen 24:15;1Sa 9:11), and to care for the flocks (Gen 29:6;Exo 2:16). ...

The Word “woman,”As 15:28,Jhn 2:4And 20:13, And 20:15, implies tenderness and courtesy and not disrespect. Only where Revelation is known has Woman her due Place of honour assigned to her.

Wood: -OFFERING (Neh 10:34; Neh 13:31). It would seem that in the time of Nehemiah arrangements were made, probably on account of the comparative scarcity of Wood by which certain districts were required, as Chosen by Lot to furnish Wood to keep the Altar Fire perpetually burning (Lev 6:13).

Wool

Works: , Covenant OF entered into by God with Adam as the representative of the human race (comp.Gen 9:11, Gen 9:12; Gen 17:1-21), so styled because perfect obedience was its condition, thus distinguishing it from the Covenant of Grace (See Covenant OF Works )

Works

Worm: (1.) Hebrews sas (Isa 51:8), denotes the Caterpillar of the clothes-moth.

(Isa 51:2.) The manna bred worms (tola’im), but on the Sabbath there was not any Worm (rimmah) therein (Exo 16:20, Exo 16:24). Here these words refer to caterpillars or larvae, which feed on corrupting matter.

These two Hebrew words appear to be interchangeable (Job 25:6;Isa 14:11). Tola’im in some places denotes the Caterpillar (Deu 28:39; Jonah Deu 4:7), and rimmah, the larvae, as bred from putridity (Job 17:14; Job 21:26; Job 24:20).In 7:17, where it is said, “They shall move out of their holes like worms,” perhaps serpents or “creeping things,” or as in the Revised Version “crawling things,” are meant.

The 25:6;Psa 22:6;Isa 41:14;Mrk 9:44, Mrk 9:46, Mrk 9:48;Isa 66:24.

Wormwood: Hebrews la’anah, the Artemisia absinthium of botanists. It is noted for its intense bitterness (Deu 29:18;Pro 5:4;Jer 9:15;Amo 5:7). It is a type of bitterness, affliction, remorse, punitive suffering.In 6:12 this Hebrew Word is rendered “hemlock” (R.V., “wormwood”). In the symbolical language of the Apocalypse (Rev 8:10, Rev 8:11) a star is represented as falling on the waters of the earth, causing the third part of the Water to turn Wormwood

The name by which the Greeks designated it, absinthion, means “undrinkable.” The absinthe of France is distilled from a species of this plant. The “southernwood” or “old Man ” cultivated in Cottage Gardens on account of its fragrance, is another species of it.

Worship: homage rendered to God which it is sinful (idolatry) to render to any created being (Exo 34:14;Isa 2:8). Such Worship was refused by Peter (Act 10:25,Act 10:26) and by an Angel (Rev 22:8,Rev 22:9).

Worshipper: (Gr. neocoros = temple-sweeper (Act 19:35) of the great goddess Diana). This name neocoros appears on most of the extant Ephesian coins

Wrestle: (Eph 6:12). See Games

Writing: The art of Writing must have been known in the time of the early Pharaohs. Moses is commanded “to write for a memorial in a book” (Exo 17:14) a record of the attack of Amalek Frequent mention is afterwards made of Writing (Exo 28:11, Exo 28:21, Exo 28:29, Exo 28:36; Exo 31:18; Exo 32:15, Exo 32:16; Exo 34:1, Exo 34:28; Exo 39:6, Exo 39:14, Exo 39:30). The origin of this art is unknown, but there is reason to conclude that in the Age of Moses it was well known. The inspired books of Moses are the most Ancient extant writings, although there are written monuments as Old as about B.C. Exo 39:2000. The words expressive of “writing,” “book,” and “ink,” are common to all the branches or dialects of the Semitic language, and hence it has been concluded that this art must have been known to the earliest Semites before they separated into their various tribes, and nations, and families. ...

“The Old Testament and the discoveries of Oriental archaeology alike tell us that the Age of the Exodus was throughout the world of Western Asia an Age of literature and books, of readers and writers, and that the cities of Palestine were stored with the contemporaneous records of past events inscribed on imperishable Clay They further tell us that the kinsfolk and neighbours of the Israelites were already acquainted with alphabetic Writing that the wanderers in the Desert and the tribes of Edom were in contact with the cultured Scribes and traders of Ma’in [Southern Arabia], and that the ‘house of bondage’ from which Israel had escaped was a land where the art of Writing was blazoned not only on the temples of the gods, but also on the Dwellings of the rich and powerful.”, Sayce. (See Debir Phoenicia )

The “Book of the Dead” was a Collection of prayers and formulae, by the use of which the souls of the Dead were supposed to attain to Rest and Peace in the next world. It was composed at various periods from the earliest time to the Persian conquest. It affords an interesting glimpse into the religious Life and system of belief among the Ancient Egyptians. We learn from it that they believed in the existence of one Supreme Being, the Immortality of the soul, judgement after Death and the Resurrection of the body. It shows, too, a High state of literary activity in Egypt in the time of Moses It refers to extensive libraries then existing. That of Ramessium, in Thebes, e.g., built by Rameses II.,Con 39:20,Con 39:000 books.

When the Hebrews entered Canaan it is evident that the art of Writing was known to the original inhabitants, as appears, e.g., from the name of the City Debir having been at first Kirjath-sepher, i.e., the “city of the book,” or the “book town” (Jos 10:38; Jos 15:15;Jdg 1:11).

The first mention of letter- Writing is in the time of David (2Sa 11:14, 2Sa 11:15). Letters are afterwards frequently spoken of (1Ki 21:8, 1Ki 21:9, 1Ki 21:11;2Ki 10:1, 2Ki 10:3, 2Ki 10:6, 2Ki 10:7; 2Ki 19:14; 2Ki 19:2 Chronicles 2Ki 21:12-15; 2Ki 30:1,6 30:9, etc.).

Yarn: Found only in 1Kin 10:28,2Ch 1:16. The Hebrews Word mikveh, i.e., “a stringing together,” so rendered, rather signifies a Host or company, or a string of horses. The Authorized Version has: “And Solomon had horses brought out of Egypt and Linen Yarn the king’s merchants received the Linen Yarn at a price;” but the Revised Version correctly renders: “And the horses which Solomon had were brought out of Egypt the king’s merchants received them in droves, each drove at a price.”

Year: Hebrews shanah, meaning “repetition” or “revolution” (Gen 1:14; Gen 5:3). Among the Ancient Egyptians the Year consisted of twelve months of thirty days each, with five days added to make it a complete revolution of the earth round the Sun The Jews reckoned the Year in two ways, (Gen 5:1) according to a sacred calendar, in which the Year began about the time of the vernal equinox, with the Month Abib and (Gen 5:2) according to a civil calendar, in which the Year began about the time of the autumnal equinox, with the Month Nisan. The Month Tisri is now the beginning of the Jewish Year

YESHEBIthe

Yoke: (1.) Fitted on the Neck of oxen for the purpose of binding to them the traces by which they might draw the plough, etc. (Num 19:2;Deu 21:3). It was a curved piece of Wood called ’ol.

(Deu 21:2.) In Jeremiah Deu 27:2; Deu 28:10, Deu 28:12 the Word in the Authorized Version rendered “yoke” is motah, which properly means a “staff,” or as in the Revised Version “bar.”

These words in the Hebrew are both used figuratively of severe Bondage or affliction, or subjection (Lev 26:13;1Ki 12:4;Isa 47:6; Lamentations Isa 1:14; Isa 3:27). In the New Testament the Word “yoke” is also used to denote servitude (Mat 11:29, Mat 11:30; Acts Mat 15:10; Galatians Mat 5:1). ...

(Mat 5:3.)In 5:1Sam 11:7,1Ki 19:21,Job 1:3 the Word thus translated is tzemed , which signifies a pair, two oxen yoked or coupled together,And 1:1Sam 14:14 it represents as much land as a Yoke of oxen could plough in a Day like the Latin jugum.In 5:10 this Word in the plural is translated “acres.”

YOKE-

Fellow: (Phil. 4:3), one of the apostle’s fellow-labourers. Some have conjectured that Epaphroditus is meant. Wyckliffe renders the phrase “the german felowe”, i.e., “thee, germane [=genuine] comrade.”

Zaanaim: wanderings; the unloading of tents, so called probably from the fact of nomads in tents encamping amid the cities and Villages of that region, a Place in the north-west of Lake Merom near Kedesh in Naphtali Here Sisera was slain by Jael “the Wife of Heber the Kenite,” who had pitched his Tent in the “plain [R.V., ‘as far as the oak’] of Zaanaim” (Jdg 4:11).

It has been, however, suggested by some that, following the LXX. and the Talmud, the Letter b, which in Hebrew means “in,” should be taken as a part of the Word following, and the phrase would then be “unto the oak of Bitzanaim,” a Place which has been identified with the ruins of Bessum, about half-way between Tiberias and Mount Tabor

Zaanan: place of flocks,Men 1:11. It may be identified with Zenan, in the Plain country of Judah (Jos 15:37).

Zaanannim: =Zaanaim, (Jos 19:33).

ZAAy

Zabad: gift. (1.) One of David’s valiant men (1 Chronicles 11:41), the descendant of Ahlai, of the “children of Sheshan” (2:31).

(2.) A descendant of Tahath (7:21).

(3.) The Son of Shemath. He conspired against Joash King of Judah and slew him (2 Chronicles 24:25, 26). He is called also Jozachar (2Ki 12:21 ).

(2Ki 12:4.)Ezr 10:27.

(Ezr 10:5.)Ezr 10:33.

(Ezr 10:6.)Ezr 10:43.

Zabbai: wanderer; pure. (1.)Ezr 10:28.

(Ezr 10:2.) The Father of Baruch who “earnestly repaired” part of the Wall of Jerusalem (Neh 3:20; marg., “Zaccai”).

Zabbud: gift,Ezr 8:14.

Zabdi: gift of Jehovah (1.) An ancestor of Achan (Jos 7:1, Jos 7:17, Jos 7:18). He is probably the “Zirnri”Of 7:1 Chronicles Of 2:6.

(Of 2:2.) A Benjamite (Of 2:1 Chronicles Of 8:19).

(Of 8:3.) Called “the Shiphmite,” one of David’s officers, who had charge of his vineyards (Of 8:1 Chronicles Of 27:27).

(Of 27:4.) A Levite one of the sons of Asaph (Neh 11:17); probably the same as Zichri (Neh 11:1 Chronicles Neh 9:15), and Zaccur (Neh 12:35).

Zabdiel: gift of God (1.) The Father of Jashobeam who was one of David’s officers (1Ch 27:2).

(1Ch 27:2.) An overseer of the priests after the Captivity (Neh 11:14).

Zabud: gift, the Son of Nathan who was “king’s friend” in the Court of Solomon (1Ki 4:5).

Zabulon: (Mat 4:13, Mat 4:15; Revelation Mat 7:8). See Zebulun

Zaccai: pure, one whose “sons” returned with Zerubbabel to Jerusalem (Ezr 2:9;Neh 7:14). (See Zabbai )

Zacchaeus

Zaccur: mindful. (1.) Father of Shammua who was one of the Spies sent out by Moses (Num 13:4).

(Num 13:2.) A Merarite Levite (Num 13:1 Chronicles Num 24:27).

(Num 24:3.) A Son of Asaph, and Chief of one of the Courses of singers as arranged by David (Num 24:1 Chronicles Num 25:2, Num 25:10).

(Num 25:4.) Son of Irnri (Neh 3:2).

(Neh 3:5.) A Levite (Neh 10:12).

(Neh 10:6.) The Son of Mattaniah (Neh 13:13).

Zachariah: remembered by the Lord (1.) Son of Jeroboam II., King of Israel On the Death of his Father there was an interregnum of ten years, at the End of which he succeeded to the Throne which he occupied only six months, having been Put to Death by Shallum who usurped the Throne “He did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord as his fathers had done” (2Ki 14:29; 2Ki 15:8-12). In him the dynasty of Jehu came to an End

(2Ki 15:2.) The Father of Abi, who was the mother of Hezekiah (2Ki 18:2).

Zacharias: (1.) A Priest of the course of Abia the eighth of the twenty-four Courses into which the priests had been originally divided by David (1 Chronicles 23:1-19). Only four of these Courses or “families” of the priests returned from the Exile (Ezr 2:36-39); but they were then re-distributed under the Old designations. The priests served at the Temple twice each Year and only for a Week each time. Zacharias’s time had come for this service. During this period his home would be one of the chambers set apart for the priests on the sides of the Temple Ground The Offering of Incense was one of the most Solemn parts of the Daily Worship of the Temple and lots were drawn each Day to determine who should have this great honour, an honour which no Priest could enjoy more than once during his lifetime. ...

While Zacharias ministered at the Golden Altar of Incense in the Holy Place it was announced to him by the Angel Gabriel that his Wife Elisabeth who was also of a priestly family, now stricken in years, would give Birth to a Son who was to be called John and that he would be the Forerunner of the long-expected Messiah (Luk 1:12-17). As a Punishment for his refusing to believe this message, he was struck Dumb and “not able to speak until the Day that these things should be performed” (Luk 1:20). Nine months passed away, and Elisabeth’s Child was Born and when in answer to their inquiry Zacharias wrote on a “writing Tablet ” “His name is John ” his mouth was opened, and he praised God (60 1:79). The Child (John the Baptist), thus “born out of due time,” “waxed strong in spirit” (60 1:80).

(60 1:2.) The “son of Barachias ” mentioned as having been slain between the Temple and the Altar (Mat 23:35;Luk 11:51). “Barachias” here may be another name for Jehoiada as some think. (See Zechariah )

Zacher

Zadok: righteous. (1.) A Son of Ahitub of the line of Eleazer (2Sa 8:17; 2Sa 8:1 Chronicles 2Sa 24:3), High Priest in the time of David (2Sa 20:25) and Solomon (1Ki 4:4). He is first mentioned as Coming to take part with David at Hebron (1Ki 4:1 Chronicles 1Ki 12:27, 1Ki 12:28). He was probably on this account made ruler over the Aaronites (1Ki 27:17). Zadok and Abiathar acted as High priests on several important occasions (1Ki 27:1 Chronicles 1Ki 15:11;2Sa 15:24-29, 2Sa 15:35, 2Sa 15:36); but when Adonijah endeavoured to secure the Throne Abiathar went with him, and therefore Solomon “thrust him out from being High Priest ” and Zadok remaining Faithful to David became High Priest alone (1Ki 2:27, 1Ki 2:35; 1Ki 2:1 Chronicles 1Ki 29:22). ... In him the line of Phinehas resumed the dignity, and held it till the Fall of Jerusalem He was succeeded in his sacred office by his Son Azariah (1Ki 4:2; comp. 1Ki 4:1 Chronicles 1Ki 6:3-9).

(1Ki 6:2.) The Father of Jerusha who was Wife of King Uzziah and mother of King Jotham (2Ki 15:33; 2Ki 15:2 Chronicles 2Ki 27:1).

(2Ki 27:3.) “The scribe” set over the treasuries of the Temple by Nehemiah along with a Priest and a Levite (Neh 13:13).

(Neh 13:4.) The sons of Baana one of those who assisted in rebuilding the Wall of Jerusalem (Neh 3:4).

Zair: little, a Place probably East of the Dead Sea where Joram discomfited the Host of Edom who had revolted from him (2Ki 8:21).

Zalmon: shady. (1.) One of David’s warriors, called the Ahohite (2Sa 23:28); called also Ilai (2Sa 23:1 Chronicles 2Sa 11:29).

(2Sa 11:2.) A Wood near Shechem from which Abimelech and his party brought boughs and “put them to the hold” of Shechem “and set the hold on fire” (Jdg 9:48). Probably the southern peak of Gerizim, now called Jebel Sulman. (See Salmon )

Zalmonah: shady, one of the stations of the Israelites in the Wilderness (Num 33:41, Num 33:42).

Zalmunna: one of the two kings of Midian whom the “Lord delivered” into the hands of Gideon He was slain afterwards with Zebah (Jdg 8:5-21). (See Zebah )

Zamzummims: a race of Giants “a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims” (Deu 2:20, Deu 2:21). They were overcome by the Ammonites, “who called them Zamzummims ” They belonged to the Rephaim and inhabited the country afterwards occupied by the Ammonites. It has been conjectured that they might be Ham-zuzims, i.e., Zuzims dwelling in Ham a Place apparently to the South of Ashteroth (Gen 14:5), the Ancient Rabbath-ammon.

Zanoah: marsh. (1.) A town in the low country or shephelah of Judah near Zorah (Jos 15:34). It was re-occupied after the return from the Captivity (Neh 11:30). Zanu’ah in Wady Ismail, Neh 11:10 miles west of Jerusalem occupies probably the same site.

(Neh 11:2.) A town in the Hill country of JudahSom 11:10 miles to the south-west of Hebron (Jos 15:56).

ZAPHNATH-

Paaneah: the name which Pharaoh gave to Joseph when he raised him to the rank of prime Minister or grand vizier of the Kingdom (Gen 41:45). This is a pure Egyptian Word and has been variously explained. Some think it means “creator,” or “preserver of Life ” Brugsch interprets it as “governor of the district of the Place of life”, i.e., of Goshen the Chief City of which was Pithom, “the Place of Life ” Others explain it as meaning “a revealer of secrets,” or “the Man to whom secrets are revealed.”

Zarephath: smelting-shop, “a workshop for the refining and smelting of metals”, a small Phoenician town, now Surafend, about a mile from the coast, almost midway on the Road between Tyre and Sidon. Here Elijah sojourned with a poor widow during the “great Famine ” when the “heaven was shut up three years and six months” (Luk 4:26;1Ki 17:10). It is called Sarepta in the New Testament (Luk 4:26).

Zaretan: When the Hebrews crossed the Jordan as soon as the feet of the priests were dipped in the Water the flow of the Stream was arrested. The point of arrest was the “city of Adam beside Zaretan ” probably near Succoth at the mouth of the Jabbok some 30 miles up the River from where the people were encamped. There the Water “stood and Rose upon an Heap ” Thus the whole space of 30 miles of the river-bed was dry, that the tribes might pass over (Jos 3:16, Jos 3:17; comp.Psa 104:3).

ZARETH-

Shahar: the splendour of the dawn, a City “in the Mount of the valley” (Jos 13:19). It is identified with the ruins of Zara, near the mouth of the Wady Zerka Main, on the eastern shore of the Dead SeaSom 13:3 miles South of the Callirrhoe. Of this town but little remains. “A few broken basaltic columns and Pieces of WallAbo 13:200 yards back from the shore, and a ruined fort rather nearer the Sea about the middle of the coast line of the Plain are all that are left” (Tristram’s Land of Moab).

Zarthan: a Place near Succoth in the Plain of the Jordan “in the Clay Ground ” near which Hiram cast the brazen utensils for the Temple (1Ki 7:46); probably the same as Zartan. It is also called Zeredathah (2Ch 4:17). (See ZEREDA.)

Zatthu: a sprout, Nehemiah 10:14.

Zattu: id., one whose descendants returned from the Captivity with Zerubbabel (Ezr 2:8; Nehemiah Ezr 7:13); probably the same as Zatthu

Zaza: plenty, a descendant of Judah (1 Chronicles 2:33).

Zeal: an Earnest temper; may be enlightened (Num 25:11-13;2Co 7:11; 2Co 9:2), or ignorant and misdirected (Rom 10:2; Phil. Rom 3:6). As a Christian Grace it must be grounded on right principles and directed to right ends (Gal 4:18). It is sometimes ascribed to God (2Ki 19:31;Isa 9:7; Isa 37:32;Ezk 5:13).

Zealots: a Sect of Jews which originated with Judas the Gaulonite (Act 5:37). They refused to pay Tribute to the Romans on the Ground that this was a violation of the principle that God was the only King of Israel They rebelled against the Romans but were soon scattered, and became a lawless band of mere brigands. They were afterwards called Sicarii, from their use of the sica, i.e., the Roman dagger.

Zebadiah: gift of Jehovah (1.) A Son of Asahel Joab’s Brother (1 Chronicles 27:7).

(2.) A Levite who took part as one of the teachers in the system of national education instituted by Jehoshaphat (2 Chronicles 17:7, 8).

(3.) The Son of Ishmael “the ruler of the House of Judah in all the king’s matters” (2 Chronicles 19:8-11).

(4.) A Son of Beriah (1 Chronicles 8:15).

(5.) A Korhite Porter of the Lord’s House (1 Chronicles 26:2). Three or four others of this name are also mentioned.

Zebah: man-killer, or Sacrifice one of the two kings who led the vast Host of the Midianites who invaded the land of Israel and over whom Gideon gained a great and decisive victory (Judges 8). Zebah and Zalmunna had succeeded in escaping across the Jordan with a remnant of the Midianite Host but were overtaken at Karkor probably in the Hauran and routed by Gideon The kings were taken alive and brought back across the Jordan and confessing that they had personally taken part in the slaughter of Gideon’s brothers, they were Put to Death (comp.1Sa 12:11; Isaiah 1Sa 10:26;Psa 83:11).

Zebaim: (Ezr 2:57; Nehemiah Ezr 7:59). “Pochereth of Zebaim” should be read as in the Revised Version “Pochereth-hazzebaim” (“snaring the antelopes”), probably the name of some hunter.

Zebedee: a Galilean fisherman, the Husband of Salome (q.v.), and the Father of James and John two of our Lord’s disciples (Mat 4:21; Mat 27:56;Mrk 15:40). He seems to have been a Man of some position in Capernaum for he had two boats (Luk 5:4) and “hired servants” (Mrk 1:20) of his own. No mention is made of him after the Call of his two sons by Jesus

Zeboim: gazelles or roes. (1.) One of the “five cities of the plain” of Sodom generally coupled with Admah (Gen 10:19; Gen 14:2;

Deu 29:23; Hos. Deu 11:8). It had a King of its own (Shemeber), and was therefore a Place of some importance. It was destroyed along with the other cities of the Plain

(Deu 11:2.) A Valley or rugged glen somewhere near Gibeah in Benjamin (1Sa 13:18). It was probably the ravine now bearing the name Wady Shakh-ed-Dub’a, or “ravine of the hyena,” North of Jericho

(1Sa 13:3.) A Place mentioned only in Nehemiah 1Sa 11:34, inhabited by the Benjamites after the Captivity

Zebudah: given, the Wife of Josiah and mother of Jehoiakim (2Ki 23:36).

Zebul: habitation, the Governor of Shechem under Abimelech (Jdg 9:28, Jdg 9:30, Jdg 9:36). He informed his master of the intention of the people of Shechem to transfer their allegiance to the Hivite Tribe of Hamor This led to Abimelech’ s destroying the City when he Put its entire population to the Sword and sowed the ruins with Salt (Jdg 9:28-45).

Zebulontte: the designation of Elon the Judge who belonged to the Tribe of Zebulun (Jdg 12:11, Jdg 12:12).

Zebulun: , Tribe OF numbered at Sinai (Num 1:31) and before entering Canaan (Num 26:27). It was one of the tribes which did not drive out the Canaanites but only made them tributary (Jdg 1:30). It took little interest in public affairs. It responded, however, readily to the summons of Gideon (Jdg 6:35), and afterwards assisted in enthroning David at Hebron (Jdg 6:1 Chronicles Jdg 12:33, Jdg 12:40). Along with the other northern tribes, Zebulun was carried away into the land of Assyria by Tiglath-pileser (2Ki 15:29).

In Deborah’s song the words, “Out of Zebulun they that handle the pen of the writer” (Jdg 5:14) has been rendered in the R.V., “They that handle the marshal’s staff.” This is a questionable rendering. ... “The Word soplier (‘scribe’ or ‘writer’) defines the Word shebhet (‘rod’ or ‘pen’) with which it is conjoined. The ‘rod of the scribe’ on the Assyrian monuments was the stylus of Wood or metal, with the help of which the Clay Tablet was engraved, or the papyrus inscribed with characters. The scribe who wielded it was the associate and assistant of the ‘lawgivers.’” (Sayce).

Zechariah: Jehovah is renowned or remembered. (1.) A Prophet of Judah the eleventh of the twelve minor prophets. Like Ezekiel, he was of priestly extraction. He describes himself (1:1) as “the Son of Berechiah ”In 5:1And 6:14 he is called “the Son of Iddo,” who was properly his grandfather. His prophetical career began in the second Year of Darius (B.C. And 6:520), about sixteen years after the return of the first company from exile. He was contemporary with Haggai (Ezr 5:1).

His book consists of two distinct parts, (Ezr 5:1)Cha 5:1To 5:8, inclusive, and (To 5:2) To 5:9 to the End It begins with a preface (To 1:1-6), which recalls the nation’s past history, for the purpose of presenting a Solemn warning to the present Generation Then follows a series of eight visions ( To 1:7-6: To 1:8). ... succeeding one another in one night, which may be regarded as a symbolical history of Israel intended to furnish Consolation to the returned exiles and stir up hope in their minds. The symbolical action, the crowning of Joshua (To 6:9-15), describes how the kingdoms of the world become the Kingdom of God’s Christ

Cha 6:7And 6:8, delivered two years later, are an answer to the question whether the days of mourning for the Destruction of the City should be any longer kept, and an encouraging address to the people, assuring them of God’s presence and blessing.

The second part of the book (ch.9 6:14) bears no Date It is probable that a considerable interval separates it from the first part. It consists of two burdens.

The first Burden (ch.9 6:11) gives an outline of the course of God’s providential dealings with his people down to the time of the Advent.

The second Burden (ch.12 6:14) points out the glories that await Israel in “the latter day”, the final conflict and triumph of God’s Kingdom

(12 6:2.) The Son or grandson of Jehoiada the High Priest in the times of Ahaziah and Joash After the Death of Jehoiada he boldly condemned both the King and the people for their rebellion against God (12 6:2 Chronicles 12 24:20), which so stirred up their resentment against him that at the king’s commandment they stoned him with Stones and he died “in the Court of the House of the Lord” (12 24:21). Christ alludes to this deed of Murder in Matthew 12 23:35,Luk 11:51. (See Zacharias [Luk 11:2].)

(Luk 11:3.) A Prophet who had “understanding in the seeing of God ” in the time of Uzziah who was much indebted to him for his Wise counsel (Luk 11:2 Chronicles Luk 26:5).

Besides these, there is a large number of persons mentioned in Scripture bearing this name of whom nothing is known.

(Luk 26:4.) One of the chiefs of the Tribe of Reuben (Luk 26:1 Chronicles Luk 5:7).

(Luk 5:5.) One of the porters of the Tabernacle (Luk 5:1 Chronicles Luk 9:21).

(Luk 9:6.) Luk 9:1 Chronicles Luk 9:37.

(Luk 9:7.) A Levite who assisted at the bringing up of the Ark from the House of Obededom(l Chronicles Luk 15:20-24).

(Luk 15:8.) A Kohathite Levite (Luk 15:1 Chronicles Luk 24:25).

(Luk 24:9.) A Merarite Levite (Luk 24:1 Chronicles Luk 27:21).

(Luk 27:10.) The Father of Iddo (Luk 27:1 Chronicles Luk 27:21).

(Luk 27:11.) One who assisted in teaching the Law to the people in the time of Jehoshaphat (Luk 27:2 Chronicles Luk 17:7).

(Luk 17:12.) A Levite of the sons of Asaph (Luk 17:2 Chronicles Luk 20:14).

(Luk 20:13.) One of Jehoshaphat’ s sons (Luk 20:2 Chronicles Luk 21:2).

(Luk 21:14.) The Father of Abijah who was the mother of Hezekiah (Luk 21:2 Chronicles Luk 29:1).

(Luk 29:15.) One of the sons of Asaph (Luk 29:2 Chronicles Luk 29:13).

(Luk 29:16.) One of the “rulers of the House of God” (Luk 29:2 Chronicles Luk 35:8).

(Luk 35:17.) A Chief of the people in the time of Ezra, who consulted him about the return from Captivity (Ezr 8:16); probably the same as mentioned in Nehemiah Ezr 8:4,

(Ezr 8:18.) Nehemiah Ezr 11:12.

(Ezr 11:19.) Nehemiah Ezr 12:16.

(Ezr 12:20.) Nehemiah Ezr 12:35,Ezr 12:41.

(Ezr 12:21.)Isa 8:2.

Zedad: side; sloping Place a town in the North of Palestine near Hamath (Num 34:8;Ezk 47:15). It has been identified with the ruins of Sudud, between Emesa (Hums) and Baalbec but that is uncertain.

Zedekiah: righteousness of Jehovah (1.) The last King of Judah He was the third Son of Josiah and his mother’s name was Hamutal the Daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah, and hence he was the Brother of Jehoahaz (2Ki 23:31; 2Ki 24:17, 2Ki 24:18). His original name was Mattaniah but when Nebuchadnezzar placed him on the Throne as the successor to Jehoiachin he changed his name to Zedekiah The Prophet Jeremiah was his Counsellor yet “he did evil in the sight of the Lord” (2Ki 24:19, 2Ki 24:20; Jeremiah 2Ki 52:2, 2Ki 52:3). He ascended the Throne at the Age of twenty-one years. The Kingdom was at that time tributary to Nebuchadnezzar but, despite the strong remonstrances of Jeremiah and others, as well as the example of Jehoiachin he threw off the Yoke of Babylon and entered into an Alliance with Hophra King of Egypt This brought up Nebuchadnezzar “with all his host” (2 K 25:1), against Jerusalem During this siege, which lasted about eighteen months, “every worst woe befell the devoted City which drank the cup of God’s Fury to the dregs” (2Ki 25:3; Lamentations 2Ki 4:4, 2Ki 4:5, 2Ki 4:10). ... The City was plundered and laid in ruins. Zedekiah and his followers, attempting to escape, were made Captive and taken to Riblah. There, after seeing his own children Put to Death his own eyes were Put out, and, being loaded with chains, he was carried Captive (B.C. 2Ki 4:588) to Babylon (2Ki 25:1-7; 2Ki 25:2 Chronicles 2Ki 36:12; Jeremiah 2Ki 32:4,2Ki 32:5; 2Ki 34:2, 2Ki 34:3; 2Ki 39:1-7; 2Ki 52:4-11;Ezk 12:12), where he remained a prisoner, how long is unknown, to the Day of his Death

After the Fall of Jerusalem Nebuzaraddan was sent to carry out its complete Destruction The City was razed to the Ground Only a small number of vinedressers and husbandmen were permitted to remain in the land (Jer 52:16). Gedaliah with a Chaldean Guard stationed at Mizpah, ruled over Judah (2Ki 25:22, 2Ki 25:24; jer. 2Ki 40:1, 2Ki 40:2, 2Ki 40:5, 2Ki 40:6).

(2Ki 40:2.) The Son of Chenaanah a false Prophet in the days of Ahab (1Ki 22:11, 1Ki 22:24; 1Ki 22:2 Chronicles 1Ki 18:10, 1Ki 18:23).

(1Ki 18:3.) The Son of Hananiah a Prince of Judah in the days of Jehoiakim (Jer 36:12).

■ ZEEB the wolf, one of the two leaders of the great Midianite Host which invaded Israel and was utterly routed by Gideon The division of that Host which attempted to escape across the Jordan under Oreb and Zeeb, was overtaken by the Ephraimites, who, in a great battle, completely vanquished them, their leaders being taken and slain (Jdg 7:25;Psa 83:11;Isa 10:26).

Zelek: cleft, an Ammonite one of David’s valiant men (2Sa 23:37).

Zelophehad: first-born, of the Tribe of Manasseh and of the family of Gilead; died in the Wilderness Having Left no sons, his daughters, concerned lest their father’s name should be “done away from among his family,” made an Appeal to Moses who, by divine direction, appointed it as “a statute of judgment” in Israel that daughters should inherit their father’s portion when no sons were Left (Num 27:1-1 Num 27:1). But that the possession of Zelophehad might not pass away in the Year of Jubilee from the Tribe to which he belonged, it was ordained by Moses that his daughters should not marry any one out of their father’s Tribe and this afterwards became a general Law (Num 27:36).

Zelotes: (Luk 6:15). See Simon Zealots

Zemaraim: (1.) A town of Benjamin (Jos 18:22); now the ruin, rather two ruins, es-Sumrah, Jos 18:4 miles North of Jericho

(Jos 18:2.) A Mount in the highlands of Ephraim to the North of Jerusalem (Jos 18:2 Chronicles Jos 13:4-20). Here the armies of Abijah and Jeroboam engaged in a Bloody battle, which issued in the total defeat of the King of Israel who never “recovered strength again,” and soon after died.

Zemira: vine-dresser, a Benjamite; one of the sons of Becher (1 Chronicles 7:8).

Zenas: a Disciple called “the Lawyer ” whom Paul wished Titus to bring with him (Tit 3:13). Nothing more is known of him.

Zephaniah: Jehovah has concealed, or Jehovah of Darkness (1.) The Son of Cushi, and great-grandson of Hezekiah, and the ninth in the order of the minor prophets. He prophesied in the days of Josiah King of Judah (B.C. 641-610), and was contemporary with Jeremiah with whom he had much in common. The book of his prophecies consists of:

(a) An introduction (641 1:1-6), announcing the Judgment of the world, and the Judgment upon Israel because of their transgressions.

(b) The description of the Judgment (641 1:7-18).

(d) The announcement of Judgment on the Heathen (641 2:4-15).

(e) The hopeless misery of Jerusalem (641 3:1-7). ...

(f) The promise of Salvation (641 3:8-20).

(641 3:2.) The Son of Maaseiah the “second priest” in the reign of Zedekiah often mentioned in Jeremiah as having been sent from the King to inquire (Jer 21:1) regarding the Coming woes which he had denounced, and to entreat the prophet’s Intercession that the Judgment threatened might be averted (Jer 29:25, Jer 29:26, Jer 29:29; Jer 37:3; Jer 52:24). He, along with some other Captive Jews, was Put to Death by the King of Babylon “at Riblah in the land of Hamath” (2Ki 25:21).

(2Ki 25:3.) A Kohathite ancestor of the Prophet Samuel (2Ki 25:1 Chronicles 2Ki 6:36).

(2Ki 6:4.) The Father of Josiah the Priest who dwelt in Jerusalem when Darius issued the decree that the Temple should be rebuilt (Zec 6:10).

Zephath: beacon; watch-tower, a Canaanite town; called also Hormah (q.v.),Jdg 1:17. It has been identified with the pass of es-Sufah, but with greater probability with S’beita.

Zephathah: a Valley in the west of Judah near Mareshah the scene of Asa’s conflict with Zerah the Ethiopian (2Ch 14:9-13). Identified with the Wady Safieh.

Zerah: sunrise. (1.) An “Ethiopian,” probably Osorkon II., the successor of Shishak on the Throne of Egypt With an enormous Army the largest we read of in Scripture he invaded the Kingdom of Judah in the days of Asa (2Ch 14:9-15). He reached Zephathah and there encountered the Army of Asa This is the only instance “in all the annals of Judah of a victorious encounter in the field with a first-class Heathen power in full force.” The Egyptian Host was utterly routed, and the Hebrews gathered “exceeding much spoil.” Three hundred years elapsed before another Egyptian Army that of Necho (B.C. 2Ch 14:609), came up against Jerusalem

(2Ch 14:2.) A Son of Tamar (Gen 38:30); called also Zara (Mat 1:3).

(Mat 1:3.) A Gershonite Levite (1Ch 6:21, 1Ch 6:41).

Zered: =Zared, luxuriance; willow bush, a brook or Valley communicating with the Dead Sea near its southern extremity (Num 21:12;Deu 2:14). It is called the “brook of the willows” (Isa 15:7) and the “river of the wilderness” (Amo 6:14). It has been identified with the Wady el-Aksy.

Zeredathah: a Place in the Plain of Jordan the same as Zarthan (2 Chronicles 4:17;1Ki 7:46). Here Solomon erected the foundries in which Hiram made the great castings of bronze for the Temple

Zererath: (Jdg 7:22), perhaps identical with Zereda or Zeredathah Some identify it with Zahrah,A P 7:3 miles west of Beth-shean.

Zeresh: star of Venus, the Wife of Haman whom she instigated to prepare a Gallows for Mordecai (Est 5:10).

Zeruah: stricken, mother of Jeroboam the first King of the ten tribes (1Ki 11:26).

Zerubbabel: the seed of Babylon the Son of Salathiel or Shealtiel (Hag. 1:1; Zorobabel, Matthew 1:12); called also the Son of Pedaiah (1 Chronicles 3:17-19), i.e., according to a frequent usage of the Word “son;” the grandson or the nephew of Salathiel He is also known by the Persian name of Sheshbazzar (Ezr 1:8, Ezr 1:11). In the first Year of Cyrus King of Persia, he led the first band of Jews,Num 1:42,Num 1:360 (Ezr 2:64), exclusive of a large number of servants, who returned from Captivity at the close of the Seventy years. In the second Year after the Return, he erected an Altar and laid the foundation of the Temple on the ruins of that which had been destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar (Ezr 3:8-13; eh.4 3:6). All through the work he occupied a prominent Place inasmuch as he was a descendant of the royal line of David

Zeruiah: stricken of the Lord David’s sister, and the mother of Abishai Joab and Asahel (1 Chronicles 2:16), who were the three leading heroes of David’s Army and being his nephews, they were admitted to the closest companionship with him.

Zetham: olive planter, a Levite (1 Chronicles 23:8).

Zethan: a Benjamite (1 Chronicles 7:10).

Ba: Post statue, “a servant of the House of Saul” (2 Samuel 9:2), who informed David that Mephibosheth a Son of Jonathan was alive. He afterwards dealt treacherously toward Mephibosheth whom he slanderously misrepresented to David

Bia: gazelle, a Benjamite (1 Chronicles 8:9).

Biah: the mother of King Joash (2Ki 12:1; 2Ki 12:2 Chronicles 2Ki 24:1).

Chri: remembered; illustrious. (1.) A Benjamite Chief (1Ch 8:19).

(1Ch 8:2.) Another of the same Tribe (1Ch 8:23).

Dkijah: the Lord is righteous, one who sealed the Covenant with Nehemiah (Neh 10:1).

Ha: Drought (1.) The name of a family of Nethinim (Ezra 2:43; Nehemiah 7:46). (2.) A ruler among the Nethinim (Nehemiah 11:21).

Klag: a town in the Negeb, or South country of Judah (Jos 15:31), in the possession of the Philistines when David fled to Gath from Ziph with all his followers. Achish the King assigned him Ziklag as his Place of residence. There he dwelt for over a Year and four months. From this time it pertained to the kings of Judah (1Sa 27:6). During his absence with his Army to join the Philistine expedition against the Israelites (1Sa 29:11), it was destroyed by the Amalekites (1Sa 30:1, 1Sa 30:2), whom David however, pursued and utterly routed, returning all the captives (1Sa 30:26-31). Two days after his return from this expedition, David received tidings of the disastrous battle of Gilboa and of the Death of Saul (2Sa 1:1-16). ... He now Left Ziklag and returned to Hebron along with his two wives, Ahinoam and AbigailAnd 1:600 men. It has been identified with ‘Asluj, a Heap of ruins South of Beersheba Conder, however, identifies it with Khirbet Zuheilikah, ruins found on three hills half a mile apart, some seventeen miles north-west of Beersheba on the confines of Philistia, Judah and Amalek

Llah: Shadow one of the wives of Lamech of the line of Cain, and mother of Tubal-cain (Gen 4:19, Gen 4:22).

Lpah: drooping, Leah’s Handmaid and the mother of Gad and Asher (Gen 30:9-13).

Lthai: Shadow (i.e., protection) of Jehovah (1.) A Benjamite (1 Chronicles 8:20). (2.) One of the captains of the Tribe of Manasseh who joined David at Ziklag (1 Chronicles 12:20).

Mmah: mischief. (1.) A Gershonite Levite (1 Chronicles 6:20).

(2.) Another Gershonite Levite (1 Chronicles 6:42).

(3.) The Father of Joah (2 Chronicles 29:12).

Mran: vine-dressers; celebrated, one of the sons of Abraham by Keturah (Gen 25:2).

ZlMRIpraise-worthy

Or: littleness, a City in the mountains of Judah (Joshua 15:54); the modern Si’ air, 4 1/2 miles north-north-east of Hebron

Ph: flowing. (1.) A Son of Jehaleleel (1 Chronicles 4:16).

(2.) A City in the South of Judah (Joshua 15:24), probably at the pass of Sufah.

(3.) A City in the mountains of Judah (Joshua 15:55), identified with the uninhabited ruins of Tell ez-Zif, about 5 miles south-east of Hebron Here David hid himself during his wanderings (1 Samuel 23:19; Psalm 54, title).

Phah: a descendant of Judah (1Ch 4:16).

Phron: sweet odour, a City on the northern border of Palestine (Num 34:9), south-east of Hamath

Ppor: a little Bird the Father of Balak King of Moab (Num 22:2, Num 22:4).

Pporah: a female Bird Reuel’s Daughter who became the Wife of Moses (Exo 2:21).In 4:24-26, she and her two sons, Gershom and Eliezer when so far on the way with Moses toward Egypt were sent back by him to her own kinsfolk, the Midianites, with whom they sojourned till Moses afterwards joined them (In 18:2-6).

Thri: the Lord protects, a Levite Son of Uzziel (Exo 6:22).

Z: projecting; a flower, a cleft or pass, probably that near En-gedi, which leads up from the Dead Sea (2 Chronicles 20:16) in the direction of Tekoa now Tell Hasasah.

Za: splendour; abundance. (1.) A Simeonite Prince (1 Chronicles 4:37-43).

(2.) A Son of Rehoboam (2 Chronicles 1 1:20).

Zah: a Gershonite Levite (1 Chronicles 23:11).

Zoan: (Old Egypt Sant= “stronghold,” the modern San). A City on the Tanitic Branch of the Nile, called by the Greeks Tanis It was built Seven years after Hebron in Palestine (Num 13:22). This great and important City was the capital of the Hyksos, or Shepherd kings,Who 13:500 years. It was the frontier town of Goshen Here Pharaoh was holding his Court at the time of his various interviews with Moses and Aaron “No trace of Zoan exists; Tanis was built over it, and City after City has been built over the ruins of that” (Harper, Bible and Modern Discovery). Extensive mounds of ruins, the wreck of the Ancient City now Mark its site (Isa 19:11, Isa 19:13; Isa 30:4;Ezk 30:14). “The whole constitutes one of the grandest and oldest ruins in the world.”

This City was also called “the Field of Zoan” (Psa 78:12, Psa 78:43) and “the Town of Rameses” (q.v.), because the oppressor rebuilt and embellished it, probably by the forced labour of the Hebrews and made it his northern capital.

Zoar: small, a town on the East or south-east of the Dead Sea to which Lot and his daughters fled from Sodom (Gen 19:22, Gen 19:23). It was originally called Bela (Gen 14:2, Gen 14:8). It is referred to by the prophets Isaiah (Gen 15:5) and Jeremiah (Gen 48:34). Its ruins are still seen at the opening of the ravine of Kerak, the Kir-Moa 48:2Kin 48:3, the modern Tell esh-Shaghur.

Zohar: brightness. (1.) The Father of Ephron the Hittite (Gen 23:8).

(Gen 23:2.) One of the sons of Simeon (Gen 46:10; Exodus Gen 6:15).

Zoheleth: the serpent-stone, a rocky plateau near the centre of the village of Siloam, and near the Fountain of En-rogel, to which the women of the village resort for Water (1Ki 1:5-9). Here Adonijah (q.v.) feasted all the royal princess except Solomon and the men who took part with him in his effort to succeed to the Throne While they were assembled here Solomon was proclaimed King through the intervention of Nathan On hearing this, Adonijah fled and took Refuge in the Sanctuary (1Ki 1:49-53). He was afterwards pardoned.

Zoheleth projects into or slightly over-hangs the Kidron Valley It is now called ez-Zehwell or Zahweileh.

Zoheth: snatching (?), one of the sons of Ishi (1 Chronicles 4:20).

Zophah: spreading out, a Son of Helem (1 Chronicles 7:35), a Chief of Asher

Zophar: chirping, one of Job’s friends who came to condole with him in his distress (Job 2:11. The LXX. render here “king of the Mineans” = Ma’in, Maonites,Jdg 10:12, in Southern Arabia). He is called a Naamathite or an inhabitant of some unknown Place called Naamah

Zophim: , FIELD OF field of watchers, a Place in Moab on the range of Pisgah (Num 23:14). To this Place Balak brought Balaam that he might from thence curse the children of Israel Balaam could only speak the Word of the Lord and that was blessing. It is the modern Tal’at-es-Safa. (See Pisgah )

Zorah: place of wasps, a town in the low country of Judah afterwards given to Dan (Jos 19:41;Jdg 18:2), probably the same as Zoreah (Jos 15:33). This was Samson’s birthplace (Jdg 13:2, Jdg 13:25), and near it he found a Grave (Jdg 16:31). It was situated on the crest of a Hill overlooking the Valley of Sorek and was fortified by Rehoboam (Jdg 16:2 Chronicles Jdg 11:10). It has been identified with Sur’ah, in the Wady Surar, Jdg 11:8 miles west of Jerusalem It is noticed on monuments in the fifteenth century B.C. as attacked by the Abiri or Hebrews

Zuph: , LAND OF (1Sa 9:5, 1Sa 9:6), a district in which lay Samuel’s City Ramah. It was probably so named after Elkanah’s Son Zuph (1Ch 6:26, marg.).

Zur: rock. (1.) One of the five Midianite kings whom the Israelites defeated and Put to Death (Num 31:8).

(Num 31:2.) A Benjamite (Num 31:1 Chronicles Num 8:30).

Zuriel: rock of God Chief of the family of the Merarites (Num 3:35) at the time of the Exodus

Zurishaddai: rock of the Almighty, the Father of Shelumiel, who was Chief of the Tribe of Simeon when Israel was encamped at Sinai (Num 1:6 ; Num 2:12 ).

Zuzims: restless; sprouting, were smitten “in Ham” by Chedorlaomer and his allies (Gen 14:5). Some have identified this Tribe with the Zamzummims (q.v.).